Controlling Hexavalent Chromium Exposures During Electroplating Electroplating Is a Metal Finishing Process in Which an Object Is Covered with a Metal Coating
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Characterization of Copper Electroplating And
CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER ELECTROPLATING AND ELECTROPOLISHING PROCESSES FOR SEMICONDUCTOR INTERCONNECT METALLIZATION by JULIE MARIE MENDEZ Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Uziel Landau Department of Chemical Engineering CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2009 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of _____________________________________________________ candidate for the ______________________degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number List of Tables 3 List of Figures 4 Acknowledgements 9 List of Symbols 10 Abstract 13 1. Introduction 15 1.1 Semiconductor Interconnect Metallization – Process Description 15 1.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Bottom-up Fill 20 1.3 Electropolishing 22 1.4 Topics Addressed in the Dissertation 24 2. Experimental Studies of Copper Electropolishing 26 2.1 Experimental Procedure 29 2.2 Polarization Studies 30 2.3 Current Steps 34 2.3.1 Current Stepped to a Level below Limiting Current 34 2.3.2 Current Stepped to the Limiting -
OVERVIEW of FOUNDRY PROCESSES Contents 1
Cleaner Production Manual for the Queensland Foundry Industry November 1999 PART 5: OVERVIEW OF FOUNDRY PROCESSES Contents 1. Overview of Casting Processes...................................................................... 3 2. Casting Processes.......................................................................................... 6 2.1 Sand Casting ............................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Pattern Making ................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Mould Making ..................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Melting and Pouring ........................................................................... 8 2.1.4 Cooling and Shakeout ........................................................................ 9 2.1.5 Sand Reclamation .............................................................................. 9 2.1.6 Fettling, Cleaning and Finishing....................................................... 10 2.1.7 Advantages of Sand Casting............................................................ 10 2.1.8 Limitations ........................................................................................ 10 2.1.9 By-products Generated .................................................................... 10 2.2 Shell Moulding ........................................................................................ 13 2.2.1 Advantages...................................................................................... -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,715,936 Florio 45 Date of Patent: Dec
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,715,936 Florio 45 Date of Patent: Dec. 29, 1987 54 PROCESS FOR ANODZNG ALUMNUM 3,524,799 8/1970 Dale ...................................... 204/58 FOR AN ALUMNUMELECTROLYTIC 4,152,221 5/1979 Schaedel ............................... 204/27 CAPACTOR FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 75 Inventor: Steven M. Florio, Williamstown, 755557 3/1967 Canada .................................... 31/45 Mass. 73) Assignee: Sprague Electric Company, North OTHER PUBLICATIONS Adams, Mass. "Surface Treatment of Al' by Wernicket al., 3rd Ed., (21) Appl. No.: 595,883 1964, Robert Draper Ltd., p. 376. 22 Filed: Apr. 2, 1984 Primary Examiner-R. L. Andrews 51 Int. Cl'.............................................. C2SO 11/08 (57 ABSTRACT (52) U.S. C. ..................................... 204/58; 204/58.5; An electrolyte capable of anodizing aluminum consists 29/570.1 essentially of a solution of an amino acid having a pH of (58) Field of Search ................................ 204/58, 58.5; 5.5 to 8.5. The amino acid is preferably a 2-amino acid, 106/314.13, 314.14, 314.15, 314.18, 314.24; more preferably a dicarboxylic acid, and specifically 29/570 aspartic or glutamic acid. The electrolyte may be used 56) References Cited to anodize aluminum foil to form a barrier layer oxide U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS or as a fill electrolyte in aluminum electrolytic capaci tOrS. 1,266,557 5/1918 Coulson ................................ 204/58 2,122,392 6/1938 Robinson et al. ... 2,166,180 7/1939 Ruben ................................... 204/58 2 Claims. No Drawings 4,715,936 1. 2 glutamic acid. The solvent may be water, commonly PROCESS FOR ANODZNG ALUMNUMFORAN used in anodization electrolytes, or one of the known ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTC CAPACTOR organic solvents used in electrolytic capacitor fill elec trolytes, e.g., ethylene glycol, N,N'-dimethylforma BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 5 mide, 4-butyrolactone, N-methylpyrrollidinone, etc. -
Implementation of Metal Casting Best Practices
Implementation of Metal Casting Best Practices January 2007 Prepared for ITP Metal Casting Authors: Robert Eppich, Eppich Technologies Robert D. Naranjo, BCS, Incorporated Acknowledgement This project was a collaborative effort by Robert Eppich (Eppich Technologies) and Robert Naranjo (BCS, Incorporated). Mr. Eppich coordinated this project and was the technical lead for this effort. He guided the data collection and analysis. Mr. Naranjo assisted in the data collection and analysis of the results and led the development of the final report. The final report was prepared by Robert Naranjo, Lee Schultz, Rajita Majumdar, Bill Choate, Ellen Glover, and Krista Jones of BCS, Incorporated. The cover was designed by Borys Mararytsya of BCS, Incorporated. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Department of Energy, the Advanced Technology Institute, and the Cast Metals Coalition in conducting this project. Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an Agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any Agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any Agency thereof. The views and opinions expressed by the authors herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any Agency thereof. -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,640,713 Harris 45 Date of Patent: Feb
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,640,713 Harris 45 Date of Patent: Feb. 3, 1987 (54) TARNESHREMOVER/METAL POLISH 3,458,300 7/1969 Duvall et al. ........................... 106/3 FORMULATION COMPRISING A METAL 3,502,503 3/1970 Bartlo et al. ............................ 134/2 IODIDE, ANACID, AND WATER 3,518,098 6/1970 Ford et al. .............................. O6/3 3,582,366 6/1971 Brieger et al. 75 Inventor: Robert B. Harris, Racine County, 3,687,855 8/1972 Halpern..... Wis. 3,879,216 4/1975 Austin ..................................... 134/4 3,914, 161 10/1975 Yonezawa et al. a 73 Assignee: S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc., Racine, 3,997,460 12A1976 Sirine ............. Wis. 4,097,590 6/1978 Weisz ..... 4,116,699 9/1978 Rooney...... ...10673 21 Appl. No.: 672,966 4,207,310 6/1980 Langford ... ... 252A106 22) Filed: Nov. 19, 1984 4,444,756 4/984 Schlissier ........................... 252/106 51 Int. Cl. .......................... C09G 1/04; C09G 1/06 Primary Examiner-Theodore Morris (52) U.S. C. ........................................... 106/3; 106/10 57 ABSTRACT 58) Field of Search ............................. 106/3; 252/106 A tarnish remover/metal polish formulation comprising 56 References Cited water, an acid, and metal iodide, such as potassium U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS iodide, is described. The components of the formulation chemically react with the tarnish or stain on a metal 840,167 1/1907 Springborn et al. .................... 106/6 1,280,939 0/1918 Allen ................ ... 06/3 surface, removing the tarnish or stain while leaving the 1,737,222 11/1929 Dewey, Jr. ... 106/9 metal unaffected. -
Copper Alloys
THE COPPER ADVANTAGE A Guide to Working With Copper and Copper Alloys www.antimicrobialcopper.com CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................. 3 PREFACE Conductivity .....................................4 Strength ..........................................4 The information in this guide includes an overview of the well- Formability ......................................4 known physical, mechanical and chemical properties of copper, Joining ...........................................4 as well as more recent scientific findings that show copper has Corrosion ........................................4 an intrinsic antimicrobial property. Working and finishing Copper is Antimicrobial ....................... 4 techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so Color ..............................................5 adaptable that they can be used in a multitude of applications Copper Alloy Families .......................... 5 in almost every industry, from door handles to electrical circuitry to heat exchangers. II. Physical Properties ..................... 8 Copper’s malleability, machinability and conductivity have Properties ....................................... 8 made it a longtime favorite metal of manufacturers and Electrical & Thermal Conductivity ........... 8 engineers, but it is its antimicrobial property that will extend that popularity into the future. This guide describes that property and illustrates how it can benefit everything from III. Mechanical -
The MG Chemicals Professional Prototyping Process
The MG Chemicals Professional Prototyping Process Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................3 Before you begin ..........................................................................................................................................................4 Read the instructions in their entirety.......................................................................................................................4 Get everything you need...........................................................................................................................................4 Plan for safety...........................................................................................................................................................5 Plan for disposal .......................................................................................................................................................5 Design your circuit for the MG process ...................................................................................................................6 Step 1: Cutting and Routing .........................................................................................................................................6 Ingredients required..................................................................................................................................................6 Overview: -
ANALYSIS of ALTERNATIVES Non-Confidential Report
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES non-confidential report Legal name of applicant(s): LANXESS Deutschland GmbH in its legal capacity as Only Representative of LANXESS CISA (Pty) Ltd.; Atotech Deutschland GmbH; Aviall Services Inc.; BONDEX TRADING LTD in its legal capacity as Only Representative of Aktyubinsk Chromium Chemicals Plant, Kazakhstan; CROMITAL S.P.A. in its legal capacity as Only Representative of Soda Sanayii A.S.; Elementis Chromium LLP in its legal capacity as Only Representative of Elementis Chromium Inc; Enthone GmbH. Submitted by: LANXESS Deutschland GmbH in its legal capacity as Only Representative of LANXESS CISA (Pty) Ltd. Substance: Chromium trioxide EC No: 215-607-8, CAS No: 1333-82-0 Use title: Surface treatment for applications in the aeronautics and aerospace industries, unrelated to Functional chrome plating or Functional chrome plating with decorative character Use number: 4 Copy right protected - Property of Members of the CTAC Submission Consortium - No copying / use allowed. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Disclaimer This document shall not be construed as expressly or implicitly granting a license or any rights to use related to any content or information contained therein. In no event shall applicant be liable in this respect for any damage arising out or in connection with access, use of any content or information contained therein despite the lack of approval to do so. ii Use number: 4 Copy right protected - Property of Members of the CTAC Submission Consortium - No copying / use allowed. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES CONTENTS -
Un-Conventional Metal Surfacing with Conductive Coating
Journal of Material Science and Mechanical Engineering (JMSME) p-ISSN: 2393-9095; e-ISSN: 2393-9109; Volume 5, Issue 2; April-June, 2018 pp. 77-82 © Krishi Sanskriti Publications http://www.krishisanskriti.org/Publication.html Un-conventional Metal Surfacing with Conductive Coating Sulabh Kumar1 and Vaneet Bhardwaj2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida (UP) India 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—As we know that in day-to-day life electricity has become These types of carbon brush holders are being used in basic need of the people. To produce electricity, stress is directly put generator based upon rating of the generator and type of slip over the natural resources like fossil fuels, water, metals by means of ring used because width of rings in the slip ring and diameter either hydraulic power generation or thermal power generation and (outer diameter) of slip ring is the deciding factor for selection in this era, we also generate by nuclear power. To achieve the need of type of carbon brush holder. For example, if the width of of power generation, the setup to produce electricity consists of rotor, stator, different types of windings such as stator winding, rotor ring of slip ring is 10.05 mm then carbon brush of width 10.05 winding, slip rings, carbon brush holder and different types of mm can only be used neither lesser nor bigger. Thus, pocket connections. Several metals and chemicals are used to electroplate size of carbon holder must be of 10.05 mm which means the carbon brush holder such as copper, brass, CuSO4, H2SO4. -
Measuring Sulfuric Acid and Aluminum in an Anodizing Bath
AN #: 05_008_11_001 Market: Plating Application Note Subcategory: Anodizing www.hannainst.com Product: HI902C Measuring Sulfuric Acid and Aluminum in an Anodizing Bath closes the porous aluminum oxide surface, inhibiting Since the two reactions produce two distinct spikes Description further oxidation by air or chemicals. Sealing is in the pH at their equivalence points, the titrator Aluminum does much more than cover leftovers achieved by submerging the part in hot deionized could distinguish aluminum and sulfuric acid in one and provide storage for our favorite beverages. water. The water and aluminum oxide interact to sample. The first equivalence point corresponded This versatile metal is the second most commonly form a smooth, hydrated aluminum oxide surface. to the sulfuric acid concentration; the second used in the world, just behind iron. Manufacturers corresponded to the aluminum content. The HI902 value aluminum for its abundance, light weight, Chemical analysis of the anodizing bath is crucial offers customizable calculations for each equivalence and corrosion resistance. Because of its properties, to the performance of the anodizing process. The point, saving the customer from having to perform many objects from cookware to aircrafts are made primary components of the anodizing bath are any manual calculations. Being able to determine of aluminum or have aluminum components. sulfuric acid and dissolved aluminum. The ideal both sulfuric acid and aluminum with one titration concentration for aluminum is 5 to15 g/L and 10 meant that the sample preparation and collection The corrosion resistance of aluminum stems to 15% for sulfuric acid. If the aluminum content is was greatly simplified, reducing the time per test. -
The Care and Preservation of Historical Silver by CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS by LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR
The Care and Preservation of Historical Silver BY CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS BY LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR Introduction Historical silver can be maintained for years of use and enjoyment provided that some basic care and attention is given to their preservation. The conservation staff at The Henry Ford have compiled the information in this fact sheet to help individuals care for their objects and collections. The first step in the care of all collections is to understand and minimize or eliminate conditions that can cause damage. The second step is to follow basic guidelines for care, handling and cleaning. Most people know that silver is a white, lustrous metal. Pure or “fine” silver is called “Sterling” if it is made up of no less than 925 parts silver to 75 parts alloy. Sterling will thus often have ‘.925’ stamped somewhere on it, as an identifier. Silver objects, especially coins and jewelry, contain copper as an alloying metal for added hardness. The copper may corrode to form dark brown or green deposits on the surface of the metal. Silver is usually easy to differentiate from lead or pewter, which are generally dark gray and not very shiny. Silver is often plated (deposited) onto other metallic alloys, almost always with an intermediate layer of copper in between. The earliest plating process, “Sheffield Plate” was developed in England in 1742. By the mid-19th century, the process was largely replaced by electroplating (which used less silver). The base metal in plated artifacts may consist of any of the following metals or alloys: copper, brass, “German silver” or “nickel silver” (50% copper, 30% nickel, 20% zinc), “Brittania metal” (97% tin, 7% antimony, 2% copper), or a “base” silver containing a high percentage of copper. -
Experimental Study of Anodizing Process for Stainless Steel Type 304
Vol 20, No. 3;Mar 2013 Experimental Study Of Anodizing Process For Stainless Steel Type 304 1Sami Abualnoun Ajeel, 2Rustam Puteh, 1Yaqoob Muhsin Baker 1Department of Production and Metallurgy Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq 2Department of physical, University Malaya, Malaysia Kuala lumpor Tel: +964-014-292-3144 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Stainless steels type 304 has widespread applications with excellent corrosion resistance to atmospheric environments. Therefore, a number of surface treatment technologies have been developed to further improve the localized corrosion resistance such as anodizing treatments. Anodizing process requires preparation of the surface, one of the most important finishing processes is electropolishing. This paper introduces a new experimental study of anodizing process for steel type 304. The effect of different variables (positive current density of 0.1-0.2 A/cm2, negative current density 0.011-0.066 A/cm2, nitric acid concentration 6 - 35 Vol. %., Sulfuric acid concentration 4-20 Vol. %., and time of exposure 5-15 mins. and temperature of electrolyte 5 - 50 oC.) were investigated. Finally, the experimental result found that the best conditions of anodizing are (positive cycle (0.1 A/cm2), negative cycle (0.03 A/cm2), 17% by vol. nitric acid and 8% by vol. sulfuric acid, temperature of (10oC), and time of (10 mins.). Keywords: Anodizing, Steel type304, 1. Introduction Photovoltaic panels (PV) have negative temperature coefficient which rising in panel temperature will decreases open circuit voltage by certain of V/°C. Solar chimney is passive elements and one of the most promising a natural power generator using the stack effect to induce buoyancy-driven airflow [1] which applied in different fields such as ventilation, drying process, or production of electricity systems.