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© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Courtesy of Public domain Pictures. Accessed from https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=268162&picture=911-memorial © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALECHAPTER OR DISTRIBUTION 1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC A HistoryNOT FOR SALE of OR HomelandDISTRIBUTION SecurityNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTCHAPTER FOR SALE OBJECTIVES OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Understand the context of 9-11 from a historical perspective ■ Learn how domestic security has developed in the 20th century ■ Understand the concepts of civil defense, emergency management, and homeland security and how they are © Jones & Bartlettsimilar/different Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER OUTLINE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC HISTORY OF DOMESTICNOT FOR SECURITY SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCivil Defense and the ColdNOT War: FOR 1946–1991 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Early History: 1776–1916 Emergency Management: 1979–2001 Civil Defense and Two Hot Wars: 1917–1945 CHAPTER SUMMARY © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 2 Chapter 1 A History of Homeland Security © Jones On& Bartlettthe morning Learning, of February LLC22, 1974, “a burly, middle-aged© man” Jones by the & name Bartlett of Samuel Learning, Byck entered LLC the Baltimore– NOT FORWashington SALE OR International DISTRIBUTION (BWI) Airport with a briefcase inNOT hand. FOR1 He walked SALE to ORthe frontDISTRIBUTION of the line at Gate C. The people in line were waiting to board Delta Flight 523 bound for Atlanta, Georgia. A security guard by the name of George Ramburg stood nearby, his back turned to the passenger line. Byck pulled a .22 caliber pistol from underneath his raincoat and fired twice into the security guard’s back, killing him instantly. As Ramburg’s body crumpled to the ground, people began screaming and running in all directions. Byck leaped over the security chain, ran down the boarding ramp, and boarded© Jones the airplane. & Bartlett Delta FlightLearning, 523 had LLC just been hijacked, and its destination© Jones was & the Bartlett White Learning, LLC House. Samuel Byck intendedNOT FOR to use SALE the plane OR as DISTRIBUTION a missile, flying it into the White House,NOT in order FOR to assassinateSALE OR DISTRIBUTION President Richard M. Nixon.2 Samuel Byck was born on January 30, 1930, in South Philadelphia. His parents were poor, and Byck dropped out of high school in the ninth grade in order to help support the family. After a series of odd jobs, he enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1954 and was honorably discharged 2 years later. He married and had four children, but he struggled with employment, attempting© Jones to start & several Bartlett businesses, Learning, all of which LLC failed. While working as a tire© salesman, Jones he& appliedBartlett for aLearning, Small Business LLC AdministrationNOT FOR loan SALEto start yetOR another DISTRIBUTION business but was turned down. He becameNOT depressedFOR SALE and blamed OR DISTRIBUTION his troubles on President Nixon.3 His depression led to marital troubles, which led to divorce, and finally, he ended up in a psychiatric clinic. A year later, in 1973, he began plotting to assassinate President Nixon. Byck began a series of tape recordings threatening the president, which he mailed to various public officials. The Secret Service was notified and they investigated, but © Jones after& Bartlett speaking Learning, with Byck’s psychiatrist, LLC they determined he© was Jones harmless. & BartlettBy late 1973, Learning, Byck had formulated LLC a plan to NOT FORassassinate SALE OR the president.DISTRIBUTION Then, on February 20, 1974, he wroteNOT hisFOR last willSALE and testament,OR DISTRIBUTION writing, “I will each of my children . the sum of one dollar each. They have each other and they deserve each other.”4 Since he knew he would not be able to purchase a gun, he stole a .22 caliber pistol from a friend, and on the morning of February 22, 1974, he drove to BWI. Along the way, he tape recorded his complaints against President Nixon and explained that his plans were to hijack a plane, fly it into the White House, and assassinate the president. Byck even gave his mission a name: Operation Pandora’s Box. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC As Byck entered theNOT plane, FORhe fired SALE one round OR insideDISTRIBUTION the cabin of the plane and then enteredNOT the FOR cockpit SALE through OR DISTRIBUTION the open door. He screamed at the pilot, “Fly this plane out of here!”5 The pilot, after regaining his composure, explained that he could not roll back from the gate until the ground crew removed the wheel blocks. Byck became enraged and shot the copilot in the stomach. He then turned back to the pilot and screamed, “The next one will be in the head.”6 Byck then returned to the passenger cabin and grabbed a female passenger and dragged her into the cockpit, telling her to help the© Jones pilot fly the& Bartlett plane. At this Learning, point, two shotsLLC from outside of the plane ©exploded Jones through & Bartlett the windshield, Learning, causing LLC Byck toNOT shove FOR the woman SALE out OR of the DISTRIBUTION cockpit. He then turned back into the cockpitNOT and FOR fired SALE twice. OneOR bullet DISTRIBUTION struck the already-wounded copilot in the eye, and the other entered the pilot’s right shoulder.7 The pilot then radioed ground control: “Emergency, emergency, we’re all shot . ah . can you get another pilot here to the airplane . ah . this fellow has shot us both.”8 The pilot also asked that the wheel blocks be removed so the plane could taxi away from the gate. He then passed out. © Jones & BartlettWith his rage Learning, now growing, LLC Byck grabbed another female© passenger, Jones dragged& Bartlett her into Learning, the cockpit, LLCand ordered her to NOT FORfly SALE the plane. OR He DISTRIBUTION then fired two more shots in anger: One intoNOT the FORcopilot SALE and another OR intoDISTRIBUTION the pilot. The woman became hysterical after seeing the two pilots shot and tried to flee the cockpit. Two more shots rang out and the cockpit windows again shattered, as two more bullets entered from outside of the plane. Byck began firing wildly at the windows, which made him more of a visible target to the snipers outside. They fired two more shots. The first one entered Byck’s stomach and the second entered his chest. He fell to the floor.9 When Byck fell, he lost© holdJones of his & weapon. Bartlett While Learning, on the floor, LLC he frantically searched for the ©lost Jones gun. He &found Bartlett it, sat Learning, LLC up, and put the .22 pistolNOT to his FOR temple SALE and fired. OR The DISTRIBUTION carnage was over. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Police entered the airplane and found Byck dying. He only lived a few more minutes. They found the briefcase he had carried aboard the plane. Inside was an improvised gasoline bomb with an igniter. The media reported on the hijacking but did not disclose Byck’s intent of flying the plane into the White House to assassinate President Nixon. They wanted to avoid any potential copycats. Apparently, no one had ever thought about hijacking© Jones an airplane & Bartlettand using itLearning, as a missile, and LLC it was not something anyone© wantedJones to & share. Bartlett Learning, LLC InNOT 1987, FORan FAA SALE Report ORtitled, DISTRIBUTION Troubled Passage: The Federal Aviation AdministrationNOT FOR DuringSALE the OR Nixon–Ford DISTRIBUTION Term 1973–1977, revealed Byck’s intent.10 It chillingly predicted, “though Byck lacked the skill and self-control to reach his target, he had provided a chilling reminder of the potential of violence against civil aviation. Under a more relaxed security system, his suicidal rampage might have begun when the airline was aloft.”11 Fourteen years later, on September 11, 2001, Byck’s suicidal intent was realized when the four airplanes were aloft. In © Jones the& Bartlett wake of the Learning, attacks that day,LLC many remarked that no one© had Jones ever thought & Bartlett this possible. Learning,12 LLC NOT FOR SALEHistory ORknows DISTRIBUTION better. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. History of Domestic Security 3 © Jones & Bartlett▸ History Learning, of Domestic LLC Security © JonesEarly & Bartlett History: Learning, 1776–1916 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORThe SALEFounding OR Fathers DISTRIBUTION had to deal with issues relat- In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, a recurring ing to America’s defense, both foreign and domestic, lament by the media was the fact that no one had from the very beginning. After declaring itself free imagined that a small group of men would be able of England, the new government was forced to deal to commandeer a passenger jet and use it as a mis- with the British government while operating under sile to target American© Jones landmarks & Bartlett such as Learning, the World LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the Articles of Confederation.

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