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Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Medina County Texas

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Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Medina County Texas Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Medina County Texas By C. L. R. HOLT, JR. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1422 Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Board of W^ater Engineers UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. CONTENTS Page Abstract ---__---.-_.--.__--__---___---_.-----.--__.--___---__-_-___-.._____.__--________._____ 1 Introduction .--..-.-. -..- -.....--_.-.._.-...._-..-.....-._..-..--..-.___-___..... 2 Purpose and scope of investigation ----------------~ -------------------- 2 Location and general features of the area.................................... 3 Previous investigations .--...-..-...-...----....-.---...-..--.--.--.-.-.--.--.. 3 Acknowledgments ---.-.--...-.--........---..--.-.-..........-.....--. ...--- 4 Well-numbering system - .. - ------_-.-_. --. _ .__ __. _. 4 Geography -- .... ..___ 4 Surface features --..-..-...-...-..---..-------.-.-...--.-...--..--.....--...-....- 4 Drainage .-...-..--..---...--...---....--...-..-.--.--...-..-....--....-..---..-- 5 Climate ...-......-. ...-..-......-...- ...........-..................-.......- 10 Development -..-...-.---..-.--...----.....-.--..... ...-..-.-.......---.... .. 11 Geology ...................................................................................... 12 Rock formations and their water-bearing properties.................... 13 Pre-Cretaceous rocks -..-..-...--.-...-.-...-...-. ...-..-...--..-.-.--- 13 Cretaceous system ............................................................ 13 Coahuila series (Mexico) .--.--.-.....-...-..-..-..--.........--.. 13 Comanche series ......-.--..--..--...--.-.. ..-...-..-...-.-.... 16 Trinity group .....--....-...-......... ....--..--......-.....--- 16 Travis Peak formation .--...-.. ..---.-....-..-...-.... 16 Glen Rose limestone --..--..-...--.......--.--..-...-..-..- 16 Fredericksburg group ---......-..-....-...-...--.--..--- ..- 19 Walnut clay ..-.................-.......... .. ...... 19 Comanche Peak limestone..--...-.--.----.-..-..--..,-..- 20 Edwards limestone ....-.........--....--.---...--..-.----.. 20 Washita group ......-..-.--....-.-.....-...-. .... ....-. .. 22 Georgetown limestone -...--. ....--...-.-.....-. -.- 22 Grayson shale (Del Rio clay) ...-..---..---. ----- 23 Buda limestone -..-.. .-...-..- ...--.--..-.--.. -.--- 24 Gulf series .-..-...... .......... ............... ......... 25 Eagle Ford shale ................ ............... .. .......... 25 Austin chalk .....--.. .--..---.---.... ..--..-....-. -.----- 25 Anacacho limestone ..--...-...----.. .--..-...... --- 28 Navarro group .--...........-......--......-.-..---.-.--..------- 31 Corsicana marl .......--..--..........--..--......-..-----.- 31 Escondido formation .-..---..--.-- ---..----.---.- --- 32 Tertiary system .-...-.-..-.-...-..........-..-...-...-...-..-..-.-.------- 36 Paleocene series ..-...--...-.-.......--..-....-..--...-----.-..--.--- 36 Midway group ....................-......-.... -... 36 Kincaid formation ...........-...........-. 37 Eocene series ...---.-.-. ..--..--..-...-..-.--..-..- ------ -- 37 Wilcox group ...........-.......-..-.. ... -.-. 37 Indio formation --.-......-..--.--.-............----------- 37 Claiborne group ...-......-.----..-.-...-----...---------------- 42 Carrizo sand ...-..-..-..--.........-...--...-----.----- 42 Mount Selman formation ...-........-. ..--.- - 43 III IV CONTENTS Geology Continued Rock formations and their water-bearing properties Cortinrcd Tertiary system Continued Page Pl!ocene(?) series .................................................... 45 Uvalde gravel ............-.-...---.......__....-_........_.....-... 45 Quaternary system ............................................................ 45 Pleistocene series .---.--.-.-...-....--.........._____^.-__-_____ _.__. 45 Leona formation .......-......-..----.-.......-..-...-..---...---- 45 Recent series -.-..--..--..........-....-.-..........._.--.................. 46 Alluvium ....................................................___..... 46 Igneous rocks ...._....__..__...__.._____...._..___....__ ,.__.__.___.___ 46 Metamorphic rocks .---..--.--...-..-........-..............-.........__..... 47 Structure ..... ................................................. ______________________ 47 Faulting .............................................................................. 48 Balcones fault zone ....._....__.-_._.....-_.___..__.._.___-_.___.___-_______ 48 Faulting in northern Medina County ._____....____-__--_____ 48 Faulting in southern Medina County ---.....----....---_....---- 50 Cause of faulting....................................-.........._........ 50 Folding ................................................................................ 51 Culebra anticline .--..--..-..-....-...--...-..-.........---..... _.-_.......-.- 51 Other folds ......................................................___............. 51 Occurrence and movement of ground water ..........-.-..-...-.......-------.--- 51 General principles .....--.....--...-....-..-....--.....-...-..__.. .____,_______..-. 51 Movement of water in aquifers ..-.-........--.--...--.-.-.-.......-.-....--- 53 Natural recharge .--...-.--.......-..............-......---.-.......-.....-. -.....- 53 Travis Peak formation ..-_.___.__......__..-....-_.__.-.___.__,_._.__.__- 53 General Rose limestone .......-----.....------.---....-.----.-..--..--.---- 53 Edwards limestone .-....-..-.......--.-...-.-----.--.-.----...-..-------.--- 53 Indio formation .....--...-..-....-..--...-..-...----......---.....-...--.---. 60 Carrizo sand .................................................................... 61 Leona formation .............................................................. 62 Artificial recharge ......-..-...............---..- .....-......-................ 62 Discharge __.-...__..--__.._...____ ____..___ __.-_ _-___-_-______-___-_..--. 63 Discharge from springs -..-.......--......-.-.-.-.-.-.----. ___---..--_--_ 64 Springs in Glen Rose limestone ..............-...-....-..-_.---.--.-.- 64 Springs in Edwards limestone _--_..--.---.--- ---------------------- 65 Springs in Anacacho limestone ......-.-...-.....-...---------..-..-- 66 Springs in Leona formation ....-.....---.-..---....__________.-____-..--- 66 Discharge from wells ....-.- -.....-....---...-....-....---- _-.---..-.---- 66 Evaporation and transpiration ..-.....------.-------------.---..-------- 67 Movement of ground water ..-......--..-... -.-.--...........--..--..---------- 67 Capacity of formations to transmit and yield water.--------------- 68 Direction of ground-water movement .....-..-----..-.--------------- 71 Relation of structure to movement of water. -..-____.____.--_---_ 72 Fluctuations of water levels.-.-------.------------------------------------------ 73 Effects of changes in storage ... .-..--..-.. -. -.------------- ---- 75 Other changes in water level ...............-...........-.--.--.------_---- 77 Quality of ground water .....-.................-----..------..---.----------.----------- 77 Chemical character of the ground water.......--------..-------------_---- 77 Travis Peak formation .......-..----.---....-.----- ---_--__------------ 79 Glen Rose limestone ---....---....--.---...--------------------------------- 79 Edwards limestone ..-.-... ...... --..------ -. _.---.._------------- 79 Austin chalk .........................................-...... ..... .-...- 80 CONTENTS V Quality of ground water Continued Chemical character of the ground water Continued Page Anacacho limestone __._---..___--.-._.__----_-._-..-.. .. ....... .... 80 Escondido formation .---......---......----........... ..... .......... 80 Indio formation ---.____--__..______.-__.-._._.._____-..__ ............... 81 Carrizo sand ..--.-...-...-----....-..-......--....--...... .__._ - 81 Leona formation ._-_.___-_-._____-__..___.....___._..,__ ... ........... 81 Relation of chemical character to use...-.--....-----. ................ 81 Contamination of ground water ._._--........-.......-_.. ............... 82 Utilization of ground water .--........._..__......_......._.... ... ...... ..... 83 Domestic and stock --_--___.-_.-__._____.________...___._..._ ................ 83 Public supply .................___._.._.._............___.............._._._.._.__ 84 Industry -.______.-.___________________.____._______..._____._____._..____.._ ....... 85 Irrigation . _.___--- - -...._-....._.-....._... ....... ......... .. 86 Future development .-------........-.....-.--.-.-..-.-..-......----.--.-----.------ 86 Summary of conclusions .--------.--.....-..............--......---...._.._-..-.-...-.-- 87 References .........---........---................................................__---..-.-- 89 Index .............................................................. .... .................. 211 ILLUSTRATIONS [All plates in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic and structure-contour map of Medina County, Tex., showing location of water wells. 2. Geologic sections of Medina County. 3. Map showing lines of equal pressure in the principal aquifer, January 1951. 4. Map showing lines of equal pressure in the principal aquifer, September 1952. 5. Fluctuation of water level in well J-l-82 in the Edwards limestone, Castroville, Tex., May 1950 to December 1952. 6. Fluctuation of water levels in wells in the Edwards lime­ stone and the Escondido
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