DOCSLIB.ORG

INT ISSN 2349-5138 “In - Vitro Study for Anti-Fungal Activity of Homoeopathic Medicines Against Plant Fungus Ashbya Gossypii”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INT ISSN 2349-5138 “In - Vitro Study for Anti-Fungal Activity of Homoeopathic Medicines Against Plant Fungus Ashbya Gossypii” [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 4 I OCT.– DEC. 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 “In - vitro study for anti-fungal activity of Homoeopathic Medicines against plant fungus Ashbya gossypii” Anuj Deepakrao Chinche1, Suyash Arunrao Kathade2, Pashmin Kaur Anand2, Arun Bhargav Jadhav3, Bipinraj Nirichan Kunchiraman4 & Chetan Hanamantrao Shinde5. 1Post - Graduate Scholar, Department of Homoeopathic Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Katraj – Dhankawadi, Pune, India. 2Department of Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Information Technology and Biotechnology, Katraj – Dhankawadi, Pune, India. 3Principal, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Katraj - Dhankawadi, Pune, India. 4Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Information Technology and Biotechnology, Katraj – Dhankawadi, Pune, India. 5Associate Professor, Department of Homoeopathic Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Katraj – Dhankawadi, Pune, India. Received: July 05, 2018 Accepted: August 22, 2018 ABSTRACT Ashbya gossypii is a plant fungus which causes stigmatomycosis disease in cotton and different variety of crops around the world including India. This study aimed to screen Homoeopathic medicines and their potencies for inhibition of Ashbya gossypii. The Homoeopathic medicines Calcarea Carbonica, Lachesis Mutus, Mercurius Solubilis, Silicea and Thuja occidentalis in 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M, 10M, CM potencies were screened by agar well diffusion method and MIC assay for anti fungal activity against Ashbya gossypii, which shows inhibition for Calcarea Carbonica in (12C, 30C and 1M), Mercurius Solubilis 30C and Thuja occidentalis 1M potencies. Whereas most of the potencies of above mentioned Homoeopathic medicines showing inhibition in MIC against Ashbya gossypii (NCIM- 1193). Keywords: Anti-fungal, In-vitro, Homoeopathic medicines, Ashbya gossypii, Calcarea Carbonica, Lachesis Mutus, Mercurius Solubilis, Silicea, Thuja occidentalis. Introduction: - Stigmatomycosis has majorly affected cash crops like cotton, pistachio, soybean, pecan or citrus fruits. Causative organism, leading towards stigmatomycosis is found to be Ashbya gossypii also familiar as Eremothecium gossypii. [1] The organism Eremothecium gossypii was discovered in 1926 by Ashby and Nowell. [2] The fungus requires host from the Pyrrohocoridae family to cause stigmatomycosis. The filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii is used as a fungal model in understanding its pathogenicity for discovering new antifungal agents, such as the exciting fertilizers and fungal agents seen to be having drug resistant. [2] This organism has been studied as multi-drug resistant transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [3] This organism has an industrial application in manufacture of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) which is prepared by direct fermentation of this fungus. [4] Discovery of biotin (Vitamin B7) has made Ashbya gossypii an important application in industrial research. [5] This fungus is found to produce rose-scented essential oil, which is been studied under pharmacological aspects which is similar to natural rose essential oil. [6] Among the various agricultural crops, cottons are many more profound due to their requirements throughout the year for industrial use. A fungal pathogen Ashbya gossypii was affecting on cotton plant which hampers the growth of cotton in definite regions of the subtropesics, causing profound economical losses. Maturation of hair cells inside the cotton bolls affected by Ashbya gossypii and when transmitted to citrus fruits, which leads to drying up and collapse. [7] Various Complementary and alternative therapies has been used as an alternative option for drug resistance of this fungus. Homoeopathy is a classical therapeutic science, which is actively used in studying various antimicrobial in-vitro researches. Homoeopathic medicines namely Calcarea Carbonica, Lachesis Mutus, Mercurius Solubilis, Silicea and Thuja occidentalis are seen to have anti- fungal activities in humans as mentioned in Synthesis Repertory 9.0 [8] and Murphy Repertory [9] for fungicidal activities. The above mention Homoeopathic medicines in 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M, 10M, CM potencies were made available from standard manufacturer which was used in the present research work. 466 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 4 I OCT. – DEC. 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Material and Methods: - Media and Chemicals - Procurement of all media and chemicals was done from Hi-Media Lab, Mumbai, India. All the chemicals and reagents used are of AR grade and procured from MERK India. Homoeopathic Medicines- Homoeopathic medicines such as Calcarea Carbonica, Lachesis Mutus, Mercurius Solubilis, Silicea and Thuja occidentalis in 6C, 12C, 30C, 200C, 1M, 10M and CM liquid potencies were bought from GMP approved standard Homoeopathic manufacturing unit. Control- Acetylsalicylic acid used as chemical control [10] and ethanol (Dispensing alcohol 90%) used as vehicle control. [11] Distilled water and PDB is used as negative control. [12] Organism- Ashbya gossypii (NCIM-1193) was procured from National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Pune in the form of active slants and kept it in the refrigerator for further use. For all studies, culture was grown in potato dextrose broth with pH 6.5 and incubated at 25ºC for 24 hrs. [10] Preparation of media- Potato dextrose agar pH 6.5 (with the help of 1 molar NaOH and 1 molar HCl) medium was prepared and adjusted for antifungal studies and autoclaved it at 15 PSI for 121ºC for 15 minutes. Slide culture technique - Potato dextrose agar of 6.5 pH is prepared and autoclaved. Afterwards streaking was done with loop. Cover slip inserted into a streaking area of petri plate and incubated at 25ºC for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs. of incubation petri plate was removed from incubator and kept under laminar flow for further staining procedure. Cover slip was draw from petri plate and kept on glass slide. After staining of cover slip with lacto - phenol cotton blue is kept under a compound microscope for observing the morphology (spores) of Ashbya gossypii. Anti-fungal assay - Anti-fungal activity of the selected Homoeopathic medicines determined by using agar well diffusion assay. [12, 13, 14] Accordingly, culture suspension (100 µl) was spread on potato dextrose agar plates using spreader and incubated at 25ºC for 30 min. Various potencies of selected Homoeopathic medicines (20 µl) was added in wells made by 5 mm borer. It was followed by incubation at 25ºC for 48 hrs. Acetylsalicylic Acid (0.1mg, 100/ml) was added as the chemical control. [10] Anti-fungal activity was scored by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the wells. MIC value - MIC value of the Homoeopathic medicines was found out by using the broth dilution assay. [15] Total volume in each test tube was 1.5ml with Potato Dextrose Broth (0.5ml), varying potencies of Homoeopathic medicines (0.5ml) and Ashbya gossypii culture (0.5ml). The experiment was conducted along with the negative control (Potato dextrose broth), chemical control (Acetylsalicylic acid) and ethanol (Dispensing alcohol 90%) as a vehicle control. [11] MIC value of the fungus was calculated after 24 hours. [10] Inoculum size was standardized 0.5 OD at 600nm for all the experiments. Results: - 1) Slide culture technique: - Morphology of Ashbya gossypii were observed using slide culture technique and it was observed under 40x and 100 x objective lens. [Figure 1] Figure 1 - Ashbya gossypii under microscope. 2) Antifungal activity: – Nearby all selected homoeopathic medicines for study shown anti-fungal activity. Effectiveness of Homoeopathic medicines was seen by observing zone of inhibition, which ranges from 0.55 to 1.10 c.m. for different potencies. (Table.1). Research Paper IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 467 [ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 4 I OCT.– DEC. 2018] E ISSN 2348 –1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Figure 2 – Zone of inhibition against Ashbya gossypii with various Homoeopathic medicines. Table 1:Antifungal Activity of Homoeopathic medicines Zone of inhibition Name of Homoeopathic Potency against Ashbya gossypii Medicines (Mean ± Standard deviation) in c.m. Calcarea Carbonica 6C 0.95± 0.07 12C 1.05±.0.07 30C 1.05±0.07 200C 0.90±0.00 1M 1.05±0.21 10M 0.80±0.14 CM 0.70±0.14 Lachesis Mutus 6C 0.80±0.00 12C 0.65±0.07 30C 0.70±0.14 200C 0.75±0.07 1M 0.70±0.00 10M 0.85±0.07 CM 0.75±0.07 Mercurius Solubilis 6C 0.70±0.00 12C 0.90±0.14 30C 1.05±0.07 200C 0.65±0.07 1M 0.65±0.07 10M 0.75±0.07 CM 0.95±0.21 Silicea 6C 0.75±0.07 12C 0.55±0.07 30C 0.85±0.07 200C 0.70±0.14 1M 0.90±0.14 10M 0.75±0.07 CM 0.75±0.07 Thuja occidentalis 6C 0.65±0.07 12C 0.70±0.00 30C 0.85±0.21 200C 0.85±0.07 1M 1.10±0.14 10M 0.95±0.07 CM 0.85±0.07 Acetylsalicylic Acid 10 µg/ml 1.10±0.28 Alcohol (Dispensing) 90% 0.65±0.07 468 IJRAR- International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews Research Paper [VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 4 I OCT. – DEC. 2018] e ISSN 2348 –1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 Distilled Water -- 0.50±0.00 Blank -- 0.50±0.00 3) MIC value: - The MIC of the Homoeopathic medicine varied from 6C to CM potencies as given in the (Table 2). Table 2. MIC of the Homoeopathic medicines MIC Sr. No. Homoeopathic Medicine (Homoeopathic Potency) 1 Calcarea Carbonica CM 2 Lachesis Mutus CM 3 Mercurius Solubilis CM 4 Silicea CM 5 Thuja occidentalis CM Discussion: - There is very few research study performed against Ashbya gossypii with Homoeopathic medicines as far as my literature survey.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ashbya Gossypii Beyond Industrial Riboflavin Production
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM JBA-06974; No of Pages 13 Biotechnology Advances xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biotechnology Advances journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biotechadv Research review paper Ashbya gossypii beyond industrial riboflavin production: A historical perspective and emerging biotechnological applications Tatiana Q. Aguiar 1,RuiSilva1, Lucília Domingues ⁎ CEB − Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal article info abstract Article history: The filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii has been safely and successfully used for more than two decades in the Received 28 May 2015 commercial production of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Its industrial relevance combined with its high genetic similar- Received in revised form 28 September 2015 ity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae together promoted the accumulation of fundamental knowledge that has been Accepted 4 October 2015 efficiently converted into a significant molecular and in silico toolbox for its genetic engineering. This synergy has Available online xxxx enabled a directed and sustained exploitation of A. gossypii as an industrial riboflavin producer. Although there is fl Keywords: still room for optimizing ribo avin production, the recent years have seen an abundant advance in the explora- Ashbya gossypii tion of A. gossypii for other biotechnological applications, such as the production of recombinant proteins, single Physiology cell oil and flavour compounds. Here, we will address the biotechnological potential of A. gossypii beyond ribofla- Metabolism vin production by presenting (a) a physiological and metabolic perspective over this fungus; (b) the molecular Genetic engineering toolbox available for its manipulation; and (c) commercial and emerging biotechnological applications for this Riboflavin industrially important fungus, together with the approaches adopted for its engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Dynamics of the Leaffooted Bug Leptoglossus Zonatus and Its
    insects Article Seasonal Dynamics of the Leaffooted Bug Leptoglossus zonatus and Its Implications for Control in Almonds and Pistachios Kent M. Daane 1,* , Glenn Y. Yokota 1 and Houston Wilson 2 1 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-559-646-6522 Received: 15 July 2019; Accepted: 9 August 2019; Published: 19 August 2019 Abstract: Leptoglossus zonatus is a polyphagous pest found throughout much of the Western Hemisphere. In California, L. zonatus attacks almond, pistachio, pomegranate, and walnut crops, but the seasonal use of and economic damage to these crops varies. To better understand the seasonal changes of L. zonatus populations and to improve monitoring programs in California’s San Joaquin Valley, we caged overwintering adult males and females and then followed the resulting population dynamics over a one-year period. There were three generations over the one-year period, although eggs, nymphs, and adults overlapped among successive generations. From an initial 75 overwintering adult females, there were 1214 egg strands, 16,692 nymphs, and 4900 adults recorded during the one-year period. Depending on the generation, the number of nymphs per egg strand ranged from 11.3 to 14.3; the sex ratio was close to 1:1 with the exception of one female-biased cage; and nymph mortality ranged from 22.0% to 39.5%. Adult females isolated from each generation produced 2.4–5.1 egg strands per female that totaled 41.7–61.7 eggs per female with a 67.1–86.8% successful hatch rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Heteroptera As Vectors of Plant Pathogens
    519 FORUM Heteroptera as Vectors of Plant Pathogens PAULA L. MITCHELL Dept. Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733 USA Neotropical Entomology 33(5):519-545 (2004) Heterópteros Como Vetores de Patógenos de Plantas RESUMO - A habilidade de insetos picadores-sugadores em transmitir doenças para as plantas está intimamente relacionada ao modo de alimentação e ao tecido alvo. Os percevejos são considerados de importância econômica mínima como vetores de patógenos de plantas, embora tenham comportamento alimentar semelhante aos homópteros. Os modos de alimentação em Heteroptera incluem “dilaceração e bombeamento”, penetração intracelular no tecido vascular, e um mecanismo de bomba osmótica para adquirir os conteúdos celulares sem penetrar a membrana celular. A relação entre a taxonomia dos heterópteros, modo de alimentação e o tipo de patógeno transmitido é explorada através de um levantamento bibliográfico. A transmissão por percevejos de fungos, bactérias, vírus, fitoplasmas e trypanossomatídeos flagelados é sumarizada. Os trypanossomatídeos flagelados de plantas parecem ser hospedados ou transmitidos exclusivamente por Pentatomomorpha (Lygaeioidea, Coreoidea, Pentatomoidea, e Pyrrhocoroidea). A transmissão de bactérias e fungos ocorre entre famílias de ambas infraordens, mas representantes de Miridae (Cimicomorpha) são mais associados com bactérias, enquanto os de Pentatomidae e Coreidae (Pentatomomorpha) predominam como transmissores de fungos. Alguns casos de transmissão de fitoplasmas e vírus são documentados, mas Cimicomorpha
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing the Feeding Damage of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug to a Native Stink Bug and Leaffooted Bug on California Pistachios
    insects Article Comparing the Feeding Damage of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug to a Native Stink Bug and Leaffooted Bug on California Pistachios Judith M. Stahl 1,* , Davide Scaccini 1,2 , Alberto Pozzebon 2 and Kent M. Daane 1 1 Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California Berkeley, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (K.M.D.) 2 Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-559-646-6500 Received: 12 August 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020; Published: 12 October 2020 Simple Summary: The brown marmorated stink bug is native to Asia and has invaded parts of Europe and North America where it causes considerable damage to a wide range of vegetable, fruit, and nut crops. Pistachios have become an important nut crop in California, and as this invasive stink bug moved into California, farmers needed to know about the potential damage from brown marmorated stink bugs. Here, we assessed pistachio yield loss and nut damage over a two-year period. The invasive stink bug was also compared with the native green stink bug and a native leaffooted bug. We found that brown marmorated stink bug adults cause more epicarp lesions (external damage) when recorded at harvest time than the native species; however, they did not cause more kernel necrosis (internal damage) than the two native species tested, which is a more relevant damage criterion for commercial production. We conclude that the brown marmorated stink bug could cause similar damage as the native species but note that the invasive stink bug’s numbers in California are still low and future damage levels will be dependent on this pest’s population density.
    [Show full text]
  • Nut Industry Biosecurity Planning Protection from Risks Posed by Pests to the Nut Industry Through Exclusion, Eradication and Control
    PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Nut Industry 2013 INDUSTRY BIOSECURITY PLAN FOR THE NUT INDUSTRY January 2010, Version 2.1 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Nut Industry 2013 Location: Level 1 1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Fax: +61 2 6260 4321 E-mail: [email protected] Visit our web site: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au An electronic copy of this plan is available through the email address listed above. © Plant Health Australia Limited 2006 Copyright in this publication is owned by Plant Health Australia Limited, except when content has been provided by other contributors, in which case copyright may be owned by another person. With the exception of any material protected by a trade mark, this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivs 3.0 Australia licence. Any use of this publication, other than as authorised under this licence or copyright law, is prohibited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ - This details the relevant licence conditions, including the full legal code. This licence allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to Plant Health Australia (as below). In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: Plant Health Australia Ltd (2006) Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Nut Industry (Version 2.1 - 2013). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Minor parts of this document have been updated in the period following the development and endorsement of Version 2.0. The latest release of this Industry Biosecurity Plan is Version 2.1, which was released in June 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Plant Diseases in South Carolina
    INDEX OF PLANT DISEASES IN SOUTH CAROLINA Third Edition James H. Blake, Ed.D. State Coordinator SC Master Gardener Program SC Master Naturalist Program Meg Williamson, M.S. Plant Disease Diagnostician PREFACE The first edition of the Index of Plant Diseases in South Carolina published in 2008 listed the plant diseases occurring on cultivated and native plants in SC as reported from plant samples submitted to the Clemson University Plant Problem Clinic between 1972 and 2006, with the addition of disease reports from Extension and research plant pathologists across SC. The second edition included data from 2007 through 2011, adding 85 new host plants and 634 new diagnoses. This third edition includes disease reports from 2012 through 2014, adding 54 new host plants and 350 new diagnoses. The Index now contains 1,041 genera and species of plants from 124 plant families with 1,573 common names. There are 5,727 disease reports with 4,712 diseases being caused by fungi, 442 diseases caused by nematodes, 380 diseases caused by bacteria, 247 diseases caused by viruses, 20 diseases caused by algae, 3 diseases caused lichens, 1 disease caused by a phytoplasma, and 1 disease caused by a viroid. No attempt has been made to update the binomial nomenclature of either plants or plant pathogens listed in this publication. This index lists the plants and their pathogens as taken from the sample submission forms and the reports generated by the various Clemson University plant pathologists. This index does not imply that it is a complete list of the diseases of plants in South Carolina.
    [Show full text]
  • California Agriculture
    APRIL-JUNE 2005 ° VOLUME 59 NUMBER 2 California Agriculture Kearney at 40: Research blooms in the Valley University of California | Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources | Research in Agricultural, Natural and Human Resources 40 COVER: Orchard-systems research conducted at KREC on peaches (shown in bloom) and other tree fruits has reduced labor costs and improved grower profitability (see pages 75, 80). Cover and table of contents photos by Jack Kelly Clark. Kearney Research and Extension Center News departments Research articles 52 Letters 65 Blueberry research launches exciting new 53 Editorial overview California specialty crop Collaboration fosters Kearney Jimenez et al. scientific achievements New cultivars are productive in the semiarid Central Valley, but initial soil preparation 56 Introduction and establishment costs are high. Agricultural innovation marks 40 years at Kearney 70 The future of California raisins Legendary “mother” pistachio is drying on the vine tree to be retired Peacock, Swanson KREC researchers developed a low-cost 62 Research updates method of drying raisins on the vine; yields “Farm to palate” postharvest research equaled those of traditional tray-drying for ensures high-quality produce 4 consecutive years. UC nematologists battle Orchard-system configurations tiny underground pests 75 increase efficiency, improve 4064 Science brief profits in peaches and nectarines Lygus study validates Day, DeJong, Johnson treatment thresholds Higher-density planting systems, coupled with pruning techniques that enhance light interception, provide economic benefits for orchardists. Editor’s note 80 Labor costs may be reduced . We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of Research yields size-controlling those who contributed to this special issue rootstocks for peach production on the 40th anniversary of the UC Kearney DeJong et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Ashbya Gossypii Beyond Industrial Riboflavin Production
    JBA-06974; No of Pages 13 Biotechnology Advances xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biotechnology Advances journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biotechadv Research review paper Ashbya gossypii beyond industrial riboflavin production: A historical perspective and emerging biotechnological applications Tatiana Q. Aguiar 1,RuiSilva1, Lucília Domingues ⁎ CEB − Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal article info abstract Article history: The filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii has been safely and successfully used for more than two decades in the Received 28 May 2015 commercial production of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Its industrial relevance combined with its high genetic similar- Received in revised form 28 September 2015 ity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae together promoted the accumulation of fundamental knowledge that has been Accepted 4 October 2015 efficiently converted into a significant molecular and in silico toolbox for its genetic engineering. This synergy has Available online xxxx enabled a directed and sustained exploitation of A. gossypii as an industrial riboflavin producer. Although there is fl Keywords: still room for optimizing ribo avin production, the recent years have seen an abundant advance in the explora- Ashbya gossypii tion of A. gossypii for other biotechnological applications, such as the production of recombinant proteins, single Physiology cell oil and flavour compounds. Here, we will address the biotechnological potential of A. gossypii beyond ribofla- Metabolism vin production by presenting (a) a physiological and metabolic perspective over this fungus; (b) the molecular Genetic engineering toolbox available for its manipulation; and (c) commercial and emerging biotechnological applications for this Riboflavin industrially important fungus, together with the approaches adopted for its engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of Nematospora Coryli in Australia and Its Association with Dry Rot of Citrus
    CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/app Australasian Plant Pathology, 2005, 34, 99–101 SHORT RESEARCH NOTES First record of Nematospora coryli in Australia and its association with dry rot of Citrus Roger G. ShivasA,E, Malcolm W. SmithB, Thomas S. MarneyA, Toni K. NewmanB, Debra L. HammelswangB, Anthony W. CookeC,KenG.PeggC and Ian G. PascoeD APlant Science, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooropilly, Qld 4068, Australia. BHorticulture and Forestry Science, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Bundaberg Research Station, 49 Ashfield Road, Kalkie, Qld 4670, Australia. CHorticulture and Forestry Science, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooropilly, Qld 4068, Australia. DPrimary Industries Research Victoria, Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 15, Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre, Vic. 3156, Australia. ECorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. Nematospora (Eremothecium) coryli was isolated from Citrus and identified for the first time in Australia. This insect-transmitted yeast was associated with dry rot in cultivated and native Citrus fruits. Although N. coryli is known as a serious seed pathogen of many tropical and sub-tropical plants, evidence is presented that it has been present and undetected in Queensland for at least ninety years. In July 2004, a yeast culture that had developed on tissue and F). Spores were arranged in two groups within the culture medium from mandarin seeds used for embryonic ascus with the non-appendaged ends oriented towards tissue culture was forwarded to the Queensland Department the poles of the ascus (Fig. 2D). Mycelium was septate, of Primary Industries, Plant Pathology Herbarium (BRIP) for with swollen fusiform to clavate cells (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Protection for Pistachio
    Plant Protection for Pistachio Brent A. Holtz ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Pistacia vera, Botryosphaeria, Verticillium, Alternaria, Phytocoris, Neurocolpus, Calocoris, Lygus, Thyanta, Chlorochroa, Acrosternum, Leptoglossus, Amyelois, Choristonuera SUMMARY. Pistachio (Pistacia vera) was successfully introduced into California and initially touted as a tree nut crop with no disease or insect pests. Unfortunately, these expectations were dashed as a number of diseases and pests followed commercial plantings, making plant protection practices integral to production. Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) devastated early plantings but is now controlled with the use of resistant rootstocks. Botryosphaeria blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea) and alternaria late blight (Alternaria alternata) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively, and multiple fungicide applications are needed for control. The conversion to low volume irriga- tion systems, specifically to drip or buried drip, has reduced disease. Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infections has reduced overwintering inoculum and disease, while current research aims at accurately predicting infection events to increase fungicide efficacy. A number of hemipteran insect pests have been associated with epicarp lesion: spring treatments have been replaced with dormant carbaryl and oil applications which are less toxic to beneficial insects while controlling phytocoris (Phytocoris californicus and P. relativus) and soft scale pests. Early season insect damage can be tolerated because trees compensate by maturing a higher percentage of remaining fruit kernels. Some mirid (Calocoris spp.) pests can be effec- tively reduced by eliminating alternate hosts in an effective weed control program. If lygus (Lygus hesperus) populations are present, weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardening to prevent movement by insects into the trees where feeding can result in epicarp lesion.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect-Fungal Interactions in Tree Nut Crop Orchards in South Africa, with Specific Reference to Pecans
    INSECT-FUNGAL INTERACTIONS IN TREE NUT CROP ORCHARDS IN SOUTH AFRICA, WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO PECANS By JACO SAAIMAN Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER SCIENTEAE In the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Department of Zoology & Entomology University of the Free State Bloemfontein, South Africa January 2014 SUPERVISOR: V. R. SWART CO-SUPERVISOR: G. J. MARIAS DECLARATION “I declare that the thesis hereby submitted by me for the Master of Science degree in Entomology at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another university/faculty. I furthermore concede copyright of the dissertation to the University of the Free State.” ………………………………….. Jaco Saaiman ii “Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less.” Marie Curie (1867 − 1934) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons and institutions without whose assistance this study could not have been accomplished. Vaughn R. Swart for his guidance and encouragement since my undergraduate studies. Prof. Gert J. Marais for his motivation, all he has taught me, his assistance in the identification of fungi and the countless hours spent helping me with this project. The various farmers that assisted and allowed us to conduct research on their premises. Andre van Rooyen for his friendship and assistance during fieldwork. Mrs. Wilmarie Kriel for her assistance in the identification of fungi. Prof. Schalk vdM. Louw for his assistance in identifying Sciobius cf.
    [Show full text]
  • NUCIS NEWSLETTER Information Bulletin of the Research Network on Nuts (FAO-CIHEAM) Number 6 December 1997
    NUCIS NEWSLETTER Information Bulletin of the Research Network on Nuts (FAO-CIHEAM) Number 6 December 1997 CIHEAM IRTA - Mas Bové ● Coordination Centre of the Research Network on Nuts EDITORIAL FAO CIHEAM Following the First Nut Network Technical Consul- tation of the Inter- regional Cooperati- ve Research Net- work on Nuts held in Meknes (Moroc- co) 1996 and the reelection of the Coordination Board, 1997 served to settle ideas and to start a programme of activities planned for (1997-2002). The Coordination Board Meeting held in Rome in October 1997, was useful in order to assess the work, set priorities, see the strength of the ma- naging group and to inform on the scarce budget available. The two-day Coordination Board Meeting held at the Istituto Sperimentale per la Fruitticoltura (ISF), Rome, last October and locally organized by the late F. Mo- nastra, was focused on the future of the Nut Network. A progress report of the work carried out since the establishment of the Network (1990-97) but concentra- Heavy cropper, late flowering ‘Masbovera’ almond released by IRTA-Mas Bové ting mainly on the future work, was pre- sented by the Coordinator. In addition, each liaison officer presented a short re- port on the activities and future plans of deaux (France), the Eleventh GREMPA blished as REU Technical Series No.51. their respective subnetworks. Useful dis- Meeting on Almond and Pistachio will be This was the final and useful contribution cussions and joint assessment of impor- held in September 1999 in Sanliurfa (Tur- of F. Monastra to our Network and to tant issues were carried out.
    [Show full text]