Chapter-5-Thinking-It-Through.Pdf

Women Kurdish fighters near Mosul in Northern Iraq, October 7, 2014

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·• A destroyed village in northern France during WWI, 1914-1918

Storming of the Bastille, 1789

Brazilian protesters in Rio de Janeiro, July 29, 2014

©P Violent terrorist groups, such as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria {ISIS), founded in 2014, thrive during the chaos of war.

Refugees flee ISIS forces near Sinjar in Northern Iraq, August 11, 2014.

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• ;~ rtoon critldzlng colonial powers in China, 1898

During the war in Syria, Aleppo suffered heavy damage, November 3, 2015.

83 ©P ©P The Canadian National Vimy Memorial

,1m@jfi The Canadian National Vimy M emorial, Western France The Vimy Memorial is one of the most iconic "Canadian" symbols despite the fact that it is in France. It is located on the site of the Battle of Vi my Ridge (1917) . Completed in 1936, it honours the sacrifice of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during WWI. The memorial was designed and created by Canadian sculptor Walter Seymour Allward. Begun in 1925, it took 11 years to complete.

,1mm3j:• Walter Seymour Allward, Designer Excerpt from the Toronto Star, Urban Issues, by Christopher Hume, April 1, 2007.

Allward's art was, in the most profound sense of the word, public. Through his work he spoke for the nation; indeed, he helped define that nation, one we have come to take for granted ... His most impressive creation, the extraordinary Vimy Memorial, remains a unique moment in Canadian cultural history ... the scope and ambition of the Vimy piece is unparalleled. But then, so was the battle it commemorated ... Using the overtly Christian symbolism of the time, Allward conceived a memorial on a grand scale. It was to be grief made palpable, a monumental display of national mourning and loss. Of the 625,000 Canadians who enlisted to fight in World War I, 60,000 died, and of those 16,000 had no grave.

84 Chapter 5 Regi onal and Global Conflicts ©P @ Use Sources A and B to answer questions 1 to 3 . 1. The Vimy Memorial includes 20 large figures carved in stone and two central pillars or pylons. The 30-metre-high pylons are usually thought to represent Canada and France, but there are other interpretations. What else might they represent? 2. The Vimy Memorial required thousands of tonnes of limestone on top of a steel-reinforced base that used 15 000 tonnes of concrete and took 11 years to build. Why do you think Canada went to this effort? What purposes, besides remembrance, do memorials such as this one serve? 3. Read the statement in Source B about the designer behind the Vimy Memorial. Why do you think he relied on Christian symbolism to display mourning and loss?

,,mjij••I Many historians and writers consider the Canadian Quote from Historian Tim Cook victory atVimy a defining moment for Canada, when the country emerged from under the shadow of Excerpt from "The Battle of Vimy Ridge, 9-12 April, 1917 ," Britain and felt capable of greatness. Canadian troops by Tim Cook, April 9, 2013 . also earned a reputation as formidable, effective troops because of the stunning success.

,,ml;J•l•I Quote from Journalist Michael Valpy Excerpt from Michael Valpy, "Vimy Ridge: The Making of a Myth," Globe and Mail, April 7, 2007. Note: Propaganda means the deliberate spreading of information-that may or may not be true-for a purpose.

r [Vimy Ridge] had a negligible effect on the war's outcome. The Canadians had equal casualties and more strategic successes in other battles, such as Amiens and Passchendaele. If French or British rather than Canadian troops had driven the German enemy offVimy Ridge, history probably would have forgotten about it. As it is, over the years, Canadian propaganda-and there is no other word for it-has airbrushed out the participation of British officers, I tacticians and artillery and even supporting British infantry.

@ Use Sources C and D to answer questions 4 to 7 . 4. Which of the two quotes do you find fits best with the message or symbolism of the Vimy Memorial? 5. What kind of evidence (for example, documents, testimonies, images, records, news articles) would you want to see in order to determine which of the two quotes is closer to the truth? Make a short list and indicate whether they are primary or secondary sources. 6. Learn more about the Battle of Vimy Ridge. Look back at Sources C and D. Which of the statements do you agree with more? Why? 7. If the Vimy Memorial were to be renovated to reflect more of the ideas from Source D, what would have to be modified or added?

©P ©P The Canadian National Vimy Memorial 85 "The Breaking of the Sword"

One of two figure groups called "The Defenders."

,,mliJ•II "Sympathy of the Canadians for the Helpless"

One of two figure groups called "The Defenders."

@ Use Sources E and F to answer question 8. 8. a) Examine Sources E and F. In the larger context of Canada in WWI, what do you think these sculptures symbolize or mean? Consider the title, body position, and where the individuals are looking. b) After you have sorted out your own thoughts, compare them with the "official" interpretations at the Veterans Affairs website for the Vimy Memorial.

86 Chapter 5 Regional and Global Conflicts ©P ,M'ht•li "Knowledge and Truth"

Two of eight allegorical figures known as the "Chorus" grouping.

@ Use Source G to answer question 9. 9. Examine Source G. What role do Truth and Knowledge have in a reflection on WWI and Canada's involvement? How about their role specifically in the Battle of Vimy Ridge?

@ Use Source H to answer questions 10 and 11. ,ul)ijijj: ■ "Justice" 10. Examine Source H. The figure One of eight figures known as the "Chorus" grouping, situated at of Justice sits up on the central the top of the pylon of the monument. pylons with seven other figures: Charity, Faith, Honour, Hope, Knowledge, Peace, and Truth . Why is Justice part of the list? Justice for whom? 11. Wars are often justified, or explained, as "the right thing to do" by the countries that fight them. How do you think the Central Powers (Germany, etc.) justified WWI? How about the Allied Powers (Britain, France, etc.)?

@ Use Sources A to H to answer question 12. 12. Considering the symbolism in Sources A through H, what other themes could have been included among the figures? In other words, what else could represent Canada's involvement in WWI?

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial 87 ,imhAII "The Torch Bearer" and "The Spirit of Sacrifice"

"The Torch Bearer" (left) and a dying solder, "The Spirit of Sacrifice," located atthe bottom of the pylons of the monument.

@ Use Source I to answer question 13. 13. Examine Source I, which shows a torch from a dying soldier being taken up by another soldier. Is the belief of average soldiers in the value of sacrifice a necessary condition for making war? Why do soldiers sacrifice themselves in war? What happens if soldiers do not hold this belief?

88 Chapter 5 Regional and Global Conflicts © P ,imhJ•II In Flanders Fields

"In Flanders Fields," poem by Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae, 1915. McCrae was a Canadian poet and surgeon during WWI. He died on January 28, 1918, before the war ended.

In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, @ Use Source J to answer question 14. Loved and were loved, and now we lie 14. Walter Allward, the designer of the In Flanders fields. sculptures, intended the memorial to provide a quiet reference to the poem Take up our quarrel with the foe: "In Flanders Fields. " What is the To you from failing hands we throw reference, and what is the connection? The torch; be yours to hold it high. Why do you think the designer made If ye break faith with us who die this connection? We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields .

15. Find out more about the artist behind the Vimy Memorial, Walter Seymour Allward. What challenges did he face in getting the memorial built? Considering the sources in this topic, do you think the messages he intended to give through the memorial have stood the test of time?

16. Can you think of modern examples of public art {in Canada or elsewhere) that use religious symbols? Why might this be less common today than it was 100 years ago?

17. Millions of people will visit the Vimy Memorial following its dedication in 2017, the 100-year anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge. A lot of research, planning, and investment goes into major war memorials and museums. What are other, smaller ways in which battles or wars can and should be represented? What kinds of criteria or decisions have to be made when planning a war memorial or remembrance?

18. Do countries that go to war have a duty to document their battles, their victories or defeats, and make that evidence available to the public? What do you think that should look like, and what issues might arise during this process?

19. "In Flanders Fields" presents a glorious, if tragic, view of war sacrifice. Find other examples of well-known war poetry from this time and make some comparisons in tone and meaning to McCrae's poem. Include at least one that is critical of patriotism or needless sacrifice.

©P ©P The Canadian National Vimy Memorial 89 Fraser Canyon War

,i11 W•I;• Gold Hunters on the Fraser River, 1858

"Fort Yale and the Gold Hunters' Camp, Frazer's River," January 1, 1900, artist unknown .

,imliJ•I:■ The New Yellow Fever Picks and shovels, washing cradles, packing saddles, pans and bags - On they rush by every steamer, packed Excerpt from the San Francisco Bulletin, 1858. like pickled pork in kegs.

D Nla ka 'pamux {Thompson First Natio ns) territory ~ Gold fi elds ,i•nj«iil Cariboo Trail and Traditional Territories of Nlaka'pamux in Southwestern British Columbia PACIFIC OCEAN Map based on data from Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council, 2017.

0 so 100 km I I I

90 Chapter 5 Regional and Global Conflicts ©P @ Use Sources A to C to answer questions 1 to 4. 1. The population of Victoria was about 300 in April 1858, but it quickly ballooned to more than 5000 within weeks of the word getting out that there was gold on Fraser River. Sources A and B refer to this rush . Why do you think gold rushes were so popular? Do you think most miners walked away from gold rushes rich? 2. By the summer of 1858, tens of thousands of gold-seekers came to what is now British Columbia, mainly from the United States. What issues or problems could be caused by the influx of so many Americans? Look ahead in the sources if you need some ideas. 3. Find the Lower Fraser River on the map in Source C, the stretch from Fort Yale to Lytton. This is the main area where gold was found in 1858. On which First Nations' traditional territory did the Fraser Gold Rush occur? 4. How do you think First Nations people felt about the arrival of miners? Do you think they had the same rights to mine gold as the Americans?

,,miji••I Henry Labouchere Excerpt from Henry Labouchere, British Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1855-1858. Note: Terms such as "Indians" and "Natives" were commonly used at the time to describe First Peoples.

There was one circumstance which constituted the main danger of disorder, and that was the strong aversion which the Indians entertained towards the Americans.

'4nlhlill Lord Lytton The most pressing and immediate care in this new colony will be Excerpt from Lord Lytton speech, July 8, 1858, to preserve peace between natives and foreigners at the gold diggings. British Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1858-1859.

,,miji•i Arthur Blackwood Excerpt from Arthur Blackwood, statement in the British House of Commons, 1858. Blackwood was senior clerk of the British Privy Council Office.

The natives, whose country we choose to take possession of, have a good right to dig for gold; & !'suppose it will be difficult to make them understand the right of the crown to minerals in a Country which they regard as their own.

@ Use Sources D to F to answer questions 5 to 8 . 5. In Source D, what do the terms "aversion" and "entertained" mean in the context of this document? Rewrite the quote using words that make it clearer to understand. 6. In Source D, what does Labouchere suggest could be the source of conflict or disorder between First Nations and American miners? Is this "circumstance" one-sided? What else could cause conflict between these groups? 7. What reason does Lytton give in Source E for the creation of the royal colony of British Columbia? What other reasons might the British have had for wanting the West Coast of British North America to become a colony? 8. In Sources D, E, and F, these British officials seem to acknowledge that the First Nations had a right to mine gold. Why would it be important for them to point this out? Was this the same as acknowledging that the First Nations had rights to the land? Why or why not?

©P ©P Fra ser Canyon War 91 ,j,1'hJili Fraser Canyon War Sign Sign located at the Hell's Gate Observation Deck in the Lower Fraser Canyon (southwestern British Columbia) . The sign is part of the heritage information, first posted for tourists in the 1970s. Photo taken on May 21, 2017 .

The Fr~ser Canyon w,,

In the summer of 1858, during the height of the Gold Rush, amid the rocks of the Fraser Canyon, natives and whites engaged in vicious battles. One of those battles took place in this very location. The natives felt their land and homes were being violated by the dramatic increase in Gold seekers making their way up the Fraser Canyon. In June, the bodies of 29 headless men were taken from what is now "deadman's Eddy" in Fort Vale and another 32 downstream in Fort Hope. These men believed ambushed at night by the waiting tribesmen. It wasn't until a "Mission of Conciliation and Peace" led by Henry M. Snyder along with the demise of Captain Graham - leader of the Whatcom Guards, led to an end of the organized fighting. I {

,11'i3ijj: ■ H.M. Snyder, Captain of the Pike Guards, 1858

Excerpt from H.M. Snyder to James Douglas, Governor of Vancouver Island, Fraser River, Fort Yale, August 28, 1858, Colonial Correspondence, published in Daniel P. Marshall, "Document. Introduction: The Fraser River War."

We proceded to the Indian Rancherie [Spuzzum] above some five miles further up. There we found two other companys and quite a large number of miners that had been driven from their claims above. We camped here for the night and held a counsil of war with some sixty Indians, and pease [sic] was made with them at this place. I had a consultation with the 2 captains that we found at this place as their views were different from mine and the Austrain [French] Company. They wished to procede and kill every man, woman & child they saw that had Indian blood in them. To such an arrangement I could not conserit-to. My heart revolted at the idea of killing a helpless woman, or an innocent child was too horrible to think of. They requested me to state my views to the crowd which consisted of six to seven hundred. I consented to do so and after I was through, and on taking the vote, I found that they were almost unanimous in supporting my course. We ware on our march by sunrise. This day we made pease with 4 different Chiefs and camped within seven miles of the Thompson River. Here we was met by Spintlum. The war chief of all the tribes for some distance up & down Frazer River. .. Here I proceded at once to hold our grand counsil which consisted of Eleven Chiefs and a very large number of other indians that had gathered from above and below. We stated to them that this time we came for pease, but if we had to come againe, that we would not come by hundreds, but by thousands and drive them from the river forever. They ware much supprised and frightened to see so many men with guns & revolvers. For marching along in single file they looked to be three times the number their was ... I feel well satisfied that the Treaty was the best that could be made under the circumstances, and think it will be held sacred by the Indians.

92 Chapter 5 Regional and Global Conflicts ©P ,iml«•I I Account of Mary Williams Mary Williams, a Nlaka'pamux [Thompson First Nations] Elder, to whom a story was passed down from previous generations about the meeting of the Pike Guards with the Thompson peoples at Lytton, in Our Tellings: Interior Salish Stories of the Nlha7kapmx People, compiled and edited by Darwin Hanna and Mamie Henry, UBC Press, 1995. I They arrived with one of their headmen, and told the Lytton people to gather at the place where the Canadian National Railways station is now situated. That was where they were all to be shot. Every one of the White men had loaded rifles, ready to shoot the people of Lytton. Chief Sexp{nlhemx [Spintlum] spoke up, asking, 'What are you going to do?' The Whites said that all the old people were . going to be killed off - only the young woman were to be kept. 'Stop right there!' commanded Chief Sexp{nlhemx. 'End that talk right there! I am going to give you some land!' Chief Sexp{nlhemx ~toad up and stretched out his arms to the sundown and the sunrise, saying, 'This side will be youts _and this-side will be my people's. You are not to kill anyone . . .' This is what Chief Sexp{nlhemx said. The White people agreed. They put down all their guns and shook hands with the Indian people and went

back to where they came from, bapk to Yalr. r fX I ,i 11mJ•f • Quote from B.A. McKelvie Quote from B.A. McKelvie, BC journalist, in Pageant of BC: Glimpses into the Romantic Development of Canada's Far Western Province, 2nd ed. Toronto: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1957, pp. 177-178.

The bearded, red-shirted miners having passed the taxation barrier at the river mouth, stopped _ at Fort Langley to seek information and get what supplies they could obtain from the store; then they went on, hurrying, toiling at oars or canoes to get higher and higher up the stream ... They milled about - Fort Yale, waiting for the river to go down, and then pushed up through the canyons, where the river tossed and foamed between rock walls, working every bar and flat. The Indians objected; there, was a short, sharp, vicious war fought between Fort Yale and the Forks, where the Fraser and Thompson met. Many died-how many will never be known. But the trouble was soon settled, and on an on the adventurous me1J pushed. - -4'.

@ Use Sources G to J to answer questions 9 to 11. 9. Sources G, H, I, and J provide four different accounts of a conflict between Nlaka'pamux First Nations and American miners along the Fraser Canyon in 1858. How do these sources differ? On what do they agree? 10. What issues do you see with source G as an accurate or reliable representation of what happened? What issues do you see with Sources H, I, and J? 11 . Which of the sources do you see as the least reliable? On what basis do you make this decision? What criteria are you applying when deciding whether a source is accurate or reliable?

©P ©P Fraser Canyon War 93 ,iml«•II Margaret Ormsby 11· I Margaret Ormsby, historian, British Columbia: A History. Vancouver: Macmillan of Canada, 1971, pp. 140, 160.

At the end of 1858, the Colonial Office learned that the gold region was more extensive than earlier reports had indicated, and that immigration was likely to assume new proportions. American miners were entering the area without bothering to take out mining licenses and there was danger of trouble with the Indians .. . When news reached Victoria of an outbreak of serious trouble above Yale, where the Indians were attempting to expel the miners from the diggings, the Governor immediately requisitioned marines and sappers from the Boundary Commission and started out in their company on August 30. By the time he reached Fort Hope, order had been restored by the miners themselves, who had organized themselves into military units, taken punitive action, then entered into treaties with the Indians.

,imht•II James Douglas Excerpts from the diary of James Douglas, "Diary of Gold Discovery on Fraser's River in 1858,'' September 3-4, 1858. James Douglas was the governor of British Columbia, 1858-1864.

It appears from the reports of miners who have lately returned from the upper country that the Indians are thievish and without being positively hostile plunder the miners in the most shameless manner. Drew up a proclamation prohibiting the sale or gift of intoxicating drinks to Indians, to be published immediately, and also a plan for the administration ofjustice; and otherwise establishing order & government in Fraser's river.

,,Ji)3ij; ■ Memorial for Chief Spintlum at Lytton

The monument to Chief Spintlum, chief of the Thompson Tribe oflndians in Lytton, British Columbia, Canada, erected in April 1927. The text below appears at the base of the memorial.

When the White Men first discovered British Columbia the Indians were using the land and this caused bloodshed. David Spintlum did not want this loss of life and succeeded in stopping the war. He saw Queen Victoria who was visiting Canada and reported to her what he had done. Her Majesty · was glad to hear this and said, 'There shall be no more war in Canada.' She presented him with a flag and a hunting knife and told him he should be Chieffor ever. David Spintlum made his posts at Spuzzum, at Lillooet, at Stathshone and at Sheheouos, and these four posts are the limits of the Thompson [Nlaka'pamux] Tribal Territory.

94 Chapter 5 Regional and Global Conflicts ©P @ Use Sources K to M to answer questions 12 to 17. 12. The two statements in Source Kare the only references to the Fraser Canyon conflict within two full chapters about the Gold Rush Era in a 1958 book on British Columbia history. Why do you think the historian who wrote the book gave it such a short treatment? 13. After reading Source K, why do you think Douglas (the governor of the newly formed British Columbia colony) might be concerned about this conflict and the treaties that were signed? 14. Read Source L. What does Governor Douglas blame for the conflict between the First Nations and the American miners? What do you think was the reason for the conflict? 15. The text in Source M is carved at the base of the memorial. How does Source M, which was made long after the events of the Fraser Canyon War, tell a different side to the story that can be read in the other sources? 16. Considering Sources K, L, and M, why do you think Governor Douglas chose to report very little about the Fraser Canyon War back to the Colonial Office in Britain? 17. According to Source M, what was Chief Spintlum's role in ending the conflict in the Fraser Canyon?

18. The author of Source J also stated that an "outstanding and fearless man" such as James Douglas was needed to introduce government "in a country inhabited by untamed and warlike natives." Some of the sources use language that we might consider racist today. Or it might be said that the language reflects the attitudes of the time. Is there a difference? What difficulties or issues exist around working with evidence or interpreting sources that use language or express ideas that can be offensive?

19. Many of the sources come from the perspectives of non-First Nations people and also people who were sympathetic toward the American miners or the British authorities of the new colony. What are the challenges for modern historians to find First Nations perspectives on historical events? Why might it be difficult to find sources that counter or disagree with the sympathy expressed for American or British perspectives? Where would one look for these sources?

20. Most people have never heard of the Fraser Canyon War. Discuss criteria for historical significance and assess whether this is an important historical event that people should know about.

21 . How might British Columbia history have played out differently if the American miners and Chief Spintlum's people had not come to an agreement? Write an "alternative ending" to this historical story.

22. There were conflicts along the Fraser during the Gold Rush Era . Research the Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) uprising and compare it with the Fraser Canyon War. How are both of these stories examples of colonialism?

23. Find out about the techniques used to mine, sluice, and pan for gold in the 1850s. Prepare an illustrated poster or pamphlet that explains what getting gold out of the ground is all about. The audience for the poster or pamphlet could be American miners who were arriving in Victoria in 1858.

24. The sources here tell different (and incomplete) parts of the story of the Fraser Canyon War and do not necessarily agree with each other. Decide on how you think the story should be told, and tell it in a series of storyboard sketches or cartoon panels.

Fraser Canyon War 95 ©P ©P Conflict and Change in China 1!11~~~ . (!Jr" •

,iml«•il The Opium Wars: The Bloody Conflicts That Destroyed Imperial China Excerpt from "The Opium Wars: The Bloody Conflicts that Destroyed Imperial China," by Sebastien Roblin, in The National Interest magazine, August 1, 2016.

In 1839, England went to war with China because it was upset that Chinese officials had shut down its drug trafficking racket and confiscated its dope. Chinese armies suffered defeat after defeat. When the Qing sued for peace in 1842, the British could set their own terms. The Treaty of Nanjing stipulated that Hong Kong would become a British territory, and that China would be forced to establish five treaty ports in which British traders could trade anything they wanted with anybody they wanted to. A later treaty forced the Chinese to formally recognize the British as equals and grant their traders favored status. Stating the historical record so plainly is shocking-but it's true, and the consequences of that act are still being felt today.

' I ,«ml«•l:i Colonial Powers Carve Up China, 1850-1910

I I I I

PACIFIC OCEAN

,_..-+--- TAIWAN to Japan 1910 Colonial Spheres of possessions influence British ARABIAN D SEA D French D German • Japanese D • Russian D

- Qing Empire, 1850

IND/AN OCEAN 0 soo 1000 km I I I

96 Chapter 5 Regional and Global Conflicts ©P The European Opium Trade

Political cartoon satirizing the Second Opium War, 1856-1860, by Honore Daumier, 1858.

7 000

6 000

5 000

Ill 4000 Opium Imports CV C: C: into China, {= 3 000 1650-1880

Data from United Nations 2 000 Office on Drugs and Crime.

1000 50 75 200 0 1650 1775 1800 1822 1835 1839 1863 1867 1880

@ Use Sources A to D to answer questions 1 to 5. 1. According to Source A, for what reasons did the British use military force against the Chinese? 2. In what ways is Source B evidence of the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century? Does the map in Source B indicate that the Chinese were successful in stopping the Europeans? Explain. 3. Do Sources Band C support Source A? Explain. 4. Who does each character in Source C represent? 5. How do Sources C and D corroborate the author's viewpoint in Source A?

Conflict and Change in China ©P ©P 97 'M'ht•II So when the highest official in the province took Chinese Christian View on such a stand in favour ofthe Boxers, what could inferior Boxer Rebellion, 1900 officials do? People and officials bowed to his will, and all who enlisted as Boxers were in high favour. Fei Ch'i-hao was a Chinese Christian who survived the anti-foreign and anti -Christian backlash of 1899-1901. It was a time of license and anarchy, when not only Here he describes the growing unrest that led to the Christians were killed, but hundreds of others against Boxer Rebellion. whom individual Boxers had a grudge.

·I I

,i 11 W•II French Cartoon Criticizing Colonial Powers in China

"China-The Cake of Kings and Emperors," with figures representing (left to right) Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan, drawn by Henri Meyer in Le Petit Journal, January 16, 1898.

Boxer'1'"'"''' Chant Reproduced from: Rewi Alley, trans., Poems of Revolt: Some Chinese Voices Over the Last Century.

The Boxers besieged foreign neighborhoods, attacked foreign soldiers and killed a handful of foreign residents while chanting: Bum, burn, burn, kill, kill, kill ... Surely gouernment bannermen are many; Certainly foreign soldiers a horde; But if each of people spits once They will drown bannermen and inuaders together

98 Chapter 5 Regional and Global Conflicts ©P ,ui@jj: ■ French Cartoon on Boxer Rebellion, 1899

Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899: editorial cartoon by Rene-Georges Hermann-Paul (1864-1940) aboutthe Boxer Rebellion .

Q Use Sources B and E to H to answer questions 6 to 10. 6. Describe and discuss the author's point of view in Source E about the effectiveness of the Boxer Rebellion's response to foreign colonial powers in China, 1899-1901. 7. Do Sources F, G, and H support the summary in Source E? Explain. 8. Carefully examine Source F. Who is represented in the cartoon? What is the purpose of this source? Compare this with the map in Source B. 9. What does the poem in Source G suggest about the Boxers? 10. Do you think the cartoonist who created Source H is sympathetic to the Boxers or the Nationalists?

,111'hJ•f• Map of Republic of China, 1945-1949

PACIFIC OCEAN

D Territory of the Republic of China SOUTH n D Manchuria, under Soviet CHINA ~ occupation 1945-1946 SEA ~'0;.~~ D East Turkestan (Xinjiang), 500 maintaining independence I !_~ 1945-1949

Photo taken by Geo rge Silk during the famine , Life Magazine, May 1946.

,imM•II Major Asian Civil Wars

Chi nese Civil Wa r (1927-1945)

Secon d Sino Japa nese War * (1937-1945)

Korean War (1950-1953)

Vietnam War (1955-1975)

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Estimated Deaths in Millions

*part of the Pacific Theatre of Wo rld Wa r II '111'13311 Propaganda Posters, Cultural Revolution

University student Nie Yuanzi hangs a big-cha racte r poster in Canton , which helped trigger the Cultural Revolution . Posters like this were used throughout the Cultural Revolution to denounce "class enemies." Photo by Richard Harrington, May 25 , 1966.

Q Use Sources I to L to answer questions 11 to 14. 11 . Compare the maps in Source B and Source I. How did foreign influence in China change over t ime? 12. Examine the graph in Source K. Why do you think there were so many ca sua lties during each of these wars? 13. Exa mine Sources I to L. What do you think it would have been like living in Ch ina during the Civil War? 14. Refer to Source L. How do big character posters of the Cu ltural Revolution compare with the signage used in protests today in North America and Europe?

Was hington Post, Feb. 28, 1972, United Nation s Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2016 . by Stanley Ka rnow (1925-2013), Washington Post staff writer. -11'11\!JJJ!l'I Li@'••·;-~,;;,,,. .. . - - .. .. -~· Total 7 432 663 275 100% Shanghai, February 28 (Monday)-President Nixon has acceded to Chinese Communist China 1 382 323 332 18.47 demands by publicly pledging, for the first India 1 326 801 576 17.86 time, to withdraw all American forces and military installations from Taiwan, the seat USA 324 118 787 4.34 of Chiang Kai-shek's rival Nationalist regime. Indonesia 260 581 100 3.51 In the joint communique issued yesterday at the end of the President's week-long visit Brazil 209 567 920 2.81 to China, Mr. Nixon also acknowledged that Pakistan 192 826 502 2.62 Taiwan is Chinese territory and that there is only one China. He further affirmed that the Nigeria 186 987 563 2.55 Taiwan question should be resolved "by the Bangladesh 162 910 864 2.19 Chinese themselves." Russia 143 439 832 1.91

Mexico 128 632 004 1.73

Japan 126 323 715 1.68

Other 40.32

Canada 36 286 378 00.49 I , * Percentages are approximate. I' I @ Use Sources M and N to answer question 15. 15. Read Source M . Do you think that the information in Source N also played a ro le in President Ri chard Nixon's changing hi s mind about who the U.S. should recognize as the legitimate Chinese gove rnment?

16. Research the Chinese Opium Wars and explain why opium was being forced upon the Chinese.

17. The Chinese Civil War raged across that country from 1927 to 1949. Why do you think the West sided with Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang rather than Mao Zedong's Communist Party?

18. Research Ta iwan today and explain the complex political situation Taiwan still faces.

19. The Korean War was fought between 1950 and 1953, when the Armistice was signed. Since then, the People's Republic of China has tolerated the regime in North Korea. Research the relationship between China and North Korea and suggest reasons why China allows North Korea to exist. 20. To this day, the world rushes to make trade deals w ith China. Why do Canada and other Western countries feel it so important to sign trade deals with Ch ina?

,iu'hJill M ap of the Free States and Slave St ates of t he United States, 1860

BRITISH NORT H AMERICA

kANSAS

Indian

PACIFIC OCEAN '- - ~- ATLANTIC D Free state "· ,, TEXAS OCEAN D Territory l·, . ,--·\ D Slave state -· "\ - Uni on and \. ·,., Gulf of Mexico Confererate MEXICO boundary \ "'· - . 0 1000 2000 km

- ~ ~ 0 Use Source A to answer questions 1 and 2. 1. In terms of which states joined the Confederacy and which states stayed loyal to the Union, what conclusion can you draw when looking at the map in Source A? What would have been some differences, in terms of the law or the society, between free states and slave states? 2. Does the boundary between the Confederacy and the Union run exactly between the slave states and free states? Use evidence from the map to back up your answer. Why do you think that not all slave-owning states joined the Confederacy?

As a reaction to t he election of President Abraham Lin coln in November 1860, 11 of the United States subsequently seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America . The first state to break away from the United States was South Carolina on December 20, 1860. The other states seceded between January and June 1861. The following document is the South Carolina ordinance.

@ Use Source B_to answer questions AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State ofSouth 3 and 4. Carolina and other States united with her under the compact entitled 3. Define the term "secession." What "The Constitution of the United States of America." aspects of the way of We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention life in the Confederate assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and States were threatened ordained, That the ordinance adopted by us in convention on the by the election of Lincoln? Briefly explain twenty-third day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven each one. (You may have hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United to do a little research to States ofAmerica was ratified, and also all acts and parts of acts of answer this.) the General Assembly of this State ratifying amendments of the said 4. Define the term Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that the union now subsisting "ordinance." Why would the Confederate States between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the have had to write up "United States of America," is hereby dissolved. an ordinance to secede from the Union? What does the ordinance from South Carolina mention as the reason for seceding from the United States? Why would they have used this reason to secede?

J#•W«il• Emancipation Proclamation Excerpts from the Emancipation Proclamation, by President Abraham Lincoln, January 1, 1863.

That on the first day ofJanuary, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.

------~----..-.--·II @ Use Source C to answer questions 5 to 9. 5. The Emancipation Proclamation in Source C is considered by Americans to be an important moment in the Civil War. Explain the purpose and effect of Presid ent Lincoln's proclamation. 6. Define the term "emancipation." 7. The Emancipation Proclamation set all the slaves in the Confederacy free. Would this proclamation have meant that all slaves living in the Confederate States would be free from slavery? Explain. 8. What might the perspective of an average Confederate citizen have been regarding the Emancipation Proclamation? Explain. 9. The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the Border States that practised slavery but did not break away from the Union. Why do you think President Lincoln made this exception?

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all m_e~ are created equal. Now we are engaged in a grea_t civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure . .. Gettysburg Address . . . It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here Excerpt from the Gettysburg have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to Address, delivered by President Abraham Lincoln be here dedicated to the great task remaining before on November 19, 1863. us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the .last full measure of devotion-that we here highly res~lve t~at these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. ·

@ Use Source D to answer questions 10 and 11 . 10. In the Gettysburg Address in Source D, how does President Lincoln justify the loss of so many soldiers? 11. The language used in Source D gives us a glimpse into what President Abraham Lincoln was trying to achieve for the United States. From what he says, what are two of his goals in fighting the Civil War? Be sure to use quotes from the speech to back up your answer.

There were approxi mately 200 000 African American soldiers who volunteered to figh t in the Union Army and Navy during the Civil Wa r.

@ Use Source E to answer questions 12 and 13. 12. Are the soldiers pictured in Source E part of the Union or the Confederacy? Explain. 13. All of the soldiers in Source E are African-American. What does that say about the army they are fighting in and for?

14. What are some specific reasons countries might break down into civil war? Do some research on a civil war that has occurred in the past 10 years, and explain the who, what, where, when, and why of it. Could Canada ever break down into a civil war? Explain.

15. What may have been some of the consequences to the world of a Confederate victory in the Civil War? Hint: Think of some of the world events that the United States was a significant contributor to after the Civil War, and how they may have been different without the Americans.

16. Even though the Civil War ended the practice of slavery in the United States, civil rights for African Americans in America were not applied to the law until the 1960s-100 years after the Civil War. Why do you think it took so long for the law in the States to reflect the vision of President Abraham Lincoln? Give an example of another group that has had to wait for a very long time before their rights were addressed in a meaningful way.

17. Many Americans consider President Abraham Lincoln to be one of the best presidents in the history of the United States. However, many others see him as a tyrant who violated states' rights and should never have involved the federal government in states' issues such as slavery. Explain how these two perspectives on President Lincoln are possible. Give a present-day example of a similar circumstance in any feature of our society. (Hint: You don't need to choose a political situation or even a person . It could be something in pop culture, or business, or the environment, etc.)