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Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES ACATLÁN La intervención política y económica de Alemania sobre la crisis griega en 2015 TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADO DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PRESENTA SERGIO ENRIQUE BARRERA GUTIÉRREZ ASESOR: DR. ROBERTO CARLOS HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ Santa Cruz Acatlán, Naucalpan, Estado de México Diciembre de 2018 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. “Si je désire une eau d'Europe, c'est la flache Noire et froide où vers le crépuscule embaumé Un enfant accroupi plein de tristesse, lâche Un bateau frêle comme un papillon de mai.” Le Bateu Ivre. Arthur Rimbaud. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi asesor y maestro: Roberto Hernández A mi madre y a mi padre: Patricia Gutiérrez y Enrique Barrera A mis tías y a mis tíos: Teresa Gutiérrez, Virginia Gutiérrez, Jesús Aguilar y Carlos Barrera A mis profesores: Manuel Martínez y Rafael Flores A ella: Janet Ramírez A mis grandes amigas y amigos 3 ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO 1. MARCO TEÓRICO 1.1 LA INTERDEPENDENCIA COMPLEJA ................................................................................. 13 1.2 EL DEBATE TEÓRICO (ESTADO DEL ARTE) ................................................................... 34 1.3 LA APLICACIÓN DE LA TEORÍA ........................................................................................... 47 CAPÍTULO 2. ANTECEDENTES 2.1 LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA UE .............................................................................................. 64 2.1.1 Las instituciones de la UE ................................................................................................. 76 2.2 LA CRISIS FINANCIERA INTERNACIONAL DE 2008 .................................................... 79 2.3 LA CRISIS DEL RÉGIMEN DE LA EUROZONA .................................................................. 86 2.3.1 Generalidades de la interdependencia en Europa .................................................. 86 2.3.2 La crisis del euro .................................................................................................................. 92 –El FEEF y el MEEF ..................................................................................................................... 95 –Irlanda ........................................................................................................................................... 98 –Portugal ......................................................................................................................................... 102 –Italia ................................................................................................................................................ 104 –Reino Unido ................................................................................................................................. 109 –El MEDE y el Pacto Fiscal ....................................................................................................... 111 –Francia ........................................................................................................................................... 114 –España ........................................................................................................................................... 119 –Chipre ............................................................................................................................................. 123 CAPÍTULO 3. LA HEGEMONÍA DE ALEMANIA 3.1 EL PODER ECONÓMICO Y POLÍTICO DE ALEMANIA................................................... 126 3.1.1 El actual régimen político alemán ................................................................................ 126 3.1.2 El gobierno del canciller Gerhard Schröder ............................................................. 135 3.1.3 La canciller Angela Merkel y la crisis del euro ........................................................ 141 3.2 LA DEBILIDAD DE LA SOBERANÍA GRIEGA .................................................................... 150 3.2.1 El actual régimen político griego .................................................................................. 150 3.2.2 Grecia y la crisis de la eurozona .................................................................................... 153 3.3 EL CONSENSO DEL ESTABLISHMENT SOBRE LA HEGEMONÍA ALEMANA ........ 164 3.3.1 Los actores trasnacionales .............................................................................................. 164 4 3.3.2 Los actores estatales de la eurozona ........................................................................... 170 3.3.3 La burocracia de la UE ...................................................................................................... 175 3.3.4 El gobierno de EEUU y el FMI ........................................................................................ 179 CAPÍTULO 4. EL CUESTIONAMIENTO DE GRECIA A LA HEGEMONÍA DE ALEMANIA 4.1 EL ASENSO DEL GOBIERNO DE ALEXIS TSIPRAS Y SYRIZA ..................................... 185 4.1.1 Los factores económicos .................................................................................................. 188 4.1.2 Los factores políticos ......................................................................................................... 194 4.1.3 Frente a la hegemonía alemana .................................................................................... 204 4.2 LAS NEGOCIACIONES ENTRE GRECIA Y EL ESTABLISHMENT ................................ 207 4.3 LA DERROTA DE LA DEMOCRACIA GRIEGA ................................................................... 246 4.3.1 Democracia e interdependencia ................................................................................... 274 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................................................ 281 FUENTES .............................................................................................................................................. 305 APÉNDICE ........................................................................................................................................... 314 5 INTRODUCCIÓN Hace diez años, la crisis global de 2008 produjo una recesión que agudizó la pobreza, la desigualdad, la deuda, la migración y, en particular, los conflictos en el sistema internacional. En medio de este proceso, Alemania logró convertirse en el país más poderoso de toda la Unión Europea (UE). La reproducción de esta crisis en Europa amenazó la supervivencia del euro y, con ello, la unión entre los países europeos. El gobierno de la canciller alemana Angela Merkel impulsó un régimen de austeridad para los Estados miembros de la eurozona, con el cual, la mayoría de los gobiernos nacionales decidieron cooperar, a pesar de que muchos de ellos desaparecerían posteriormente. Como un apéndice de este fenómeno regional surgió la crisis de la deuda soberana griega. Después de dos rescates financieros, la bancarrota de las finanzas públicas y la quiebra de los bancos –sumado a potentes medidas de austeridad–, llegó al poder un partido de izquierda radical (Syriza) en Grecia que criticó la política económica de Alemania sobre su país. Durante su etapa en la oposición, Syriza había cuestionado tanto a las élites nacionales como a la oligarquía trasnacional, por haber sido responsables de implementar la agenda del gobierno alemán en su territorio. Después de meses de negociación, las tensiones entre el grupo del primer ministro heleno Alexis Tsipras y el establishment aumentaron, provocando que el conflicto amenazara el futuro de todo Occidente. Ante este escenario, el gobierno de Tsipras decidió convocar un referéndum para preguntar a los ciudadanos si debía aceptar o no las demandas del establishment occidental, a cambio de dinero para pagar a los acreedores de la deuda griega. Hasta ese momento, ningún otro gobierno en Europa se había atrevido a consultar la postura de su población frente a la crisis de la deuda soberana. En una votación histórica, los griegos rechazaron democráticamente la política de austeridad, a pesar de las advertencias de que su país sería expulsado de la UE. Frente a esta coyuntura, la canciller Angela Merkel decidió intervenir y el primer ministro heleno 6 terminó capitulando en contra del mandato que le había sido delegado por la mayoría de la sociedad. El objeto de estudio de esta investigación se ha definido de la siguiente manera: la intervención política y económica del gobierno alemán, de la canciller Angela Merkel, sobre la coyuntura griega que inició en enero y terminó en agosto de 2015. Los conocimientos que fueron aprendidos durante la formación universitaria se ejecutarán sobre un fenómeno complejo de las relaciones internacionales como éste, ya que permitirá completar los estudios de grado. En esencia, se analizarán las implicaciones
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