IBM I Security – Best Practices

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Session: 500050 Agenda Key: 24FG

IBM i Security – Best Practices

Jeffrey Uehling IBM i security development [email protected]

Physical Security

Staying Current on Fixes

System security levels

System value settings

Security audit journal

Resource security

Network security

• Physical Security, Server • Front panel • Power, cabling • Racks/Storage devices

• Physical Security, Networking • Firewalls, routers, switches, cabling, power • Prevent configuration changes and sniffing equipment • Wireless poses a challenge, secure networks are necessary (WEP, WPA, WPA2 etc)

• Physical Security, Peripherals • Tape drives/cartridges, Printers/output, Fax, etc. • SAN attached DASD

• Mobile Devices

© 2015 International Business Machines Corporation 5 Security Vulnerabilities Many security vulnerabilities are being reported… Heartbleed, Bash/Shellshock, Poodle, Ghost, Freak, Bar Mitzvah plus many, many more!

What’s happening and why so many?

Numerous independent researchers Lots of open source so easy to review code and look for issues Common OS in many products (Linux, Unix, Windows) – So when a vulnerability is found, it’s likely to be everywhere Tools are available to exploit technology (look for holes) – Hacker tools, penetration testing tools, code scanners High use technology, like Java, SSL, OpenSSL, is scrutinized Vendors are doing more penetration testing thus finding bugs

IBM i technology areas with multiple (recent) reported vulnerabilities

Java (quarterly updates, you need to stay current) OpenSSL Web and Application Servers Samba Networking technology and (infrequently) cryptographic algorithms IBM i OS

Typically, Apply the PTF/Fix/Product Update and the vulnerability is fixed, But, not always as additional actions may be required

Staying Current on Fixes – not just a client and server problem The vulnerabilities affect most everything in your enterprise

IBM i OS, LIC and Products VIOS, IBM i, AIX, Linux partitions HMC & Firmware 3rd party (vendor) applications

SAN/Storage, Tape, Printers Networking Switches, Firewalls & Routers

Each and Every Server, Client (including mobile) and HW component in your Enterprise – Nearly everything includes an OS and/or FW (where there is code, a vulnerability is a possibility)

SSLv3 contains a vulnerability that has been referred to as the Padding Oracle On Downgraded Legacy Encryption (POODLE) attack , which is a man-in-the-middle attack affecting Web browsers/applications. Bar Mitzvah is similar in that it is present when the RC4 Algorithm is used in SSL & TLS.

There is NO fix for SSLv3 or for RC4. Customer must move to TLS and away from RC4

Applications connecting via SSLv3 to servers are exposed to the POODLE attack. As applications, servers, and browsers disable the use of SSLv3, many applications will fail because they don’t support the more secure and latest technology called TLS (Transaction Layer Security) or the app is written directly to SSLv3. Same with RC4.

Global IBM Core Team (including IBM i representatives) xForce (IBM Wide Security Team, vulnerability assessment) – CVSS (vulnerability Scoring)

Industry Affiliations – Vulnerability Reporting ICASI (Industry Consortium for Advancement of Security on the Internet) FIRST (Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams) IT-ISAC (Information Technology - Information Sharing and Analysis Center) FS-ISAC (Financial Services - Information Sharing and Analysis Center)

PSIRT Process Output: • PTFs/Fixes • Security Bulletin – customer notification of problem and fix

IBM i Security PTF Group

Not all PTFs/Fixes can be added to the Security PTF Group because of installation requirements! Java updates iAccess Web and Application Servers Lotus etc.

And fixes for areas such as HMC, FW, VIOS, Networking Equipment, Peripherals, Other Platforms, etc.

IBM Support Center Typically after a public announcement of a vulnerability

PSIRT publication of Security Bulletin URLs

My Notifications (Customer Subscription) Security Bulletins Technotes

The support for IBM i subscription via “My Notifications” for security bulletins is available.

System security level 50... Good reasons to run there.

1. Object Domain Checking

2. Hardware storage protection

3. Parameter validation

NOTE: System security level controlled via QSECURITY system value

• System interfaces perform appropriate authority checks but security exposures exist on this security level (examples will follow)

• *USE required by DSPDTAARA • *CHANGE required by CHGDTAARA

Security level 30 is NOT a secure security level!

User written programs, running at security level 30, can gain “write” access to objects with minimal authority

Every object: *CMD, *FILE, *PGM, etc. has a “domain” Every program has a “state” (*SYSTEM or *USER)

Program state is compared against object Domain

Program run state: *SYSTEM or *USER (DSPPGM/DSPSRVPGM) Object Domain: *SYSTEM or *USER (DSPOBJD)

Programs running *SYSTEM state can access both *USER and *SYSTEM domain. Programs running *USER state can only access *USER domain objects.

• Security level 30 ALLOWS access regardless of state/domain combination • Security level 40 and 50 enforce domain checking

Program State

Program state is compared against object HSP to determine allowable access. Every object has a HSP value.

Object HSP attributes:

− Allow access from any state (no protection, *USRSPC, *USRQ, *USRIDX) − Read only in any state (*PGM, *SRVPGM) − No access in user state (Setting for most objects, 5.3 and prior) − Enhanced storage protection (5.4 and beyond)

• Security level 30 ALLOWS access regardless of state/HSP combination • NOTE: Some HSP violations can occur on all security levels • Security level 40 and 50 enforce HSP checking

© 2015 International Business Machines Corporation 19 Object attributes – Integrity Protection required MI object overview Encapsulated MI Object header, available to LIC –Object domain (Most objects are *SYSTEM domain) –Object owner –Public authority LIC Only –Hardware storage protection setting –Encapsulated object data Associated space, byte addressable area for use by above MI (user and OS) programs.

The associated space is used to store operating OS & LIC system and user data for objects, i.e. *CMD, *DTAARA, *JOBD, *USRSPC, *USRPRF, etc. Encapsulated Data Segment, *FILE, *STMF, etc

John Smith 111-33-5555 LIC Only Jeff Uehling 222-44-6666

User written programs, running at security level 40 or 50, MUST use system interfaces (commands and APIs) to gain access to the objects.

– Authority checking is enforced by the system interface – Parameter Validation is performed – Object Domain checking is performed – Object Hardware storage protection is performed

Direct access by user programs to system objects is not allowed at Security level 40 and 50 due to domain and hardware storage protection attributes.

This presentation contains programming examples ("Sample Code").

IBM grants you a nonexclusive copyright license to use the Sample Code to generate similar function tailored to your own specific needs.

The Sample Code is provided by IBM for illustrative purposes only. The Sample Code has not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of the Sample Code.

The Sample Code contained herein is provided to you "AS IS" without any warranties of any kind. THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGMENT ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN NO EVENT WILL IBM BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR OTHER CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FOR ANY USE OF THE SAMPLE CODE INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY LOST PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF PROGRAMS OR OTHER DATA ON YOUR INFORMATION HANDLING SYSTEM OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF WE ARE EXPRESSLY ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Create a job description object • CRTJOBD JOBD(QGPL\TEST) USER(QUSER) AUT(*USE)

Display the job description object paying attention to the user. • DSPJOBD JOBD(QGPL/TEST)

Create and call the program using source on following slide. JOBD User • CRTBNDC PGM(TESTLIB/TESTPGM1) SRCFILE(QCSRC)

Signon as a user without *ALLOBJ special authority.

Attempt to change the job description object. CHGJOBD JOBD(QGPL/TEST) USER(FRED) “Not authorized to object error.”

Call the program – Source next slide • CALL PGM(TESTLIB/TESTPGM1)

Display the job description object paying attention to the user. • DSPJOBD JOBD(QGPL/TEST)

Note the *JOBD object was changed by a user with only *USE authority, to allow jobs to run as QSECOFR.

#include #include #include Change the JOBD User void main() No authority errors!!! { _SYSPTR jobd_sysptr; char * space_ptr; jobd_sysptr = rslvsp(WLI_JOBD, “TEST”, “QGPL”, _AUTH_NONE); space_ptr = setsppfp(jobd_sysptr); space_ptr=space_ptr +2; memcpy(space_ptr, “QSECOFR “, strlen(“QSECOFR “)); return; }

Create a data area object • CRTDTAARA DTAARA(QGPL/TEST) TYPE(*CHAR) VALUE('Test Data') AUT(*USE)

Display the data area object paying attention to the data area value. • DSPDTAARA DTAARA(QGPL/TEST)

Create and call the program using source on following slide. Change DTAARA value • CRTBNDC PGM(TESTLIB/TESTPGM2) SRCFILE(QCSRC)

Signon as a user without *ALLOBJ special authority.

Attempt to change the data area object. CHGDTAARA DTAARA(QGPL/TEST) VALUE(‘JUNK DATA’) “Not authorized to object error.”

Call the program – Source next slide • CALL PGM(TESTLIB/TESTPGM2)

Display the data area object paying attention to the data area value. • DSPDTAARA DTAARA(QGPL/TEST)

Note the *DTAARA object was changed by a user with only *USE authority, to a new “string” for the VALUE parameter.

#include #include Change the DTAARA value #include No authority errors!!! void main() { _SYSPTR dtaara_sysptr; char * space_ptr; dtaara_sysptr = rslvsp(WLI_DTAARA, “TEST”, “QGPL”, _AUTH_NONE); space_ptr = setsppfp(dtaara_sysptr); space_ptr=space_ptr + 3; memcpy(space_ptr, “NEW DATA “, strlen(“NEW DATA “)); return; }

© 2015 International Business Machines Corporation 26 NOTE: The previous two programs, running on security level 40 or 50, will result in an MCH6801 exception being signaled during the running of the program.

The object access, on 40 & 50, is denied due to Object Domain and Hardware Storage Protection attributes of the JOBD and DTAARA objects!

NOTE: Lock down system values via SST after setting

Altered programs are created by modifying a program object in an unsupported way.

Program alterations include: • Modifying the program to run in system state • Modifying the program instruction stream • Modifying the program validation value

Several methods available to alter a program:

• Using the system service tools to alter program • Save the program and modify it offline

A program altered to run system state can access system objects and change data on security level 40 and 50. They run with the same capabilities as OS programs.

Altered programs can: – Deliberately cause system crashes – Modify objects so they cannot be recognized by the OS – Bypass authority checking for objects – Bypass system audit record creation – Attack other aspects of system integrity

Set these system values on your production machine when NOT in the maintenance window – control the restore of a program

• QALWOBJRST - Consider value *NONE

• QFRCCVNRST - Consider value 6 or 7 • 6 – for executables without valid digital signatures, recreate the instruction stream thus removing any patch • 7 – for all executables, recreate the instruction stream thus removing any patch (would also remove the digital signature)

• QVFYOBJRST - Consider value 5 • Only allow the restore of programs that are digitally signed

• The "RST" interfaces are shipped as PUBLIC(*EXCLUDE). • Only trusted users should be authorized to use the restore interfaces. • Note: BRMS interfaces are PUBLIC(*USE) but call the system "RST" interfaces which are PUBLIC(*EXCLUDE)

• Verify the list of users authorized to “SAVE” data

• Protect the use of the system service tools (SST/DST) and Service related commands (DMPxxx, TRCxxx, etc).

NOTE: Lock down system values via SST after setting

• QAUDCTL - Audit on/off switch

• QAUDLVL and QAUDLVL2

• QAUDENDACN and QAUDFRCLVL - Use default values

• QCRTOBJAUD - Audit newly created objects

NOTE: See chapter 9 and appendix E&F of the security reference .pdf for audit doc

• Create the QAUDJRN audit journal

• Set QAUDCTL to *OBJAUD, *AUDLVL and *NOQTEMP

• Set QAUDLVL to *AUDLVL2

• Set auditing values in QAUDLVL2 system value.

• Audit sensitive objects via CHGOBJAUD Turn on audit and save the audit journal receivers. You may need the audit data in the future!

• A combination of security audit and “data object” journaling provides the complete audit trail

• Turn on journaling for *FILE and IFS *STMF sensitive objects to get the complete audit of changes, including change to data

• CRTJRNRCV JRNRCV(MYLIB/MYRCV0001) • CRTJRN JRN(MYLIB/MYJRN) JRNRCV(MYLIB/MYRCV0001)

• STRJRNPF FILE(MYLIB/MYFILE) JRN(MYLIB/MYJRN) IMAGES(*BOTH)

• QSYS/STRJRN OBJ(('/mydir/dir1/stmf1' *INCLUDE)) JRN('/qsys.lib/mylib.lib/myjrn.jrn')

• WRKSYSVAL SYSVAL( QPWD* )

• Set password composition rule system values • Min/Max length, required characters, etc

• Consider using enhanced password support ( QPWDLVL) • Case sensitive long passwords (128 characters)

• Use the ANZDFTPWD command to check for default passwords

WRKSYSVAL SYSVAL(*SEC) for the entire list

• QALWUSRDMN - Consider value QTEMP

• QINACTITV - Set to a reasonable number of minutes

• QINACTMSGQ - *ENDJOB/*DSCJOB

• QMAXSIGN - Consider setting to 3

• QMAXSGNACN - Set to disable device and profile • QSSL* - Control system SSL parameters

Resource Security - Protecting your objects

• Secure sensitive data (*FILE, *STMF, etc) • Object level authority • Encrypt “confidential” data • DB2 field procedures, OS encryption interfaces, etc • Audit sensitive objects • CHGOBJAUD (see chapter 9 of security reference .pdf) • Deploy a Network Security product • Products built on exit programs available from business partners • Products enabled “locking down” interfaces (FTP, Telnet, DRDA, etc) • http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/i/security/partner_showcase.html

• Secure your sensitive objects with the appropriate level of authority at the object level!

EDTOBJAUT

Interface to assign object level authorities

Authority List

Public AUT

Owner

Private AUT

© 2015 International Business Machines Corporation 41 Resource Security – Restrict Powerful Users • Keep the number of security officers and security administrators to a minimum • *ALLOBJ, *SECADM, etc. special authority • Service tool userIDs

• Audit the actions of the Powerful user • CHGUSRAUD CL command • *CMD action audit value, *SECURITY, etc.

• Make sure the security officer understands, procedurally, that audit cannot be turned OFF!

Protecting your objects with resource security is necessary to protect your data.

– Run at a security level 50

– Secure your confidential data with *EXCLUDE public authority

– Objects that are not security sensitive (public objects) should be protected with *USE public authority. This gives good performance for read operations on the object.

– Additional authority can be given to users who must change the data but private auts should be used sparingly for best performance.

© 2015 International Business Machines Corporation 43 Resource Security – Row and Column Access Control New in release 7.2 – Provides the ability to further control data in a DB2 Table (*FILE object) – Control access at the Row (record) or COLUMN (field) level

CREATE MASK SSN_MASK ON EMPLOYEE FOR COLUMN SSN RETURN CASE WHEN (VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER ,'PAYROLL ') = 1) THEN SSN WHEN (VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER ,'MGR ') = 1) THEN 'XXX-XX-' CONCAT SUBSTR( SSN,8,4 ) ELSE NULL END ENABLE;

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ACTIVATE COLUMN ACCESS CONTROL;

CREATE PERMISSION NETHMO.ROW_ACCESS ON HOSPITAL.PATIENT FOR ROWS WHERE(VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER ,'PATIENT ') = 1 AND HOSPITAL.PATIENT.USERID = SESSION_USER) OR (VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER ,'PCP ') = 1 AND HOSPITAL.PATIENT.PCP_ID = SESSION_USER) OR (VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER ,‘ACCOUNTING ') = 1 OR VERIFY_GROUP_FOR_USER(SESSION_USER ,'DRUG_RSRCH ') = 1) ENFORCED FOR ALL ACCESS ENABLE;

ALTER TABLE HOSPITAL.PATIENT ACTIVATE ROW ACCESS CONTROL; http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks.nsf/RedpieceAbstracts/redp5110.html?Open Encrypt sensitive data – Manage & secure the encryption keys – Protect via Master Key support

– Encrypt security sensitive data – 7.1, DB2 Field Procedures to enable Column Level Encryption

– Several vendors have products – Enforcive, Linoma and Townsend Security

– Protect encryption keys. Encrypting data, without protecting the encryption keys, does not protect the data

– Protect encryption keys with a master key

– SW Encrypted backup. Provides encryption support for tape/virtual tape via BRMS and tape management APIs (OS option 44)

– HW encrypted backup solutions via TS11x0 & LTO4/5

– SW Encrypted ASP. Provides disk level encryption support for all data written to disk (OS option 45)

– HW support for Disk level encryption (DS8000 and DS5000 series)

– Encryption key management is required (master keys and data encryption keys)

http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247320.html http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4500.pdf http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247977.pdf

Controlling access to the Service Tools is necessary for a secure system.

• Create as few Service Tools User IDs as possible • Create a Service Tool user with the same privileges as • QSECOFR (QSECOFR can become disabled) • Never use QSECOFR Service Tool USERID (save pwd in a secure location)

• DSPSSTUSR (Display Service Tool User CL command)

Install and maintain a firewall configuration

– A firewall examines all network traffic and blocks those transmissions that do not meet the specified security criteria.

Firewalls: Intrusion Monitors:

Intrusion Monitor Firewall Corporate Internet Network Development H/R System system Domino

WWW Mail

Location: • Outside your internal company network • Makes sense to let firewall filter what it can.

What Intrusion Monitors Do: • Perform "Signature Analysis" or "Pattern Matching" • Patterns: Looking for known "bad patterns" in IP flow. • Signature Analysis: Watch for "Trend Deviations" in network usage. • i.e. When someone successfully connects to a machine, packet activity is quite different when somebody randomly searching for open ports. • Reaction to suspected malicious behavior: • Send e-mail or message to pager • Shutdown network or routers

© 2015 International Business Machines Corporation 51 Network-Based Security Appliances http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/network-protection/ IBM Network Security Protection • IBM division that produces network security HW & SW • Network Security HW • Firewall • Intrusion Detection and Prevention • Anti-Virus • Web Content Filtering • VPN • Monitoring/Reporting • Network Configuration

• External facing network containing interfaces meant to be available externally:

• Web servers (supporting “external” applications) • Product information, Sales, etc. • E-mail servers

• Limited access to the internal “corporate” intranet

DMZ

firewall

Internet

Real time notification enablement – E-mail, messages, etc. (i.e., pagers, ISV solutions) in addition to IM records Numerous intrusion events audited – well-known attacks such as “Smurf”, “Fraggle”, ACK storms, Address Poisoning (both IPv4 ARP poisoning, and IPv6 neighbor discovery poisoning), Ping-Of-Death and many more…. “Extrusions” detected – attacks, scans, traffic regualtion anomalies emanating from your host IPv6 support GUI – iNav – Management of IDS policies – Display of intrusion events as an alternative to viewing the audit journal

IBM Security Partners – Many listed on the IBM i Security site • Products that enhance the native security features available in the operating system • Many are network based • Apply additional “security” rules • Enforcement of the rules

IBM i Security website: http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/i/security.html http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/i/security/partner_showcase.html

• For remote connections to your IBM i:

• Use Virtual Private Network

• Use TLS/SSL enabled versions of the client connection applications (Telnet, FTP, iNavigator, etc )

• Use TLS/SSL enabled versions of the client connection applications (Telnet, FTP, etc)

• What is TLS/SSL? • Similar to a VPN but implemented at the application layer. Only the TLS/SSL enabled application flow will be encrypted. • A mixture of TLS/SSL enabled and non-TLS/SSL enabled applications can be run from the system

• Only start TCP/IP servers that are needed

• Use secure encryption algorithms

• Prevent applications from using well-known ports

• Turn IP Source Routing off

• Allow IP Datagram Forwarding only when needed

• Don't leave PPP or SLIP lines waiting in answer state

IP Packet Filtering can be used to PERMIT or DENY based on the packet characteristics • Source and Destination IP Address • Source and Destination IP Port • Protocol • Packet Direction • Packet Fragments

IP Network Address Translation (NAT) • Can be used to hide private network behind a single public IP Interface (address)

How Do You Use It: • iNavigator: • (system)->network->IP Policies->Packet Rules • Select Rules Editor from context menu. • Wizards pull down has three selections. • Many other features...

• Most common “client” devices today are:

• Microsoft Windows • Windows XP • Windows 7

• Apple

• Some flavor of LINUX • SUSE, Redhat, and others

• Smart Phones / Mobile

• Antivirus Software & Client “personal” Firewall

• Norton • McAfee • Panda • Trendmicro • Lot’s of others • Plus many versions of “free-ware”

• Spyware & Adware prevention

• Antivirus Software & Client “personal” Firewall

• Antivirus Software

• Analyze data files or email attachments looking for “known” attacks • “live update” of Antivirus SW loads the latest known attack patterns • Personal firewall

• Prevents both unwanted inbound and outbound activity (traffic) to/from the network • Most firewalls provide warnings when detected

• Many companies require a Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection to access the internal corporate network from external

• VPN Client Software • A VPN provides a secure connection over the internet • Network traffic is encrypted (scrambled) to prevent the ability for someone to view, thus steal, the data

• Two factor authentication • To access the internal corporate network, often times a company will setup and require another form, beyond password, of authentication • Time based keyfob, smartcards, biometrics (finger print scan, etc)

• Many security reporting tools exist for the IBM i

• Run "GO SECTOOLS " from command entry • Run the report generation security tools

• Security tool commands produce reports that can be used to manage security and look for security holes

• Numerous IBM i partners provide additional tools

– Reporting & Monitoring – Security Configuration – Encryption – Network Security – Authentication/Biometrics

IBM i Security website: http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/i/security.html http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/i/security/partner_showcase.html

• Run at security level 50 • Set the security related System Values and lock them down • Use the Security Audit Journal • Protect your sensitive objects with object security • Use Firewalls and intrusion monitors

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