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Brazilian Owners Perception of the Body Condition Score of Dogs and Cats

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Brazilian Owners Perception of the Body Condition Score of Dogs and Cats Teixeira et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:463 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02679-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Brazilian owners perception of the body condition score of dogs and cats Fabio Alves Teixeira1, Mariana Ramos Queiroz1, Patrícia Massae Oba2, Rodrigo Fernando Gomes Olivindo1, Mariane Ceschin Ernandes1, Caio Nogueira Duarte1, Mariana Fragoso Rentas1 and Marcio Antonio Brunetto1* Abstract Background: The knowledge of how owners view the body condition of their animals is an important factor for the success of the prevention/treatment of obesity and the engagement/adherence to nutritional interventions, which are fundamental to improve the animal prognosis. For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of the owners regarding the body condition score of their animals, compare the perception between cat vs. dog owners, and owners from the countryside vs. metropolitan region of São Paulo State in Brazil. Results: 601 dogs and 110 cats were included in this study. There was no significant difference in body condition score assigned by owners by species. Owners of dogs and cats classified by the veterinarian as ideal, overweight, and obese who disagree with body condition score assigned by veterinarian mainly underestimate the body condition score of their animals, while lean dogs’ owners overestimate it. Countryside dog owners had a higher rate of disagreement with the veterinarian and more often underestimate the body condition score than owners from the metropolitan region. The owners of lean cats have the same judgments with veterinarians. Conclusions: Owners of dogs and cats have difficulty assessing the body condition score, especially owners from countryside. Keywords: canine, feline, obesity, nutritional assessment, body composition, nutritional tool Background insulin resistance; diabetes mellitus; higher levels of in- The body condition score (BCS) is an important tool to flammatory cytokines; hyperlipidemia; possible relation determine the nutritional status of dogs and cats in clin- to cardiac, respiratory, skin, pancreatic and renal disease; ical cases [1, 2]. Nowadays, obesity is the most com- hepatic lipidosis; osteoarthritis; negative impact on the monly diagnosed nutritional disorder in cats and dogs quality of life and life span [6–16]. and its prevalence is increasing in the last few years [3, Besides, tracking the BCS assists in the monitoring of 4]. BCS is the primary diagnostic tool for obesity [5]. cardiac, renal, oncological, and endocrine diseases; as Helping pet owners identify when their animals are get- well as to determine the optimal time to initiate the in- ting overweight is essential to prevent obesity and avoid tensive nutritional support for the hospitalized small ani- the consequences that this disorder can generate such as mal patient [8, 17–23]. Furthermore, a stable BCS is associated with shorter hospitalization time and a higher hospital discharge rate, which is directly related to fewer * Correspondence: [email protected] – This study was presented, in part, at the 2015 AAVN Symposium, June 3, costs to the owner [24 27]. 2015, Indianapolis, IN. The validated BCS for cats [28] and dogs [29] is a sub- 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary jective semi-quantitative method, ranging from very thin Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil (BSC = 1) to severely obese (BSC = 9). It involves an as- Full list of author information is available at the end of the article sessment of the visual and palpable characteristics of © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Teixeira et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:463 Page 2 of 9 body fat at different body parts [1]. Studies conducted in (0.5%), Brazilian Terrier (0.5%), Germany Shepard other countries have shown that the owners tend to (0.5%), Weimaraner (0.5%), Belgian Malinois (0.3%), underestimate the BCS of their animals, especially obese Bernese (0.3%), Brazilian Mastiff (0.3%), Border Collie animals [30–33]. In Brazil, studies only focus on the (0.3%), Bull Terrier (0.3%), Chow Chow (0.3%), French evaluation of overweight dogs were performed [34, 35]. Mastiff (0.3%), English Setter (0.3%), Germany Pointer For cats, high to moderate agreement between veterinary (0.3%), Mastiff (0.3%), Neapolitan Mastiff (0.3%), Rho- and owners perception of BCS, but among owners who desian (0.3%), Rottweiler (0.3%), Scottish Terrier (0.3%) incorrectly estimated the BCS of their cats, there is more and West Highland White Terrier (0.3%). The feline underestimate, as found in the literature [36–40]. Only breeds were: Mongrel (82.7%), Siamese (11.1%), Persian one study was found about Brazilian cat owners’ misper- (5.0%) and Abyssinian (1.2%). At countryside, the canine ception of cat’s BCS, and it was conducted in a Brazilian breeds were: Mongrel (50.0%), Poodle (4.9%), Dachshund countryside region [37]. Thus, there is no information (4.5%), Shih Tzu (4.5%), Yorkshire Terrier (4.0%), Lhasa regarding the perception of Brazilian owners regarding Apso (3.6%), American Pit Bull (3.2%), Pinscher (3.2%), the BCS of their dogs and cats, as well as there is no Border Collie (2.7%), Golden Retriever (2.7%), Labrador comparison between the perceptions of dogs vs. cats Retriever (2.7%), Beagle (1.8%), Pug (1.8%), Rottweiler owners. (1.4%), Akita (0.9%), Boxer (0.9%), Brazilian Terrier Therefore, this study aimed to compare the perception (0.9%), Cocker (0.9%), Maltese (0.9%), Schnauzer (0.9%), of dogs and cats owners regarding the BCS of their ani- Australian Cattle Dog (0.4%), Bernese (0.4%), Bichon mals; additionally, among owners who disagree with the Frise (0.4%), Chihuahua (0.4%), Chow Chow (0.4%), BCS assigned by the veterinarian, if the propensity of the Germany Shepherd (0.4%), Pomeranian (0.4%), Siberian owners is to underestimate or overestimate the BCS of Husky (0.4%) and West Highland White Terrier (0.4%). their animal; and to compare whether the BCS percep- At this region, feline breeds were Mongrel (96.6%) and tion of dog and cat owners change according to them Persian (3.4%). where they live (metropolitan region vs. countryside of The proportions of underestimation, agreement, and São Paulo State, Brazil). overestimation of BCS by owners of dogs and cats, sepa- rated by owners residing in the metropolitan and coun- Results tryside region, and the degree of agreement by the linear The study included 601 dogs and 110 cats. The distribu- weighted kappa test are available in Table 2. tion of animals by species, location, sex, most prevalent When data were analyzed considering all BCS ranges breeds and age is shown in Table 1. At metropolitan re- (Table 2), in general, and in the metropolitan region the gion, 39 canine breeds were included at study: Mongrel dogs and cats owners showed a high degree of agree- (23.9%), Poodle (16.4%), Labrador Retriever (10.3%), ment between the body condition score classified by Spaniel Cocker (4.9%), Dachshund (4.9%), Yorkshire owners (BCSo) vs. body condition score classified by vet- Terrier (4.2%), Lhasa Apso (3.4%), Pinscher (3.4%), erinarian (BCSv) (κ = 0.64 to 0.69; p < 0.01) and in the Schnauzer (2.9%), Maltese (2.7%), Shih Tzu (2.4%), Bea- countryside the agreement was considered as moderate gle (2.1%), Bichon Frise (2.1%), Pomeranian (2.1%), (κ = 0.54 and 0.58; p < 0.01). However, when evaluating Golden Retriever (1.9%), Pug (1.9%), Pit Bull (1.3%), Eng- the distribution of disagreement with the BCSv it is pos- lish Bulldog (1.1%), Boxer (0.8%), Sharpei (0.8%), Akita sible to notice that, regardless of the region, the dog Table 1 Description of the metropolitan and countryside region animals included in the study Metropolitan Countryside Dogs Cats Dogs Cats Number of animals 377 81 224 29 Sex (M%/F%) 43.2/56.8 40.7/59.3 36.6/63.4 24.1/75.9 Age (years; average ± sd) 9.4 ± 3.7 9.5 ± 4.5 6.9 ± 4.3 5.4 ± 4.2 Breeds (n) 39 4 29 2 More prevalent breeds (%) Mongrel Mongrel (82.7) Mongrel Mongrel (96.6) (23.9) (50.0) Poodle Siamese (11.1) Poodle Persian (16.5) (4.9) (3.4) Labrador (10.3) Persian Dachshund (4.5) - (4.9) n number of breeds; M% percentage of males; F% percentage of females; sd standard deviation Teixeira et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:463 Page 3 of 9 Table 2 The degree of agreement and comparison between underestimation, agreement, and overestimation proportions of BCS attributed by dog and cat owners in the metropolitan
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