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Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth and Development of the Filbert Leafroller, Archips Rosanus L

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Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth and Development of the Filbert Leafroller, Archips Rosanus L AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Ahmed Hizam Al-Zabidi for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology presented on December 8, 1994. Title: Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth and Development of the Filbert Leafroller, Archips rosanus L., (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Professor. M. T. AliNiazee Role of temperature and photoperiod on development of the filbert leafroller, Archips rosanus L., (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from the Willamette Valley, Oregon was studied in the laboratory and in the field. Both temperature and photoperiod had a significant influence on the developmental rate of this species from neonate larva to adult eclosion. Developmental thresholds and thermal unit (TU) requirements for different larval instars and the pupal stage were determined for males and females, separately and combined. Egg stage and the first larval instar had the highest thermal thresholds of 7.13 °C and 6.77 °C, respectively, while the fifth larval instar had the lowest thermal threshold (4T). A total of 350.63 TU was required for development from the first instar to pupation and a total of 496.65 TU was required for development from larva to adult eclosion. Pupae required 147.13 TU. Diapause in A. rosanus is expressed in the egg stage and is induced through obligatory genetic mechanisms with undefinable control of environmental cues. Attempts made to assess the role of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction under laboratory conditions indicated no influence of environmental factors on diapause induction. Chilling is required for diapause development. Effects of photoperiod at different temperatures on oviposition, adult longevity and fecundity of A. rosanus, were examined under laboratory conditions. Data indicated that both temperature and photoperiod had a significant (P > 0.01) influence on adult longevity. Temperature had a dominant effect on fecundity, while photoperiod was less important. The seasonality of A. rosanus studied during a three year period (1992-1994) under field conditions, showed that larval hatch from the diapausing eggs began between the second and third week of March and larval development was completed in 5­ 11 weeks. Initial adult emergence occurred from May 31 to June 5 and required 496 TU. An average of 2.5 days was required between first female emergence and oviposition. Peak oviposition was noticed in the second week of June at 636 TU. The adult life span averaged 17 days. Based on a three year record of pheromone trap catches, an adult phenology model was developed and predictions were validated with a high degree of accuracy during 1994. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FILBERT LEAFROLLER, ARCHIPS ROSANUS L. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY OF OREGON By Ahmed Hizam Al-Zabidi A Thesis Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed December 8, 1994 Commencement June, 1995 Ph.D thesis of Ahmed H. Al-Zabidi presented on December 8, 1994 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Professor of Entomology in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Chair off Department Entomology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduarlel School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy Ahmed H. Al-Zabidi Acknowledgement I wish to express my sincer thanhs to the government of Yemen represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Agriculture Research Authority (ARA) and to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for financial assistance Deepest appreciation is expressed to my major professor, Dr. M. T. AliNiazee, who encouraged the concept of this study and his helpful suggestions, faithfulness, assistance and critical review. Appreciation is extended to Dr. Shawn Mehlenbacher, Dr. Ralph E. Berry, Dr. Helmut Riedl and Dr. Mary Powelson for their suggestion and help. Special thanks to Mr. M. Saeed and Dr. Abdel Azim Zumrauwi for their valuable help in the data analysis stage of this study. Appreciation is extended to everyone in the Department of Entomology for their help and friendship and to George H. Taylor for providing the local climatological data, and to Dr. Bill Smart and Mary Beth, International Education-O.S.0 for their continuous help during this study. Thanks are extended to all my colleagues at ARA and Faculty of Agreculture (Yemen) for their suppotr which made this study possible. Finally I am grateful to my father for his financial and moral support during various stages of his studies. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction and literature review Introduction 1 Literature review 5 II. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the development of the filbert leafroller, Archips rosanus L., (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the laboratory Abstract 12 Introduction 14 Materials and Methods 16 Results and Discussion 18 References 43 III. Thermal constants and developmental thresholds of the filbert leaf roller, Archips rosanus L., (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Abstract 46 Introduction 48 Materials and Methods 50 Results and Discussion 52 References 64 IV. Diapause induction, development and termination in the filbert leafroller, Archips rosanus L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Abstract 66 Introduction 68 Materials and Methods 71 Results and Discussion 75 References 88 V. Oviposition pattern, fecundity and adult longevity of the filbert leaf roller, Archips rosanus L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the laboratory at constant temperatures Abstract 90 Introduction 92 Material and Methods 94 Results and Discussion 96 References ill VI. Seasonal phenology of the filbert leaf roller, Archips rosanus L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Abstract 112 Introduction 114 Materials and Methods 116 Results and Discussion 118 References 145 VII. A phenology model for predicting adult emergence of the filbert leafroller, Archips rosanus L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Abstract 148 Introduction 149 Materials and Methods 151 Results and Discussion 153 References 158 VIII. Summary and Conclusion 159 Bibliography 164 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page II-1. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the developmental rates of different male larval instars of Archips rosanus 22 11-2. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the developmental rates of different female larval instars of Archips rosanus 23 11-3. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the developmental rates of larval instars (both sexes combined of Archips rosanus 24 11-4. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the developmental rates of complete larval stage for male, female and both sexes combined Archips rosanus 25 11-5. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the developmental rates of pupal stage (male, female and both sexes combined of Archips rosanus. 30 11-6. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the developmental rates of Archips rosanus from neonates to adult eclosion for male, female and both sexes combined 34 III-1. Influence of temperature on the developmental rates of different male larval instars of Archips rosanus 54 111-2. Influence of temperature on the developmental rates of different female larval instars of Archips rosanus 55 111-3. Influence of temperature on the developmental rates of larval instars (male and female combined) of Archips rosanus 56 111-4. Influence of temperature on the developmental rates of complete larval stage for male, female and both sexes combined of Archips rosanus 57 111-5. Influence of temperature on the developmental rates of pupal stage (male, female and both sexes combined) of Archips rosanus 58 111-6. Influence of temperature on the developmental rates of Archips rosanus from neonates to adult eclosion (male, female and both sexes combined) 59 111-7. Influence of temperature on the developmental rate of egg stage of Archips rosanus 60 V-1. Influence of temperature on the longevity of adult Archips rosanus (male, female and both sexes combined) 103 V-2. Influence of photoperiod at different temperatures on the longevity of adult Archips rosanus (male, female and both sexes combined) 104 V-3. Regression of oviposition and temperature showing thermal threshold for egg laying 108 VI-1. Seasonal pattern of larval development of Archips rosanus under field conditions of the Willamette Valley, OR (1993-study) 119 VI-2. Seasonal pattern of larval development of Archips rosanus under field conditions of the Willamette Valley, OR (1994-study) 121 VI-3. Seasonal pattern of pupal development of Archips rosanus under field conditions of the Willamette Valley, OR (1993-1994 studies) 126 VI-4. Seasonal pattern of adult emergence of Archips rosanus under field conditions of the Willamette Valley, OR (1993-study) 130 VI-5. Seasonal pattern of adult emergence of Archips rosanus under field conditions of the Willamette Valley, OR (1994-study) 132 VI-6. Female egg laying pattern Archips rosanus under field conditions 133 VI-7. Seasonal pattern of oviposition of Archips rosanus under field conditions of the Willamette Valley, OR 136 VI -8. Seasonal pattern of adult mortality of Archips rosanus under field conditions of the Willamette Valley, OR (1993-study) 137 VI -9 Seasonal pattern of adult mortality of Archips rosanus
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