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PLENARY. MillING.' 602nd(I GENERAL l.'hurailay,29 November 1956, A.SS'EMB.LY at a p.m. ELEVENTH SESSI01V .. O/JiciGl R·scordl NetD York

'CONTENTS influences of the 'south, Nepal, in the course of its long PGoe history, has evolved a pattern of national1ife and civili­ zation which bears the 'stamp of its own genius. Its ,. Agenda item 9: General debate (con~nued) ...... •.•...... •. 427 national culture is a synthesis of various influences not Speeches by Mr. Sharma (Nepal), Mr. Unden (Swe­ only from the north and south but from regions further den, Mr. Sasorith (Laos), Mr. David (Czechoslovakia), afield, and it is a conscious product of Nepal's 'Success Mr. Entezarn (Iran), Mr.'Preoteasa (Romania) and in adapting influences to. its national characteristics Mr. Fekini (Libya) . wtihout in any way allowing its own originality and Point of order by the representative of Iraq..••••.••..... 442 balance to be disturbed. 5. Throughout its history, Nepal has taken a keen in­ terest in' the conduct of its foreign relations. When President: Prince WAN WAITHAYAKON Western imperialism came to Asia and began to.spread (Thailand) • its. tentacles over the continent, Nepal viewed this de­ velopment with great concern and apprehension and felt ·that the solidarity of the Asian countries was. the AGENDA ITEM 9' only remedy against it. It is interesting to recall how one of Nepal's statesmen, Prime Ministe'r Bhimsen General deb~te (continuei.J Thapa of cherished memory, drecmed, though far ahead of time, of Asian confederation, and communicated S:P:EECHES BY MR. SHARMA (NEPAL)t MR. UNDE~T concrete plans for achieving it to the courts of the Em- . (SWEDEN) , MR. SASORITH (LAOS) , MR. DAV;J:D perorsof C~~na and Iran and the powerful king and (CZECHOSLOVAKIA), MR. ENTEZAM (IRAN), MR. chieftains of India. His move to unite Asia against PREOTEASA (ROMANIA) AND MR. FEKINI (LIBYA) materialism was betrayed and foiled. In the middle 1. Mr. SHARMA (Nepal): It gives me great 'pleas- of the nineteenth century, however, the administration ure to have the privilege of addressing this august of the country'passed into the hands of a family which body. At the very outset, may I ava.il myself of this op- hermetically sealed the country from the outside world. portunity to. extend to the President my warmest This started a century of great decadence in the his.. felicitations on his unanimous election to this lofty tory of this land. position. We rejoice and feel honoured at his election 6. The Second World War constitutes an important because of the cultural ties existing between our coun- landmark in the history of Asia. The war gave fresh tries from time immemorial. impetus to the upsurge of nationalism and freedom in . 2. Nepal, as you all know, is 'situated between two most of the countries in this part of the world and, as a vast regions, India and China, where, in the course of result, quite a number of countries regained their free:" history, many empires have risen and fallen. Even in dom from the foreign yoke: the midst of fluid and fluctuating conditions all around 7. Because of Nepal's geographical position, the it, Nepal maintained its independent existence with a course of events in that country has always been in- degree of continuity not natural to the countries sim- fluenced 'by the happenings in China and India. The ilarly located. change..over in the political situation which came in '3. Nepal, having a history going back thousands of the year 1951 may in some respects be viewed as an years, applied for membership of the ,United. Nations integral part of the great awakening in Asia.. The . as far back as 1948, but the tension between the big signal victories by the forces of nationalism in south Powers came in its way, as it did in the way of so many and in southeast Asia awakened a yearning for liberty , others. This rightful claim of my country for member- in the hearts of the Nepalese people. As befitted a ship was only recognized at the very end of the tenth descendant of the great Prithvi Narayana Shaha, 'who session. But we could not send our delegation im- created a unified and greater Nepal out of the. con- . mediately after our admission, and this is the first time glomeration of innumerable warring city-states, King that we are able to participate in the deliberationsof the Tribhuban, of dear memory, took a bold step to usher Assembly. Under these circumstances, we are naturally in an era of democracy and progress in Nepal. handicapped by Iack of intimate knowledge and experi- 8. History records many instance1' of brave, talented ence of the United Nations' at work. However. my and generous kings, but never had there been a king delegation has come here with an open,heart and has who staked.his life.. throne and'family on the securing of been 'participating In United Nations activities with all de~ocratic .rights and free~om. for his people. His due interest and care...... Majesty King Mahendra Vir Bikrama Shaha, whose 4. Situated as it is. between the two vast land belts coronation was solemnized only last May, and who was , of Asian civilization, Nepal represents the unity of two closely associated with. his father in his great act of distinct worlds of thought and culture. Ethnologi~ly sacrifice and shared his love of democracy, has not only related to the sturdy stock of the north, but more easily pledged and dedicated himself. to the .cause of. fostering accessible 'and' 'amenable to the civilizi,ng and ,cultural democracy, but 'has set .axlefinite ~t.efot ~ general ., .... .' ',. ..; : .. 4.17 A/PV.6a2

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428 General Assembly-Eleventh .ession-Plenary Meetinp eountri election, the first 01 its kind in the history of the King­ But it is a question of establishing the priorities" and dom of Nepal. first things must come first. Once the foreign troops the aff two eo 9:, The country of Nepal is entirely land-locked. We are withdrawn from Egyptian soil a climate will have be achi have no outlet to the world except across the Indian been created which is favourable for political negotia­ co-oper mainland and through the snowbound passes of the tions. May I submit that negotiations for a permanent try by Himalayas. We have a SOD-mile free and open border in settlement should be initiated only after the passions desire the south with' India. We have also a common frontier aroused by the aggression have subsided. lypse, : with the People's Republic of China of the same length. 14. I have an observation to make with regard to the Russia' Nepal knows that its security depends on the existence situation in Hungary. The cause of the freedom of the, sion fa of cordiality between her great neighbours, India and smaller nations is something which has always been tory of China. Nepal is keenly desirous of contributing, in its dear to our hearts. Nepal, in spite of being a 'Small 20. }. own humble way, to the maintaining of friendship and country, has prized freedom above everything else in contine goodwill between both of these neighbours without play­ the world, and has shown the same respect for the free­ nent w ing one against the other. We want to have the friend­ dom of other peoples. soms a liest possible relations with all countries of the world. 15. I have heard'with great attention the contention harvest We bear ill will towards' none. We want friendship of the Soviet anJ Hungarian delegations that the reports and fn and goodwill with all. We believe in the ezpansion on the atrocities and brutalities which have appeared in visible. of the area of our friendship. Iarge sections of the world Press have no basis in fact. Asia w 10. We do not view with complacency the interference If that is so, what has prevented the Soviet and the Amerk of one country in the internal affairs of another. We are present Hungarian authorities from allowing United have b opposed to imperialism of any kind or colour. We are Nations observers to visit Hungary and investigate the more u opposed to the 'stationing of foreign troops anywhere in situation there? Will not such an investigation help to with tl the world, We do not believe in armed pacts andmili­ clarify the confused accounts of events and palliate the bickeri: tary alliances, even as a preventive remedy against war. shocked consciences of the general public? Peace and 21. :M We are whole-heartedly in favour of disarmament be­ freedom have become indivisible in the world of our regret cause the arms race, as has been seen, has led to two time. Its denial anywhere affects all of us equally. colder devastating wars during our own lifetime. Our policy 16. I regard the creation of the United Nations Emer­ ceding is one of non-alignment with any of the Power-blocs gency Force as a very bold and great step in the direc­ 22. If in 'so far as such alignment would commit a country tion of perfecting the world body. This Force, created tian qu to one particular side in the event of war, But when­ as it is to supervise the cease-fire and the withdrawal surpns ever the choice is between good and evil, between of foreign troops from Egyptian territory, has strength­ andFr freedom and slavery or between justice and injustice ened the faith of the smaller nations in the efficacy of resorte we shall always know which to choose. We shall judge the United Nations. Their feeling is that if they find Iawed . every international issue on its own merits and shall act themselves in a similar situation they, can count on and th: accordingly. similar assistance from this Force. tions C 11. May I state that we abide by the same moral 17. Before I conclude, I must make 'some reference to tion ea: standards in assessing international events everywhere against in the world-be it dn the Middle East or in Eastern 'SOme of the achievements of the United Nations. Since the Congress of Berlin of 1878, many devices have been Chartei Europe. We deplore the invasion of Egypt by Israel, official . the United Kingdom and France ill the same terms used, and many institutions created, to solve interna­ tional disputes without recourse to war. The United France in which we deplore the Soviet armed intervention in countri Hungary. It is indeed highly unfortunate that three Nations is. the last in the series of human experiments in international co-operation, and the way it has been the mii of the permanent members of the Secarity Council, [eft th: which ha:ve such a great responsibility for the mainte­ handling its responsibilities gives us reason to hope that this will be the successful experiment. times v nance of international peace and security, should be nons tc found guilty of suppressing the liberties of 'Smaller 18. I need not recount all the achievements of the nations in violation of the principles of the 23. T Member United Nations, for the list would be too Iong, Never­ tion br United Nations Charter. Their actions have been con­ theless, I must not omit to mention 'Something about trary to the fundamental concepts of collective security reason the Disarmament Commission, which includes atomic at the organization which inspired both the foundation and and energy. There still remain vast areas of disagreement when 1 the growth of the United Nations. among the big Powers on the question of disarmament. securit-. . 12. 111 my humble submission, no nation, however But much ground has been covered and modi operandi ansen : great it may be, should be allowed on any pretext what­ are being devised to delimit the military installation's of soever to take unilateral decisions in any situation in­ the big Powers. Once there is agreement among them 24. It volving the use of armed forces. A very bad precedent regarding the question of disarmament, the danger of acknow has been created which, if allowed to passunchallenged, war win finally be at an end. Once atomic energy is tries cc will act as a source of temptation to other Powers. in exploited for peaceful uses, a new and breathtaking vista mediatr future to act in violation of the Charter, thus endanger­ of progress and prosperity will open up before hu­ will dn manity. May the great day-dawn soon. . decided ing international peace and 'security. ures, t; 13. The attempts by the big Powers to confront the 19. I have just spoken about the expansion of the ends, United. .Nations with a fait accompli by using force to United. Nations. Last year, the claims of sixteen coun­ gain their objectives of power politics and diplomacy tries to membership of the world body were recognized, 25. I must 'be discouraged at all costs. And there is another and this year three new Members were added to the pletely point to which I shouM like to call the attention of the list. This substantial increase in the membership of the tion of -Assembly, I have noticed of late a tendency on the part United Nations is really very heartening. But the de­ in Egy of the offending nations to link the issues of aggression ~lorable fact remains that the claims of some of the Thus t with.the permanent 'settlement of the Suez'and Palestine aeser.ving applicants for membership are yet to be Egypt· problems. Everyone'here recognizes the urgency Qf recognized. :I refer particularly to .. the claims of the intentic securing lasting political 'settlements in the MMdle East. People's Republic of China and of Japan, two great Canal i

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602nd meeting-29 No\-ember 1956 429 countries that have always been in the foreground of 26. May I be permitted to add that it has' been of the and the affairs in Asia. I press for the admission of these greatest importance that the United States during the lOPS two countries because a just and lasting peace cannot discussions on the Egyptian question so unequivocally ave be achieved in the Far East without their consent and and firmly based its stand on the United Nations tia­ co-operation. Nobody could show his love for his coun­ Charter and so clearly defended its basic principles. ,lent try by hating other people, except by a disinterested ions 27. Israel's preventive war against Egypt cannot he desire to conquer the Four Horsemen of the Apoca­ justified. That Israel has been subjected to: numerous lypse. Science is a common good. European, American, provocations from its Arab neighbours for many years the Russian, Chinese or African people 'have the same pas­ is :indisputable. But that did not entitle Israel to resort the sion {or smiles and tears. Their history is the same his­ to war on Egypt. In my country we havealways felt a ieen tory of man, of his failures and achievements. deep sympathy with Israel and its 'energetic, industrious naU 20. Asia, Europe, Africa, America and the other and brave people. We now deeply regret that Israel hy ~ in continents are not separate continents hut one conti­ its offensive military acts has damaged its own cause. ree- nent where the trees and flowers put forth their blos­ soms and fade, where the earth is laden with grain and 28. There have been reports these last few days of tion harvested, where the rivers cheer and gladden the plain, deportations of Jews from Egypt, I would like to ex­ orts and from where the sun, the moon and the stars are press my sincere hope that these reports are unfounded visible. There is no 'event which has ever happened in or exaggerated. No doubt the Secretary-General will din feel entitled to establish facts in this matter. It would fact. Asia which did not have its repercussions in Europe or the America. This is what our people and our Government be a terrible blow to our Organization and to the prin­ dted have borne in their minds. They have asked us to be ciples it stands for if we once more would have to :the more useful to our country by intelligently co-operating register anti-Semitic feelings and facts, adding to the tragedy we are witnessing in the Middle East these p to with the United Nations on a plane above the petty : the bickerings of politics and Power-blocs. days. and 21. Mr. UNDEN (Sweden) : We must note with deep 29. With regard to the tragedy in Hungary I ~,.ar our regret that this Assembly meets in a politically far that the Soviet leadership does not quite understand colder atmosphere than has been the case during pre­ the indignation to which the crushing of the incipient revolt has given rise all over the world. ner­ ceding sessions. irec­ 22. If I may begin with a few words about the Egyp­ 30. I 'realize that Hungary, from the Soviet point of ated tian question, I would like to point out what a painful view, is looked upon as part of the security zone the awal surprise it was 1:0 most of us that the United Kingdom Soviet Union considers itself as having formed by im­ igth­ and France, in handling an international issue, suddenly posing Communist regimes upon the border States. :yof resorted to the old-fashioned methods that were out­ 31. The Soviet political leaders want us to believe that find lawed even by the Covenant of the League of Nations all opponents of the present regimes in those countries t on and that are wholly incompatible with the United Na­ are Fascists and that the Soviet Union obeys a higher tions Charter. No explanations and attempts at justifica­ political law by suppressing with violence every attempt tion can disguise the fact that the military action taken ceto to bring about a change in the existing Communist ;ince against Egypt constituted a flagrant violation of the regimes. The Soviet Union seems to tolerate the modi­ Charter. Long before the Israel invasion of Egypt, been fied form ofCommunism in the Border States that we official statements from the United Kingdom and have grown accustomed to call "Titoism". But there the srna­ France as well as military preparations made by these nited limit is apparently set. Titoism in Yugoslavia and a rents countries seemed to indicate that military action was in similar regime-"GomUJlka-lsm"----in Poland does not the minds of the two Governments. The public debate mean, according to the doctrine now adopted by the been [eft the impression that we were taken back to the :that Soviet Union, that Fascism has come into power. But times when the great Powers made military demonstra­ when the Hungarian Government under Imre Nagy tions to recover financial claims from weaker countries. went a few steps further away from the only true Com­ r the 23. The news of the United Kingdom and French ac­ munist regime, that Government was branded as being ever­ tion brought to my mind an earlier case, which I had under the influence of Fascist counter-revolutionaries. ibout reason to follow closely as a Swedish representative :omic 32. But these assertions are, as everyone knows, com­ at the League of Nations, I am thinking of the time pletely untrue. The choice for Hungary is not between ment when Mussolini occupied the Greek island of Corfu as nent. Fascism and Communism, There are other alternatives. security for claims for compensation considered to have Should not Hungary be given the chance-if tl..e ma­ randi arisen from the murder of an Italian general by Greeks. ns of jority of the people so wish-to establish a regime them 24. It seems to me, however, that we cannot but similar to the democracies in Austria, in Finland, in er of acknowledge the willingness with which the two coun­ Sweden and in the other Scandinavian countries? We gy is tries complied with the Assembly's request for an im­ are not Fascist countries. Must the great and powerful vista mediate cease-fire. I hope that in the future, too, they Soviet Union find its security at. stake because the ~ hu- will draw the natural conclusions from the Assembly's border States or some of them establish democratic decided disapproval of their unilateral military meas­ political systems different from that of the Soviet ures, taken in order to attain national or international Union? f the ends, coun­ 33. In my country we look at it this way: the security aized, 25. I wiH say in this context that my Government com­ of the Soviet Union and of all other European States o the pletely agrees with the Secretary-General's interpreta­ would be strengthened by an increased amount of in­ )f the tion of the task of the United Nations Emergency Force dependence and freedom for the border States. By a generous policy towards these States-generous in a le de­ in Egypt, which the General Assembly has 'sanctioned. If Thus the task of this Force must not be to remain in political sense-some areas of friction in Europe would the be eliminated. Tension would automatically be relaxed to be Egypt to put political pressure on.that country with the If the intention of bringing about a 'Settlement of the Suez and the danger of war reduced. It is an antiquated great Canal issue. ·belief that a country adds to its security by trying to ------_.._-"'.------

i . Miibl . 2 i IS iLtU £lUX ;J ! ilk JJ!!iBt! Litis L . $ J id. $ •. ; .. i. .; "cIT•.11111.,-.1 AWlL.::; .. ,­ 430 General Assembly-Eleventh session-Plenary l\leetings preserve a decisive politicalinfluence on neighbouring towards our ultimate objective-representation for all- countries against the will of their peoples. the peoples of the world. In this connexion, the delega­ Now su 34. The Nagy government announced in a circular tion of Laos appeals most earnestly for the admission of though note the establishment of a neutral status for Hungary neighbouring countries, Korea, Japan and Viet-Nam. renounce as its programme. In answering thatnote, the Swedish 41. I think it would not be out of place now to give with a c Government expressed its interest and sympathy with you at least a brief account of this far-off country, Laos, and whi 'regard to this programme. We still hold the view '~hat which you have invited to sit among you. Actually, the though 1 Hungary, neutralized like Austria, would be a factor geographical characteristics of my country, the features fully sot of security in Europe, Even if I disregard all other of its history, its civilization and its ideals will determine its place aspects of these events, the Soviet Union has made a what attitude it will take and what contribution it can all the o grave political error in refusing to tolerate a popular make to the difficult task we have in common-the obligatio movement in Hungary that has aspired towards greater task of building for peace. In a word, the external rela­ 47. Bee political democracy. As I indicated before, the Soviet tions of Laos are determined by certain geographical, sentially Union made another mistake in failing to 'realize the historical and economic imperatives. ance in 1 indignation that would be created by the violence used .we are a against the Hungarian people. 42. Lying along the valley of the Mekong, but with­ freedom, out an outlet to the sea, its riches a number of magnifi­ all steps 35. It is futile to have us look upon the Soviet troops cent rice-growing plains as well as picturesque plateaus ill Hungary as mere guardians of law and order, cor­ tions wit and mountains, Laos knows the tribulations of a con­ and freer responding to an ordinary national police force. These tinental country. Although at first sight it is difficult of troops represented the naked powe~) not of th~ir own access, the way in which its mountain and river sys­ 48. Wh country, but of a foreign Power, acting as self-Imposed tems lie, inevitably marked it out as a cross-roads. principle: guardian and protector of Hungary. The sympathies of And, indeed this geographical cross-roads, between the spect for the whole world went out to those who made such Indian and the Chinese worlds, was the meeting-place sion to i, heroic efforts to win greater freedom for their country of those groups and influences whose struggles and it face tr and people. peaceful intercourse were to leave in the river valley the stab 36. 1 fear that the effects of what has happened in one of the branches of the Thai race: the Laotian only just Hungary will be felt for a long time. If the Soviet people. Laos was thus predestined by its geographical vote all Ieaders wish to pursue the policy of relaxation that was position to play the part of a turn-table standing in the certainly perceptible before the events of the last months, this very centre of Asia, between different civilizations and building wish cannot be realized by their remaining blind to ideologies. Thus its fate as a frontier province between mg pave what has so shocked the world. Only a new policy on the East and the West give it a duty to defend and de­ raising tl the part of the Soviet Union, aiming at greater political velop the solidarity of the Asiatic continent, of which on these and personal freedom as well as national independence it is an integral part, as well as the links which unite systemati for the Hungarian people, can be a new starting point that continent with the rest of the world. order of for a policy aimed at a lessening of tension. seen fit 1 43. Historical factors play no less important a part being mei 37. Mr. SASORITH (Laos) (translated from in defining the external relations of Laos than the geo­ Fre1tch) : I should like first to express once again, on graphical imperatives I have just outlined. The his­ 49. The behalf of the Laotian delegation, my heartiest congratu­ tory of the Kingdom of Laos is the history of a that it 01 lations upon the election of Prince Wan Waithayakon basis, bu . by the General Assembly. This distinction is not only people now more than three million in number, working continually to erect a civilization of its own within economic a. recognition of his personal merits of heart and mind, the framework of its. ancient traditions, the provi. but is also a high honour done to a country and a peo­ the basis ple which are our neighbours and to which we are at­ 44. Laotian civilization is made up of contributions sovereign: tached by age-old ties of deepest friendship. I cannot from many different sources, but it was, and is, founded dung Dec but regard this happy circumstance as most gratifying upon Buddhism. This explains why the Laotian people must on and auspicious. are not bent upon establishing a materialist civiliza­ imperialis tion. Moulded for centuries by Buddhism, to which 38. When on 14December 1955 the General Assembly We of the United Nations voted to admit the Kingdom of they have remained profoundly attached both in their 50. Laos to this Organization, the entire Laotian people beliefs and in their daily conduct, they find in respect tribute to experienced a feeling of pride such as i~ had rarely for the spiritual and mcrd values of the doctrine of. by the tv known in the entire course of its history. The people the great Sage their «j"'.solation, their hope and the effectively of Laos, a notoriously peace-loving people, had just light of their life. with whi: emerged from ten years of. war. Laos was still nursing 45. I would not dwell upon this point if I had not for friendship: its wounds, making good its war damage and making a long time been impressed by the remarkable similar­ States; ar a. count of its widows and orphans, In these circum­ ity, indeed almost identity, in certain aspects, between the work stances, its admission to the United Nations seemed like the principles of Buddhist doctrine and the Charter of assistance, the dawn of a new era and took on the importance of a this Organization. Pre-erninence of spiritual values, re­ partners il real peace treaty. speot for human dignity, mutual tolerance and above 51. I sho 39. At the same time, this preferment by the supreme all the search for peace with freedom: are these not Laos is fe international body set the seal on the newly-won in­ at once the very principles of the United Nations peaceful u dependence of t~e Kingdom of Laos and gave assurance Charter and the rules laid down by our Buddhist President that henceforwardwe should be listened to, understood, Pancha Shila? 8 Decemb aided and protected. It is therefore Jot mere etiquette 46. Let us also dispose of the criticism sometimes the genero which now impels me, as leader of the Laotian delega­ levelled at this common doctrine, which is too often and will g tion to the Assembly, to express our deepest gratitude presented as the canon of passive acceptance and enfee­ SIncere ac to those r"lembers of the United Nations which voted bling idealism. The history of the Laotian people shows operation. for OU1" admission. that there is no incompatibility between the love of vision capi 40. The admission of the new Members, including peace and the fundamental desire for independence and over; and ourselves, marks a 'further step by the United Nations unity. For centuries we have vindicated our freedom. great hope Laos whic1

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Because of the historical, geographical and eco­ fully sovereign State that the Kingdom of Laos takes nomic needs which we have just outlined, the foreign :S its place in this Assembly, on an equal footing with e policy of Laos is directed towards the defence of the all the other Member States in regard to its rights and very principles of the Charter upon which the United n obligations. e Nations is founded. I would go further: for a small 47. Because our civilization has made of us an es­ ~- State like ours, the United Nations constitutes the I, sentially peace-loving people, because we place toler­ strongest guarantee that might shall not prevail over ance in the forefront of the democratic virtues, because right. We look to the United Nations as the supreme .vre are and shall remain the champions of justice and court which will protect us against all trespass and all l- freedom, the Laotian people will associate itself with threats, as the bulwark of our freedom and of the t- all steps and decisions taken here ill the United Na­ freedom of all States which refuse to conceive of a .S tions with the purpose of maintaining peace in justice return to the law of the jungle, in international and freedom. relations. 48. While the Laotian civilization, inspired by the 53. Our anxiety at the danger which we feel is principles of Buddhism, is based essentially on re­ threatening this Organization to which we are so .e spect for spiritual valu.es, the Kingdom's recent acces­ strongly attached is therefore understandable. Lt seems :e sion to independence and full sovereignty has brought to us that since the Korean War, the vital interests of d it face to face with the serious problems inherent in certain great Powers have never been so violently in y the status of under-developed countries. Laos has conflict, and that the conflict has never been more n only just begun to develop its resources, and must de­ dangerous to world peace. The United Nations is thus 11 vote all its energies to exploiting its natural wealth, being put to a severe test. It must either succeed in e certainly abundant but still almost untouched, to dealing with the present crises in Hungary and the d building a body of skilled technicians, and to combat­ Near East, in which case its authority will emerge n ing poverty, ignorance and disease. Any success in stronger from the ordeal, or it will fail, and if it does ~- raising the standard of living in Laos must depend its days are most certainly numbered. We are not h on these things. We had accordingly to work out a presuming to suggest remedies or to offer advice. But :e systematic programme to meet our different needs in we would venture, in face of the grave dangers order of priority. That is why my Government has threatening the United .Nations, to address a strong seen fit to prepare a Five-Year-Plan, which is now appeal to all Member States, whether large or small, :t being methodically put into effect. and to urge upon them to do all in their power to .- 49. The scope of the task as thus defined was such ensure the most rapid and effective enforcement of the j- decisions taken by our Organization. a that it obviously could not be carried out on a local g basis, but called for international co-operation and 54. Let us make no mistake, the destiny of the n economic assistance from abroad, subject always to United Nations at this moment depends more than it the proviso that any such assistance was furnished on ever depended upon its ability to take effective action. the basis of mutual interests and strict respect for the In that connexion, we can only welcome the recent sovereignty of the beneficiary State, to echo the Ban­ creation of the United Nations Emergency Force dung Declaration of 1955. It was stipulated that it under the high authority of our Secretary-General. We must on no account serve as a pretext for economic hope that it is only a first step, and that this nucleus imperialism of any kind. of a world police force will develop into an effective 50. We take pleasure on this occasion in paying a instrument of action, a real armed force in the service tribute to the generous spirit of understanding shown of peace. by the two great States which have contributed so 55. But our satisfaction is not entirely unqualified. effectively to the implementation of our plan-France, While we regard the despatch of this international po­ with which we have such long-standing bonds of lice force to Egypt as a welcome event, we cannot alto.. friendship, and the great democracy of the United gether help being surprised at the casualness, not to .- States; and we should like to include in this tribute say indifference, with which certain States seem to the work of the United Nations in providing technical accept the flouting of the Assembly's recommendations assistance, and the valuable contributions made by our in Hungary. We place all our hopes in the efforts of partners in the Colombo Plan. the Secretary-General to solve this problem; but we re 51. I should also like to stress the interest with which cannot help thinking that time is passing and that )t Laos is following the development of plans for the it would be just too easy to accede to the requests of the Assembly when the heroic battle which the IS peaceful uses of atomic energy. The proposals made by :It President Eisenhower in the General Assembly on valiant Hungarian people are now waging in defence 8 December 1953 [470th meeting] is in keeping with of their liberties has ended for lack of combatants.. ~s the generous and liberal traditions of the United Staces, 56. I therefore have the honour to inform this As­ :n and will go down in world history as one of the most sembly, on instructions from my Government, that the sincere acts of faith in international peace and co­ Kingdom of Laos has decided to make the troops of operation. It was a step whose boldness and breadth of one company available to the United Nations vision captured the imagination of peoples the world Emergency Force. The Kingdom of Laos wishes over; and already it is beginning to achieve results. A thereby to give evidence of the high esteem in which great hope has been born, particularly in countries like it holds the untiring efforts of our Secretary-General Laos which are anxiously watching the steadily increas- in the defence of international peace and justice. It

r"~F...J Ii t . LitiJiJid Lil: J ...... I,,';'S'...... $1__ 432 General Assembly-Eleventh session-Plenary Meetings also wishes, by this gesture todem.onstrate its con- 62. The development of the international situation General fidence in the future of our Organization and its de- during this period has shown that there are great op- Kingdor sire to associate itself with any action taken to portunities for further intensifying co-operation among their tn strengthen international co-operation.. all countries regardless of the. structure of their 50- put for­ 57. I have also been instructed by my Government ciety, There was new evidence to show that the best the Dni to respond to the appeal addressed by out Secretary- yvay of pron~oting co-oper~tion and achieving progress 70. Im General to all Member States, calling upon them in 111 the solution of urgent international problems is by troops 0 accordance with the resolutions [1004 (ES-11), lo06 negotiation. In this way, during the past year, there Foreign (E3-11), and 1007 (ES-11)1 adopted by the General ~as been a further lessening of international tension solidatin Assembly on 4 and 9 November 1956, to participate to In some areas. All this constitutes a positive factor committi the greatest extent possible in the relief action to help in international life and is to the advantage of the other to' the Hungarian people. The Government of the King- Un,ited Nations, which, as is now obvious, can play an 71. So dom of Laos has decided to contribute the equivalent active part in this development, provided all its activi- attack 01 of one million French francs to this magnificent relief ties are constantly guided by the Purposes and the aggl work. By this modest gift it wishes to show its deep Principles of the Charter. newal ar sympathy with the sufferings of a people which re- 63. Our Organization has been substantially strength... The Go, fuses to let itself be enslaved, and to give evidence of ened by the admission of nineteen new Members. We Israel, Vi' its faith in international solidarity. sincerely welcome them into the family of the United Egypt, 1 58. Our Organization still has of course only very Na~ons. We believe that the widening of the United kind of ( limited powers of action. This being so, we would Nations membership and the experience which these 72. Wo venture to draw attention to another and no less grave new .countries can contribute will have a favourable acts of danger to its effectiveness: passion and the lack of self- effect on discussion of the very important international achieve, control. It is a fact well known to all international or- que~tions that are being dealt with by the United they cou ganizations that over-ambitious decisions are often Nations, 73. We fated to remain a dead letter; and in the case of prob- 64. As a result of patient negotiations conducted in Assemblj terns as grave as those before this Assembly, inability to a spirit of fruitful co-operation and mutual under- some--w obtain results would be tantamount to condemnation. standing, .the Inten:ational Atomic. Energy Agency of the a~ 59. Do not misunderstand me: there can be no ques- was established.iand Its Statute unanimously approved.' 74. The tion of yielding on principles, since any concession And although, alongside the good points, there are sors' attr there would be cowardice; but a clear distinction must some significant shortcomings in the Statute, it does Force f01 be drawn between principles and methods of imple- show that where the parties are of good will and tional" s mentation. It is in the choice of the appropriate means ~nited i~ their efforts, positive results can be achieved nexion, of settling the present crises that realism is needed. If In solving complex: questions of international whether, co-operation. the solutions proposed are to be practicable and en- Force sh forceable, they must spring not from the heat of pas- 65.. The progress .made in relaxing international cided on1, sion, but from the will to obtain results, not from the tension was a thorn m the flesh of those forces which, 75. At; desire to win an empty and fruitless propaganda vie- ~o~ y~ars, have been.fanning the cold war and keeping to peace tory, but from wisdom and moderation. It is only by It alive, accumulating exorbitant profits from the Near Eai such means, it seems to us, that we shall be able to feveris~ armaments race and using the threat of to jeopar exorcise that evil spirit which has haunted so many provoking a new world war to back their speculations. rope, in ~nternationa1 organizations, and which caused the 66. These aggressive forces unleashed an armed at- nessed fo death of the League of Nations, namelys failure due tack on the peace-loving Egyptian people, who had in the Se to over-reaching. embarked .on a successful struggle for their national cist unde 60. In this year of crucial significance for the future and State independence. The open aggression commit.. Hungary of our Organization, millions of human beings through- ted by ~he Dni.ted Kingdom, France and Israel against velopmen out the world are to commune together to celebrate the E~p~ IS nothmg but a desperate attempt of the im- the old E memory of our revered master, ~uddha Sakyamuni, perialists .t9 halt by force tI:e progressive decay of 76. Czec and on the occasion of his 2500th anniversary, to extol the col01;ua,l system ~nd to fnghte~ the peoples who People's: the abiding values of his teaching. May our small State are fighting for the right to a free life and independent Those tai recall a precept which has been handed down to us full development. ' revisionis of age-old wisdom: "the middle road is the road of 67. However, imperialist attempts to halt by force security c vision and enlightenment; it leads the way to lucidity t?e po.werful and ever growing movement of national Republic, serenity-and peace". ' liberation are doomed to failure. The disintegration of security t 61. Mr. DAVID (Czechoslovakia) (trapslated from the colonial rule of imperialism is inevitable and can- 77. The Russian): The present session. of the United Nations not be halted .b~ any force,in th~ world. Already, more the unbri General Assembly is being held at a time when the than 1,200 million people 111 ASian and African coun- populatior international situation has become serious and corn- tries have cast off the yoke of colonialism and are fev, days plex. On the one hand, the course of international buildil1;g a n~w li.fe freely and independently, in peace and other events between the tenth and eleventh sessions of the and friendship With all countries. the counte Assembly was marked by a continued lessening of 68. Public opinion throughout the world has taken its people international tension, reflected in the progress made in note with great satisfaction of the cessation of hostili.. Their plar a number of specific fields and in a number of con- ties in Egypt. Ho~ve~er,.the ceas~-~re was ~nly the drive a w crete instances,and there were real prospects of ~rst st~p to~ards liquidating the military conflict. The between t strengthening peace throughout the world. On the Immediate WIthdrawal of the armed forces of the ag" into an ex other hand, there was increased activity on the part of gressors from Egyptian soil is still the main require- jumping-o those forces which are seeking to halt the trend of ment demanded by the peoples. Europe. events in the direction of the strengthening of universal 69. In spi~e of the unanimous desire of all peoples, as 78. The peace and friendly co-operation among peoples. expressed 111 a rtumber of resolutions adopted by the ternationa:

. . '~ .. \.'" ... . , .: " '. . ~ " 1 ~ .... ," ". ~ '.' • ~ ~ r . ~.' \ - . . .. . '. ~ . . .'. '.. .' 602nd meetilig-29 Novembe... 1956 433 General Assembly, the Governments of the United to the existence of the world socialist system and uses Kingdom, France and Israel have refused to withdraw every opportunity to threaten the peaceful development their troops from Egyptian soil forthwith, and have of the socialist countries. put forward various conditions for compliance with 79. International reaction organizes and carries out the United Nations resolutions. widespread subversive activities against the socialist 70. Instead of leaving the country immediately, the countries, broadcasts lying propaganda by radio, re­ troops of the aggressors, as we have been told by the leases balloons filled with slanderous booklets and leaf­ .• Foreign Minister of the Egyptian Republic, are con­ lets designed to incite the people against their lawful 1 solidating their positions on Egyptian soil and are Governments, and constantly seeks to create a counter­ r committing atrocities in the Gaza Strip, Port Said and revolutionary underground in the peoples' democracies. other towns. 80. It can only be regretteed that the United Nations, 1 71. So long as all troops which took part in the instead of emphatically opposing this type of activity attack on Egypt are not withdrawn, we cannot consider by forces hostile to peace, is being used in the political 1 the aggression at an end or the possibility of a re­ interests of certain circles, for slanderous attacks on newal and extension of the conflict entirely eliminated. countries with a socialist system. The Governments of the United Kingdom, France and Israel, which have committed brutal aggression against 81. Another example of what is being done to main­ e tain international tension concerns the attitude to the :l Egypt, have no moral right whatever to impose any kind of conditions for the withdrawal of their troops. question of the lawful representation of the People's :l Republic of China ill the United Nations. " e 72. World public opinion decisively condemns the e acts of the aggressors and will not permit them to 82. The People's Republic of China is playing an in.. Ll achieve, by such manoeuvres, the objectives which creasingly prominent par,t in the mainstream of inter­ d they could not attain by direct military means. national life. It is generally recognized today that with­ 73. We are sorry to have heard, even in the General out the participation of this mighty world Power not n Assembly, voices-not many voices, perhaps, but one of the more serious international problems, and especially 110 problem affecting Asia and the Far East, '- some-which are prepared to support the manoeuvres can be effectively solved. The United Nations is en­ y of the aggressors. 1, gaged on a dangerous course when it permits the im­ 74. The delegations in question support the aggres­ perialist and strategic interests of a single Power to °e sors' attempts to use the United Nations Emergency dictate to it year after year a procedure which postpones ~s Force for the purpose of securing foreign, or "interna­ the solution of so urgent and important a question. d tional" supervision of the Suez Canal. In that con­ :d nexion, it must be emphasized that the question 83. The aggression of imperialist forces against U whether, and how long, the United Nations Emergency Egypt and the war propaganda carried on in some Force shall be stationed on Egyptian soil can be de­ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) coun­ 11 cided only in agreement with the Egyptian Government. tries, which have again brought the danger of military h, 75. At the same time as the forces which are hostile conflict to the fore, have also mobilized public opinion Lg to peace were resorting to aggressive action in the throughout the world, and aroused insistent demands le for progress on a question which is of the greatest Near East, attempts were also being made in Europe imp~rtance of to jeopardize peace and security. In the heart of Eu­ to the cause of peace, namely, the question , of disarmament. ), rope, in the Hungarian People's Republic, we wit­ .t­ nessed for the first time since the defeat of Fascism 84. We do, not share the view of those who do not id in the Second W orId War an open attempt by the Fas­ consider the present situation conducive to a solution al cist underground, supported from abroad, to force of the disarmament problem. To accept that view would It.. Hungary from the path of democratic and socialist de­ be to give way to the forces which are interested in velopment and to restore by terror and armed force increasing international tension and unleashing new 1St conflicts. The feverish armaments race, which lays a n­ the old Horthy regime. heavy burden on the broad masses of the people, is a of 76. Czechoslovakia, as a neighbour of the Hungarian ~o People's Republic is directly affected by these events. dangerous threat to international peace and security nt Those taking part in the putsch made revanchard and and, at the very least, a significant source of revisionist claims which were directed against the international tension. security and territorial integrity of the Czechoslovak 85. The interests of mankind and of peace and security Republic, and represented a threat to neace and everywhere make it imperative that everything pos­ security throughout this part of Europe. .. sible be done to find a positive solution of the 77. The white terror, the horrible atrocities which disarmament problem. the unbridled Fascists perpetrated on the peaceful 86. Athough work on a general disarmament pro­ population, including women and children, during the gramme is at present encountering certain difficulties, few days when they controlled the streets of Budapest that gives us 110 reason or excuse for blocking all action and other towns, show vividly what kind of future on the question. There are a number of particular as­ the counter-revolutionaries envisaged for Hungary and pects of it 011 which agreement could be quickly reached: a reduction in a;) 0 •• sd forces and conventional :en its people. However, their aims went much farther. Their plan envisaged a victory of reaction which would a;~aments, a reduction.in military budgets, the prohi­ ili­ bition of tests of atomic and hydrogen weapons, the :he drive a wedgein the brotherly relations which exist between the socialist States and would turn Hungary creation of a special zone in Europe where armaments 'he would be limited and controlled. tg­ into an exceedingly dangerous hotbed of tension and a re" jumping-off ground for military adventures in 87. Already last year the Czechoslovak Government, Europe. in aneftort to make a practical contribution to solving as 78. The events in Hungary confirm the fact that in­ the problem of disarmament, reduced the numerical the ternational reaction has no desire to reconcile itself strength of the Czechoslovak People's Army by 34,000

, .Mid i. mrrhllT]jf1:~ MAUl_m s:: ''''tLiS;. . i2 .... tU$! hiUaUlluJtL .. lit! "IJiU: ib[UillAllnlliUtllt· u 1£4& 1,40. iOuO:i i. i .·i " Ir.ra; ). _ •. ~ . r • 434 General Aeeembly-Eleventh le.sion-Plenary Meeting. men, and this year by 10,000 more. This year defence 93. A treaty providing for a system of collective expenditures in our country decreased by 7.9 per cent, security in Europe would also facilitate settlement of danger, as compared with 1955. Similar steps taken by the other the German question, the significance of which goes Governi peace-loving countries are convincing evidence of the beyond the boundaries of Europe. matic c United fact that the disarmament problem can be solved and 94. It is perfectly obvious that Czechoslovakia, which that the decisive factor for its successful solution is Federal is a neighbour of both German States, has an Immedi­ attentioi goodwill on the part of the Governments of the coun­ ate and primary interest in the creation of a united, tries concerned and their willingness to reach agree­ democratic and peace-loving Germany. The Govern­ has aris ment. If such agreement has not yet been reached even slovak ] ment of the Czechoslovak Republic maintains its view Aviatior on particular aspects of the disarmament problem, this that the question of restoring Germany unity can and is not due to "technical difficulties" but only to violatior should be solved in the first place by direct negotia­ however insufficient willingness on the part of the Western tions between the two German States and with full Powers. regard for the further strengthening of European peace 99. Th 88. In the opinion of the Czechoslovak delegation, the and security. We cannot accept a solution of the Ger­ airspace proposals made by the Government of the Soviet Union man question which would lead to increased tension trary to in its statement of 17 November 1956 [A/3366] are in Europe and jeopardize our own security. of the ~ an outstanding contribution to the solving of the dis­ loons re] armament problem. In making these proposals, the So­ 95. In the course of the general debate, opinions of other were expressed which did not correctly reflect the viet Union has once again given convincing proof of health 0 danger inherent in the rebirth of German militarism. cases ca its goodwill and sincerity and has taken a further It was alleged that, with the discovery of atomic energy, step towards bringing its views into line with those are also there had been so radical a change in contemporary launchin, of the Western Powers. "conditions" that a resurgence of the aggressive spirit 89. The Western Powers, which are repudiating vention ' in Germany was no longer a serious threat to the ber 194L one after the other the very proposals they themselves security of Germany's neighbours. We do not share had previously made, have, of late, indicated that ciples pr this view. It is not only erroneous, but dangerous for in a nurr they have no desire to engage in direct negotiations on the future development, of Europe. We submit that a plan for the reduction of armaments and the prohi­ not only our geographical position but, above all, our 100. Tl bition of atomic weapons, as long as t .ere is no ac­ experience entitles us to draw our own conclusions, General ceptance of the "open skies" proposal made by the which are indisputably well-founded. In the course of take acti United States. For the sake of reaching agreement on a single generation, mankind has twice had to suffer the Charter t this question, the new Soviet proposals go a long way horrible catastrophe of a world war. In both cases, balloons to meeting this demand also. Now it is for the Western aggression came from a militaristic Germany. And to­ 101. Pe

Powers to show goodwill and make their contribution day we are asked to believe that war is out of the friendly I towards attaining a goal on which the hopes of all question and that the security of Germany's neighbours principles peace-loving mankind are pinned, namely the reduction is enhanced on account of the existence of the atomic claimed, of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons, bomb. This leaves out of account the fact that the in the j and the establishment of confidence among nations. revived Wehrmacht is ;1:0 be armed with atomic strengthe: 90. Along with the question of disarmament the weapons. Germany's neighbours will never believe that cultural, Czechoslovak Government, guided by the desire to pre­ the new Wehrmacht, armed with even more terrible systems. ( serve and strengthen international peace, attaches pri­ weapons, will be less dangerous than its predecessor prominerr mary importance to the question of collective security before the Second World War. Millions of Germans liamentar­ in Europe. The Government and people of Czechoslo­ themselves do not accept this contention, but oppose have had' vakia are deeply concerned that Europe"should cease the re-enslavement of the German people by the the peace to be a hotbed of tension, and that the people of Eu­ ill-famed General Staff. and of the rope should enjoy the necessary conditions for a 96. In its tragic history the Czechoslovak people has with the] tranquil and peaceful existence. The importance of endured much hardship and suffering at the hands of Governme security in Europe is also indicated by historical ex­ German militarism, the enemy of mankind. We do not and stren, perience, which shows that military conflicts originat­ wish to allow any repetition of that tragedy and we 102. Cze ing in Europe have always led to world wars and have therefore issue a warning concerning the dangerous the develc brought dire distress on all peoples. phenomena which are taking place across the frontier tions with 91. The whole course of historical development amply from us in Western Germany, where militarists and econ.omic confirms that the only correct way to secure peace in revanchards are again raising their heads. and of eq' Europe is to establish a system of collective security 97. The Czechoslovak delegation feels that it should discrimina based on the participation of all European States, re­ draw the General Assembly's attention to a problem 103. The gardless of their social or governmental structure. in whose solution Czechoslovakia is particularly in­ fective co: terested. In spite of the repeated protests of the Czecho­ basis for Cl 92. The Government of the Czechoslovak Republic to bring a' welcomed the proposal of the Government of the So­ slovak Government, uncontrolled balloons are being released into the airspace of the Czechoslovak State wide scale viet Union concerning the conclusion of a treaty of most impo non-aggression between NATO member States and carrying leaflets advocating acts of hostility against the Czechoslovak Republic. This hostile propaganda that of bri countries adhering to the Warsaw Treaty. Such a afurther e: treaty, to which the Soviet Union and the United has no effect whatever; the Czechoslovak people flatly rej ect it. Nevertheless, these balloons are a serious still falls f States, the countries with the largest military estab­ foundation lishments, would be parties, would result in a rapid hazard to domestic and international air communica­ change in the international atmosphere and would help tions and the explosive substances with which they­ 104. Czec to establish confidence among States and to lessen inter­ are filled endanger the health, life and property of the solutio national tension. It would create favourable conditions persons who come into contact with them. dustrial pi for the conclusion of an all-European collective security 98. The Czechoslovak Government has taken anum" doubled by treaty. ber of steps on the international level to remove this erful econc high techtli

~1II.a., l! !Uti 3----""-- i iS14 it I; lii iiiiiiii -_IllJJ41 " I;"_i.JJt£.'iJJd;_:SiIi! in :Iti 2 60211d meetillg-29 November 1956 485 -danger, but so far to no avail. It has approached the 105. At the 'Same time, as a result of the rise in the Government of the United States through the diplo­ purchasing power of the population, there has been matic channel, since these balloons are released by a significant increase in the consumption both of in­ United States organizations from bases situated in the dustrial and consumer goods in our country. In our :h Federal Republic of Germany. It has al.so drawn ~he plans for national economic development provision is ~­ attention of the Secretary-General to the Situation which made for a substantial increase both in production and d, has arisen. Similarly, the Government of t~e Czec~~­ in consumption, which will at the same time guarantee n­ slovak Republic has requested the International C1VII an expansion in our .capacity for trade with all 'W Aviation Organization to take steps to put a stop to the countries. ld violation of Czechoslovak airspace. Up to now, 106. The volume of international trade could un­ a­ however, no effective measures have been taken. questionably be still larger were it not for the con­ 111 99. The launching of balloons of any kind into the tinued existence of artificial obstacles erected for po­ ce airspace of another State without it~ consent ~s c?n­ litical reasons and the futile endeavour to slow the r- trary to international law and constitutes a violation economic development of States with a socialist of the sovereignty of that State. Moreover, the bal­ system. loons released over the territory of Czechoslovakia and 107. In spite of these obstacles, however, there has ns of other States are a serious threat to the life and recently been a steady rise in Czechoslovakia's foreign he health of the citizens of those countries and in many trade with the capitalist countries. Our economic re­ m. cases cause considerable damage to property. They lations with the economically under-developed coun­ r;'j, are also a danger to air communications and their tries have taken a particularly favourable course. Be­ ry launching is itself a violation of article 8 of the Con­ tween 1953 and 1955 alone, the total volume of our rit vention on International Civil Aviation of 7 Decem­ trade with these countries rose by about 140 per cent he ber 1944. Such activities are contrary to the prin­ and a further increase is forecast in the second ire ciples proclaimed in the United Nations Charter and Five-Year Plan. or in a number of other international instruments. 108. One serious obstacle to the successful expansion lat 100. The Czechoslovak delegation considers that the ur of world trade is the fact that 1,000,200,000 people, General Assembly should discuss this situation and the population of the economically under-developed 1S, take action in conformity with the United Nations of countries, produce goods and services to the total value he Charter to prevent the unlawful despatch of uncontrolled of some 150 million dollars, whereas 500million people, es, balloons over the territory of other States. the population of the industrialized countries, annually to­ 101. Peaceful coexistence and the development of produce goods and services to the value of over :he friendly co-operation between peoples are not simply $700,000 million, ten. times more per head of rrs. principles we of the Czechoslovak Rep?blic have tJ~o­ population. ; rue claimed, but are the actual basis for ail our activities in the field of foreign policy. Czechoslovakia is 109. W'e believe that speedy and effective measures :he should be taken to c.orrect that situation. The principal rUe strengthening its manifol? ties, political, econo~c a?d cultural, with all countries regardless of their social means of removing the present striking disparity be­ aat tween the industrially developed and the industrially ble systems. Our country has recently beenvisited by many prominent representatives of various States, by par­ under-developed countries is the industrialization of sor the under-developed areas as rapidly as possible. It is ms liamentary delegations and other official guests who have had an opportunity of learning for themselves of in the interests of everyone that the economically Jse under-developed countries should more nearly ap­ the the peaceful achievements of the Czechoslovak people and of their desire to live in friendship and co-operation proach the level of the developed countries and should with the peoples of other countries. The Czechoslovak be able to participate in world trade and in the world las economy on an equal footing. of Government intends to continue its efforts to increase not and strengthen these many-sided ties. 110. As an industrialized country, Czechoslovakia is we 102. Czechoslovakia attaches special importance to giving and will continue to .give the economically under-developed countries every possible support and JUS the development of its economic and commercial rela­ ler tions with all countries regardless of their social and assistance. md economic systems, on a basis of mutual advantage 111. I have just given the Czechoslovak delegation's and of equality of rights between the parties, without views on the contemporary situation and on certain discrimination of any kind. uld problems which we believe to be particularly importan.t em 103. The United Nations should make a more ef­ and for whose solution,. in our view, the General in­ fective contribution to the development of a stable Assembly should assume full responsibility. ho­ basis for a wide exchange of goods, which would help 112. All peace-loving people have warmly welcomed ing to bring about the increased co-operation on a world­ the definite relaxation of international tension which :ate wide scale in the interests of all nations. One of the has taken place of late. They are, however, disturbed 'lnst most important problems arising in this connexion is and indignant at the intrigues of aggressive groups nda that of bringing into being conditions that will ensure which are endeavouring to resurrect the past, to in­ ltly afurther expansion of world trade, the volume of which crease tension, to cause the situation .to deteriorate, ous still falls far below needs and possibilities, as a firm to create an atmosphere of hostility and hysteria and lea­ foundation for the peaceful coexistence of peoples. to destroy peace and security throughout the world. her 104. Czechoslovakia can give effective assistance in This can bring 110 good to ordinary men and women. of the solution of that problem. In recent years the in­ They expect the United Nations to prevent such a situa­ dustrial production of our country has more than tion from arising. They are anxious that we should im­ doubled by comparison with pre-war years and a pow­ make every effort to put the principles of the Charter this erful economic groundwork has thus been laid on a into effect, and to ensure lasting peace, friendship and high technica11eve1.. co-operation between nations so that every individual

a ox; 4$ : : Ai ; Li :: 24 j iLUU i!£SiSJU kII . J . tt; la1;;tU ; 2: $ t . J gIt L J j ::: !till!, . 41 i! t i$ .iI; -.-:aiL K. i] 436 General Asl!lembly-Eleventh session-Plenary Meetings .. may live in peace and without fear for the fate either 120. My obj ect in taking part in the general debate taining of his country or of his countrymen. is merely to say a few words about the recent events not all : 113. The Czechoslovak 'people, freed from the Fascist which have taken place since the publication of the Security of the ques yoke by the Soviet Army, has embarked 011 the course Secretary-General's Annual Report on the Work the Organization [A/3137]. In my opinion the ques­ it. Since of building socialism and has achieved great successes. ternative Fortified by their indestructible friendship and alliance' tions dealt with in this report can best be discussed fai~ itsel with the USSR and the other countries which are fol­ in the committees, where my delegation will not to bly express its views on these matters as they come up. posal to lowing the same course, the industrious and gifted enabled Czechoslovak people have built a State with a power­ The recent events to which I have just 'referred are the Suez crisis and the situation in Hungary. a cease-f ful industry and an advanced agriculture; they have forces. created a flourishing country where, as time goes on, 121. Let us first speak of the Suez question. Last they are enjoying the fruits of their labour to an ever­ year, during the tenth session of the General Assembly, 127. w increasing extent. we noted with satisfaction that there had been a relaxa­ Nations, tion of international tension. This improvement in in­ efforts, i 114. A few hours ago the Czechoslovak Government, ternational relations had encouraged us, with good Pakistan fulfilling a promise it made at the time of the promulga­ reason, to view the future with moderate optimism, but Egyptiar tion of the Five-Year Plan for the construction and de­ the nationalization of the Universal Suez Canal Corn­ 128. A: velopment of the national economy, declared in the pany produced a violent reaction on the part of cer­ heads of National Assembly that there would be a reduction­ tain interested parties and threatened to transform they cor. the sixth-in the prices of foodstuffs and manufac­ certain differences of opinion into implacable their de tures. This price reduction represents an annual sav­ opposition. position ing of nearly 1,400 million Czechoslovak crowns to our 122. Attempts were made to settle this growing con­ rvember : people. As from 3 December 1956, meat prices in our upon th. country will be reduced by 15 to 20 per cent, the prices flict outside the United Nations, but these well-meaning efforts failed to achieve the desired success. W e our­ the arm of meat products by up to 31 per cent and those of pre­ grave co served and cooked foods by up to 46 per cent. The selves took a very active part in these attempts, both in the London Conferences of last 'summer and in the French r prices of agricultural products will be reduced by up Five-Power Committee, and we spared no effort to action m to 25 per cent. The prices of manufactures, including solve this problem in the spirit of the Charter, that offered ~ radio sets, cameras and watches, will be reduced by is, by peaceful means. asked th 18 to 35.5 per cent. 123. As I have just said, these efforts did not meet end hosti 115. This, the sixth price reduction, has been made with complete success, but at least we had the satis­ Egypt ~ possible by the fact that our people is successfully ful­ faction of having prevented an armed conflict. Our pendence filling the tasks entailed in the development of the na­ satisfaction appeared well-founded, for when the Gov­ 129. TJ tional economy. The fact that our people 1S already, for ernments of France and of the United Kingdom de­ Canal di the sixth time, gathering the fruits of such a policy is cided to refer the Suez question to the Security Coun­ tion and but fresh confirmation of the soundness of the policy cil we thought with good reason that they were express­ stated tJ pursued by our Government, the principal character­ .ing their willingness to accept the decision of the guarante istic of which is and always will be a concern to ensure a Council. Canal, VI speedy rise in the material and cultural living standards 124. At the end of last October, when we were hoping While !I of our workers. for. an equitable solution of the Suez problem on the United: 116. The Czechoslovak people are rightfully proud basis of an agreement reached in the Security Council, their cot of their achievements and are fully determined to go and when we thought that the idea of resorting to force 130. Fi forward along their chosen path, of the correctness of had been definitively abandoned, we were suddenly message which they have had abundant corroboration. confronted by Israel's aggression against Egypt, fol­ Kingdon 117. In the deliberate, firm and wise attitude which lowed by a violation of Egypt's sovereignty and ter­ effect th ritorial integrity by the military forces of France and to the 1 they have adopted, the Czechoslovak people have, par­ the United Kingdom. ' ticularly in recent times, given a clear answer to in­ upon th ternational reaction, frustrated its hopes and plans 125. What were the motives for this military inter­ cease-fire and thereby rendered a great service to the cause of vention at a time when we seemed to be making pro­ 131. V\ peace and security in Europe. gress toward a peaceful solution? We are right to ask declarati this question, for at the very moment when this military which al 118. The Government of the Republic of Czecho­ intervention was taking place the Secretary-Genersl the same slovakia, in fulfilment of the wish and will of the whole was 'Still offering his good offices for the purpose of tions Cl of our people, intends in future to continue' to make exploring and defining the existing possibilities for acts of a: every effort to frustrate the plans of the enemies of hu­ 'Solving the Suez problem in accordance with the re­ the U'ni1 man happiness, to secure the triumph of the lofty prin­ quirements [aid down by the Security Council, In his latter ha ciples of the United Nations Charter, to bring about report [S/3596] on !his subject, the Secretary-General 132. TJ lasting peace and security and to ensure peaceful eo­ noted that the Egyptian Government had 'expressed full that thei 'existence, friendship and co-operation between ail agreement on all the questions raised in the negotia­ defensive peoples for all time. tions, except for one point which, in our opinion, could gressive 119. Mr. ENTEZAM (Iran) (translated from also have been 'settled satisfactorily if the parties to the puted to French) : The joy and pride that my delegation feels dispute had only shown sufficient gcodwill and mutual believe t at the election of Prince Wan Waithayakon are too understanding. ated by , .sincere for me to fail to extend to him my belated con­ 126. OUT surprise was all the greater since these the peop gratulations. His unanimous election was the best pos­ flagrant violations of the United Nations Charter and Pact ha' sible proof of our confidence and a well-deserved these attacks on the prestige and influence of our Or­ peace tc tribute to the high qualities which he has shown dur­ ganiz.ation,cam~ from two States which had per" Charter : ing his long and brilliant career as a diplomat and manent seats in the Security Council and for that rea­ Jing thaJ statesman. son bore a greater share of ifesponsibility for main". defendin:

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':'.' .. ' '-"~t'7i:4iiu:,·~tiZl1i:Hii;'; 1£j .' 'iiETar't'·· M.', ", • 2 l $ll .iih==W 2t ;~.,"_IIII ------602nd meetln_29 November 1956 437 ebate taining international peace and security. But that is 133. With regard to what is being done in the United rents not all: these are the same States that prevented the Nations to settle the Suez question, I am happy to note : the Security Council from taking the necessary 'steps when that the Assembly took the necessary decisions as k of the question of Israel's aggression was brought before soon as the matter was brought before it and that it lues­ it. Since the Council was dead-locked, there was no al­ is closely following the subsequent developments. issed ternative but to 'refer the matter to the General Assem­ 134. Let us now turn to the situation in Hungary. dl to bly itself. Therefore, we warmly supported the pro­ In this matter, as in the Egyptian problem, we ex­ ~ posal to convene an emergency special session which up. pressed ourselves in the Security Council in favour of l are enabled the Assembly to take quick 'action to impose a cease-fire and request the withdrawal of the invaQing convening an emergency special session of the General Assembly. Here again we had the 'satisfaction of not­ Last iorces. ing that the Assembly acted promptly and judiciously. nbly, 127. While this action was being taken in the United Here again we supported the resolutions which were laxa­ Nations, the Iranian Government was intensifying its taken. One of these [1007 (ES-II)] concerned as­ 11 in­ efforts, in co-operation with the Governments of Iraq, sistance for the Hungarian people. So one could ob­ good Pakistan and Turkey, to' secure the evacuation of j ect to measures for the relief of human suffering. As I, but Egyptian territory at the earliest possible date. a matter of fact, contributions are already coming in :om- 1~8. Anxious to preserve peace in that region, the from all quarters. The other resolution [1004 (ES-II)] cer­ heads of the four Governments met at Teheran, where was to send impartial observers to study the situation iform they considered the situation carefully and concluded 011 the spot. We have heard charges and counter­ cable their deliberations with a public declaration of their charges with respect to the events in Hungary. What position in the matter. This declaration, dated 8 No­ better action could we take than call for an investiga­ con­ vember 1956, condemned Israel's aggression and called tion on the spot into the truth or otherwise of what has aning upon the latter to withdraw its armed forces behind been said on both sides? I appeal to the Hungarian our­ the armistice :lines immediately. It also expressed the Government to give a favourable reply to the Secretary­ both grave concern of the four Governments at the Angle­ General's repeated requests that United Nations ob­ n the French military action in Egypt and their fear that that servers should be admitted to Hungarian territory. action might weaken the only world Organization which rt to This is our position with regard to the two most that offered any hope for peace and justice to the world. It 135. asked the United Kingdom and French Governments to important and urgent problems now before us. I should like to add that for us the cause of liberty is one and meet end hostilities immediately, to withdraw their forces from Egypt and to respect fully the sovereignty, inde­ indivisible, We condemn aggression and intervention satis- against the freedom of a people from whatever quarter, Our pendence and territorial integrity of Egypt. Gov­ 129. The four Powers again declared that the Suez 136. We believe that the impulse toward freedom is n de­ Canal dispute ought to be settled by peaceful negotia­ irresistible, however great the strength of the Powers :oun· tion and under the auspices of the United, Nations. They that try to oppose it, and we hope that all Governments oress­ stated that any settlement of that dispute ought to will recognize this fact and understand once and for £ the guarantee, inter alia, freedom of passage through the all that genuine friendship between nations can exist Canal, while respecting the fuU sovereignty of Egypt. only on a basis of mutual respect for each other's sov­ aping While reaffirming their faith in the principles of the ereignty, and that political influence imposed by force n the United Nations Charter, the four Powers expressed of arms can create only hatred and discord. umcil, their condemnation of aggression of any kind. ' 137. In spite of the dangers which they entail for the force 130. Finally these Powers noted with satisfaction the maintenance of world peace and security, the tragic ldenly message received from the Government of the United events in Hungary and the Middle East have enabled :, fol­ Kingdom through its ambassador in Teheran to the the United Nations to make remarkable progress in l ter­ effect that the representations made by these Powers certainfields the full scope of which nobody can ignore. e and to the United Kingdom had had a certain influence upon the' Iatter's decision to agree to an immediate 138. We are especially pleased to see the creation ~uf inter­ cease-fire. the United Nations Emergency Force under the auspices of the United Nations. Although the powers ~ 131. We have reviewed the main points of this pro' that Force are limited, they possess considerable :0 ask declaration in order to show that these four Powers, or. ilitarj which are co-signatories of the Baghdad Pact and at importance. Here we should like to pay tribute to the eneral the same time loyal to the principles of the United Na­ great accomplishment of the Canadian Minister of Ex­ ise of tions Charter, did not hesitate to condemn Israel's ternal Affairs and the tireless efforts of the Secretary­ ~s for acts of aggression as well as the military intervention of General, who ill a very short time has succeeded in le re' the United Kingdom, once they had decided that the organizing, pursuant to the General Assembly's reso­ [n his Iatter had acted in violation of the Charter. lutions, a force considerable detachments of which are eneral already in Egypt and ready to carry out the duties 132. This conduct of the four Powers clearly shows assigned to them. ' ed full that their association under the Baghdad Pact is of a ~gotia- defensive character and can hardly possess the ag­ 139. To be sure, that Force is not the international could gressive aims which have sometimes been unjustly im­ army which was envisaged by the Charter. The Organi­ to the puted to it. Contrary to the allegations of those who zation does not yet have an army which is capable of nutual believe that the Baghdad Pact is merely a device cre­ making its decisions respected, because the permanent ated by certain Powers for the purpose of subjugating members of the Security Council have been unable to these the peoples of the Middle East, the four Parties to the reach agreement. le is none the less true that the ~ and Pact have proved that in reality it is an instrument of creation of this intern~tional poljce fo~ce marks a gr~lat lr Or­ peace to be used in. carrying out the aims of the step forward and will make It easier, later on, \\I~O l per­ Charter and that these 1;')11r Powers are no Iess :J?ersever- organize that international army without which t~)e Lt rea­ Jing than the others ~n opposing colonialism and Organization can never enforce its decisions completel~~, main- defending the right of peoples to self-detennination. in spite of its great moral influence.

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438 General Asllembly-Eleventh lell.lon-Plenary Meeting. -its relati 140. We must also note a resurgence of vitality in our Organization, which, in present circumstances, -is .the United Nations, which has shown itself able to still the sole hope of humanity, Those whocomplaitl Asia ani mobilize world public opinion against the use of force. today about some of the recommendations passed by and eCOl1 the General Assembly might be the first to invoke time. Th 141. In concluding this review, I should like to take relations a look at the future and tell you what lessons, in my them tomorrow, for if aggression is not banished forever, .they may be the next victims. tical effa opinion, should be drawn from the events which have relations just taken place. First, we all ought to make a sincere 147. Mr. PREOTEASA (Romania) (Translated America from French) : TIns session of the General Assembly effort to solve the problem of the Suez Canal in a way T~ which will guarantee the right of free passage while of the United Nations is of particular importance in 155. observing due respect for Egyptian sovereignty. Sec­ view of the tense international situation in which it is that the] taking place. negotiatic ond, we ought to make a practical effort to bring about ~nitiative a fair settlement of the Palestine question. However, 148. Before I give the views of the delegation of the countries it is obvious that no final settlement of these two People's Republic of Romania on the important ques­ problems can be reached until the invasion forces have Romania tions now facing the General Assembly, I should like, terrupted evacuated Egyptian territory. The United Nations will as the representative of a new Member of the United then be in a much more favourable position to assist neighbou Nations, to give a brief account of the principles which America the interested parties to arrive at a just and permanent determine the conduct of my country's foreign policy. solution. ing' betw: 149. Romania is engaged in a vast programme of con.. and culti 142. We believe that sooner or later the right of struction and economic development, the purpose of ties of fri peoples to self-determination.in all those countries which which is to raise the material level of living and the peoples. do not yet enjoy independence will be recognized and cultural standards of the people. Romania used to be only exi: that the colonial Powers will be better advised to known, and has often been described, as offering a national ' abandon voluntarily an obsolete attitude which no market contrast between the economic wealth of the longer meets the requirements of our time. On the 156. Ra country and the chronic poverty of the masses, a in the Pi other hand, we must admit the necessity of settling poverty so great that it affected the nation's biological 1944, a r all problems of this kind under the auspices of the resources. United Nations, so that the legitimate aspirations of Hitlerian 150. In order to measure the extent of the effort its strugr these peoples can be realized without resorting to being made and the progress that has been achieved violence. army side in relation to the former situation in Romania, it is Germany 143. In particular, now that the Algerian question significant to note that at the end of 1955 industrial has been included in the Assembly's agenda, fortunately production was about three times greater than in 1938. 157. Th without any opposition from France, an effort should Three months in the case of electric power, 84 days of the P be made to solve this problem in a way which will be in the 'case of iron ore, 4 months in the case of steel, the profo consistent with the legitimate aspirations of the Al­ 28 days in the case of methane gas and 79 days in the its nCIJtiOI gerian people and which will help to restore peace case of meat products are all that is needed today to mania loc and security in that part of the world. equal the entire production of 1938. peoples 0 deep syrr 144. In spite of the recent sad events which have 1-51. From an agricultural country and a producer of a profour widened the gulf between the African-Asian peoples raw materials Romania has transformed itself into a pas~, the and the colonial Powers, we think that we ought to fast-growing industrial-agricultural country. It has penences exert all our efforts toward bringing the peoples of established industries for the manufacture of machine­ nomically .Asia and Africa closer to the peoples of the West. We tools, tractors and trucks and, conclusive proof, it has exploited must, indeed, acknowledge that we urgently need the succeeded in building up a complete oil equipment while ROJ technical science and Capital of the more advanced industry, which enables i,t to operate this source of cording tc countries in order to speed up our own economic devel­ wealth in the interests of the people and the State. and Rom opment and, in particular, our industrialization PfO~ 152. Since Romania has set itself as its principal task which boi gramme. The West, on the other hand, needs some of the completing of this constructive programme, the our raw materials, since without them its industry country is profoundly and organically concerned in a 158. Fm would be unable to function. We can serve our com­ policy of peace and international co-operation. For this of their : mon interests only by restoring mutual confidence and reason it encourages unceasingly in its foreign policy States wl sincere international co-operation. We ourselves have the principles of peaceful coexistence, of co-operation ence and part in 1 neglected no opportunity to contribute to that co­ with all 'countries on an equal footing, with reciprocal operation and we shall be very glad to serve as a bridge respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and of operation. between the West and the various peoples whose co­ portant f~ non-interference in the domestic affairs of other States. This irre operation is not only a guarantee of international peace In line with these principles, Romania bends its efforts and security but also helps to improve their own living movement constantly towards the effective expansion of political, complete 1 conditions. cultural and business relations with all countries, We are very glad that the Government of the to use wa 145. regardless of their social system. the more United States is making similar efforts and is trying 153.' The close relations of friendship and mutual gression 1 to convince its allies that sincere and friendly co­ assistance which have been established between Ro­ support 0 operation is the only course open to us, and that for­ mania, the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of is·characb tunately such a course will prove profitable to all. The China and the other socialist countries, have been United .States Government has clearly understood that loyally placed at the service of the interests of these 159.· The: it. is only by following such a wise policy that we can countries and of those of international peace and se­ demned b bridge the gulf between East and West. curity. In fact everything in this friendship serves to second ha maintain and strengthen the cause of peace. the risk ( 146. In closing, I should like ·to repeat that it is in The eners the interest of all of us to respect the principles of the 154. During the last ten years-a period during which loving fOJ Charter and the decisions of the United Nations. By the popular democratic regime has developed and [997 (ES so doing we shall help to strengthen the prestige of defimtely consolidated itself-Romania has expanded

.• '-I -"dU .LiUJ g; : IlOt .. 'Z,"":=±:=zrLtl::zrr,;zuz;;::n:Z..... 602nd meeting-29 November 1956 -its relations so as to include many countries in Europe, halt the aggression; the aggressors found themselves -:es, is Asia and the Near East and established diplomatic isolated and condemned. These results cannot have lp.31U1 • and economic relations with some of them for the first 'failed to impress international aggressors. ed by time. The People's Republic of Romania has economic 160. The Romanian delegation wishes to emphasize llvoke relations with sixty-two countries and is making prac­ iished that in the interests of peace and security the most tical efforts to develop economic, political and cultural important step is the immediate withdrawal of the relations with States in Western Europe, North invading forces from Egyptian territory and the re­ slated America and Latin America. establishment of the status quo, at the time of the embly aggression; it was with this understanding that the .ce in , 155. Taking as its point of departure the principle , that there is no dispute which cannot be settled by General Assembly decision was adopted. This is the l it is negotiations, the Romanian Government has taken the only way to prevent subsequent complications, and to dnitiative in settling problems left pending with other approach the other questions concerning the Middle )f the countries. Let me recall that during the last few months, East. ques­ Romania has re-established diplomatic relations, in­ 161. The Romanian People's Republic which has de­ l like, terrupted by the last war, with Greece, one of its close veloped economic, cultural and friendly relations with Inited neighbours. It has also invited the 'United States of a number of these nations in the Middle East to our which ~licy. America to discuss certain problems which are pend­ mutual benefit, is deeply concerned in the re­ ing' between the two countries, to promote commercial establishment of peace in that region, the consolidation t con.. and cultural relations between them, and to develop of the independence of the Arab States and the pro­ se of ties of friendship between the American and Romanian motion of their economic development. The'Romanian d the peoples. We are sure that truly sound relations can delegation considers that the United Nations should to be only exist between States that respect each others firmly oppose any further intrigues or plans of aggres­ .~ mg a national independence. sion in the countries of the Middle East. '£ the 156. Romania won its complete national independence 162. Colonialism is a permanent cause of interna­ es, a in the popular rising against Hitlerism on 23 June tional tension and of the violation of human rights, ogical 1944, a rising which removed Romania from the hated of conflict and of war. That is why one of the chief Hitlerian war and joined it to the United Nations by . and most urgent tasks of the General Assembly is effort its struggle and by the blood shed by the Romanian to discuss and to settle. equitably the problems on ieved army side by side with the Soviet Army to crush Nazi the agenda of Cyprus, Algeria andWest .Irian. My it is Germany once and for all. delegation wishes to lay particular stress on the press­ :strlal 157. These guiding principles of the foreign policy ing necessity of settling the Cyprus question which 1938. has been referred to the United Nations by Greece. days of the People's Republic of Romania correspond to the profound aspirations of the Romanian people and 163. It is obvious that .the colonial regime imposed steel, its national interests. The People's Republic of Ro­ n the on the people of Cyprus by-the United Kingdom oc­ ay to mania looks upon the liberation movement among the cupying forces is one of the chief sources of disturbance peoples of the colonial and dependent countries with and instability in South East Europe and in the Near deep sympathy and understanding. This attitude has East. The Romanian delegation believes that the speedy :er of a profound historical explanation. In the still recent grant to the Cypriot people of the right of self­ litO a past, the people of Romania went through bitter ex­ determination is in the interests of all States, particu­ has periences; when their country was kept in an eco­ Iarlyin view of the fact that recent events have shown hine­ nomically retarded state and their national wealth was that the United Kingdom has transformed Cyprus into t has exploited for the profit of the great world monopolies, a military base for purposes of aggression which ment while Romanian Governments changed incessantly ac­ threatens the peace and independence of the people :e of cording to the interests of a few great Western capitals, of that part of the world. The Romanian people, who ite, and Romania was dragged into military adventures are linked with the people of Greece by 'long ties of task which bore no relation to its national interests. friendship and by joint struggles for independence, , the warmly supports the Greek request for a solution of in a 158. For the Romanian people today this dark chapter of their history is finished forever. We greet those the Cyprus problem in accordance with the burning ~ this aspirations of the Cypriot people for liberty. ,oliey States which have recently conquered their independ­ ation ence and are now playing an increasingly important 164. The Hungarian situation has been brought up rocal part in the defence of international peace and co­ before the General Assembly on several occasions. The id of operation. We regard this fact as one of the most im­ delegation of the People's Republic of Romania has tates, portant factors for progress in contemporary history. had occasion, several times, to express its opinion on forts This irresistible advance of the national liberation this matter, which was, and is, a domestic problem of tical, movement has called attention to the question of the the Hungarian State. We consider that the failure of tries, complete liquidation of the colonial system. The attempt Fascist Horthyist elements to restore the former regime to use war to re-conquer lost colonial positions is all by making use of the popular movement which was the more serious and big with consequence. The ag­ seeking to strengthen the people's democracy, has utual gression launched by England and France, with the removed the possibility of Hungary becoming a centre Ro· support of Israel, against the brave people of Egypt, of trouble and disturbance in the heart of Europe. c of is characteristic in this respect. been 165. It must be understood that when we refer to these 159. . The methods and practices of colonialism, con­ Fascists and Horthyists we are not bringing into the 1 se· demned by all mankind, cannot be resumed in the discussion any new factor which needs interpretation. ss to second half of the twentieth century without running We mean the persons who were part of, or who the risk of political, economic and military disaster. directed, the Horthyist formations, and who styled rhich The energetic .and determined reaction of the peace­ themselves thus at the time when they were in power. and loving forces, and the almost unanimous resolution What is indispensable at present is to assist the Hun­ nded [997 (ES-I)] of the General Assembly were able to garian people to recover from their cruel sufferings

; Lt ;; Ct .1. d!SWdSiSiUSiUCUtJtJJJUL MULti;: L. LL ilL .111 $$; -"-,,.li3 SAl !J ; ££.IL.. tu 440 General Assembly-Eleventh t!Ie!lsion-Plenary Meetings and to rebuild their lives. The Romanian Government in the direction of general disarmament and the - is determined to give every assistance ito the people of strengthening of peace. some eft Hungary, their friends and neighbours. torgettinJ 171. We must point out that the Warsaw Treaty, to in the las 166. The Romanian Government considers that the which Romania is a party and which was concluded between disarmament question is the essential problem which with a view to providing a defence against the danger these ne must be solved in order to secure a lasting peace. An created by the resurgence of a new Wehrmacht in relations agreement on disarmament could open up vast possi­ West Germany, was conceived from the beginning as a matic reI bilities for the solution of international conflicts. The conditional pact. It provides that should a system o{ a matter world would have taken a great step towards peace. collective security be established in Europe, and a Governm The peoples would be relieved of the heavy burden of Treaty concluded for this purpose, for which the Con; the subje military expenditure and of the atmosphere of tension tracting Parties will unswervingly strive, the Warsaw and feasi which has been created in order to justify these ex­ Treaty will lose its validity. The Western Powers, first positive ~ penses. On the other hand to continue the armaments and foremost among them the United States of Amer­ race, to go on heaping- up conventional weapons, atomic ica, have engaged in a vast propaganda campaign 177. Or weapons and hydrogen weapons, would mean increas­ against the Warsaw Treaty, although they maintain of consir ing the danger of unleashing a new aggression, for military bases round the Eastern European countries ment cor the armaments race gives rise to tension, to cold war, which are parties to the Treaty and large military ternation: and to the policy of positions of of strength which must forces in West Germany. The existence of these bases national' tend to direct the course of events towards a third is undoubtedly a source of tension and a threat to the veloping world war. security of the Eastern European countries. Within t operation 167. The history of the disarmament talks which, at In its statement before the General Assembly the 172. sistance 1 the League of Nations, served as a smoke-screen be­ Soviet Union presented concrete proposals to the importan. hind which international aggressors could intensify the Western Powers concerning the elimination of military General] armaments race and prepare their plans for unleashing bases, the reduction of NATO forces and their with­ Report 0 the Second World War should be ever present in our I 1 drawal from foreign territory, the withdrawal of Add.1] t minds. We agree with those representatives who, in "Vestern troops from West Germany, and the with­ the great speaking of the need to solve this problem and of its drawal of SOY/let troops from the territory of coun­ Importance, emphasized the responsibility which falls tries which are signatories to the Warsaw Treatv, The 178. Th on all countries but particularly on the great Powers. implementation of these measures would undoubtedly considera 'states ar 168. The General Assembly has had before it the new bring about a genuine relaxation of tension in Eu­ rope and throughout the world. that the proposals by the Government of the Soviet Union, set . developed [A/3366] out in a statement of 17 November 19561 on 173. The importance of the problems we must face acter. Th the question of disarmament and the easing of interna­ and the spirit of responsibility with which they must in favour tional tension. The Romanian delegation considers be approached are all the greater in that, as has already to under­ these proposals to be a most important contribution, been stressed, we find ourselves at a crucial point in of rights which could lead to a positive settlement of the ques­ the development of the international situation, when tions. It tion. It is obvious that not only the Romanian People's .each Member of the United Nations will have to give Republic Republic but also the majority of countries which are a definite answer to the following questions: Shall we cial Unite anxious to eliminate the threat of war, to establish fa­ allow the phantom of cold war to reappear? Shall we We consi vourable terms of trade and to devote their budgets to allow new plans for aggression to be openly flaunted on an int social work and the development of the national econ­ with calm 'and cynicism, or shall we decide upon a re­ could ext omy, expect that the other great Powers, and first and turn to the principles of peaceful co-operation, the well as t foremost the United States, will really tlfall in with the only means of ensuring the peace and progress of ment favr Soviet Union proposals. all peoples? prepared, 169. I propose to refer to some aspects of the prob­ 174. If we are to repulse the forces of cold war and own expe: lem which are of particular interest to the Romanian dispel distrust, our first step should certainly be to endeavour to solve in a realistic and practical spirit 179. We People's Republic. Romania has reduced the total fact that strength of its armed forces by 60 officers and men the vast problems that at present are in abeyance. At 1000 the same time, however, we should d.evote our full at­ United N and has shortened the term. of military service, thus tion of ir giving conclusive proof that it is prepared to put into tention to every means of strengthening international ished by 1 practice the policy of armaments reduction. The Ro­ co-operation by developing those means for which favourable conditions have been or can be created, sentatives manian People's Republic thinks it essential that an million. international agreement should be reached on the pro­ namely, commercial and cultural relations and direct gressive reduction of the armaments and armed forces contacts between leaders and prominent people of all 180. We of the great Powers and of other countries. We firmly countries. surd situa support the Soviet Union proposal concerning the pro­ 175. In the opinion of my delegation, one problem Organizat hibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons, the discon­ that deserves attention is the extension and the en­ countries tinuation of nuclear tests, and the establishment of an couragement of diplomatic relations between States in tion of. ai) international control of these measures. order to promote and consolidate international co­ votes In 1 who repn 170. The Romanian People's Republic has constantly operation. The development of diplomatic relations is not accorded the same place as the development of in­ smgle vot maintained that peace and security in. Europe cannot tion, no n be safeguarded by the establishment of antagonistic ternational trade or economic, cultural and political relations between States. ticipate w military blocs but by the joint efforts of all European Nations. 1 States to create a general security system. In this spirit 176. If we consider the favourable effect that the re­ proaching we support the proposal for the conclusion of a non­ cent re-establishment of diplomatic relations between versality 1 aggression pact between the NATO and the Warsaw certain countries, broken off as a result of the Ilast raised in ' Treaty countries; such a pact would create new and world war, has had on the international situation, we the framer highly favourable conditions for a continuing progress see clearly that it would be of real advantage to make inadmissib

~ LLd. U .I . 4tL.tsu ; Ill. IA....,L ... 602nd meeting-29 November 1956 441 ---l the some- efforts in this direction. Similarly, we are not the activity of the Organization, will appear even more forgetting that some new States have come into being flagrant and more obvious-if this situation continues. ty, to in the last few years. The general spirit of co-operation luded 181. I wish to emphasize the particular importance between nations will be the more strengthened as that the Romanian delegation attaches to the role and anger these new States are able to develop their diplomatic in work of the United Nations. We are Jiving in a period 'ht relations more rapidly. The decision to establish diplo­ in which the circles that are interested in maintaining ~ as a matic relations with one State or another is, of course, em o( and increasing international tension have engaged in a matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of each aggression and are mJntaining a troubled atmosphere md a Government. General Assembly recommendations on Con': favourable to new attacks against the peace and inde­ the subject, which we feel would .be both appropriate pendence of peace-loving States. In. these circum­ arsaw and feasible, would be of great help in promoting this ;, first stances, it is necessary that all the forces of peace positive action. should be mobilized, that the nations should remain \met­ ipaign 177. On the subject of economic problems, which are on the alert, and that statesmen and Governments intain of considerable importance, the Romanian Govern­ should take up the unsolved international problems in mtries ment considers that the interests of progress and in­ a spirit of responsibility. ilitary ternational understanding call of necessity for inter­ 182. The United Nations has played and must play bases naqonal trade based upon mutual advantages and de­ an important part in this respect, In order to achieve to the veloping without artificial barriers or discrirr:ination.. its noble mission set forth in the Charter-the defence Within the framework of international economic co­ and the maintenance of peace and international security operation, the problem of economic and technical as­ Ily the -the United Nations should not be in the position of sistance to under-developed areas assumes particular acting only after the fire has broken out but it should o the importance in those areas where, as the Secretary­ ilitary come to grips with the international causes of conflict General points out in his Introduction to the Annual and tension. It should be ever on the alert to prevent with­ Report on the Work of the Organization [A/3137/ 'al of ' internationaJ. conflicts and to solve them through nego­ Add.1] "poverty continues to be the, law of life for tiations and discussions round the conference table. It with­ the great majority of mankind". coun­ is for that reason that we deem it necessary that the 178. The just solution of this problem is, however, 'United Nations should cease to be used as a platform t, The btedly considerably complicated by the vast sums certain for propaganda and incitement. The tension created a Eu- States are spending on armaments and by the fact by such cold-war Epigones is an obstacle to construc­ that the assistance these States are giving to under­ tive efforts. We are convinced that the atmosphere developed areas has a preponderantly military char­ thus created prevents many delegations from making it face acter. The Romanian Government has declared itself their true and full contribution. We are confident, how­ . must in favour of granting economic and technical assistance ever, that the United Nations will be able to make of lreadv,1 to under-developed areas on the basis of full equality the General Assembly the place of all places for inter­ iint in of rights and without any military or political condi­ national negotiations for the gradual solution of the when tions. It is in this spirit that the Romanian People's problems confronting the United Nations, with the o give Republic will support the establishment of the Spe­ equal participation of all countries, large and small. all we cial United Nations Fund for Economic Development. .all we 183. The delegation of the Romanian People's Re­ We consider that the exchange of technical experience public is ready to make its full contribution to the solu­ aunted on an international scale, as is in practice developing, 1 a re­ tion of the problems before the Assembly and to co­ could extend to all countries, the most advanced as operate with all those delegations which are animated n, the well as the least advanced. The Romanian Govern­ ess of by the desire to make the spirit of understanding and ment favours such an exchange of experience. It is goodwill, which will consolidate peace and interna­ prepared, for instance, to pass on to other countries its tional co-operation, prevail in this Assembly. ar and own experience in the oil industry. be to We cannot conclude without re-emphasizing the 184·" I wish to be permitted to associate myself with spirit 179. all the expressions of congratulation which previous fact that the particularly important role that the ce, At speakers have extended to Prince Wan Waithayakon United Nations is called upon to play in the promo­ at­ on his election as President of the General Assembly. 'ull tion of international co-operation is seriously dimin­ ational ished by the absence from this Organization of repre­ 185. Mr. FEKINI (Libya) (translated. from which sentatives of the Chinese people, who number 600 French): The delegation of the United Kingdom of reated, million. Libya, which has just arrived at United Nations Head­ direct quarters, has the pleasure of conveying to the Gen­ of all 180. We shall not go into all the aspects of this ab­ eral Assembly the best wishes of its Government for surd situation, which is of the utmost prejudice our to the successful conduct the Assembly's discussions Organization. Just consider the fact that twenty-two or roblem and the success of its work at this session. he en­ countries of the two Americas, with a total popula­ ates in tion of approximately 350 million, have twenty-two 186. The Libyan delegation also takes great pleasure tal co­ votes in this Assembly, whereas the Chinese people, in expressing to Prince Wan Waithayakon, President ions is who represent one quarter of mankind, have not a of the General Assembly, its warmest congratulations : of in­ single vote. We are glad, of course, that every na­ on the great confidence shown him by his colleagues, lolitica1 tion, no matter how small, has an opportunity to par­ who were happily inspired when choosing him to guide ticipate with equal rights in the work of the United the work of this session. In tendering him its con­ Nations. We are glad that the United Nations is ap­ gratulations, it also extends to the President its best the re­ proaching the full achievement of the principle of uni­ wishes for the successful discharge of his important etween versality but that is the very reason why the obstacle functions, and has the honour to promise him its closest he aast rais~d in the path of international co-operation within and most sincere co-operation. It also warmly congratu­ on, we the framework of the United Nations by the unjust and lates the members of the Assembly's General ) make inadmissible situation which keeps China excluded from Committee.

$ L il. $ . a: su. .ZZtffitL ... .t.sa a ; IX ; it LA .1 L2 &lnLkUiilt .Jilt • !UtU2iiddUUiiiilillUIiiLJi MUd it -r;iJl -treatment 18Z. .The Libyan delegation is more than happy !O poses them to armed attack. My delegation accord­- is ringing compliment the Secretary-General. on the manner m ingly believes that the Palestinian question, the Alger­ tions to 1"; which he is performing his onerous and numerous ian question and all other questions of like nature for two re duties, and wishes to transmit to him and to his col­ should be settled by the United Nations in accordance leagues an expressionpf esteem mingled with appre- with that right. I would point out at this juncture that 199. Firs ciation, admiration 2.&q# encouragement, . . my country, which acquired that right under the' banded be: auspices of the United Nations, has always endeavoured They are a 188. My delegation, in the name of the United King­ shooting 0 dom of Libya recently admitted to membership in the to model its conduct on the principles of the Charter, and has successfully resolved to settle by peaceful The recent United Nations, wishes, 011 behalf of the;\Government vember IS and-people of Libya, to imparta fraternal and a friendly means certain difficult questions left pending with the' Powers which once occupied its territory. chest besic greeting to all those Member States of the United Na­ Israel atrc tions that in words and deeds have shown their desire 193. My, delegation considers it a further factor for tive of a I to establish peace, mutual respect, co-operation and peace that the United Nations .should foster interna­ has the n friendship among the countries of the world, for friend­ tional co-operation in the peaceful utilization of the' Egypt on ship, in our opinion, should be founded on frankness, more important sources of energy as a meansof pro­ been verifi: mutual respect and healthy realism, as well as on un­ moting economic progress and leading all peoples to derstanding and co-operation in matters of common prosperity. Libya has every interest in the efforts of 200. In 1 interest, the International Atomic Energy Agency to achieve this spokesman Jews outsi 189. The Libyande1egat1Qu takes pleasure in ad­ purpose and is ready to co-operate with the Agency, ~ and would be willing to a~ist it by placing at its dis­ countries.. dressing its warm congratulations and a cordial wel­ interfere il come to. the. States recentlyjadmitted to membership posal whatever space it mig¥t be able to use in one or ~~t;~, more of its fields of activity; right to int in the United Nations. It in particular, the ad­ or creeds. mission. to the United Nations family of the Sudan, .194. Only a few days ago the. Libyan people, in un­ Tunisia and Morocco, countries which are bound to reserved gratitude and with a joy sobered by the re­ 201. Israe our own by ties of brotherhood and good neighbourli­ grettable acts 6£ aggression committed to the east and other coun ness, and whose past has been made glorious by their to the west of our country, celebrated an event as dear from their struggle to achieve freedom for their peoples. . to them as the Organization responsible for that event. world prop. I refer to 21 November, the anniversary of the resolu.. half, is uti: 190. The recent course of world events and theperi­ funds for I: lous turn given .to the international situation by the tion [289 (IV)] adopted by the General Assed,ibly in 1949 concerning the independence of the Umted Israel prop use of armed fotce to settle international questions as posed to tl typified by th~1 attack launched in the Middle East, Kingdom of Libya. I wish to assure the Assembly that Libya is doing everything in its power to maintain and. and spread against the territorial integrity of the Republic of on behalf o: Egypt, strengthen Libya's conviction t~at, in or?er to strengthen that independence. The Libyan delegation tak ~s this opportunity of expressing its gratitude and done not to prevent. the spread of armed aggression and m .the by Israel i last analysis to avert a general catastrophe, the United appreciation for the technical assistance Libya is receiving from the United Nations. loyalty to tl Nations, on the principle of the settlement of interna­ But Israel tionaldisputes by the peaceful means set forth in the 195. In conclusion r would utter a fervent hope that countries at Charter, must actfirmly and courageously to prevent this Assembly will have yet other opportunities to win tries asmur any threat to peace; it must stop every act of aggres­ further titles to humanity, honour and glory through aJVf~<>mber purpose of sion. directed against the integrity of. State the adoption of resolutions similar to that of 21 No­ funds for tl or the aspirations. of any nation which ...... Ives to live vember 1949 for the benefit of nations now striving Israel shoul inhuman dignity and freedom and thereafter join the heroically that the principles of human dignity, self.. the Jews or United Nations as a new member of our international determination and freedom which inspired our Charter family. The Libyan delegation accordingly speaks for may prevail. 202. This the Libyan people in expressing the satisfaction felt other count: tion of Stat at the news that the United Nations had intervened Point of c"'~er by the representative of Iraq the well known to halt aggression committed against Egypt, and f~ their fervent hope that similar action will be taken to 196. The PRESIDENT: I call on the representative in Egypt halt the aggression which, alas, has long been directed of Iraq on a point of order. Iraq, where against the nations of Palestine arttt Algeria. 197. Mr. JAMALI (Iraq): When the representa.. with their ] tive of Israel took the rostrum at the 600th meeting­ lliroug'h thi: 191. I would emphasize that, in the light of its experi­ problem bef ence as a member of the League of Arab States, and as on a point of order, my delegation, like the delegation East. aparticipant in the African-Asian conference held at of Egypt, thought that he was coming to express the Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955, Libya considers that penitence of his Government for the dastardly attack roS. Toda) groups of this character have made a sincere and on Egypt, or to express his Government's regrets for Israel uproa active contribution to the maintenance of international the ignominious shooting of the Palestinian refugees ,in ariving the peace and security and are acting in accordance with the Gaza Strip. We thought that he might be..coming Qlvert the a1 the principles and ideals of.our Charter, Chapter VIII up to the rostrum to announce the date of the with.. of Israel's a of which, in recognizing the legality of such regional drawal of the Israel troops behind the armistice lines. Yiolation of 1 arrangements, .regards them as fit and proper to par­ However, we did not expect him to announce the readi­ it were true ticipate in the maintenance of peace and to end ness of his Government to have the 900,000 Arab refu­ count for v( aggression. gees, long the inhabitants of Palestine, return to their of Palestine 192. The Libyan-delegation would" add that,·in its homes, ill' to declare his Government's readiness to re.. opinion, one of the most effective ways of establishing spect the Charter, human rights and the resolutions of international peace, understanding and co-operation is the General Assembly on Palestine. to ensure that.the principle of the.self-determination of 198. This is too much to expect from Israel, whose peoples is .applied; to aid the peoples in their will to arrogance and aggressive tendencies make them. blind "'- enjoy that right; and to intervene in their support to . right and justice. in Palestine. The representative Prmt-·-eet-in-U-.-s. when their very aspiration to this universal right ex- of-Tsrael expresses his anxiety and concern for the

I .t------...... ---..:.....;==-~==~iIiiiiiiiii1iiiiiii.ii1...... ~".,-.,.. ~~~_~_ ...... -,'..., c.·=m-e1..11II.11I1_.... nwi;ii;_.-a Ui. L ....__X L- 1!4 litUlili i!1)1 602nd meetmg-29 November 1956 treatment of the Jews in Egypt. We feel sure that he and its indiscriminate shoGUftg of the Arab refugees -lrd" is ringing a. false alarm, but we «l.uestion his qualifica­ in the Gaza Strip. ger.. tions to raise the issue before this General Assembly 204. I wish to assert from this rostrum that the Arabs ture for two reasons. have nothing against the Jews as Jews. We have al­ mce 199. First of all, his Government is already red­ ways Iived with the Jews in peace and harmony} we that banded before this General Assembly, vis-d-vis Egypt. have always provided them with homes and shelter the' Theyare also caught red-handed in their indiscriminate when they were persecuted in other lands. It is Zion­ ired shooting of innocent Arab refugees in the Gaza Strip. ism, with its aggressive and arrogant attitude, with rter, The recent picture in The New York Times of 23 No­ its offspring Israel, that is the main cause of trouble :eful vember 1956 showing a baby Arab girl shot in the and unrest in the Middle East today. The whole world the' chest beside her dead mother is objective evidence of knows that Jews in Arab lands generally, and in Israel atrocities. '.Jne wonders how the ;epresenta­ Egypt in particular, have been treated with all fair­ for tive of a Government which commits such,atrocities ness and tolerance, on a basis of equality, even in the mar. has the nerve to come to the rostrum and attack darkest days of the Palestine war or in these days of the' Egypt on the basis of rumours which have not even the dastardly Israel invasion of Egypt. If Egypt takes pro.. been verified.· . security measures designed- to guarantee its own safety s to 200. In the .second place, who made Israel the and the safety of its citizens of the Jewish faith, it is s of spokesman for all the Jews all over the world? The because Israel attacked Egypt and because Israel used this Jews outside Israel are citizens of their respective some of those unfortunate Jews for espionage 'and other ~ncy, countries, .and Israel has no special right or reason to aggressive designs. dis.. interfere in their aflairs,any more than it has a 205. The Jews of the world must be protected; but .e or right to interfere in the affairs of people of other races they must first of all be protected from Zionism in gen­ or creeds. eral and Mr. Ben-Gurion in particular. It is Zionism un.. 201. Israel's interference in the internal affairs of and Mr. Ben-Gurion. which work to undermine Jew­ ~re- other countries, Israel's attempt to uproot the Jews ish loyalty to the countries to which the Jews belong, and from their homes in the various countries and to raise It is this uprooting, this looking towards the outside, dear world propaganda in the Western capitals on their be­ to Israel, that creates trouble for the Jews all over vent. half, is utilized as a method by which Zionists raise the world. We are sure that Israel will prove to.be ~olu· funds for Israel in the United States of America. This the biggest curse not only to the Arabs of Palestine d,ibly Israel propaganda for collecting money must be ex­ but to the Jews all over the world. It tries to uproot iiited posed to the world. Israel always raises false alarms them and to undermine their loyalty. that and spreads exaggerated and perverted propaganda , and 206. Let us listen to Mr. Ben-Gurion in the Knesset ltion on behalf of the Jews in many parts of the world. It is where-according to The. New York Times of 29 done not to help those Jews, for they usually get hurt November 1956 which quotes him-he charged Egypt and by Israel intervention; they get hurt because their a is with imposing "a reign of terror on all Jews of Egypt loyalty to the country to which they belong is shaken. who desire to hold fast to their Jewish faith which is But Israel does not care for the integrity of other. that bound up with faith in a return to Zion", I repeat countries and the welfare of the Jews in those coun­ "which is bound up with faith in a return to Zion", In I win tries as much as she cares for uprooting them, with the ough other words, Mr. Ben-Gurion is insinuating that the purpose of transferring them to Israel and raising Jews of Egypt must return to Zion. No~. funds for that purpose. Those who contribute funds to iving Israel should know that they are doing no service to 207. . During the same Knesset discussion yesterday self· the Jews or to humanity by furthering Zionist aims. Tewfik Toubi, an Arab member, interrupted the arter Premier's reading of the motion to ask, "what about 202. This classic method of exploiting the Jews of the atrocities against the Arab inhabitants?" A roar of other countries and casting aspersions on the reputa­ "Be quiet!" followed and-still according :to the The tion of States in which Jews live happily has become Ti·;,i.~'-the 'Iq New York Premier JOIned in, saying "You well known to the world. Israel anxiety over the Jews scoundrel! Are vou :K ··3er's representative here?" :ative In Egypt falls into this category. My own country, That is democracy, and that is how the Arabs are Iraq, where the Jews have lived for thousands of years permitted to express their views in the Israel Knesset, with their Moslem and Christian brethren, has gone enta­ through this experience. We in Iraq had no Jewish 208. In short, my delegation belirf'.J!.;!'s that the Israel lng-« problem before the coming of Zionism into the Middle attempt here to fabricate a case for the Jews of Egypt ation is another vexample of seeking ammunition for the s the East. lO3. Today, there is another reason for the Zionist Zionist fund-raising campaign in the .. United States, ittack and an attempt to turn the thoughts of the.world:from :5 for Israel uproar about the fictitious claim that Egypt is ~riving the Jews out of. the country. The purpose is to Israel's invasion of Egypt and indiscriminate shoot­ ies In ing in Gaza to a side issue. We believe that the Jews nning IDvert the attention of the world from the major issue of Israel's aggression and invasion of Egypt and its must live on a basis of brotherhood and equality with with· all the peoples of the world, in any country in which lines. violation of the armistice lines to a side issue, which, if it were true-and in all probability it is not-would they happen to reside, and that they must first of all readi- be protected from Zionism and from 1\1r. Ben-Gurion, refu· count for very little beside! the tragedy of the Arabs their of Palestine and the aggression of Israel against Egypt The meeting rose at 6 p.m.. to re­ Ins of

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