PPP"
DICTIONARY
OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS
SOHN
i.
[ir n ii>h^ -*' r < i^' : DIGTIOJSTAEY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS: ALKALOIDS; BITTER PRINCIPLES; GLUCOSIDES: THEIR SOURCES, NATURE, AND CHE.UICAL CHARACTERISTICS, WITH TABULAR SUMMARY, CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIOSS, AND FULL BOTANICAL AND GENERAL INDEXES.
CHARLES E. SOHN, F.LC, F.C.S. Member of the Society of Public Ana/y.tfs.
LONDON BAILLIERE, TINDALL AND COX, 20 & 21, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND. 1894.
PREFACE.
bodies, has been The ceaseless flow of new facts into every branch of science is well The present work, which treats of nearly GOU of these illustrated in the particular section of organic chemistry embraced prepared with the hope that it may contribute to the attainment of the under the heading Alkaloids, Bitter Principles and (rlucosides. The above objects, and be found of service to those who have occasion to deal streamlet that started at the commencement of this century, when with these compounds or study them—particularly the analyst, professor, Derosne and Serti'irner made the discovery of Morphine, has swollen with research chemist, student, and manufacturer. ever-increasing rapidity, until at the present time the Hood of matter No efforts have been spared to render as full as possible the information reactions) wherever accumulated almost defies management. supplied (particularly as regards tests and chemical ;
It becomes every day more desirable that something be done towards practicable, it has been drawn from the original sources, and embodies the classifying the substances so constantly being augmented in number, and results of the latest researches. that the details bearing upon them, now more or less scattered throughout Easy access to any fact contained in the book has been aimed at, intro- chemical literature, should be tabulated in a convenient form—one that and it is earnestly requested that the reader will peruse the will permit not only that a i/iven attribute of any substance shall be readily ductory and explanatory part, that he may the better acquire this found, but also will indicate wherein such substance differs from, or resembles, facility. another of its class.
London, Uctobei; 18'J3.
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INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY.
In addition to the Active Principles that are members of one or other of or chemically allied plants, whilst retaining as far as practicable an alpha- the three classes specially dealt with, I have included some substances betical order. Supplementary indexes being provided, that are liable to be met with in connection with the manifest these, or have bearino- on inconveniences which a purely the subjects under treatment. ° alphabetical method would occasion are by these means The term Alkaloid avoided. (or the letter A used for that word) has been employed ^- In order that no time may be lost in finding any statement con- to denote any naturally occurring vegetable base ; this covers a cerning wider a given substance, the following rotation has been adhered to in area than would the most modern application of the word which the enumeration of the properties restricts it to Pyridine and and tests : Quinoline derivatives, to the exclusion of such a body as Caffeine. Of course, Salts of Ammonia and albuminoid decom- Botanical Z»ctot7s.— position Plants furnishing the compound or compounds, with products cannot be comprised in this class (one or two of the technical as well as popular names and botanical order. latter receive notice, however). Parts of plant in which found. The Glucoshlet! embrace those substances Bibliographical (other than tannins) that reference (names of investigators and details of published yield sugar (with some other compound) when decomposed by the action researches). ot dilute acids or natural Each substance ferments. They are generally free from (when more than one) is then treated individually thus Nitrogen, exceptions being General, Physical Amygdalin, Solaniue, Indican, Linamarin, and Chemical Details.—^ame and synonyms, class (A = Myronic Acid, and Sinalbni, Alkaloid, B = Bitter Principle, = the last two of which contain Sulphur also G Glucoside). hemtter Pnndples Chemical formula. 1 are a very diverse group, as various in composition as in their chemical reactions. Crystalline form, etc. They contain no Nitrogen, and yield no Melting point and effects of heat sugar on treatment with dilute acids or otherwise. The generally. name Awaroid Rotatory power (action on IS suggested for such bodies polarized light). as these, in order to avoid confusion with Reaction glucosides and (alkaline, neutral, or acid). alkaloids, so many of which are also bitter. Being numerous verv Taste and odour (if any). and frequently of considerable importance, whilst Various generally : Character of salts, products of hydrolysis (action neglected in works upon organic of boiling dilute chemistry, it has been thought desirable acids), physiological effect. to describe them fully. Solubility in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, amyl In conformity with the system alcohol, carbon _ adopted by the Chemical Society in their bisulphide, and sundry other solvents. journal, all alkaloids are spelt Behaviour towards with the termination ine, whUst glucosides immiscible solvents. and Reactions amaroids end in in, without the final e. with precipitants, etc. (in this order) The book consists of three parts (besides two indexes and sub- 1. Alkaline indexes). hydrates and carbo- 4. Tannic acid. nates. '" Dictionary form, 5. Picric acid, * arranged upon a system which groups C,;Ho(NOo)3'OH together^'^'^'^xJ' 2. Ammonia. the constituents either of one plant or of a (Hager's reagent). number of botanically 3. Lead acetate, neutral and basic. 6. Ferric chloride. IN'TUODl'CTORY AND EXPLANATORY.
7. Platinum chloride, Phoapho-componiuh : GENERAL INDEX.—Special endeavours have been made to render 8. Palladious chloride. 22. Phosphomolybdio acid (.Sonnen- this comprehensive. 9. Gold chloride. schein's reagent). In the Tabular Sum.mary the order of insertion in Part I. has been 10. Silver nitrate. 23. Phospho-tungstio acid (Schei- preserved, because it permits a survey of all the active ])rinciples of a 11. Copper sulphate. bler's reagent). given plant at a glance —a manifest advantage over a purely alphabetical Fehling's solution (alkaline 12. 24. Phospho-antimonic acid. arrangement (which might upon a preliminary inspection have appeareil copper tartrate). Iodides, etc. : desirable), for in that case the reader, dealing, for instance, with Opium, 25. lodo-potassic iodide (Wagner's would have had nearly forty different positions to find, whilst here be has Cyanides, etc. : reagent). but one. 13. Potassium ferrocyanide. 26. Bismuth-potassic iodide ( Dragen- Synonyms and questions of identity cannot, for want of space, be 14. ferricyanide. dorff's reagent). ,, discussed in Part II. (the Tabular Summary), but receive full attention - potassic iodide Ih. ,, sulphocyanide. 27. Cadmium in Part I. ; for the same reason, many columns of precipitants have had 16. ,, cyanide. (Marme's reagent). is iodide. to be removed from Part II. ; but this curtailment amply compensated 17. ,, nitro-prusside. 28. Zinc-potassio 18. Silver potassium cyanide. 29. Mercuric-potassic iodide ( M ayer's for by the classified lists of reactions in Part IIL and the numerous solution). reference notes. Chromales, etc. : 30. Mercuric chloride. In the last section—Part III. —are classed, in a series of alphabetical 19. Potassium chromate. 31. Chlorine water. lists, sub.-itances having a common propertj-, or giving a similar reaction.
20. ,, bichromate. 32. Bromine water. 21. Chromic acid. 33. Iodine tincture. GENERAL RULES.
Colour tests (in this order), time taken for development of colours and their 1^ 1. To facilitate reference, it is important to remember that the is invariably given durability ; series of details upon any substance in a particular Concentrated sulphuric acid alone and with various substances (sugar, potassioni rotation (see above). bichromate, manganese dio.\ide, nitric acid, etc.), Erdmann's reagent, sulphuric 2. Colour — Since the great majority of substances here dealt with are acid with a trace of nitric acid. colourless, colour is only mentioned when coloured compounds are spoken Concentrated nitric acid alone. of ; all others are to be understood to be white or colourlest. Acids in general. 3. Odour.—For analogous reasons, all bodies not described as h'triny Perchlorate of potash or perchloric acid. odour are odourless. Per-iodic acid. 4. Alkalinity.—When not otherwise stated, the reaction (alkaline, Frohde's solution (molybdic and sulphuric acids). neutral, or acid) has reference to litmus as indicator. PART II. A Tabular Su.m.mary designed for ready reference and — 5. Temper.\ture is always indicated in degrees Centigrade. as a means of contrasting one compound with another for analytical and G. Solubility'.—Figures in the solubility columns denote number of other purposes it gives the chief properties and tests of the substances ; parts of solvent required to dissolve one jjart of substance. that are more fully described in Part I. 7. Delicacy of Test. —Numbers in the columns of precipitants (or PART III. —A Cl.\ssification of Reactions for the special use of colour tests) signify degree of dilution at which the reaction is analysts, showing what compounds are known to respond to a given test. observable. BOTANICAL INDEX. —Each plant here appears in its alphabetical 8. Use of Re.a.gents. —Except where other indications are given, positions by popular and scientific names. Sub-lists of plants are also precipitants are to be applied to the substiitice dissolved in water, and in the inserted for those botanical orders which iuclude members containing alka- case of alkaloids to the salt, and not to the free base. loidal, bitter, or glucosidal principles. This facilitates comparison of the 9. Colour Tests. —The dry substance is to be employed when testing constituents of allied plants. with concentrated acids and colour tests generally. =
INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY.
AnnREvrATioNS have as far as possible been avoided, but in the (after = Tabular G name of [ substance) phos.-molyb. Phospho-molybdic
Summary limited space has necessitated the adoption of a few, thus : Glucoside. acid, G.-d. (after name of substance) = r. or rd. = Eed. A (after name of substance) = bz. or benz.=benzene (coal-tar Glucoside sol. Alkaloid. benzene, CgHu, or benzol). derivative. = Soluble. gn. = Green, soln. = acet. = Acetic acid. be. (in lead acetate column) = Solution, insol. = Insoluble. turp. Turpentine. ac. eth. = Acetic ether. Basic. = M.P. = Melting point. V. or vlt. = Violet. alcl. = Alcohol. bn. = Brown. ndls. volat. = alk. = Alkali. bl. = Blue. = Needles. Volatile, alkd. = Alkaloid. CSo=:carbon bisulphide. nl.= Neutral, w. or wh. = White, AmHo=Amraonia hydrate, Cfm. or CHCl3 = Chloroform. p. (in colour test column, etc.) = y., yl., or yel. = Tellow. Purple, amorphs. = Amorphous. crys.=:Crystals or crystalline. 00 =Miscible in all proportions. = Precipitate, ->«' = Changing or changes to. B (after name of substance) = Bitter df. or difif. = Difficultly. pp. petr. e. = Petroleum ether. principle, i.e., amar'oid. eth.=Ether.
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DICTIONARY OF THE AOTIYE PEINOIPLES OF PLA:^[TS.
PART I.
§1. ACHILLEA inillefolium (Milfoil or Yarrow); Compositce Argan tree (Scijinhicea') of Morocco, S. Cotton (J. Phann. [.'j] 18, 208) Europe and N. America—substance («). A. moschatus ('Iva'), (c) has separated ' Arcan'in,' which would seem to be identical with (a). and {({). Obtained from the whole plant. (a) SAPOTIN G. (Arganin ? see above), a,,H,.Ao (Michaud): micro- (von - (n) ACHILLEIN G., C.H^XOu Planta) ; amorphous, reddish- scopic crystals; burning taste; Ifevo rotatory ([a] D= -32'1 in brown, bitter, alkaline. alcoholic solution) ; M.P. 240° with decomposition. Dilute sulphuric With boiling dil ute acids is converted into sugar and Achilletin (see below). acid, on boiling, yields Saporetin (see below) and sugar. in water easily (giving yellow solution), in alcohol with diffi- in Soluble Soluble water easily ; in cold alcohol sparingly, easier hot. In- culty. Insoluble in ether. soluble in benzene, ether, chloroform.
Not precipitated by Precipitants, etc. : Alkalies. Tannic acid. Alkaline hydrates, insol. Fehling solution, vol reduced. | |
Lead acetate, neutral or basic. | Ferrous sulphate. Lead acetate basic, sol. in excess. Coucentd.sulpb. acid, pp. | garnet red. (b) ACHILLETIN (from above), CnHiyNO.,, amorphous, dark brown (h) SAPORETIN, C„H.,.,0,„ (from above). ]POwder, not bitter. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform. Insoluble in water and ether. in water, and with difficulty in alcohol. Insoluble (<•) SAPOTINE A. (of Bernon). C'.jHj.^O:, (c) IVAIN B., C,H„0 or (von Planta) ; yellow, amorphous, Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Insoluble in water, alkalies. soft resinous (' Terebinthinate '), bitter. Hydrochloride, bitter. Soluble in alcohol (yellow solution), not in water. Precipitants Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Mercuric-])otassic iodide, brown. Mercuric chloride, white. {(I) MOSCHATINE A., C..,Ho-N07 (vonPlanta) ; amorphous, reddish-brown, bitter; melts under water (on water bath). Platinum chloride, yellow. Soluble with difficulty in alcohol, scarcely in water. Wolffs § 3. ACONITUM Napellus (Monk's Hood, or Bane) ; the alka- 2. (' Sapoticecr. loids (ii), § ACHRAS sapota Sapndella Plum') ; The kernels. («), {!>). with traces or, at times, none of (c) and (e) ; A. varie-
Investigators : describes (a) Michaud, who ; and Bernon (c). From the gatum («) ; A. Stoerkianum (a) ; A. paniculatum, an alkaloid regarded as 1 —
DICTIONARY OP THE ACTIVE PKIN'CIPLES OF PLANTS.
(«) by Hiibschmann, the investigator of last-mentioned three varieties, Pbospho-molybdic acid, light Mercuric ])otassic bromide, but now ascertained to be non-]ioisonous aiittiora (c ; A. ?) ; A. lyeoc- yellow flocculent. amorphous pp. tonum (h ?), (r/?), (/) to (./), not (a). The descriptions of the alkaloids Phospho-tungstic acid. Mercuric - potassic iodide,' The
(/), (r/), and (./) are due to Dragendorff and Spohn {Phanii. ,/., Trniis., lodo-pota.ssic iodide, yellow-red. white amorphous. two best
1H84) ; and alkaloids (/<), (/), to Hiibschmann. A. ferox (Indian or Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange Hydriodic acid, micioscopic tests.
Nepaul aconite ; Himalaya root), (f), trace or no (o) ; A. heterophyl- —limit 1 in 40,01)0. crystals. Lubbe. lum (Atis root) sinenso (/:; ; A. (' Shiraka-wauzuware ') (a). A Japanese C'admium-potas. iodide ; white, Iodine tincture, reddish. plant, 'Kusauzu '((() ; Ixanuncnhicca'. The plant or root. Investigators 1 in 1,000; cloud.at 1 in2,r>(»0. 1 very numerous ; in addition to chemists already referred to, mention Colour tests : Alem. —When perfectly pure no colours are given. should be of Wright and if, made Lu Dunstan andlnce, Jiirgens, Duquesnel, Concentrated sulphuric acid, gradual violet. Groves, Paul, and Kingzett, etc. „ „ „ with sugar, red. with nitric acid, gradual violet. (-/) ACONITINE A. [Napelline ; not the Napelline of Diinstau and „ ,, „ ' Ince being investigated, see Nitric acid, reddish-brown. now (») ; Japaconitine (Lubbe), see ( /)]. , C.„H^.,NO,, >.. C,,„H.,,NO,(OH).,0.(CO.CoH.,), Wright and Liiif. (Dun- Concentrated hydrochloric acid, colourless. stau and Ince prefer Oa^Hj-jNOi.,). Crystallizes in rhombic ]irisms Friihde's reagent, yellowish-brown. (or amorphous if not pure), scarcely bitter unless impure, causes ting- {b) ACONINE A. [=Acolyctine (Wright and Luff), this identity ling of the mouth, extremely poisonous (,\|-grain may be fatal), very questioned by Dragendorff, see (;)]. C,„H.,,,NO„ = C._,oH.yNO;(OH)i or readily decomposed, with formation of Benzoic Acid and Aconine— this C„gH4,NO,|. Occurs naturally, and formed artificial]}-, together with less liable to occur when organic acid is an used for extraction ; hence benzoic acid, by saponification of aconitine by alcoholic potash ; amor- advantage of Duquesnel's method, in which tartaric acid is employed. phous powder forming amorphous salts ; M.P. about 130 , alkaline, bitter, M.P. 188%")° (Dunstan and Ince other observers 80'-', ; have found G0°, does not produce tingling of the tongue. Physiological action feeble. 'above lOU",' 14U°—discrepancies due to the difficulty of obtaining a Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and water. Insoluble, or difficultly pure specimen). Dextro-rotatory ; salts, laavo-rotatory alkaline re- ; soluble, in ether, ether. action. benzene, petroleum etc Solubility : In cold water 1 in 4,4:U at 22° C. (Dunstan), or 1 in 72(j Precipitants, gelatinous. chloride, (Jiirgens), easier warm; 1 in 20 boiling alcohol, 1 in 2:50 chloroform, Ammonia, Gold with reduction of carbonates or bicar- gold. 1 in 1110 boiling ether, and in benzene. Insoluble in petroleum ether or [No pp. carbon bisulphide. bonates.] S'lver nitrate, reduced.
' (' Lead acetate, soluble in excess. Fchling's solution, reduced. Precipitants Reactions not reliable —Hiisemann) : Tannic acid, pp. Phospho-molybdic acid, bluish-gray Alkaline hydrates. Platinum chloride (Duquesnel) not ; colour with concentrated sulphuric acid. carbonates. if dilute. No „ I \_Not bicarbonates unless hot Gold chloride, yellow or | amorphous (<) PSEUDACONITINE A., C^sHj^NOn, (von Planta).] (crys. from alcohol, 135""). M.P. C:rH,j-N05(OH);,.O.CO.CsH3(OCH3), ;
Ammonia hydrate, soluble in [Not by ferro- or ferri-cyanides of may be obtained ia crystalline needles, but usually separated as varnish : e.\cess. potassium.] M.P. 104° -10.')°; very poisonous, resembles aconitine; salts difficultly
Tannic acid. : Potassium bichromate ; not once, crystallizable yields saponification (by merely, heating) pseudaconine j at on Picric acid (Duquesnel) not but gradually 1 in 3,000. and veratric acid (dimethyl-proto-catechuic acid). ; ] if dilute. [Not by Argentic- potassic cya- Soluble in alcohol, in ether with difficulty —though crystals are obtain- I
Ferric chloride, yellow. , nide.] able therefrom— scarcely in water. :: : ::
niCTIOXARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS.
Precipitants sulphide ; less easily in ether, with difficulty in water, and scarcely in
Tannic acid. I Jlercuric-potassic iodide. petroleum ether. Gold chloride. Mercuric | chloride. Removed by ether or chloroform, from a solution previously treated [Platinum chloride, only if concentrated.] with sodium bicarbonate.
Colour test : Xitric acid fuming (a few drops), yields on evaporation a Reactions residue which gives a purple red with a drop of alcoholic potash. Alkaline hydrates Bromine water, yellow amor-
,, bicarbonates ^ pp. phous pp. (a tribromide). PSEUDACONINE A. [Lycoctonine, Wright and Luff identity ques- {
Precipitate with silver nitrate. (;/) LYCACONINE A. [Lycoctonine? compare (li)], C,,Tl,-^^0, + nB.fi ;
Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. crystalline ; M.P. 90°-'J2°, alkaline, fluorescent (blue) ; dextro-rotatory [Fehling's solution, not reduced.] ([a] D=+46-4). Soluble in 4 parts absolute alcohol, H chloroform, 684 ether, C4'5 (.") PICRACONITINE A., CjiH^jNO,,, (Wright). (Obtained by Groves benzene, '.^47 water. from a root sold commercially as Aconitum Napellus, but found only in traces, or not at all in the genuine A. Napellus.] Amorphous, resinous, (/() LYCOCTONINE A. [Pseudaconine ? see (rf) above; Lycaconine ? (g)]. bitter ; feebly, if at all, poisonous ; salts crystalline. Crystallizes in needles and prisms ; M.P. about 100" ; alkaline reaction, very Soluble in ether and chloroform. Insoluble in water. bitter. Precipitants Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide. Alkaline hydrates ) Precipitants „ carbonates [ a resinous pp. on heating. Tannic acid. after twenty-four hours, | 20,000 Ammonia I [Platiuio chloride, no 1 in 8,000 after fifteen minutes. Tannic acid. pp.] j
[Not Platinum chloride.] [Phospho-molybdicacid,nopp.] I Pji. hecomea crystaU'uie (compare Gold chloride, amorphous, pale yellow. lodo-potassic iodide. Aconitine).
Mercuric-potassic iodide. [Potassic iodide, no i)p.] : [Mercuric potassic bromide, no pp.,
Bismuth-potassic iodide— 1 in 1 compare Aconitine.] No colour reactions with sulphuric acid or other principal colour tests. 40,0110. [Mercuric chloride, no pp.]
(/) LYCACONITINE A., C,jH34N„0„ + 2H2O (Dragendorff and Spohn). Cadmium-potassio iodide. ; Bromine water, pp. crys. Mercuric-potassic iodide 1 in Pale yellow, amorphous. Anhydrous at 110° C. ; M.P. 114'8° with de- — composition; laivo-rojatory : [a]l) = +.'')l'ij (10 per cent, solution in Colour tests alcohol) ; salts amorphous. Readily changed by alkalies, with produc- Concentrated sulphuric acid 'J tion of (r7\ lycoctonic acid, and a third substance resembling [i). Nitric acid > colourless. Soluble very readily in alcohol, chloroform, benzene and carbon bi- Phosphoric acid J : : : :
DICTIONAIIY OF THE ACTIVE I'RINCII'LES OF PLANTS.
(/) ACOLYCTINE \. (Aconine ? seo (/))iibove). Bitter, alkaline powder. latter), and JAPACONINE, C^uHjiNO,,,, almost indistinguishable from aconioe, derivative of Soluble leiulily in water, alcohol, and chloroform ; not in ether. the analogous aconitine. Precipitants [Lubbe believes that Japaconitine and Japaconine are identical re- Alk;[lirie carbonates. Tannic acid. spectively with Aconitine and Aconine.] Ani'iioiiia, gradually gelatinous. Gold chloride, yellow. (w) APO- or ANHYDRO-ALKALOIDS of the Aconite group are formed from Leail acetate. Phosi)ho-raolybdic acid, white. the respective bases by the elimination of a molecule of water ; this may be effected by heating to 10U for some hours in a concentrated tartaric (./) MYOCTONINE, A. Co;H;,„No08-5H.,0 (Dragendorft'and Spohn) ; amor-
acid solution thus : jihous, bitter ; dextro-rotatory; M. P. 143°- 144°. Salts amorphous ; very poisonous. Acouitine, C.,„H,5NO,(OH),(CO-OC„H,)-H.,0 = C,,;H3jNO/0-OH Soluble in water with difficulty, easily in alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloro- (COOCuHj) Anhydro or Apo-aconitine. form, benzene, carbon bisulphide. Insoluble (or scarcely sol.) in ether Aconine, C.,„H;,5NO.(()H)4 - H,(> = C.,„H.,5N070(OH), Apo-aconine. or petroleum ether. Heated with alkali, myoctonine gives lycoctonine, P.^eudacouitine and Pseudaconine yield parallel compounds, but Japa- lycoctonic acid, an alkaloid resembling acoljctine, and a fourth substance conitine being already an anhydro base (see (j) above) does not undergo not further examined. change during the above treatment. Precipitated by most alkaloid reagents. There is great similarity in the physiological action of these bases and Vitali's test (evaporation with nitric acid, then touching with alcoholic the respective parent alkaloids. potash) gives reddish-brown colour. (h) ISACONITINE A. (of Dunstan and Harrison, see Chem. Soc. Proc,
11 '.I, ISIKi), C.,,Hj-XO,.„ colourless, varnish-like, intensely bitter, without (/,) ATISINE A. [from A. heterophyllum (Atis root)], a^HjiNO., (Alder the tiugliug sensation characteristic of Aconitine, much less poisonons Wright), or Cj^H^jN-jO-, (Broughton) ; amorphous, oxidizable on exposure —28-74". than the latter ; lajvo-rotatory [a] D= (becoming coloured and resinous) ; M. P. 85°; bitter. non-poisonous. Haloid Soluble in alcohol and chloroform readily, less easily in ether (by which salts are crystallizable and difficultly soluble ; nitrate, sulphate, acetate, amorphous. means it ma}' be separated from Aconitine), slightU in water. Forms a substituted compound with gold chloride = C3,Hjj(AuCL)X0].. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene ; scarcely in water. Precipitated by analogous to the Caft'eine compound described by Dunstan and Shepheard (Chem. Soc. Trans., Feb., lK'j:i). Ammonia, white flocculent. I Mercuric-potassic iodide, white.
Tannic acid, 4. (Sweet Flag) : Acoraceoi-aroidfa: ,- yellow to brown. | § ACORUS CALAMUS Europe
Colour reactions Asia, N. America. Used as tonic and stimulant. The root ; (22 grammes Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow->/v.magnificent purple, lasting were obtained from 12 kilos). Investigators, H. Thorns and others.
several days ; momentary violet on addition of a drop of water ACOftIN G., CaijHgoOs (Thoms), amorphous, soft resinous, neutral : bitter (Shimoyama) or faint ; violetA/v.red.wbrown (Wasowicz). and aromatic taste. Yields sugar and calamus oil (in a current of Concentrated sulphuric acid and sugar, yellow-^reddish'v<-oarmine. hydrogen, otherwise resinification occurs). See also Acoretin. below. Nitric acid, colourless. chloroform, benzene, Soluble in ether, methyl alcohol, acetone ; with Hydrochloric acid, colourless. difficulty in alcohol. Insoluble in water. Hydrochloride difficultly Phosphoric acid, colourless, but yellowish-violet on warming. soluble in water. (0 JAPACONITINE A. (from Japanese Aconite root), CosHggN.p.,! (Wright Precipitants and Luff), or C3.|H4jNU]n=Acouitine (Lubbe). The former regard it as Tannic acid. Phospho-molybdic acid, pp.~»-blue a sesqui-anhydro base formed by condensation of 2(C„Hj-NOjo) with [Platinum chloride, reduced.] from reduction. elimination of 'A molecules of water. It bears the closest possible resem- [Gold Chloride, reduced.] Mercuric-potassic iodide. blance to aconitine, and yields on saponification benzoic acid (as does the Fehling's solution, reduced. Iodine tincture. : : ; :
DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PUINCII'LES Ol' I'LANTS.
CALAMINE A., strongly alkaline. § 7. JESCULUS bijipocastaneum (Horse Chestnut); Scij/mdaaw ; all
; ^-Esculetin (/<) has been found in the free state in Soluble in alcohol, cliloroform, acetone, and dilute acids ; not in water the substances below or etlier. the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris (Caper Spurge, or Semen Cataputise Hymenodictyon exoelsum (which see), and Precipitants minoris) ; iEsculin also in in Strychnos group) for Tannic acid. I Phospho-molybdic acid. Gelsemium nitidum (Jasmine, see ; Fraxin (exist- [Platinum chloride, reduced.] lodo-potassic iodide. ing in horse chestnut), see Fraxinus. | [Fehling's solution, »o; reduced.] Mercuric- potassic iodide. • | (o) /ESCULIN G. (^Esculinic acid, Bicolorin, SchillerstofI,' Polychrome), CijHiiiOi/lr^HoO (Liebermann), crys. needles and prisms. M.P. 1G0°; §0. digitata, A. Gregorii (Baobab tree); Malvacea ADANSONIA 1,.''j(K),UI)0) slightly hitter fluorescent (visible 1 in ; acid reaction, ; by Africa, India, etc. The bark. Investigators, 'Wa\z,J(ilii-h. f. Phunn. 24 ; action of heat or dilute acid a;sculetin and sugar are formed. Wittstein, Viertelj. schr.f. Pharm. 4A\. Soluble in G72 parts water at 10° or 1'2| boiling, in DO of cold alcohol '24 ADANSONIXE A. crystallises in needles, odour like aloes or gentian (S|i. 0'7'J8) or boiling ; in chloroform (which removes it from acid (?), ; G. bitter. solution), but not in absolute ether, and scarcely in ordinary ether.
(I dissolve readily than (solu- Soluble in parts cold or 3 parts hot ether, and in alcohol ; slightly in Reactions : Alkaline hydrates more water water. Forms crystalline compounds with acids (Dupuy). tions fluorescent). Precipitated by basic lead acetate, but not by other Reactions metallic salts.
Alk.lme : nitric acid, on shaking, gives a yellow solution, hydrates ) ,,^^,._ Colour tests Dilute s^,,_ ' ammonia. Ammonia j becoming blood-red with No precipitates with metallic salts (Wittstein). Ammonium bisulphite, and then ammonia, give a blood-red, becoming blue on shaking.
§ 6. ADONIS amufensis : RamincAilacea'. From the root, Tahara has (h) /ESCULETIN (from above, and in free state ; see statement concern- isolated Adonin ; from A. vernalis, V. Cervello has separated a substance ing Euphorbia lathyris above), C;,H,i04-|-H„0, crys. silky needles and named Adonidin, which yives the same reactions, and is presumably plates like benzoic acid. M.P. 270^, part volatilizing, neutral reaction, identical with the other glncoside (Y. Inoko). bitter, fluorescent—feebly blue. difticulty in water or cold alcohol, more easily in ADONIN G. (Adonidin ?), C„jHj„0<|, neutral, intensely bitter : converted Soluble with cold by boiling dilute acids into glucose, and a resinous matter soluble in either when hot. Insoluble in ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, or ether. carbon bisulphide. Soluble in water, cloud on umrminrj and jiarH(d xejHiru/ion, also in alcohol, Reactions chloroform, and acetic acid. Insoluble in ether. Alkalies dissolve to yellow solution (acids reprecipitat^). basic, Precipitants : Lead acetate, neutral or gives pp.
[Dilute alkalies, do not decompose.] I Gold chloride, Copper sulphate K^j„„g ADCNIDIN (Adonin ? see above) is stated to have an action resembling (d) ARGYR/ESCIN G., C,,Hj.,Oi„ ; silvery crystals. that of digitalin, but weaker. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water (solution frothy). In- Reactions, see above. soluble in ether. : : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIT'LES OF I'LANTsi. Potassic hydrate (strong solution) converts gradually upon heating to CYNAPINE A., crys. rhombic prisms, alkaline. Sulphate crystalline. propaascinic acid, which is further changed (see below). Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. A coMiiuelike alkaloid was also found by Walz. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow ~>- red with water, gray flocks ''. muscarius ; i-'u/i///. being precipitated. § AGARICUS MUSCARINE A., deliquescent crystals; M.P. 100' ; tobacco-like odour : (-) PROP/ESCINIC ACID G. (occurs naturally and producible from above). no sulilimate ; tasteless, alkaline. Contracts the pupil. Soluble in alcohol and water. Soluble ia alcohol or water in all proportions ; scarcely in chloroform. Precipitated by basic lead acetate and by acids. Insoluble in ether. Potassic hydrate (strong solution)-— compare above — converts into Precipitants fescinic acid and propionic acid. [Xot by lead acetate, neutral Bromine water, yellow pp. re- (/') /ESCimC ACID G. (occurs naturally, and producible artificially from or basic] dissolving. Argynesciu and also from Aphrodasscin), C„jHji,0,„ ; crystalline. Ferric chloride. Pp. with most otlier alkaloid Soluble in hot water (difficultly cold), in alcoholif freshly precii)itated. Copper sulphate. reagents. Insoluble in ether. AMANITINE, C.-,Hi5N0o (isomer of Choline), yields Muscarine with nitric Precipitated by acids and lead acetate (neutral). acid, and evolves trimethylamine on heating. Yields on hydrolysis, sugar and Teloescin, which is also a glucoside (see below). § 10. ALOE {Liliacew), various species as A. Barbadensis (Barbadoes (ff) TEL/ESCIN G., CigHjoO^, occurs naturally, and producible from above. Aloes), A. Bocotrina (Socotrine Aloes), A. Lucida (Cape Aloes), A. ferox, Yields sugar and ^Escigeuin (below). In properties it resembles Quinova spicata, plicatilis, vulgaris, etc. bitter, which see. ALOIN B., C„;Hi80r, Tilden (Barbaloin, Socaloin ? see below). Crys. /ESCIGENIN (from Teliescin), (/O indistinctly crystalline. sulphur-yellow needles or granules; soften at 100° and then resinify : Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol. neutral, bitter, purgative. Concentrated sulphuric acid and sugar, blood-red. Soluble in ('lOO parts cold or 10 parts boiling water, also in amyl alcohol, (/) CAPSUL/ESCINICACID ethyl alcohol, and acetic ether ; very difficultly in ether, and not (from the shell of the nut), C,,,Hi.,Os ; crystalline, subliniable. in chloroform, benzene, or petroleum ether. Reactions resemble gallic acid. Reactions Alkaline hydrates ) j n i i- APHROD/ESCIN G., ' ' (/) C;,M^.f).^^ ; amorphous substance, the dust of which . produce orange yellow solutions. Ammonia ^ = ' produces violent sneezing. ) Lead acetate, neutral, no Soluble in water (frothy solution), and in alcohol. pp. basic, dark yellow (/"conofn/ra/frf. Dilute alkaline solutions convert on heating to Butyric and -Escinic „ „ pp. acids. *Tannic acid, pp. Ferric chloride, green black colouration. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. Platinum chloride, red to violet with Barbadoes and Curacao aloes. (/.) QUER/ESCITRIN G., (in leaves and nuts of the horse chest- C,,B^fi„. greenish-brown with Socotra and Cape aloes. nut) yellow ,, ,, ; crystalline colouring matter resembling Quercitrin (see yellowish-brown with Xatal aloes. Quercus tinctoria). ,, ,, Gold chloride, raspberry-red coloration~\.violet. Dilute acid, on boiling, decomposes into sugar and Quercetin. * Tests so imirkecl [I.e., *) are applicable to the residue obtained on evaporating § ''^. .STHUSA cyuapium (Fool's Parsley) Investi- ; UmheUifera: the nmvl alcoliol emploved to extract aloiu from pre%-ioasly treated with gator a solution : Ficiiius, Ka^tii. Arch. 11, l-i4. neutral lend acetate. : ::: DICTIONAKY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. (Hesse) ; amorphous, somewhat bitter, [Silver nitrate, no change.] I *Mercurous nitrate, pp. {h\ DITAMINE A., C,bHi,,N03 at liiO'). Salts mostly amorphous. [Mercuric chloride, no pp.] Bromine water, pp. alkaline ; M.P. 7o° (becoming red | Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and benzene. Special colour tests : Potassic Cyanide to alcoholic extract from Precipitants aloin (.'. mgm.) evaporated with nitric acid —intense rose colour. Ammonia. Gold chloride, pp. dissolves on *Trace of copper sulphate to a solution previously diluted till colour- Platinum chloride, crystalline boiling, crys. on cooling. less — intense yellow ; sodium chloride or potassium bromide then added Mercuric chloride, same action. and some alcohol—intense red (with all aloes). pp. Concentrated acetic solution, no crystals on addition of a few drops By these tests upon the residue from amyl alcohol (see foot-note), it of hydrochloric acid (compare Alstonine). is possible to detect very small quantities in mixtures, e.f/., beer. Similar reactions are not given with Cortex Frangula, Folia Senna;, Radix Rhei, Colour tests sulphuric acid, red -w reddish-violet on warming (un- BaccsB Spina;. Concentrated certain). N.B.—The amyl alcohol residue should have characteristic aloe taste. Concentrated nitric acid, yellow — dark-green -w orange-red. Kranzfeld as /"are regarded by differing only from Aloin in (() ECHITAMINE (Ditaine) A., C,™H„8N,Oj-|-4H,0 (Hesse). Crystallizes B^ff6^Z.0//V degree of hydration. Tilden gives to Barbaloin and - '28-8° in prisms from alcohol. La;vo-rotatory [a]D= ; loses 311.^ at ' Socaloin the same formula C„iH,gO.. Groenewold ascribes 80' 1 at 1.30', and then melts anhydrous at 206° powerfully NATALOIN 0., molecule ; : to the active principle of Barbadoes and Curacao aloes alkaline, bitter. SOCALOIN the formula CjsHicO-, and to Nataloin C.,4H.,bO,„ + H.,0 Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, with difficulty iu Uith M.P. 210°. benzene, and insoluble in petroleum ether. the free alkaloid decomposes Reactions : [Ammonia, no pp., but am- § 11. ALSTONIA scholaris (Eclihes schnloris ; Dita bark). Apoc;/- monium salts.] naceec ; Philippine Isles. The alkaloids, (h), (c), (d), etc. ; A. constricta, Fehling's solution reduced after previously treating the alkaloid with (a), (e), etc. ; A. spectahlis, (b), (c), (d). In A. villosa (Blaberopus) boiling dilute acid. Greshoff has found alkaloids I'l per cent, in the bark and 04 per cent, iu The free alkaloid decompoees sodhim chloride, liberating NallO ! the leaves—no doubt identical with the following, but not further Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, purple. examined. Investigators of first-mentioned varieties : Oberlin and Concentrated nitric acid, purple changing to green. Schlagdenhauffen, 0. Hesse (compare Cinchona group). Hydrochloric acid produces an insoluble salt. (a) ALSTONINE A., (Chlorogenine ; not the Alstonine of O. and S., see {d) ECHITENINE A., CoHo^NOj ? Formed from Echitamine by caustic 120^ Alstonidine), C.j,H„|,X..04i'iH„0. Amorphous brown (salts also amor- potash. Amorphous brown (salts also amorphous) ; M.P. ; alkaline, 100'^, phous) ; M.P. or l'J:'i if anhydrous ; alkaline reaction. bitter. in Soluble in alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloroform (with green fluorescence), Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water ; insoluble petroleum with difficulty in water, and not removed by petroleum ether from a bi- ether. If freshly precipitated, soluble iu ether and chloroform. carbonate solution (compare Porphyrine). Precipitants Platinum chloride. if I Precipitants Alkaline hydrates } pp. Mercuric chloride, pale yellow. Alkaline hydrates. Potassium bichromate, blood-red Ammonia ) concentd. | acid, reddish-violet. Ammonia, no pp. if dilute, other- coloration with HCl solution. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric wise a pp. sol. in excess. Acids in excess precipitate salts. Concentrated nitric acid, red •^~ jiurple — green ->/>- yellow. Concentrated acetic solution, crystals on addition of a few dro])S of (f) PORPHYRINE A. (Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen's Alstonicine, pre- alcohol HCl. sumably), C.iH.jr.N.jO, : amorphous (Hesse) or crys. prisms from 97" bitter salts have blue fluorescence. Charcoal carries down in part. (O. and S.) ; M.P. ; alkaline ; ; :: : : DICTIONAHY OF 'I'lIE ACTIVE I'ltlNCI I'l.KS OK I'LANT.-i Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether (removed by the Colour tests: Concentrated .sulphuric acid, red-brown-wbrown-i^. green I latter from a bicarbonate solution— compare Alstonine). with water. Reactions : Ammonia, pp. and magnificent blue fluorescence. Fruhde's solution, brownish-green. Platinum chloride ( (/;) BELLAMARINE A. Crystallizes in needles M.P. 181' (previously PP' ; (Jold chloride \ browning). Potassium bichromate, yellow pp. and red coloration (not permanent). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Mercuric chloride, pp. Precipitants Colour tests Alkaline carbonates. Potass, bichromate, crystalline pp Concentrated .sulphuric acid ) Tannic acid, white. Bismuth potassic iwlide, white. (Fruhde's soln.) 'purple. „ „ ,, +molybdic Picric acid, yellow. Cadmium potass, iod., yellow-white. nitric acid ) Platinum chloride, yellow. Merc. ]iotassic iodide, yellow-green. sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate, greenish-blue. „ Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, gray~v.red on warming. (/'I ALSTONIDIME A. (Hesse's), closely resembles O. and S.'s Alstonine, Concentrated sulphuric acid + uitre, yellow-green. Crystallizes needles 181" bitter. buf. not identical. in ; ; yellowish-green-v^- M.P. „ ,, „ +potass. bichromate, Soluble in acetone. Salts have blue fluorescence. brown. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia. Fri'ihde's solution, brown. No colours with concentrated sulphuric acid or Fnihde's solution. § l:'.. AMMI WISNAGA—the seeds ('Kell'); Umhdlifera. Egypt. ('/) ECHITIN (Cynanchin? see Asclepias group), C.,.,H;,^,Oo; non-alkaloidal, Investigator : JIustapha, C'ompt. R., Aug., 1871). non-ylncosidal crystallises in needles dextro-rotatory. ; ; KELLIN G. C'rys. silky needles, neutral, very bitter. Action emetic and Soluble in l,4!i0 parts of alcohol, and in ether and chloroform. narcotic. (/() ECHICERIN (Cynanchocerin?), C,„Hj80., ; wax-like, crystalline, dextro- Soluble in !it}l water, amyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and chloroform, but rotaiory. with ditticulty in these fluids when cold ; readily soluble in ether. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, acetic ether, Reactions and with ditticulty in acetone. Fehlins's solution, reduced. Saponifiable, yielding a substance crystallizing in needles. Nessler's „ white pp., sol. in alcohol. (i) ECHIRETIN (=Lactucerin = Cubeb Camphor, Hesse). Aromatic. Loews reagent ,, „ excess. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, acetic ether, and hot alcohol. § 14. ANAGYRIS foetida ; Ler/umhinna'. Investigators : Gallois and Hardv. 1'-'. § AMARYLLIS formosissima {Amari/llidacea) ; alkaloid (a). ANAGYRINE A., C,jH„XoO..; amorphhous,alkaline, bitter. Salts crystalline. Investigators : Arata and Gieger. A. Belladonna, alkaloid (6). Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzene. (a) AMARYLLINE A. Crystallises in needles from alcohol ; M.P. 196° Precipitates with most alkaloid reagents. (previously becoming brown). Concentrated sulphuric acid, unchanged cold ; musk like odour on Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and with difficulty in water. warming. Precipitants 15. 1 § ANCHIETA salutaris ; Violacea: Investigator: Peckolt, JrcAi)-. [Not tannic acid.] Bismuth potassic iodide , ., ^ Pharm. ['J^gT.liTl. Picric acid, yellow. Cadmium potassic iodide i [Not platinum chlf^ride.] Mercuric potassic iodide, yellowish- ANCHIETINE A. Crys. light yellow needles, feebly alkaline, pungent [Not potassium bichromate.] green. taste. Salts crystalline. Action emetic. ' Pps. also with other alkaloid precipitants.' Soluble in alcohol ; not in ether, nor cold water, and scarcely when hot. :: :: DICTIONARY OP ACTIVE PIUNCIPI.ES THE OK IT.ANTS. !) It;. S ANDIRA anthelmintica, Lcfjuminosw. The bark— ' Cabbage- Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether. tree bark.' Used as anthelmintic. (For Andira retusa, see under (<•) GALIPIDINE A., C,,,H,,,NO:, ; crys. silky leaflets, Ratanhia.) u-hUe, but salts light yellow ; M.P. 111. ANDIRIN B. Vellowish-brown. Soluble in petroleum ether. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether. («/) CUSPARINE A. (Kusparine), C.H^NO, ; crys. long, broad needles 17. nemorosa, pratensis, Pulsatilla ; § ANEMONE ; Ranunculus bul- M.P. S'.i. bosus, Hammula, scleratus, etc. Raiiuiiculacea: Less soluble than above. Salts difficultly soluble. ANEMONIN B,, C,5H,.,06 or (Beckurts) C,„H„0, ; anhydride of a dibasic (e) CUSPARIDINE A (Kusparidine), C,„H,,N03 ; crys. needles (rosettes acid. Crystallizes in cliuo-rhombic prisms ; M.P. Iu2°-156° volatile ; in from dilute 78° solutions) ; M.P. ; salts white, and more readily soluble aqueous vapour ; without odour poisonous. ; than those of Cusjiarine. Soluble in chloroform, in hot water and hot alcohol (with difficulty Soluble in [letroleum ether. when cold), in fixed and volatile oils, scarcely in ether. (/) A (ii.cco.siDF. present but not isolated. Alkaline hydrates / ,. , .,, , ... • •' '10. . ! dissolve with decomposition. § ANTHEMIS nobilis (Chamomile), Onn/insi/n: The flowers. In- vestigator : Pattoiie. § 11^. ANGELICA (Archangelica officinalis). Umbel! ifercc. The root. ANTHEMINE A. Crys. regular, alkaline reaction, tasteless, odourless. /4/VGf/.//V (Hydrocarotin? B. Brimmer. Not the Angelina of Ferreira Soluble in chloroform (which removes it from ai'vl solutions), in acetic see Ratanhia), ; orys. pearly plates that float on taste- — CjgH^uO water ; ether, with difficulty in cold water, and not in ether or alcohol. less ; odourless. §-'1. ANTHOCERCIS viscosa, Solanacece. Australia. Investigator: Soluble in water, alcohol (difficultly cold), chloroform, ether, benzene, von Muller. turi>entine, fatty oils, and carbon bisulphide. ANTHOCERCWE A. Yellow oily liquid, heavier than Reactions water, agreeable odour, alkaline reaction. Alkaline hydrates, no action even boiling.] [ Soluble in alcohol and ether, with difficulty in water. Xi) pps. lead acetate, neutral or basic. Precipitants Tannic acid. Alkaline hydrates. Phospho-molybdic acid. Mercuric chloride. „ carbonates. „ tungstic acid, Concentrated sulphuric acid colours red without dissolving it. Tannic acid. lodo-potassic iodide. 10. Picric acid. § ANGOSTURA (Angostura ; Galipoea officinale, or Cusparia [No action potassic iodide alone.] febrifugal, liulnreir. The bark. [Ferric chloride, no action.] Bismuth-potassic iodide. Silver nitrate, slight («) ANGOSTURIN B. (Cusparin), C,8H.,,0|,„ Beckurts, Archh: Pharm., pp. Mercuric-potassic iodide. 1891. Crystallizes in small four-sided needles, M.P. 45°, neutral. [Potassium chromate, no action.] Soluble in alcohol, scarcely in water, not in ether. Colour tests Reactions Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish- brown. Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. „ nitric acid, pale yellow. hydrochloric Tannic acid, pp. „ acid, pale yellow. Mercurous nitrate, purple. § --. ANTIARIS toxicaria (Upas tree), Urticaceu'. Arrow poison. (h) GALIPINE A., C.„H,^iNO.| (this, and succeeding substances, investi- («) ANTIARIN C, Cj4H.j„05 ; crys. glittering plates 220° ; M.P. (re- crystallizing gated by Koerner and Bohringer, Beckurts and Nehring). Crys. silky on cooling) ; neutral reaction. Boiling dilute acids convert needles, wliilc, but salts golden yellow. M.P. 11.'')'6". to Antiarotin {beluiv) and sugar. 2 : : 10 DICTIONARY Ol- THE ACTIVE riUNClIM.ES or JM.ANT.- in Solubility: water, 1 in 254 at tr\ 1 in -'7 boiling in alcoliol 1 ; in Soluble ill alcohol, in water sparingly, very soluble in chloroform, 70 at -l-l' C. ; in 22'. ether, 1 in 2,792 at petroleum ether and carbon bisulphide. Reactions (h) AN ALKALOID, giving blood-red with nitric acid (from 1 and 2 above). Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. Animnniacal silver nitrate, reduced. (() A BROWN SUBSTANCE, soluble in ether with blue fluorescence (from 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, and above). [No pp. tannic acid nor metallic salts.] 14, Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown, (r/) AN ALKALOID, crystalline and poisonous, with sharp burning taste. Salts crystalline i from 3, and perhaps 7, above). (i) ANTIARETIN C!., deriv. (from above). Feathery crystals. Friihde's solution produces violet coloration. Soluble ill alcohol, ether, benzene, and petroleum ether. (r) AN ALKALOID, crystalline, colourless, moderately poisonous, soluble 23. canuabinum, Ajioci/naccir. § APOCYNUM (See also § 2H DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCITLES OP PLANTS. 11 Mem. —A tannin is contained in the root, giving red colour with potash Ferric chloride, blue coloration. and green with ferric cliloride. [Fehling's solution, not reduced.] (h) METHYLARBUTINV,., C,.,H,„0-(?). Similar to Arbutin ; M.P. 142"- § 2.'>. ARAKIBA rubra (Pickneya rufescens), Rtibiacecr. 14:-i°. Yields sugar and uiethyl-hydroquinone. ARIBINE A., C,.,H,,„X_, and with sHoO (Rieth and Wohler, 18G1). Crys. (() ERICOLIN G., ; amorphous brown 10(»\ rhombic octahedra or prisms; optically inactive; neutral; bitter; CjjHsiiO.,, ; semi-fusion at 2'29° Removed by benzene from an acid solution. M.P. with sublimate ; salts crystalline. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in amyl alcohol or ether, and requiring Reactions [Lead acetate, neutral or basic, no 7,762 parts of cold water (easier soluble on heating, with deposition of pp.] [Tannic acid, no p]i., slight.] cr^stals as solution cools). or but Gold jip., Precipitants chloride, no but reduction on warming. [Sliver nitrate, no Alkaline hydrates. [Tannic acid, no pp.] pp.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown. „ carbonates. Chlorine water, pp. sol. warm. with sugar, red. Ammonia. Bromine water, yel. pp. sol. warm. ,. „ „ t'nihde's solution, brown. [Lead acetate, no pp.] Iodine tincture, pp. sol. warm. Wanned with dilute acid, odour of ericinol. Concentrated acids, pp. from solutions () ANDROMEDOTOXIN (Asebotoxin) B., CnHsiO,,, (de Zaeyer) ; crys- Siv'cacefP, P?/cfiface"', etc. A. ursi (Arcto- § -li. ARBUTUS group ; uva tallizes in needles; M.P. 2211°; hevo-rotatory) but dextro-rotatory in sta|ihylos, or Bearberry), not {d). Arctostaphylos glauca (Man- («), (/), chloroform solution) ; neutral reaction, bitter. Extremely poisonous, zanita), the leaves («). more so even than aconitine, and more emetic than emetine or apomorphine. umbellata (d). f'himaphylla umbellata (Pyrola = Winter green), (a) not Solubility: lOO parl.K of the respect'ivK solvents take up tlie follotdnrj (rf). Ledum palust7-e (Labrador Tea, or 'James' Tea'), (a) not quanfiiies— venter, 2-Sl at '12" C. 0-87 at 100°; alcohol, 11 -7 at 12° C.'; Cilluna vulgaris («). amyl .ilcohol, 1-14 (1-26 0-07 ; chloroform, ; ether, ; benzene, 0-004. In- : Vaecinium vitis Erica Rhododendron (c) ; Pyrola (c) (Cranberry ; V. soluble in petroleum ether. ida?a = Red Whortleberry), (c), ('") ; Azalea Indica, (c), (d) ; Gaultheria Reactions : Alkaline hydrates remove the colours produced by acids (d) in (Winter Green, see also above), {c) [no G. procumbeus] ; Clethra (on re-.iculif\ing the solution, the colours reappear). (r:) [Clethra arborea and alnifolia do not contain (d)] ; Eriodictyon, (c) ; No precipitates by lead acetate, neutral or basic, nor by usual alkaloid (c), Epig»a, (c) ; Rhododendron ponticum, ((/) ; R. chrysanthemum, reagents. Hybridum and Maximum, (d) [no ('/) in R. Hirsutura]. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark brown, becoming red on warming. (d) Also in all the following : Andromeda japonica [also (//), (/')], Dilute sulphuric acid solution slowly evaporated, magnificent red Polyfolia, Angustifolia Latifolia. A. Catesboei, Calyculata, ; Kahnia resembling narceine reaction (see Opium). (d) Is iiol contained in Erica vulgaris, nor in Oxydendron arboreum. Solution in 2;'! per cent, phosphoric acid evaporated with a little C.,5H.,jO,j or Cry.s. silky needles with 2H.,0 hydrochloric acid, red. (a) ARBUTIN G., C,„Hi60-(:-'). ; (e) VACCININ B. (nitrogen ls3vo-rotatory ; M.P. 144°-14G°, if previously dried at 100 ; very hygro- free). Crys. in prisms, fusible. Soluble in alcohol and water (crystals from cooling solution), scopic ; neutral ; bitter. a scarcely Acids change to sugar and hydroquinone. in ether. "in water and alcohol when hot, with difficulty in these fluids (/) Soluble URSON, (A,,|H,jO., (from Arbutus uva ursi) ; crystalline, tasteless; cold, and scarcely in ether. M.P. l'.).s -2O0 when , snblimable. Reactions : Soluble with difficulty in alcohol or ether. Insoluble in water, acids, Xiil ]irecipitated by neutral lead acetate nor by other metallic salts. or alkalies. : — :: 12 niCTIONAKY OF THE ACTIVE I-1(IN( 1 1'LICS OK 1"LAM> Concentrated sul|ihuric acid gives jellow solution. Soluble in water ; scarcely in cold alcohol or in chloroform. Insolnble in ether or benzene. (Ether does not remove from alkaline aqueou.s {;/) ASEBOFUSCIN G., CisHisOj ; reddish-brown, yielding the violet sub- stance Asili::jjiirjiiir/u on boiling with alcoholic hydrochloric acid. solution i/i.itiiirtion front Arecoline.) Reactions Soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and alkalies ; scarcely in water. In- soluble in ether, chloroform and benzene. Tannic acid, turbidity. [Picric acid, no pp.] ASEBOTIN G., specific Crys. needles ; (//) C,4H.,„0i,. ; M.P. U:,-:)" Phosphomolybdic acid, turbidity. gravity, i:i5(i; bitter, non-poisonous. Yields sugar and Ascbogen/n on Potassic iodide, dark crystalline pp. treatment with acids. Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. red becoming crystalline. Soluble in alcoliol, hot water, and glacial acetic acid ; with difficulty in Mercuric-])otassic iodide, pp. yellow crystalline. cold watei-, or in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether. Reactions (() ARECAIDINE A., CjH,,NO,. (occurs naturally in the nut, and pro- Alkuliue hydrates, dissolve (acids reprecipitate). ducible artificially from Arecoline by heating in sealed tube with alkali or hydriodic acid, methyl group being eliminated). Isomer of Arecaine. Le:id acetate, basic, precipitates (no pp. wiih the neutral salt). Crystallizes from 70 per cent, alcohol with 1 molecule H«0. M.P. of an- ASEBOGENIN, CjsHjgO, ? (from Asebotin) ; crys. needles. (0 hydrous alkaloid, 22iV-. Kon-poisonous. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and dilute alkalies ; with difficulty in water Soluble in water and dilute alcohol ; scarcely in absolute alcohol, ether, or chloroform. chloroform, or benzene. Precipitated by basic lead acetate. Ferric chloride gives red coloration. §^7. ARECA Catechu, Palmacar {' Gn-vncii,' Betel-nut): the nut. (,l) GUVACINE A., C,;H,,NO, or NH-CH./COCO-CH(CH^)CH.. Crystal- •271 -"^72 Contains, al-o. Choline. For Catechin, see Catechu. line, iipiitial; M.P. ; non-poisonous. in water and dilute alcohol. {a)ARECOLINE A., C,H,;,NO,, or (C5NH7)CH3-CO./CH;, (Methyltetra- Soluble Insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, or strong alcohol. hydro-nicotinate), E. Jahns. An oil, volatile in vapour of water, boils at 209" Salts have acid reaction, and their solubilities are similar to those of ; strongly alkaline, very poisonous. Salts crystalline. the free base. Solubility : Miseible in all proportions with water, alcohol, ether, or chloroform. Ferric chloride gives a deep red. 2S. serpentaria, Reactions (of the salts) : )( ARISTOLOCHIACE.a;, Aristolochia the root (Ser- Alkaline hydrates give no pp., but liberate («) from its salts. pentary root, or Virginian Snake root), («) ; A. Argentina, (6), (c). [For Tannic acid, no pp. with the salts, but free (a) gives pp. A. cava, containing Corydaline, see Corydalis.] Picric acid, a tarry pp., becoming crystalline. (a) ARISTOLOCHIN B., C3,H.,.,N,0,:,(?). Bitter, poisonous, resembling [Platinum chloride, no physiologically. pp.] I Aloin Gold chloride forms a double salt (A-HCl-AuCl,), difficultly soluble i Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. in water. Reactions Phospbo-molybdic acid, white pp. Alkaline hydrates, pp. (purple-red on fusion with potash). Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. red, becoming crystalline. Lead acetate neutral, pp. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. yellow oily, becoming crystalline. [Fehling's solution, not reduced.] [Mercuric chloride, no pp.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark green. Iodine, pp. and brown solution. Dilute acids, precipitate from solution. (h) ARECAINE A., ARISTOLOCHINE (not identical with above— Uesse, CrH„KO,+H,0 (E. Jahns) ; crystalline, neutral, non- (b) A. 0. 1892); -^13° poisonous ; ]\1.P. (becoming frothy). amorphous, resinous. : DICTIONARY OP THE ACTIVE PKINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 13 Soluble in alcho!, ether, chloroform, aiul benzene. (/-) ABROTINE A., C.,,H.,.,No02 (Giacosa, 188B). Crystalline powder or Precipitated by alkaline hydrates. needles ; fluorescent blue. Sulphate = Ab./H.jSOjM;H.,0, crys. Soluble with difficulty in hot water. (f) ARISTINE A. Crystallizes in gold lamina! from hot glacial acetic Platinum chloride forms a compound difficultly soluble. acid ; neutral reaction : decomposed at 260'. C,jir,80,. four-sided ortho- Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzene ; sparingly in hot alcohol. (c) SANTONIN B. (Santonio acid). Crystals Alkaline hydrates and ammonia convert to red compound. rhombic ; M.P. 160°-170', yielding sublimate (if rapidly heated becomes 1'2.")7 Couccntiated sulphuric acid, bluc-wgreenish. brown, alcohol then giving a red solution) ; specific gravity ; feebly acid reaction, bitter in alcoholic solution : leevo-rotatory ; anthelmintic. § 2;l. ARNICA montana (Leopard's bane), Cmnpnsila'. Investigator: Solubility ; 1 in 4,iX)0 cold, 1 in 250 hot water ; 1 in 72 cold alcohol, Walz, iV. .hilirxl). Pharm., vols. \?> and 15. easier warm ; 1 in 4'.^5 chloroform ; 1 in 42 hot ether ; soluble also in benzene, acetic acid, and ethereal Gil«. ARNICIN B., C._,„H.j„Oj(?). Amorphous terebinthinate ( ' possibly cry stalliz- Chloroform and benzene remove from acid solutions on shaking, but able.' Dupuy) ; bitter, non-volatile. not from (iHiili'ne aqueous mixtures. Soluble in alooliol and ether ; difficultly or insoluble in water. Precipitants : Alkiiliiie hydrates ( ,. , ' • di.ssnlve. ,, Alkaline hydrates, dissolve (alcoholic sodic hydrate gives a momen- Ammonia ( tary red). Precipitated by the following from alcoholic solution : Lead acetate, basic. Silver nitrate. Lead acetate, neutral or basic (the pp. is a lead .^antonate, soluble in Tannic acid. Mercuric chloride. warm alcohol). Platinum chloride Tannic acid. I Mercurous nitrate. Ferrous sulphate. Chlorine water, slow deposition :')0. ARTEMISIA absyntbium (Wormwood), Compoxifit (»)• A. Copper sulphate. of crystals. § 1 (Southernwood), ; maritima (Semen santonici. abrotanum (h) A. Semen Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves at first colourless ; on heating contra, or Worinseed), (c). [A. herba alba, Asso. (A. ramosa, Smith ; or, to 150°, then adding 1 drop ferric chloride, red-«vgradually violet. A. silberi, Be-s), contains no (c).] Dilute acids do not dissolve, but precipitate from solution after some days. (May be ' shaken out' by chloroform.) (':) ABSYNTHIIN B. orG., CjoHogOs or CisH^oOj (Senger) ; pale yellow, HYPOSANTONIN. formed by reduction of amorphous; M. f. r20°-125°? (65° Senger) ; neutral, bitter ; convertible, ((/) C,5H,sO, (Grassi-Cristaldi), according to Senger, into dextrose, a volatile substance, and a resin. santonin phenylhydrazone with sodium arnalgam. Crystallizes in shining plates; M.P. 152°; Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene ; with difficulty in water dextro-rotatory; [a]n=-|-30. or petroleum ether. Soluble in benzene, warm alcohol, ether, acetic acid. Insoluble in Benzi-ne removes from acid solution petroleum spirit, only traces. water and cold alkaline solutions, but latter dissolve on warming. ; sulphuric chloride, violet-wgreen. Reactions : Concentrated acid and ferric Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. Tannic acid. pp. {(>) ISOHYPOSANTONIN. from (rf) by dis.solving in potash and reprecipi- [Lead, acetate neutral or basic, Gold chloride, pp. ; reduction on tating with acid. La;vo-rotatory : [a]D=— 70-31. no pp.1 warming. Colour tests § 3t. ASCLEPIADACE.S, various. A. syriaca, A. currassavica Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown reen~v.blue ; no characteristic (Bastard ipecacuanha). A. incarnata (Swamp silk-weed), A. tuberosa odour on warming. (Butterfly- weed), and Vincetoxicum officinale, (a). Solenostemma Nitric acid, oxidizes to oxalic and picric acids, etc (Cynanchum) Argel, (i), (e). [Araygdalin was found by Greshotf in an Friihde's reagent, browu'vv.violet-blue. Indian Asclepiadea : Gymnema latifolium.] : DICTIONAKY OF THE ACTIVE I'UINCIIM.ES Ol' I'l.ANTS. ( (< ) CYNANCHOCERIN (compare Echicerin, AhlonJa). Crystallizes in flat carbonates. yellow, "needles. Ammonia. lodo-potassic iodide, brownish- Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Tannic acid, yellowish-white. jellow. ?,!. Picric acid. Mercuric chloride, white. § ASIMININIA triloba, Pupcu^rmccw. The seed. ASIMININE Platinum chloride. (Chlorine water, yellow solution A. ; amorphous, tasteless, odourless, alkaline. Gold chlori Nitric acid, carmine'wpurple. also Snlanum). Atropa belladonna (Deadly nightshade), (a), (^g), (h), (/i) Scopolia japonica (Japanese belladonna), principally, Hydrochloric acid, colourless cold, purple on warming (like morphine). ; ((/) small quantity also (n), (o), ; Scopolia carniolica. («), (/<), (p) (o) only ; § :!:>. ATHAMANTHA oreoselinum. Peucedatium oreoselinum, («), 8. Hlardnackiai.a (i/), possibly (/)), Schmidt ; Anisodus luridus. kSo/anaceie, (i) Peucedaiium officinale, ; Imperatoria ostruthium, (i), (c), (rf?), (A. the plant in flower, no in seeds but trace of (a) ; Hyoscyamus Jassoy found no but only (.'/). (7) (>91), (il) PEUCEDANIN B. (Imperatorin ? this denied by Jassoy, see above). Ladenburg. Crvs. pillars and needles ; optically inactive (or feebly C,5H„0,j or (Jas.soy). liBvo-rotatory V). M.P. variously given as CJJ-, !I0", 114°, part sublimable. Ci.HiiO.-OCH, Crystalline ; M.P. 76°-82°; burning taste. Alkaline reaction (reddens Phenolphthalein, an exception to ufurli/ all ' Soluble in hot alcohol, in ether, chloroform, alkalokh ; for other bases reacting similarly, see Reaction,' Part III.) benzene, carbon-bisulphide, i oils, and hot acetic acid. Insoluble in water. * I For other coustitneuts of Lettuce, see Lactnca. : ' DlC'TK)NAl:V 01- THE ACTIVK I'lilNCIl'LliS 01' I'L.VNTS. 15 Disagreeable metallic bitter taste. Produces dilatation of the pupil. De- when added to a dilute solu- compound with Atropine or composed readily by strong acids and alkalies (e.\cept ammonia), forming tion of free -4.tropine, a black Hyoscyamine, seen as ladiat- tropine and tropic acid, C,|Hj„Oj. pp. ing leaflets under the micro- Soluble in UdO parts cold, or [>8 of boiling water, 3 chloroform, 30 cold Bromine water, j'ellow, becoming scope ( Characteristic' — T. G. and G boiling ether, 40 benzene ; miscible in nearly all proportions with crystalline. Wormly). sdluble alcohol ; also in glycerine, but scarcely in petroleum ether or Bromine in hydrobromic acid or Charcoal, partially absorbs. carbon bisulphide. It is removed by benzene from alkaline solulion, not in alcohol, gives crystalline ' easily by ether. Colour tests (nearly all are negative ; see, however, V'itali test) : Precipitants Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. If atropine sulphate be Alkaline hydrates (not if ""'Mercuric chloride in alcohol, heated first alone till white fumes appear, then sulphuric acid (I',') dilute), sol. in excess with to ihe free base, red pp. pp. gramme) be added, and farther heated till browned, an agreeable gradual decomposition. (HgO). odour is produced on subsequent addition of 2 cc. water. On then Alkaline carbonates. [Nol by potassium ferrocyanide. adding potassium permanganate (a fragment), an odour of bitter \Not bicarbonates.] feri'icyanide. ,, ,, almond oil will be perceived. [Xol sodium acetate, compare „ „ sulphocyanide. Concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate, discoloured Opium.] Not by potassium chromate.] merely. Ammonia hydrate. Potassium bichromate, 1 in 3,000 Concentrated nitric acid, crystals become brown ; solution colourless. \_Not am. carbonate.] gradually. "Vitali test : Evaporated with nitric acid at 100°, then touched with acid ? sol. in acid, Tannic (1 in 3,000 [Not chromic 5 per cent. a drop of freshly-prepared alcoholic potash, magnificent violet HCl. not 1 in 200.—Dragen- solulion.] changing to cherry red gradually. dorff.* ' unless acid.' [Not silver-potassic cyanide.] No pp. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. —Dupuy.) Phospho-molybdic acid, yellow Periodic acid, not reduced. ? Picric acid, 1 in 200, not 1 in flocks-v>.blue with ammonia ; Frcihde's solution, colourless. 50i> [ip. sol. excess, 1 ; or pp. cloud in 4,000. These have been formed artificially from the with Daturine, not with Phospho-tungstic acid. respective optically active tropic acids with Atropine ? Phospho antimonic acid, up to 1 (li) DEXTRO-ATROPINE I Trojune ; they form crystals from alcohol, [Not ferric chloi'ide.] in 6,000, sol. warm, (-) L/EVO-ATROPIHE I the former melting at 110° 111°, and the ? Platinum chloride, no pp. lodo - potassic iodide, reddish- latter at 111°. Rotatory ])Ower of former Atropine, pp. Daturine — brown, 1 in 3,000. (Erhardt). [Not potassic iodide.] I =-hl0°. (d) TROPINE A., C„H,5N0 or C5H-(CfT.,CFI,,0H)NCH, (compare Gold chloride, lemon-coloured Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange; Ecgonine, under Cora). Formed from Atropine or Hyoscyamine by acids pp. 1 iu 3.01)0? (1 in 100, flocculent pp. 1 in 10,000 ; faint or alkalies ; rhombic leaflets (!1°, boils 229° ; hygroscopic. ; M.P. at Dragendorff).* No reduc- at 1 in 1G,000. Soluble in water and alcohol readily. Platinum salt soluble. tion. Cadmium-]iotassic iodide (1 in Concentrated sulphuric acid yields («). Mercuric-potassic iodide, up to 500—Drageudorff).t 1 in 7,000. [Not zinc-potassic iodide, or but (e) TROPIDINE A. (from above), CgHuN. An oily liquid with con line- boils 1(')2°. Mercuric chloride, cloud at 1 in slightly.] like odour ; at in cold less easily 3,000 then partly sol. Mercurods nitrate, dilute solution Soluble water ; hot. pp, ; HCl. free from excess of acid, gives, Picric acid gives yellow pp. * ' Ermitteluiig tier Glfte. * Gerraril test (see'Part III. ). C/) HOMATROPINE A., CsH^iNOj (from Tropine and oxytoluic acid). : — : li! DICTIONAKY Ol' THE ACTIVE PltlNrU'LK; Crystallizes in prisms ; M.P. 'JS^-'JS". Resembles Atropine in physio- Phospho-molybdic acid, yellowish-white. Icigiciil action. Phospho-tungstic acid, Soluble only with difficnlty in water, iilthough liygroscopic ; readily in lodo-potassic iodide, orange. ether and chloroform. [Not potassic iodide alone.] Precipitants Jiismiith-potassic iodide, red amorphous. Picric acid, yellow becoming crystalline. Cadmium-potassic iodide, 1 in I'l.OUU. Mercuric potassic iodide, white flocculent. Mercuric potassic iodide, white. Mercuric chloride. Mercuric chloride in alcohol, to the free base, red pp. (HgO). Iodine tincture. Colour test : Evaporated with nitric acid, then touched with drop of Colour tests (negative) : alcoholic jiotash when cold, yellow coloration. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. ' HYOSCYAMINE A. (Duboi>ine ; Commercial samples with latter name with sugar, no effect. ((/) ,, „ „ are frecjuently only scopolamine.' —Schmidt), CiyH^jNOj ; isomeric with „ „ „ with potassium bichromate, discoloured. Atropine, from which it differs only (according to Ladenburg's suggestion) „ nitric acid, colourless. as tartaric differs from racemic acid. Crys. in needles or plates if pure, „ hydrochloric acid, colourless. otherwise amorphous ; M.P. 108 and slightly volatile ; feebly Ieevo- Frohde's solution. rotatoi-y. No odour if pure, otherwise tobacco-like. Dilates the pupil. ( Soluble in hot water ; with difficulty in the cold (easier sol. when Readily soluble in alcohol and chloroform ; with difficulty in water im(iurc), in alcohol, amyl alcohol, ether, chloroform benzene. and ether. It is removed from alkaline solution by benzene and ether (not easily Yields, on hydrolysis, tropic acid and a base isomeric with Tropine. by latter). Gold chloride salt of Pseudohyoscyamine melts at ITil C. It may be obtained in the cri/stalliiie form from benzene (in needles), (Sikeranine and from chloroform (in plates), but only amorphous from amyl alcohol (/() HYOSCINE A. ; Scopolamine), C,-H^XO:, (Ladenbnrg), amorphous ; semi-fluid, or ether. or C17H.J1NO, (Hesse and Schmidt) ; giving 0.')' 5!!' crystalline .-alts ; M.P. about (Hesse), or (Schmidt) Precipitants ; tevo- (Aluaiine hydrates, only in part even with concentrated solutions). rotatoiy: [a]n=-1371. Dilates the pupil. '\ Soluble iu alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and with difficulty in ( „ carbonates 1 hydrate " " " "' water. Removed from alkaline solution as atropine (see above). VAmmonia i / Tannic acid, yellowish-white. Precipitants chloride sepa- potass, Picric acid, yellow. Grid ; may be [No! by sulphocyanide.] [^Not ferric chloride.] rated from commercial Hyos- ,, ,, chromate]. fractional pre- Phospho-tungstic acid, ? Nut Platinum chloride, unless concentrated (pp. sol. in excess cyamine by lodo-potassic iodide, Dragf-ndorff, ' Erraittelung der Gifte'). cipitation. pp. oily. Gold chloride, yellowish white. Potassium ferrocyanide, white [Not potassium iodide.] \_Not potassium ferrocyaiiide. amorphous. Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellow. ferricyanide. lyol by potass, ferricyani le.J Mercuric chloride, amorphous. ,, No coloration with concentrated sulphuric acid. ,, sulphoc_\anide. „ chromate.J (/) ATROPAMINE .A., Ci7H..,N0^, : stands to Hyoscine as does Apoatropine :::: ; DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCll'LES OF PLANTS. 17 to Atropine.* Amorphous (varnish) ; M.P. under 60° ; slightly alkaline Colour tests ; bitter (in alcoholic solution). No colour chlorine water. cold faint warming. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and sparingly in water ,, hydrochloric acid ; red on nitric acid cold yellow on waruiing. or petroleum ether. ,, ; Precipitated from acetic solution by sodium chloride. (») SCOPOLIN (G. ?). Amorphous : difliccdtly soluble in water. Platinum chloride .'salt melts at 203° to 204° (Hesse). Precipitants Gold chloride comp und melts at 112°. Alkaline hydrates, caseous pp., sol. in excess. Fuming hydrochloric acid converts to atropic acid and (j), cold con- „ carbonates „ „ „ centrated sulphuric acid, or boiling baryta solution change to (/.). Ammonia „ „ ,, PSEUDOTROPINE A. (Hesse's Oscine), or CsHiaNO,, Hesse U) OgHisNO, ; Tannic acid (in acid or alkaline solution). [from Atropamine ; see also Coca (8a)]. (Platinum chloride, yellowish white, if concenli-ateJ.) (fc) BELLADONNINE A., CVHoiNOo (O. Hesse). From Atropamine (see Gold chloride, yellow. above), or from Commercial Hyoscyamine by fractional precipitation Phospho-molybdic acid, white, with potassium carbonate. White or yellowish, amorphous, gummy, lodopotassic iodide, brown. volatile, alkaline : slightly bitter. taste burning and Colour tests Soluble with difficulty in water, but dissolved by alcohol, ether, chloro- Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless ; agreeable odour on warm- form, aiid benzene. ing. Precipitated by : Concentrated nitric acid, colourless ; yellow on warming. Potassium carbonate. chloride yellow Platinum \ (o) ROTOINE (Henschke denies that this is a base). Ammonia. Gold chloride \ powder. Tannic acid. (p) SCOPOLETIN G. -derivative (Methyl-aesculetin, Takahtish/ ; compare 198°-! 99°; giving fluores- Fuming hydrochloric acid gives Pseudotropine and atropic acid (com- yEsouIus), CioHgOj ; colourless needles; M.P. pare Atropamine). cent ."(ilutions. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and with difficulty in water. (0 STRAMONINE A. ; M.P. 150°, with sublimate ; neutral reaction, not bitter. brittle (q) MANDRAGORINE A., Ci-H.,,,N03 (F. B. Ahrens) ; amorfihous, Soluble in oils. 77°-7y°. resinous hygroscopic ; M.P. Dilates pupil. Sulphate crystal- Not preciptated by metallic salts. line. (?«) PITURINE A. ( = Nicotine (Petit), this denied by Liversidge), Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. C]oH,bX^ ; liquid heavier than water ; sharp taste, nicotine-like odour and Precipitants alkaline reaction. Volatile at ordinary temperatures ; B.P. 243°. Picric acid. (Platinum chloride compound Soluble in all proportions, in water, alcohol, or ether. Pho.spho-tungstio acid. M.P. 194°-196°.) Precipitants (Gold chloride compound, sol. lodopotassic iodide. Tannic acid ; white, sol. HCl., Copper sulphate green, insol. in ; hot and in HCl; M.P. (Mercuric chloride, crys. com- 1 in 100. excess, 1 in 100. 153°-15.5°.) pound ; M.P. about 100°.) Picric 1 white, acid ; yellow, in 100. Mercuric potassic iodide ; [Platinum chloride (neutral 1 in 100. (r) NICOTINE A. (see Piturine above), Ci„HijNo ; liquid colourless when laevo-rotatory boils at sol.), but not 1 in 100.] [Not chlorine water.] pure, but rapidly becoming brown on exposure, ; Gold chloride 1 in 100. 240°-2.')0°, with partial decomposition in air. Specific gravity r027 (at ; palered, 15° alkaline reaction, sharp burning taste. Very poisonous, 16 * E. Merck regards Atropamine as Apoatropine, 0.) ; : 18 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. times toxic power of Coniine. Salts crystallize with difficulty, and lose Chlorine gas colours brown to blood-red : substance formed is sol. in Nicotine on evaporation. alcohol yielding crystals on evaporation. all Soluble in proportions, in water, alcohol, and ether ; also soluble in Iodine dissolved in ether gives with etheral solution of nicotine, after benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, oils, and in 40 parts of turpentine. some hours, long needle-shaped crystals. It is removed from alkaline solution by petroleum ether as well as by Colour tests (mostly negative) : ether, benzene, and chloroform. ('i)ncentrated sulphuric acid, no effect. Sulphur is dissolved by it at 101)°, and crystallizes out on cooling. ,. ., with sugar, no effect. Precipitants ,, ,, ., ., ,, nitric acid, no effect. (It is only displaced from its salts by alkalies and alkaline eaiths.) ,, nitric acid, no effect, or scarcely yellow ; but with Solid potash causes Nicotine to separate from solution. larger quantity (than ordinarily used for such tests), gay half-drop, Lead acetate, neutral, pp. of lead hydrate with the free base. violet-red'wblood-red~<.colourless. Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in 500, sol. in hydrochloric acid, but warm Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect (red amorphous residue on reappearing as solution cools. evaporation). [Not gallic acid.] Frilhde's reagent, no effect or yellowish. Picric acid m excess gives pp., otherwise not in dilute solution. The pp. is amorphous, but changes to crystals. (.s) FABIANIN G., giving fluorescent solutions. Ferric chloride, pp. of ferric hydrate by free base. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether (removed by latter from Platinum chloride, sol. in hot water and in hydrochloric acid alkaline solution). pp. ; i .''1,000 cloud at in using HCl salt. •' ' , ; dissolve to deep yellow fluorescent solutions. Ammonia "^ •' Gold chloride, gradual cloud at 1 in 10,000. \ [Not potassium f errocyanide. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassic bichromate, deep green. ferricyanide. Nitric acid, yellow. „ ,, Hydrochloric acid, ditto. „ ., sulphocyanide. ohromate. „ „ (0 FABIIN. Neutral, crystalline, non-fusible (browns at 270°). „ silver-potassic cyanide.] Soluble in absolute alcohol or in boiling 95 per cent, spirit, and in ether Phosphomolybdic acid, cloud at 1 in 40.000. or chloroform. Insoluble in water. Phospho-antimonic acid, cloud at 1 in 'ioO. Unaffected by alkalies. lodo-rotassic iodide to acidified solution, reddish-brown pp., up to 1 Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassic bicromate, dark blue. in 260,000. Bismiith-potassic iodide, pp. ; cloud at 1 in 40,000. ?>C} g AURANTIACE.ffi. Citrus aurantium (Sweet orange) ; C. Cadniium-potassic iodide, 1 in 10,000'? (1 in ."iOO Dragen- pp., bigaradia, or C. aurantium, var. Amara (Bitter orange) ; C. medica dorff, ' Ermittelung der Git te '). ('citron '), the fruits (a) ; Citrus decumana (Shaddock), (g), 2 per cent, [Not zinc-potassic iodide.] in dried flowers ; C. limonum (Lemon), the seeds (i) ; Murraya Mercuric-potassic iodide, white amorphous resinous characteristic; exotica (J). cloud at 1 in 15,000 ; limit, 1 in 25,(100. (a) HESPERIDIN G. (see Barosmin), Co,H^O,„ (or C^^^^O.^, C. Tanret, Mercuric chloride gives loith free Nicoliiie, white crystalline pp., 1 in sphero-crystals ; With per cent, sul- 3,000. 1888). Forms M.P. 250°-25r. i acid in alcoholic solution, it yields Hesperidin -t- glucose (2 parts) -)- Mercuric cyanide, not with free Nicotine, but crystalline pp. when phuric part). neutral Nicotine hydrochloride is added to saturated sol. of mercuric isodulcitol (1 cyanide. Soluble in acetic acid and alcohol, in 5,000 parts of hot water (crystals : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OP PLANTS. 19 on cooling) ; but insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon, bisul- Soluble in alcohol and acetic acid ; scarcely in water or ether. phide, or acetone. Reactions Alkaline hydrates dissolve, j Tannic acid pp. with the alcoholic dissolve acids reprecipitate. ( ii! /I, J i \ f- ; r t- earths (hydrates) Acids reprecipitate. Picric acid ( solution. „ ) | [No pp. lead acetate, neutral or basic] Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves blood-red ; water repreeipi- Ferric chloride, brownish-red coloration. tates. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves, and on warming gives intense (,/•) MURRAYIN C, C,8H„„0,„ + ]iH.,0 (air-dried); crys. fine needles; red. M.P. 170°, with crystalline sublimate ; feebly bitter. Dilute sulphuric amalgam, and then hydrochloric acid, a is Treated with sodium pp. acid converts to Murrayetin and glucose. obtained that dissolves in alcohol to a reddish-violet solution. Soluble in alcohol easily, and in hot water ; difficultly in cold water, (h) HESPERETIN (from Hesperidin), CdHisO^. Crystalline plates ; M.P. and scarcely in ether. 224°--2-i0° sweetish taste. ; account u i. give solutions that are fluorescent on of Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in ether or benzene, and scarcely in -° -,,- '-, carbonates . j; j ,, Murravetm formed. water. •' ,, earths ) Ferric chloride, brown coloration. (/.•) MURRAYETIN, CiMjnOi,; formed together with glucose from Mur- HESPERETINIC ACID (Iso-ferulic Acid), Ci(,H,„()„ or (CH : («) CsH^ rayin. It is a fluorescent, tasteless substance. 0H.C00H)(0H)(0CH3), is formed, together with phloroglucin, Soluble in hot water and alcohol ; difficultly in cold water or ether. 228'\ by the action of hot potash solution on Hesperetin ; M.P. Yields Basic lead acetate gives pp. acid protocatechuic on fusion with potash. Ferric chloride, blui.sh-green coloration. reactions {(1) ISOHESPERIDIN, Co,H,60i„ or CioHjoOoy + oHoO ; same as cordifolia (Co«i/(f<. P.'xi^rata, ./. Pharm , 1870. (e) AURANTIAMARIC ACID, Ci„H,.,Oj ; resinous, very bitter, tevo- rotatory crystallizes in needles. ([a]D=-2.S'). BACHARINE A. ; Solubility, slight in cold water, better hot, and in alcohol and ether Soluble in hot water. ; best in amyl alcohol. (f) AURANTIAMARIN G.; bitter probably same formula as Isohesperidin ; Precipitated by most alkaloid precipitants (Dupuy). (Tanret). § 38. BAPHIA nitida (Legumiimsce— Cmsalpinew), Sierra Leone, etc. {g) NARINGIN «. (De Vrij's Hesperidin ; Aurantiin), C23H28O12+4H2O From the woud ('Barwood' or 'Camwood') Anderson {J. Chem. Snc, (E. Hoffmann). Yellow, crystalline, bitter, Isevo-rotatory ( -8i'5° in 187G) has extracted : water, or - 87'6° in alcohol); M.P. 171°. Yields Naringenin and iso- dulcitol on hydrolysis. BAPHIIN B. (Ci-iHioOj),, ; crystallizing in lustrous needles or plates which are colourless if pure, otherwise red. M.P. below 200° C. (part Soluble in 301) parts water, in alcohol and acetic acid. Insoluble in only melts, remainder decomposing) ; odour of orris root ou heating. ether, chloroform, benzene, or essential oils. then Yields acid Ferric chloride, reddish-brown coloration. Oxidizes on exposure, becoming yellow, red. Baphic on boiling (see over). Baphiin is neutral, insoluble in water, diffi- or (/() NARINGENIN (from Naringin)=Phloroglucinol-paracoumarate, cultly soluble in benzene and carbon bisulphide, soluble in alcohol and OH-CsHjCH : GHCOO-C6H3(OH).,. ether. Baphinilin (i) /./MOA///VG., Cj^HooO/? (Bernays) ; microscopic crystals ; M.P. 2W With alkaline solution decomposition occurs, being (or 276° Paterno) ; very bitter, neutral. formed. : ——— 20 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. A wliite preiipitate is obtained on addition of neutral lead acetate to Potassium bichromate, an immediate light yellow precipitate, floc- the alcoliolic solution. Dry hydrochloric acid gas gives a red, changing to culent at 1 in 3,000. violet, then gieen. Phospho-molybdic in acid solution, pp. dissolves blue in ammonia. lodo-potas.sic iodide, a Kermes-coloured BAPHIC ACID, from Baphiin (see p. 19j, is a yellowish-white powder, pp. soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. Bismutho-potassic iodide, orange-red. Cadmium-potassic iodide. § S'.l. BAROSMA (Diosma) crenulata, B. serratifolia, and B. betulina Mercuric-potassic iodide (Mayer's reagent), white. {L'utdfCd). The leaves (Buchu loaves). Landerer, Repert. Plidi-m., 34, Mercuric chloride, white, dissolved by HCl or by ammoninm 63, and others. chloride. Iridium-sodium chloride, red. BAROSMIN G. (Uiosmin ; possibly identical with Hesperidin) ; crystallizes '243° White by sodium phosphate, nitre, nitric acid and platino-potassic in microscopic needles ; M.P. C. ; agreeable odour on burning. Dilute pp. acids convert to glucose, and a substance melting at 126° to 130° C. Baros- cyanide. is soluble in alcohol (scarcely so if cold) in ether, min and volatile oils, Colour tests : Concentrated Sulphuric acid, dirty olive-green, becoming dilute acids and alkalies, the latter with yellow colour. lighter in 15 to 20 hours; Fnibde's reagent (concentrated sulphuric with It does not reduce Fehling's solution. molybdic acid), brownish-green, lighter after half an hour, yellowish in Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves to yellow solution. a 24 hours ; nitric acid, brown. PARA-BEBEERINE A., soluble in hot water but § 4(1. BEBEERU bark (Nectandra rodisei Lauracece), Greenheart- C^jHs N._,0 ; the sulphate insoluble in alcohol. tree, British Guiana ; Buxus sempervirens (Box Euphorhiacea) , the bark and leaves; Botryopt-is platyphylla (' Pareira root') and Cissampelos PARA-BUXINE A. (Para-bebeerine ?) ; red, amorphous. Pareira (Menisperinaceir). [Geshoff has found an alkaloid resembling Soluble in water and alcohol ; insoluble in ether. Possesses acid Bebeerine in Hernandia sonora and H. ovigera Lnuracew']. Investigators : properties. Fauri^, Kodie. Maclaglan, etc. Nitric acid produces a permanent green. BEBEERINE A. (Beberine, Buxine, Pelosine), C,sH„,NO:, (Fliickiger) ; SIPIRINE A. ; resinous, brownish-red ; soluble in alcohol (Maclaglan). crystalline salts 150" ' or amorphous, amorphous. Dextro-rotatory. M.P. The name is derived from Sipiri,' the Dutch name for the G-eenheart- (198° Dupuy). Becomes electric rubbing. Alkaline reaction on ; bitter. tree. Fliickiger doubts the individuality of this alkaloid. Used as tonic —dose, 1 to 10 grains of the Sulphate— is also antiseptic. NECTANDRINE A. (regarded by v. Planta as identical with Bebeerine), Very difiRcultly soluble in water (6,000 parts cold, l,iJOO boiling) dissolves ; 100- CjoH.^jXOj (Maclaglan) ; amorphous powder ; M.P. below fmelts in 5 parts absolute alcohol, 13 parts ether, also in amyl alcohol, chloroform, under hot water) bitter. acetone, benzene, and carbon bisulphide. ; Insoluble in water ; dissolves in 250 parts of ether. Soluble in Precipitants chloroform. Alkaline hydrates (sol. in excess). Concentrated sulphuric acid, with a little manganese dioxide, gives a Alkaline carbonates. magnificent green, becoming violet like the strychnine reaction. Ammonia (not by neutral Lead acetate). Tannic acid, yellowish- white (sol. in warm hydrochloric acid). § 41. BERBERIS group. The alkaloid Berberine has been found in Pici'ic acid, yellow, amorphous at 1 in 3,000. members of the Berberidea", Caasiea, jre?iisperme(r^ Pajiu reriuefr, lianun- Platinum chloride, yellow, insoluble in HCl. ctilacea:, Rutacea, etc. ; notablj' in the families Coptis, Coccinium, Gold chloride, yellowi.'-h-white. Cocculus, Coelocline, Geoffroya, and in particular the following plants : Ferro- and ferri-cyanides of potassium, yellow. Berberis vulgaris (the alkaloids (u), (J), ( DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 21 dioxide, added to the sulphuric Hydrastis Canadensis, the 'Goldenseal' (the alkaloids («),(/), (9), including Oxidizers, such as manganese when ' give colours resembling those with strychnine. 4 per cent, of Beiberine) ; Cocculus palmatus. ColumlDO root ' (see also acid solution, 10 to 15 hours solution in sulphuric Ciilumba) ; Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis, Podophyllum peltatum (see Potassic nitrate, added after also Podophyllum), etc. acid, changes the olive-green solution to dark brown or orange. [For Artarine resembling Berberine, see Xanthoxylon.] Nitric acid, brown. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, insoluble. (a) BERBERINE A. (Xanthopicrit), C.^.H^NOj, and with .5H,0 ; crystal- Fruhde's reagent, brownish-green, becoming gradually lighter. lizes in yellow prisms or needles ; M.P. VIO" C. (Fleitman), or browns at Vliwtiei; the French name for 110° 160° ; warming OXYACANTHINE A. (Vinetine, from and blackens at (Perkiu) faint quinone odour on ; (&) Berberis vulg. the Oxyacanthine from Cratcegus oxyacanthus), neutral to litmus ; bitter ; feebly toxic to man, poisonous to dogs and ; not crystalline ; dextro-rotatory other animals. Medicinal dose, "J to o grains. C]8H,,,N0.,. or Cj5,H.,iN03 (Riidel) ; M.P. of the dried ammonia Solubility ; It dissolves in .'>00 parts of cold water, in alcohol, in [a]D= +131-6 for chloroform solution; reaction = 138°- 100°, or the crystals from alcohol li08°-214° ; alkaline ; benzene with difficulty. Insoluble in ether and petroleum ether ; chloro- pp. form removes traces from acid solution. Boiling alkalies convert to a bitter. difficulty alcohol, 30 parts cold, resinous s-ubstance, and ammonia dissolves to a reddish-brown solution. Solubility : Water dissolves it with ; removes it from alkaline solution), The salts (excepting acetate and pyrophosphate) are difficultly soluble. 4 boiJHit; ; soluble in ether (which with chlorof.^rm in all proportions. slightly in petroleum ether ; miscible Precipitants, etc. Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in .%000, increased by hydrochloric acid and Precipitants dis.solved on warming. Alkaline hydrates and ammonia, soluble in excess. Picric acid, pp. amorphous, becoming crystalline at 1 in 3,000. [Not by neutral or basic lead acetate.] Platinum chloride. Tannic acid, white. Gold chloride, immediate orange pp. at 1 in 3,000; part soluble in cold Hicrio acid, yellow. HCl. [No pp. ferric chloride.] Ferro-cyanide potassium, yellow. Platinum chloride, yellow, soluble in hydrochloric acid. Pot:isaio-argentic cyanide, amorphous at 1 in 0,000. Gold chloride. Potassium bichromate, amorphous, Silver nitrate, white. lodo-potassic iodide, kermes colour (or green plates in warm alcoholic [Not by copper sulphate.] solution. Phospho-molybdic acid, yellowish-white. Bismutho-potassic iodide, orange-red. Mercuric chloride. Cadmium-potassic iodide, complete precipitation. Bromine solution. Zinc-potassic iodide, amorphous at 1 in 6,000. Iodine, reddi.sh-brown. Mayer's reagent (mercuric-potassic iodide). Tartar emetic. Mercuric chloride, amorphous, insoluble in HCl even warm. Stannous chloride. Bromine water, a yellow pp. [No pp. mercurous nitrate.] Iodine, green crystals if excess of iodine be avoided. Colour Reactions ; Tincture of iodine, yellowish-brown crystalline pp. Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown (colourless to yellow— O. Colour Reactions Hesse). of Chlorine water, poured gently on to surface of Beberine solution, Nitric acid, brownish-yellow, becoming resinous with formation gives a red ring distinguishable even at 1 in 250,000. oxalic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow (olive-green, Muter). Per-iodic acid, reduced. : : " :: : DICTIONARY OF THK ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Fruhde's reiigent (molybdic and sulphuric acids), violet, becoming Nitric acid alone, orange, the solution on dilution being fluorescent. brimnish-ijreen at edges. Friihde's solution (molybdic in sulphuric acid), green, changing to (() HYDROBEBERINE A., C.„H.,NOj; formed from Berberine by reduction; brown. crystallized in needles or prisms. (f/) XANTHOPUCCINE A., orange-yellow crystals. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, carbon bisulphide. Insoluble in water. Soluble in hot alcohol. Insoluble in ether or chloroform. Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a yellowish-green. Precipitants Nitric acid oxidizes to Berberine. See Corydalis cava (Chelidonium Auimonia. group). lodo-potassic iodide, brown. (f/) BERBAMINE A., isomeric with Berberine (or lower homologue by Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. UH,, Riidel). Nitric acid, brown. Soluble in alcohol and ether 15()°. ; M.P. (/() CANADINE A., C^iHoiNOj (Methyl berberine plus two atoms of Platinum chloride compound, white crystalline, hydrogen). (e) BETA-OXYACANTHINE A., by heating Oxyacanthine in alkali. Soluble in ethyl acetate. Insoluble in ether. Hydrochloric acid gives a precipitate soluble in Precipitated by ammonia. excess. in alkalies. Soluble (i) COPTINE A., accompanies Berberine in Coptis trifoliata ; colourless. (/) HYDRASTINE A., C2,H„,N0e (Eyckmann). In constitution this alka- Dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid without colour, but becoming loid closely resembles Narcotine, differing only by a methoxy group, purple on warming. CH3O. It crystallizes colourless, if pure; islsevo-rotatory, [a]D= — 67'8 § 4J. BOLDOA (Peumus Boldoa = Boldo) ; MnnimiacecB; Chili. 135° (Freuud) ; ; M.P. has alkaline reaction, and is bitter in when BOLDINE A., alkaline, bitter powder. solution (the solid alkaloid is tasteless). Scarcely soluble in water, difficultly in benzene ; dissolved by alcohol, Soluble in alcohol, ether (about 80 parts), chloroform (very easily), and ether and chloroform. in benzene ; scarcely in water, and not in petroleum ether. Precipitants Precipitants Alkaline hydrates, soluble in excess. Alkaline hydrates, white. Ammonia, Ammonia, slightly soluble in excess. lodo-potassic iodine. Tannic and picric acids. Mercuric-potassic iodide. Platinum chloride, yellowish-red. Iodine tincture, brown. Gold chloride, similar pp. Colour reactions Ferrocyanide of potassium, white. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. Potassic iodide, Nitric acid, red. lodo-potassic iodide, brown. — Mayer's reagent (mercuric-potassic iodide. §43. BRAYERA anthelmintica (Hagenia Abyssinica ' Cusso ' or ' authelmintic. flowers. Mercuric chloride. Kousso ') ; liosacece ; Abyssinia. Used as The [Not by chlorine water.] crystals : M.P. U2= (194° ; acid KOSIN B., CaiHjgOio ; yellow rhombic ?) Colour etc. Reactions, reaction ; bitter and sharp taste. Potassium permanganate, if not in excess, produces a fluorescent Scarcely soluble in water, but dissolved by alcohol, ether, chloroform, solution. benzene, carbon bisulphide, glacial acetic acid, alkaline hydrates and Concentrated sulphuric acid, a faint yellow with pure acid, orange to carbonates. red when containiut; nitric acid. Precipitated by neutral lead acetate. ;: DICTIONAUY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OP PLANTS. 23 Ferric chloride gives red coloration with the alcoholic solution. The free base precipitates iron as hydrate from a solution of ferric Concentrated sulphuric acid produces a red amorphous substance, chloride. Gold chloride, blue coloration, 1 in 2,000, and reduction of gold. Phospho-molybdic and iodo-potassic iodide give precipitates—the § 44. BRYONIA alba {Cnciirhilwcit). The root. Inve.stigators : latter kermes-coloured 1 in 26,000. Walz and others. — Cadmium-potassic iodide, yellowish-white, 1 in 1,000. ? (Walz) ; amorphous ; very bitter yields sugar BRYONIN G., CjgHgjO,,, ; Mercuric-potassic iodide, 1 in 5,000 ; the pp. is soluble in a mixture and Briiniiilhi. of ether and alcohol, and has a melting point, 70°. Soluble in water, alcohol (2 to .3 parts). Insoluble in ether. Mercuric chloride, reddish-white, soluble in HCl. [No pp. at 1 in Precipitants .500.] Tannic acid. Chloride of lime (bleaching powder) and bromine solution both give Platinum chloride. red coloration, the latter distinguishable at 1 in .5,000. of [Not jireci pita ted by basic acetate lead.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, becoming orange-green (gradual or Senegalensis) red. Muter). § 45. CAILCEDRA bark (Swietenia, Khaya ; nitric acids mixed, or nitric acid alone, yellow to red. Cechflarnr : Africa. E. Caventon, ,/. dc Phann. (3) 16, ?,bt> and 33, 123. Sulphuric and Concentrated hydrochloric acid also gives a reddish coloration. CAILCEDRIN B. ; amorphous, brittle, resinous, bitter, neutral, fluorescent; with ammonia and warmed, gives M.P. iiy^m\ Tlic sulphate, neutralized the series of colours mentioned after alkaline hydrates above. Soluble in alcnhrt), ether and chloroform ; with difficulty in water, to Barium hydrate produces the red substance Ruhreserine, soluble in which, however, it imparts its fluorescence. chloroform. Tannic acid gives a precipitate soluble in excess. Not precipitated by lead acetate (neutral or basic), ferric chloride, nor CALABARINE A. (obtained by Poehl, Pharm. J., Rimlaiid, 17, 38", from platinum chloride. the solution from which Physostigmine has been removed by shaking with ether, which does not dissolve Calabarine) ; known only in solution Lfi/ii- ; § 4(1. CALABAR bean (Physostigma faba ; P. venenosum) : it is more powerfully Isevo-rotatory than Physostigmine, differs from the mhiosa : AV. Africa. latter in producing tetanus, in being insoluble in ether (it is soluble in PHYSOSTIGMINE X. (Eserine), Ci.,H.^,N.,0; ; crystallizable only with great water and alcohol), and in the fact that the precipitate produced with alkaline; Bf.P. 4o^, or slightly bitter ; difficulty; laivo-rotatory : tasteless mercuric-potassic iodide is insoluble in alcohol. 100°, at lower temperatures, becoming decomposed in part at and even It is precipitated by phospho-tungstic acid. red poisonous, producing death by asphyxia or cardiac ; extremely [Not by lead acetate, neutral or basic] paralysis ; contracts pupil when locally applied. officinalis (Marigold) ; ComposiUc § 47. CALENDULA ; the leaves Solubility: It is dissolved easily by alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and flowers. Investigator : Geiger, D/sscrln., Heidelberg, ISIS. with difficulty by water, and not by petroleum and carbon bisuliihide ; Neutral principle, amorphous, transparent, yellow, t.asteless. ether. CALENDULW. in alcohol and glacial acetic acid, not in ether ; swells up in Precipitants Soluble water. It is dissolved by ammonia and alkaline hydrates. Alkaline hydrates and carbonates, oily pp., but only with concen- however, namely, The alcoholic solution is precipitated by : trated .iolntions ; a colour eilect is produced, an Lead acetate, both neutral and basic, and by intense red, changing successively to yellow, green and blue. Mtrcuric chloride. [No pp. lead acetate, neutral, nor by picric acid or platinum chloride [Not by tannin.] in a solution of 1 in 2ri0.] procera (C. Mudaiii) Tannic acid, p]). reddish, 1 in 3,000, dissolved by HCl. g 4S. CALOTROPIS gigantea and C. = Mudar ; 24 niCTIONAKY (IF TIIK ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS ; of acid nature powerfully vesi- root; used in India against lei)rosy ; an emetic. CANTHARIDIN, 0,My.Oi (Homolka) ; bark {Asclepiadacecr) ; the cant ; sublimes at IKU', and volatile at lower temperatures in the vapours Investigator : Duncan, /'/j/7. Mwj., 10, 4(16. of alcohol or water. MUDARIN B. ; amorphous, yellow, bitter. Soluble in alcohol and cold water, gelatinizing on warming. Insoluble Solubility in water very slight (common salt assists) ; soluble io 800 in ether and turpentine. parts of alcohol (in which its salts are soluble with difficulty even warm), in 81) parts of chloroform (the best solvent), 'JOO of ether, 500 of benzeoe, JateorhizaCalumba) § 49. CALUMBA ROOT (Cocculus palmatus, or 2,000 of carbon bisulphide, and in amyl alcohol. It may be extracted in contained in the (Irii;/, MeiiisperiiiacKC ; E. Africa. For Bevhfr'me, which from an acid solution by shaking with amyl alcohol, chloroform, ether, or see Berlieris group. benzene. CALUMBIN B. (Columbin), C.jiHooO, (discovered by Wittstock, see Fogg., Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Gazs. Chim.) neutral, A vnal. 19, 2i8 ; further investigated by Paterno, ; Neutral lead acetate precipitates, white crystalline. bitter ; crystallizes from acetic acid in prisms. Palladium chloride, yellow hairs. Soluble with difficulty in water, alcohol, and ether (more easily in the Silver nitrate, white crystalline. glacial acetic acid. latter two fluids when warm) ; also in chloroform and Copper and nickel sulphates, green crystalline precipitates isomorphous It is removed from an acid solution when shaken with ether or chloro- with tbe palladium salt. form, but not entirely by the last-named solvent. It is dis-solved by Slercuric chloride, white crystalline. solution acids reprecipitate. hydriodic acid, and sodium amalgam appear to alkaline hydrate ; Alkaline permanganate, It is not precipitated by metallic salts, nor by tannin. be without action. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves with yellow to red coloration. 6:i. fruits = pale yellow, § CAPSICUM annuum (C. fastigiatum) ; So/auareie ; the CALUMBIC ACID B. (Columbic Acid), CjiHaaOs (Boedecker) ; chillies or cajenne pepper when ground. Investigators : Buchheim, amorphous, bitter ; acid reaction. Pathol., ls~2 soluble Arch. ; Thresh, Ph. J. J runs., 187G ; Braconnot, Ann. Soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, dilute alkalies, and lime-water ; Phi/x. (:i), ; Fliickiger. with difficulty in ether, and scarcely in water. Chim. 6. 1, 124 and From its solution in alkalies it is precipitated by hydrochloric acid. 'These may be conveniently taken to- From alcoholic solution it is thrown down as a yellow pp. by lead gether, as their properties in many acetate. respects coincide ; in the following statement, B. refers to Buchheim, T. to kernels of the § 50. CALYCANTHUS glaucus {Calycanthacea) ; the CAPSICOL A. (of Buchheim) Thresh. Be. to Braconu' t, and F. to seed 3 per cent ; CAPSAICIN {ot Thresh) Fliickiger. Formula, (T., F.) C,,HnNO, ; CALYCANTHINE A. ; crystalline. CAPSICIN (of Braconnot) strong odour, burning taste, (Be.) ; M.P. dissolved ether. In consequence Insoluble in water or alcohol, but by 76= (T.), 58° (Be); volatile at 115° C, of the piesence of fat in the seeds, it is liable to be taken up by petroleum decomposed at 120° (T.) ; crystalline (T., ether. F.) [reddish-brown liqaid (B.), soft brick-red ; Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a pale yellow, becoming l^yellowish-brown, amorphous (Be.)]. with bichromate of potash, or purple to blue with sugar. Soluble in alcohol and ether (B., Be, T.), benzene (T., Be), petroleum Nitric acid produces a bright green. ether (B., Be), with difficulty (T.) : amyl alcohol (T., Be); with diffi- in easily in acetic fi.xed oils readily in turpen- § 61. [CANTHARIDES (Spanish Fly). Though not of vegetable culty water, ether and ; not origin, this is mckided on account of the active principle contained in tine. It is dissolved by concentrated acetic acid, being precipitated therefrom by water. it, viz. : : DlCTIIlNAKV or THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Capsicin (Be.) is Soluble in alcohol. Insoluble in water, amyl alcohol, chloroform, Soluble ill alkaline hydrates. ether, or pretroleum ether. It is taken up by ether and water to some [Not in carbonates.] extent on long boiling. Ammonia converts to soapy mass. § 55. CASSIA acutifolia (C. lanceolata, or Alexandrian Senna) ; C. Barium and calcium salts give pps. iu concentrated alcoholic solutions. angustifolia (C. elongata, E. Indian or Tinnevelly Senna) —the substances It is not precipitated by basic acetate of lead, tannic acid, gold (a) and (i) ; Albizzia Saponaria—substance (a); LeguminoscE. [Not to chloride, or silver nitrate (with strong alcoholic solution, the latter confuse with Cassia bark, Cinnamomum Cassia.] Note : Some of the does give a pp). Cassiea3 contain Beberine, see Beberis group. Tephrosia and Cynanchuni Ferric chloride, no change cold, red pp. on warming (T.). have been used as adulterants of senna ; for Cynanchum, see Asclepias Concentrated sulphuric acid gives with Cajisicol (B.) a colourless grou p. solution becoming successively red, purple and black brownish to black ; amorphous ; acid reaction ; with boiling dilute acids Pungency is destroyed by oxidizers. it forms cathuiioijenic acid and sugar. r)3. Guianensis ; Meliitceie ; S. America § CARAPA (C. Tulucunua) ; It is soluble in alcohol and alkaline hydrate solution, being re-precipi- the bark. tated therefrom by acids. Insoluble in ether. CARAPIN B ('doubtful,' E. Carentou) ; composition, C 55-04, 6-54, H (h) SENNAPICRIN Q.. C.^HssO,- ; amorphous, bitter. O HS'42 ]ier cent. amorphous, resinous ; Soluble in alcohol, with diflBculty in water, and not in ether. It gives a Soluble in water (not easily), alcohol, ether and chloroform. V ellow ooloratiou with alkalies, and No decided colours with concentrated acids, etc. Green with ferric chloride. TULUCUNNIN B. pale yellow, amorphous ; acid reaction ; very bitter. ; Leguminosce— § 56. CATECHU (Acacia or Bombay Catechu—Cutch) ; Soluble ill 150 parts of cold water, in alcohol and chloroform ; not in ether. Mimosea- ; Aivca Guvaca and Nauclea Gambir, Kuhiaceic (the nuts = Concentrated or, if sulphuric acid dissolves brown, changing to blue ; a Columbo Catechu); 'Kino' from Pterocarpus erinaceie ; Asperula few di-rps of water be added immediately after the acid, a splendid blue is etc., etc. See also Areca for Areca odorata ; IVIahogany (the wood), at once obtained. Catechu. Hydrochloric, phosphoric, warm citric oxalic, or tartaric acid each pro- CATECHIN (Catechuic Acid), C.jiHojOg+oH^O, or CigHgOg ; crystallizes duces the same colour. (?) 217° in long needles from the slowly-cooled aqueous .solution ; M.P. Nitric and acetic acids do not. having (Zwenger) ; somewhat bitter, with a slight acid reaction, though § 54. CAROBA LEAVES (Jacaranda procera, or Cybistax anti- no markedly acid character. syphilitira) ; Bij/mniiacirr ; Brazil. substance Carobin below; and it The Soluble in 3 parts of boiling water, but requiring 1,13.3 in the cold ; Sparattosperraa leucantha leaves (same botanical order), Sparatto- is dissolved by 2 to 3 parts boiling alcohol, and 5 to 6 cold ; also in ether, spermin. Investigator : Peckolt. Ph. J. Trails., 1882, and Zeit. oest. glacial acetic acid, turpentine, and alkaline solution — in the latter case Aimthr.,'>6.m\. with brown coloration. CAROBIN B.; crystallizes in needles. Precipitants 111 cold, nor iu Soluble hot water and hot alcohol ; not iu those fluids Lead acetate, neutral or basic, white. ether. Ferric chloride, greenish-brown. Precipitated by tartar emetic Gold chloride, reddish brown. Silver nitrate animoniacal, green, changing to violet and black. SPARATTOSPERMIN B., C,,,H.jjOi„ ; crystallizes in microscopic needles; M.P. 245° yields no sugar with acids. Mercuric chloride and mercurous nitrate, dirty white. ; 4 26 DICTKINARY OF THE ACTIVE I'U/XCl I'l.KS HI' PLANTS. It reduces platinum chloriHe, copjiei' sulphate, and Fehling's solutions. Soluble in cold Hater (l'J2 parts), in alcohol and glacial acetic acid ; not No precipitates are given by tartar eraetic, alkaloids, or gelatin (dis- in ether. tinction from tanniu). Gives )iv precipitates with metallic salts. Conci^ntrated sulphuric acid, warm, dissolves with purple-red cnlnur. Concentrated sulphuric acid, a reddish- brown, changing to cherry and are evolved, and oxalic :icid is then violet in a few hours water destroys the colour. Nitric acid decomposes ; red fumes ; produced. (/') THEVERESIN, formed from above, is neutral, amorphous, resinous ; M.P. 1411 . lila(iii„„n-a' ; N. A-.. erica. The S ,57. CEANOTHUS Americanus L. ; Soluble in alcohol, with diflficulty in water, scarcely in ether, not in dried leaves constitute 'New Jersey tea'; the root bark contains \ per chloroform or benzene. cent, of the following alkaloid. Investigator: F. (xerlach, Amfi: ./. Alkalies give yellow solutions. Phariii., 1«V)1. Concentrated sulphuric acid, the same colours as Thevetin. CEANOTHINE A. Formula has not been ascertained ; it contains (r) THEVETOSIN G. ; crystallizes in four-sided prisms poisonous yields nitrogen and closely resembles caffeine ; is crystalline, neutral, bitter, and ; ; melts at U1U°. Forms salts only in acid solution. sugar and a resin. Soluble in chloroform and ether. Insoluble in water, slightly in ether. Fehling's .solution is reduced after boiling. (r/l ODOLLIN, poisonous. Hnhiaceic Soluble in water, alcohol, amyl alcohol. Insoluble in chloroform. § 5H. CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis (Swamp Dogwood) ; : J\ot precipitated by ueutral lead acetate. N. America. Investig.itors : Mohrberg and Claasen. Violet colour with concentrated sulphuric aeid. amorphous ; dextro-rotatory ; very bitter CEPHALANTHIN G., C^oHjjOs ; (c) CERBERIN B. (compare Thevetin above; ; crystalline ; nitropen free ; (1 in -'5,(1110). On b .iling with acids, Cephalanthehi, CisHogOj (a crystal- neutral ; liitter and burning taste, poisonous ; uon-glncosidal, but acids line substance), and sugar are produced. decompose ; M.P. 165°. Soluble in alcohol, amyl alcohol, and acetic ether ; with ditticulty in Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, Ht) per cent, ether, glacial acetic acid ether, chloroform and water (frothy solution). ; not in water. Fehling's solution reduced after boiling. Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet colour ^as with Odollin). CEPHALIN (t. ; crystalline, fluorescent (1 in -.i.OUdjOOO). Yields sugar and till. i'lnbelUtene. Investigator : Cephalrtiii, a crystalline substance giving fluorescent solutions with S CH^SROPHYLLUM bulbosum ; Polstorft', Arch. 176. alkalies. Pharm. [:2J, 18, Cephalin is in alcohol, ether and chloroform ; very diHicultly CH/EROPHYLUNE volatile. soluble A. ; alkaUne, so in water. The sulphate is soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Dissolved also by alkalies and ammonia. Precipitated by Tannic acid. Picric acid. j § .'i'.). CERBERA Thevetia L. (Thevetia neriifolia, Juss) ; Ajiuci/nacea' ; Vrij Bias, iV. Jdliresh. 61. luteum Melanthaaie (Cohhkacea); 10 per the substances («) and {[/) ; investigators, De and S CHAM.a;iiIRIUM ; "J.'iO. Ph., 31, 1. Thevetia Ycotli, A/ioci/iiaceai, the substance (c) ; Herrera, cent, of rhizome. Investigator : Greene, Aimr. J. Ph.. 50. Chaniae- Plianii. ,/. Trans., 1877. Cerbera Odollam, Apovynaceie, the substances lirin was also found by Nevinny in a specimen of supposed East Indian {d) aud \e) Greshoff, 1891. Ipecacuanha but which he believes to have been derived from Helonins dioica (Li/iacia). (o) THEVETIN G. (Cerberin V see below), CsjHsjOi, (?) ; crystallizes in CHAM/ELIRIN G. amorphous, light yellowish-red ; bitter. microscopic plates ; iKvo-rotatory : M.P. 170° ; bitter, poisonous ; decom- ; poses with formation of Theveresin (see below) and sugar (?). Soluble in w;iter (producing frothy solution), in alcohol and acetic acid; : :::: niC'TIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PKINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 27 with difficulty in ether. Insoluble in chloroform, benzene, petroleum Soluble in amyl alcohol, chloroform, volatile, and fatty oils; scarcely ether, c:irbon bisulphide. in alcohol or ether except after long boiling. Insoluble in water. It is (V2. removed by chloroform from alkaline solution. 5; CHARA foetida, palmella, oscillaria, nostoc ; Characea'. Investi- (<•) gator : Phip.'^on, Phann. J. T., 162, 479. BETA-HOMO-CHELIDONINE, C„, H,,,N(X, = C,„ni5(OCH3).,-NO., (E. Schmidt) ; nionoclinic crystals 1511°. ' ; M.P. CHARACIN. ' Non-crystalline, fat-like, volatile substance ; ninrshy odour ; in .solutions floats on water. Precipitated of 1 in 100 by : i'liosplio-tuugstio I Soluble in ether and alcohol. acid. Cadniium-potassic iodide. Phosjiho-inolybdic acid. water. | Bromine § G.3. CHELIDONIUM majns (Celandine), (a), (i), and Protojiine, see Colour tests Opium; Sauguinaria Canadensis (Puccoon, or Blood-root), (a), (i), and Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet. Proto))ine ; Glauciiim luteum, (a), cordata Fn'ihde's reagent. («>), (/) ; Macleya (Bocconia yellow-^violet->«'green. cordata, native of .iapan). (o), Eschscholzia and Protopine (Maclevine) ; (d) ALPHA-HOMO-CHELIDONINE A. (isomeric with preceding) ; C^H^. Califoruica, Morphine, (a) probably, and two others (Walz) ; Stylophoron (0CH.,)„N03 ; crystalline ; melting at 182°. diphylluui, (7/). Papavpi-at'en'. Precipitated, as preceding base, (a) CHELEHYTHRINE A. (one of the two Macleya alkaloids; one of the 'raiinic acid also gives pp. soluble in excess. Esch.scholzia alkaloids ; Sanguinarine ? Schmidt gives C.jjHjjNOj for Colour tests Sanguinarine, and C.^|H,.N04 for Chelerythrine, and states that the former Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. I'Tiihilf's gives red salts and the latter yellow ; otherwise the two alkaloids closelv solution, dirty-brown green. resemble each other. This is confirmed by G. K6uisr. Commercial ((') GLAUCOPICRINE A. ; amorphous or crystalline, giving crystalline salts Sanguinarine was found by latter chemist to contain [in addition to (the hydiochloride, rhombic plates or prisms) ; alkaline, bitter. Chelerythrine, which predominated] Protopine. Sanguinarine, and Homo- in Soluble water and alcohol ; with difficulty in ether. chelidonine) (E. Schmidt), ; ; C^jHi^XO^ or C,,|H,yN04 (Lim])richt) crys. Precipitants needles; alkaline reaction; liberates ammouia from its salts; bitter in Alkaline hydrates. 1 [Not neutral lead acetate.] solution; alcoholic Huorescent ; optically inactive ; on heating, it becomes .\niraonia. | Tannic acid. resinous at 65°. Salts are orange-coloured, and mostly soluble in water, Colour test : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark green on warming. pcssessing burning taste, and giving red coloration acid vapours. with /') ( GLAUCINE A., C,8[I,,,N0j 100° ; pearly crystals ; melting below C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, amyl alcohol, benzene, petroleum ; reaction alkaline, taste sharp and bitter. Darkens on exposure. ether, fatty and volatile oils ; not in water. in .alcohol, Soluble ether, and petroleum ether ; also in hot water, but Precipitants scarcely in cold. The hydrochloride is insoluble in alcohol or ether the Alkaline hydrates, gray case- Potassium chromate. ; sulphate is soluble in alcohol. Mercuric chloride, yellowish- Precipitants Ammonia, gray caseous. white. Alkaline hydrates. I [Not. neutral lead acetate.] Tannic acid, yellowish-red Iodine tincture. Ammonia. Tannic acid. Gold chloride, dark red (M.P. Magnesia. | Colour tests 2.3.3°). Concentrated sulphuric acid, blue->«.violet~v.red ; after addition of Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-red. water, ammonia gives a blue pp. (Battandier states that no violet (/;) CHELIDONINE A. (Stylophorine, F. Selle), Ci<,H,7N0., or C.,„H„jNO, colour is pi'oduced with pure unoxidized glaucine unless warmed. (F. Selle) crystallizes iii plates : 130° : volatile ; with 2U.X) M.P.' in Concentrated sulphuric acid with mercuric nitrate gives rise to steam, not poisonous in small doses, reaction alkaline, taste bitter. intense green stria; on adding a crystal of glaucine. : : •28 DICTIiiNARY OF THE ACTIVE I'RINCirl.KS OK PLANTS. § G4. CHENOPODIUM album (White Goose-fon ); Cheiwpndiacem. Soluble in water and alcohol, also in mixture of ether and alcohol. etc. The juice. Investigator : Reinsch, N. Jahrh. Phariit., :^0,2(J8 and 27, ]'J3. Precipitants, Fixed alkalies ( dissolve Ammoniacal Kilver nitrate, redaced. CHENOPODINE A. (Leucine? DragendorflE ; v. (ionip), OsHjaNOi Fehling's solution, 180°, Ammonia ^ yellow. reduced. (CeHjuNO^. ?) ; crystallizes in microscopic needles ; M.P. with Lead ;icetate, neutral, pp. Metallic salts, pp. (Hohn). crj'stailine sublimate and noxious odour; neutral reaction ; tasteless. Ii7. tanacetum,(u), (b): C. Solubility: 1 in 11 cold, and 1 in :5 to 4 boiling water ; 1 in -'Oi cold, § CHRYSANTHEMUM Cinerariaefolium— and 1 in 77 boiling alcohol of 90 per cent. the tlowers, (c), ((/); CompaKilir. Investigators: Leppig, Pharm.X. Russ- Precipitated by platinum chloride. laiid, 1882; Marino Zuco, and others. (a) TANACETIN B., C61'4t; per cent., H 7'7 per cent. : amorphous, ^(>.'>. racemosa (Cain(;a root) liuhiace.m. CHIOCOCCA ; bitter. (Rochleder) (o) CAINCIN G. ((Jainfaic acid, Chiococcin), CmHjjOis ; Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. bitter. Action emetic crystalline needles, acid reaction, taste gradually (b) TANACETIC ACID. The individuality of this substance is denied by and purgative. Salts amorphous. Leppig. Soluble in hot alcohol (crystals separate on cooling), difficultly soluble (c) CHRYSANTHEMINE A., CuH„8N./J3 (Marino Zuco) syrupy, but dried in water or ether. ; in ruciiii appears in form of silkj' needles ; M.P. above lOO": alkaline Reactions reaction, no rotatory power, physiologically inactive. Salts mostly soluble Alkaline hydrates dissolve excess [Lead acetate, neutral, no j ; pp., in water, some being deliquescent. Ammonia (of lime preci- or slight.] Soluble in water, alcohol, and methyl alcohol. Insoluble in ether, Barium hydrate ( pitates a basic Lead acetate, basic, pp. chloroform, or benzene. Calcium hydrate ) salt. [Ferric chloride, no pp.] Precipitants (b) CHIOCOCCAIC acid is formed together with sugar from the above by [Ao/ alkalies in dilute solution. [Not phospho-molybdic acid.] momentary heating with acid and ; „ lead acetate, neutral. Bismutb-potassic iodide, orange j (c) CAIKCETIN, CjjHojOa, is produced when the heating is continued. „ „ basic. flocculent, becoming crystal- ,. tannic acid. line. § (iG. CHIRETTA (Ophelia Chiretta, or Agathotes Chirayta) ; Gen- „ picric acid. Mercuric-potassic iodide, yel- tianea'. Investigator: Hohn, Arch. Ph., 139, -Wi. „ platinum chloride.] lowish-white. neutral, (a) CHIRETTIN B. (Chiratin), CjgHjsOjj ; amorphous, resinous, Gold chloride, yellow crj-stal- [Not mercuric chloride.] very bitter. liiie, sol. hot. Platinic-sodic iodide, brown. in ether, it solutions. Chloroform Soluble which removes from acid Colour tests (negative) : does not extract it from either acid or alkaline solutions, or at most but Concentrated sulphuric acid, no action (slight resinification on traces. heating. Reactions Fuming hydrochloric acid, no action, [No pp. lead acetate, neutral or ammoniacal.] (rf) PYRETHROSIN B., C,4H„0,„ ; crystalline, bitter. Tanio acid, pp. hilt Soluble in alciihol and chloroform ; less easily in ether and petro- [Fehling's solution, not reduced.] leum ether. Insoluble in water. (h) CHIRETTOGENIN. From the preceding by long boiling with acids. Concentiateil hvdrochloric acid, red or violet coloration. Not by tannic acid (compare above). precipitated § 68. CICHORIUM intybus (Chicory) ; Compusiia. The flowers. In- (e) OPHELIC ACID B., yellow, syrupy, acid reaction, taste at vestigator : R. Nietzki, Arch. Pharm. [3] 8, 327. Ci3H„„0]„ ; ' first sour, becoming bitter ; gentian-like odour. CHICORIN G. (suggested name; R. Nietzki's Cichorium glncoside'). DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 2» C32H.|jO,5+4iH„0 ; crystalline, bitter; M.P. -ilS'-^^O". Converted by Cinchona Australis, see C. nitida. acids into glucose and a substance, C25H14O9, occurring in glittering „ CALISAYA (Yellow bark. Quinquina jaune royal), very rich in needles. c|niuine, as much as 11 per cent, having been found Soluble in alcohol and hot water (scarcely cold). Insoluble in ether. (Mnens) ; also Cn., Cnd., Quinamine, etc. : bark), Qn., Cn. poor in alka- Reactions „ cordifolia (Hard Columbian ; Alkaline hydrates ) j- 1 loids (D. Hooper, 18IS8). ' m 1 i- , , 5- dissolve to yellow solution. Hymenodictyon. ,, carbonates ) ,, excelsa, see Unimportant. Lead acetate, gives pp. in absence of free acetic acid. ,, glandulifera, Qn. Ferric chloride, green coloration. ,, Josephiana. Low percentage of Qn. Silver nitrate, reduced. „ LANCIFOLIA, jMutis (Soft Columbian, Caqueta, Carthagene composition very various Qn. sometimes Fehling's solution, reduced. ligneux) ; ; Coiicentr.itfd nitric acid, red solution. absent, but frequently abundant. — C'ini:hiineic. (Ledger bark), the richest probably of all § 6'J. CINCHONA group. Ruhidcei-C A great number of „ LEDGERIANA ; varieties of bark, derived from some three dozen species of Cinchona, Qn. 0-48, Cn. 1-33, Cnd. 0-82, amorph. 0-88— total, 8-52.* have from time to time been employed for the antifebrile properties which Larger quantities than these have been obtained—also they owe to the alkaloids contained in them : of these. Quinine is the most Quinamine. 1-92, 0-4 — valuable, and though occasionally absent or only present in traces, usually „ micrantha (Huanoco gray) ; no Qn., Cnd. amorph. forms a large proportion of the total alkaloid of the bark. total, 2-32.'' Next in importance are Cinchonine, Cinchonidiue and Quinidine ; the „ morada. See Pogonopus, below. latter, however, is found in but small quantity (generally in traces, and „ negra. Qn. 5'48, Cn. 0"1, Cnd. O'OO, Qnd. trace, amorphous rarely to the extent of 1 per cent., except in C. pitayensis, etc., see below). 0-78— total, 6-20.1 Cinchonine and Cinchonidine, on the other hand, frequently exceed the ,, nitida, K. and P. (C. scrobiculata, H. Baillon ; C. Australis, Quinine in amount, or even replace it entirely. Wedd ; Cascarilla Colorada, red Cuscobark, C. Peruviana, to, list fibrosa : see Fliickiger) poor in alkaloid. Besides the four alkaloids already referred there is a long of Calisaya ; Quin- basic and other compounds of less general occurrence, or present in amine has been isolated amongst other bases. minute proportions ; sixty-six substances are here mentioned. ,, OFFICINALIS (Pale or Crown bark ; the chief varieties are Bonplandiaua, Crispa ; also The following taljle must not be regarded as more than a rough guide ; Condarainea, and Chahuar- records extent wanting as distribution of the rarer gueraand Uritusinga Quinquina grisde Loxa is obtained are to a great to the ; bases, hence a complete enumeration of the alkaloidal constituents of from C. officinalis var. Crispa : see Baillon). Rich in 1-2.3, 0-07, each species of Cinchona cannot be given, and as regards the more impor- Qn. ; Qn. 4-74, Cnd. Cn. O-IO, Qnd. amor- tant alkaloids, much variation is met with in the quantities obtainable phous 0-42— total, (5-0().t pelletierana aricine, cusconine, etc. See No. 8 and onwards. from a particular variety of bark. „ ; (Qn. = Quinine ; Qad. = (Juhitilinf ; Cn. = Cinchonine ; „ Peruviana. See C. Nitida. rich Cnd. = Cinchonidine.) „ ])itayensis, Wedd (Pitayo bark) ; in Qn. and Qnd. Pavon). pombiana Qn. 4-41, Cnd. Cn. 0-02, Qnd. trace, amorph. Cinchona atfiniis, Wedd, see C. micrantha (Ruiz and ,. ; 034, succirubra total, 5-03.1 „ Anglica, cross between C. calisaya and C. ; 0-26— 0-81, 1-49, 0-29, amorphous 044. pubescens poor in alkaloids (Fliickiger) or even devoid of Qn. Cnd. Cn. O'SS, Qnd. „ ; Total, 3-91 per cent * them (Hesse, 1871). „ Angustifolia, R. and P., see C. lancifolia. * Analysis of Madras Barks, by D. Hooper. * Analysis of Madi-as Barks, by D. Hooper. + Analysis of New Grenada Barks, by D. Howard. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. (All) Cinchonicine. (1.')) Chairamidine. Cinchona rob\i>ta ; a hybrid. Homo-cinuhoni- (4o) Carthagine. (10) Conchairamidine. ,, rosolenta ; Cud., Quinamine, Bicinchonine, dine, etc. (4/1) Cinchotine. (17) Quinamine. also C. succirubra. (If/) Dicinchonine. (18«) Apoquinamine. „ rubra ; red bark. See „ scrobiculata. See Nitida. (.^1) QUINIDINE. (186) Quinamicine. (i'jii) Apiiquinidine. (18c) Quinamidine. „ SUCCIRUBRA (Red barlO- More Cnd. than Qn., usually about Hydroquinidine. 3 to f) per cent, of former to li per cent, of latter (Dr. (66) (1!)) Conquinamine. Quinamine more of the last named ((V) Quitenidine. (20) Cupreine. Paul) ; also Cn. and — in this variety than in others. Qnd. only trace, or absent. ((>(/) Iso(|ninidine. (21) Homoqiiinine. „ tuna. Qn. (5-78, Cnd. 0-40, Cn. 0-:!8, Qnd. 0-lK, amorphous (7) CINCHONIDINE. (22) Cinchonamine. 0-42— total, 8-16 per cent.* (7a) Isocinchonidine. (23) Quinoidine. Pogonopus febrifuga, or Howardia (Bolivian Caseurilla, C. morada). (76) Apocinchonidine. (24) Quinetum. Qnd. (no Cnd.), Moradeine, etc. See (32), (33). (7c) Cinchamidine. (2r») Paricine. Remijia pedunculata (Cuprea bark). Qn. (1), Cupreine (21), Homo- (7rf) Homocinchonidine. (2(i) Qiiinovin. quinine 22. Quinamine, etc. (18), (20), Concnsconine, etc. (8) Aricine. (2rio) Beta-quinovin. Ciisconine. Quinovic acid. (10), (11), Hydrocinchonine. (9) (27) bark). No Quinine nor Cinchonidine (\hi) Cuscoiiidine. (28) Cascarillin. „ purdieana (Remijia ; traces On., also Cinchonamine. Concusconine, Chairamine (it6) Cuscamidine. (29) Copalchin. and analogues (14 to 17), Cinchotine (4 per cent.). (10) Concusconine. (.?0) Lignoin. (11) Concuscouidine. (31) Californin. (12) Cuscamine. (32) Moradeine Croton eluteria (Cascarilla bark), Euphorhku-ew. Casoarillin (28) For (13) Chairamine. (33) Moradin. Bolivian cascarilla, see Pogonopus. (14) Conchairamiue. (34) Javanine. „ pseudochina. Copalchin (2',0. hexandra. Paricine 1 Cascarilla (2y). (1) QUININE A., C„„H„,N„0.,+ or 3H„0 ; usually amorphous, but crys- Californin ). „ riedeliana (China Califoinica). (31 talline needles, containing 3H.^0, are gradually formed from the precipi- tate by ammonia, and crystals are also obtainable from solutions in The following is a list of the alkaloids and other substances petroleum ether and benzene, but not from ether. M.P. 171°-172' when described, aud the order in which they appear. anhydrous, 120° hydrate, or 67° the trihydrate (0. Hesse) ; laevo-rotatory, (4f/) Apocinchonicine -141 alcohol Vrij) bitter ; fluorescent in acid (1) QUININE. [a]K= 3 in (De ; very solu- Diapocinchonine. (2a) Isoqninine. (4e) tion ; alkaline reaction. Qiiinicine. (if) Hydrocinchonine. (26) Solubility : 1 in 1,6G7 cold water and 1 in 902 boiling (Sestini), or 1 in (2c) Apoquinine. (4,17) Cincholeuponic acid. 364 cold and 1 in 2(57 boiling (Duplos) ; 1 in 2 alcohol of sp. gr. 0'82, and (2rf) Quitenine. (4/() Cinchonibine. even easier soluble at boiling heat ; 1 in 23 cold ether (Vandenburg), or (2f) Hydroquinine. (40 Cinchonifine. 1 in 60 (Merck), but much more readily when fre-hlv precipitated ; very CINCHONINE. (4/) Oinchonigine. (3) soluble in chloroform, about 1 in 18 (Pettenkofer) : also dissolved by (4/i.') Cinchoniline. (4ff) Isocinchonine. benzene, amyl alcohol, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide, and oils. It Alpha-oxy-cinchonine. (46) Cinchonetine. (4/) is removed from alkaline solutions by petroleum ether, benzene, ether, (4c) Apocinchonine. (4)h) Betn-oxy-cinchonine. chloroform, and amyl alcohol. Aualvsis of New Grcimda Barks, liy D. Howanl. The salts are generally less soluble than those of Cinchonine. : : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLA.N1> 31 Precipitants Concentrated sulphuric acid with potas. bichromate, merely light Alkaline hydrates. yellow. „ carhonates. Per-iodic acid, iodine liberated. Ammonia (somewhat soluble, and also in amm. chloride). Frohde's reagent, greenish. carbonate after some hours. I „ Nitric acid alone , , .., , , ! colourless. Alkaline bicarbonate if not dilute (no at 1 in sulphuric pp. 200). „ „ with ) .\feiii. : Tartaric acid prevents the precipitation by bicarbonates, for (2a) ISOQUININE. From Quinine by solution in strong sulphuric acid. a time. Not precipitated by sodium tartrate. [No pp. sodium acetate, compare Opium.] (2i) QUINICINE, of heating acid sulphate of [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic] isomer Quinine ; formed by quinine to 13.')", and occurring in ' Quinoidine,' see (24). Yellowish Tannic acid, yellowish-white ; soluble in warm hydrochloric acid. 60°, Picric acid, amorphous. amorphous, bitter, alkaline, dextro-rotatory ; M.P. about non- [Not ferric chloride.] fluorescent. in alcohol, chlorofoim, ether with difficulty in water. Platinumchioride,lightyellow, nearly white ;insol. in hydrochloric acid. Soluble ; but Gold chloride, yellow amorphous. Reactions Absorbs carbonic acid. Potassium ferrocyanide ; sol. warm, and in excess. Alkaline hydrates ( oily pp. incomplete ; only cloud in presence of „ sulphocyanide, white changing to needles. chloride. cyanide, red Ammonia I ammonium ( „ coloration.) Silver-potassic cyanide, white amorphous. [No pp. tartrate.] Potassium sulpho-cyanide, oily Potassium bichromate, yellow amorphous (cloud at 1 in :5,000). pp. Chlorine water then ammonia, as with quinine, but less intense. Chromic acid (.5 per cent.), a pp. with neutral salts of Q. Phospho-molybdic acid, (caustic potash dissolves white amorphous (2c) APOQUININE A, C,„H.„N.jO.,+2H20 ; from Quinine by heating with the pp. to light yellow .solution, see Morphine). hydrochloric acid in sealed tube to 140°, whereby CH^ is eliminated Phospho-tungstic acid, 1 in 1UO,UOO. (escaping as methyl chloride). Crystalline, Isevo-rotatory, alkaline, bitter, acid, 1 Phospho-antimonic pp. (cloud at in 5,000). non-fluorescent ; M.P. 160°. lodo potassic iodide, reddish-brown. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and hot water ; difficultly in the Potassic iodide. latter when cold. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange-red (cloud at 1 in 50,000). Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia, but soluble in excess. Zinc-potassic iodide. Chlorine water then ammonia (thalleioquin reaction), green colora- Mercuric-potassic iodide, amorphous : limit 1 in 12.'j,000. tion, but only faintly. Mercuric chloride, white amorphous ; sol. in amm. chloride. (2f/) Qy/rf/V/Wf =Dihydroxiquinine. From Quinine by oxidation with Chlorine water in not too great excess, then ammonia green flocks ; potassium permanganate. soluble in excess to an emerahl solut/on, (thalleioquiu reaction) ; by careful : green (2e) HYDROQUININE A., and with 2HoO. Accompanies neutralization blue~»-violet~>-red ; becoming again C.oHaeN.jO., with excess of ammonia. (Potash chlorine solution, yellow Quinine (in the Cinchona barks, and up to 4 per cent, in coniuiercial to the ; lime-water, red). Test applicable 1 in 20,000. quinine sulphate ; separable from Quinine by fractional precipitation of - Bromine water, as with chlorine. the acid sulphates). Crystalline, lajvo-rotatory ( 142'2"), alkaline, bitter ; Other Colour reactions, negative. M.P. 168°, fluorescent in sulphuric acid solution. Concentrated sulphuric acid 1 , Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon bisulphide, . ,, ;• cokilourless. with sugar aqueous acetone and ammonia ; slightly in water. „ „ ,, ) : ; 32 IJICTKINAKY OF THE ACTIVE PKINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Precipitated by sodium hydrate, amorphous becoming crystalline. Picric acid, yellow becoming crystalline (sol. in excess, Dragendorff) 1 Chlorine water, etc. (thalleioquin reaction), as quinine. reaction distinct at 1 in 100,(100 ; feeble cloud at in 200,000. Potassium permanganate, only slowly decolorized. Platinic chloride, lemon pp. ; insol. hydrochloric acid, 1 in 500. Gold chloride, lemon pp. ; distinct cloud 1 in 100,000, feeble at 1 in CINCHONINE A., C,,,H.„N.jO (Laurent, etc.). Crystallizes in needles (3) 200,0(10. hydrate). Dextro-rotatory [a]R = 237'5 in or prisms (no crystalline ; Cadmium potassic iodide, bair-like crystals up to 1 in 50,000 : clond alcoholic solution. Melting point has been variously given as 140^ 165°, at I m 10(1,000. 2'i(t" by different observers pur|>le fumes are obtained on beating ; ; [Zinc potassic iodide, no pp., or very slight.] reaction alkaline, taste bitter, non-fluorescent. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. ; cloud even at 1 in 000,(WO (? limit 1 boiling ; 1 in 140 alcohol; Solubility : 1 in 3,800 cold, in 2,500 water 1 in 75,000, Dragendorff). 1 ill 10 chloroform ; 1 in 371 hot etiier ; soluble also in hot benzene, in Mercuric chloride, white amorphous ; feeble at 1 in 10,000. Bed scarcely in cold ether, cold am\l alcohol, and in olive oil (1 in 100) ; but comjjound formed cm heating concentrated solutions. benzene, or petroleum ether, and with difficulty in essential oils. Chlorine water, no coloration ; on addition of ammonia, white pp. It is removed from both alkaline and acid solutions by chloroform : Sundry tests : in tinces oulv by ether or benzene from alkaline solution not at all by Potassium persulphide, gradual white pp. on heating, petroleum ether. ("admium chloride, white crystalline pp. Precipitants Heated with tartaric acid, vapours yellow•^A.violet. Alkaline hydrates soluble in excess (Dragendorfl) : very .'•lightly Many o.vidizing agents give red coloration. 'J ( (Hiisemann). Colour tests (negative) : Ammonia f the auim. pp is amorphous, but becomes crystal- Concentrated sulphnric acid ", 3 line. „ ., „ with sugar I Alkaline carbonates. ,. with nitric acid ,. I colourless. „ bicarbonates. nitric acid „ j Tartaric acid prevents the precipitation by bicarbonate until boiled. Acids in general i [Not by lead acetate, neutral or basic. Frohde's reagent. J | Potassium ferrocyanide, neutral solution, yellowish-white, insol. on Per-iodic acid, iodine liberated. or in exce.ss (Dupuy) ; no 1 in fiOO. warming pp. (4o) ISOCINCHONINE A. (see (4i), Cinchonigine), CjjHjjN^O. Formed sulphocyanide, Hocculent becoming crystalliue ; sol. 125°, Potassium white like the corres]iondiug Isoquinine. Alkaline, laevo-rotatory ; M.P. 1 ."lOO. alcohol ; no pp. in volatile in steam. Silver-potassic cyanide. Soluble easily in alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, and chloroform. Potassium bichromate, pp. (gradual at 1 in 3,000, Dragendorff). Insoluble in water or alkalies. Chromic acid (5 per cent, solution to the neutral salt), pp. (4i) CINCHONETINE A. From Cinchonine by oxidation with potassium Phospho-molybdic acid, : cloud at 1 in 200,('0O, slight opalescence pp permanganate, or lead peroxide and dilute sulphuric acid. A dark violet at 1 in 500,000. substance. Phospho-antimonic acid, p)!. ; bluish- white at 1 in 1,000; cloud at corresponding 1 in 5,000. (4f) APOCINCHONINE A., Ci9H.>,K0. Prepared like the lodo-potassic iodide, kermes pp. up to 1 in 500,000. Apoquinine, but no methyl group is eliminated as in the formation of latter. in prisms M.P. 20i'° ; dextro-rotatory Bismuth-])otassic iodide, orange-red—limit as phospho-molybdic acid. the Crystallizes anhydrous ; alcohol) alkaline, bitter, non-fluorescent. Tannic acid, vellowish-white ; sol. in hydrochloric acid on warming ( + 1(W° in ; ; water. cloud at 1 in 40,000. Soluble in alcohol, difficultly in ether or chloroform, and not in DICTIDNAKV (IF THK ACTIVE I'KINCIl'I.KS OF PLANTS 33 1 .'50'4° distils in Precipitated liy alkaline hydrates and ammonia, flocculent pp. becoming crystallizes in rhomboidal prisms ; M.P. ; vacuo ; dextro- crystalline. rotatory (+j:i-2° ; 1 per cent, solution in alcohol) ; strongly alkaline. Soluble easily in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene; al.so soluble iu [ill) APOCINCHONICINE A. Produced from preceding alkaloid by heat- methyl alcohol and acetone ; slightly in water. ing; in snlphuric" acid to l.'i(l^-14()°. Optically inactive ; unstable. Precipitated by alkalies. Soluble i" all' ilinl, c'lipv, chloroform, and dilute acids. Reduces alkaline permanganate. Precipitated l>y sodium hydrate ; resinous. (4/) ALPHA-OXY-CINCHONINE A., C,,,H„.jN,,0,. From Cinchonine ; . nine, O. Hesse) ; M.P. about M" ; alkaline, bitter. CINCHOLEUPONIC ACID. (',H,,,NO_,-f H.,(). Formed with other sub- (4,7) Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone. stances from C'iuchoniue by acticm of chromic .:nd dilute sulphuric acids. Reactions ; very much like those of Quinicine. [E. Jungfleisch (Cmnpl. I^enrl., 105 and 106), to whom are also due the Sodium hydrate : cloud and gradual pp. next six substances, 4// to iiii, which were prepared by heating cinchonine Ammonia : partial precipitation. sulphuric acid for five days.] with (Does not give thalleioquin reaction with chlorine water, etc.) (ih) CINCHONIBINE, X.,Cis'H._,^..0. From cinchonine ; see 4.7. Prismatic (4") CARTHAGINE. Probably a mixture of Cinchonine and Cinchonidine needles; alkaline reaction; dextro-rotatory (ITi'i-S" in alcoiiol) ; M.P. (Hesse, Annul in, 166, 2.51) ; see also .i. i.')9" yielding; sublimate. ; (4;.)) CINCHOTINE A. (not Hlasiwetz's Cinchotine, which is Quinidine), Soluble in hot alcohol, not in ether or water. C'l^HjiNoO. Accompanies Cinchonine ; found also in Remijia bark. Precipitated by alkalies. 268°-277° Crys. prisms and leaflets ; M.P. (Skraup) ; dextro-rotatory. 1,3(')0 (4') CINCHONIFINE A., C,,,H„.N._,0. From Cinchonine ; see 4.7. Crystal- Soluble in alcihol, in .534 parts of ether and of water. ; de.xtro-rotatory ( llTi' lizes in needles from alcohol in alcoholic solution). (47) DICINCHONINE A., CjoHj^NjOa. Accompanies Cinchonine and Soluble in alcohol, but not in ether. Quinine in most Cinchona barks (Hesse). Amorphou.s, alkaline, dextro- fluorescent. (4./) CINCHONIGINE A., C,„H,„N.,0 (regarded by O. Hesse as identical rotatory, Isociuchonine. 4(/, or amorphous Cinchonine). From Cinchonine with ; Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone. Insoluble in see 47. Crystallizes in prisms; M.P. 128°; distils under reduced pres- water or petroleum ether tartrate. ; pp. G0'1° 1 sure; laivo-rotatory ( — ; percent, solution in alcohol) ; alkaline Gives the thalleioquin reaction. reaction, non-fluorescent. QUINIDINE A. ( Hesse's Conqtiinine : van Heiningen's Ijeta-quinine (5) ; Soluble in ethyl, naethyl, and amyl alcohols very readily ; also in ether, Hlasiwetz's Cinchotine ; Gruner's Carthagine ; Muratory's Pitayine ; benzene, chloroform, and acetone ; slightly in water. LiJwig's Quinotine), C2i,H^jN„02+2iH.,0 (from alcohol) ; crys. four- Precipitated by alkalies. sided prisms or needles ; also hydrates with li and 2 H.,0. Feebly (2.36-7°- i;,' (4/. ) CINCHONILINE A., C,^H..,K,0. From Cinchonine ; .see 4.7. Readily alkaline, bitter, dextro-rotatory :V01 Hesse) ;' M.P. I'iU" 34 IirCIKlN.Mn Ol- TlIK ACTIVK TKINCI I'LKS OK I'LANTS. (hydrate), or lGf<° (anhydrous). The acid salts show a blue Huorescence, Soluble in alcohol and ether. but the sulphate in chloroform a oreen. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia, the pp. being difficultly 1 'H) solublii in e.\ccss. Solubility in water 1 in '2,000 cold, 1 in liiO boiling ; in cold 3-7 1 in Gives reaction, Eo does Quinine. alcohol of SO per cent. ; 1 in boiling absolnte alcohol ; in ether, the thalltio(iuin but not strikingly as 20° 30 at 10°, 1 in 22 at (the hydrochloride 1 in 326) ; also .soluble in ((i//) (Hydroconquinine) HYDROqUINIDINE A. ; CV„HmX.,0., + n^P : amyl alcohol and benzeue ; very difficultly in chloroform, carbon bisulphide, found in conuntrcial Quinidine; crystallizes in prismaiic needles or platrs ; and petroleum ether. It is removed from alkaline solutions by benzene, M.P. KiO" Ui7°; dextro-rotatory; fluorescent (in sulphuric acid). chloroform (with difficulty), and amyl alcohol. Soluble readily in alcohol and chloroform, with difficulty in ether. Precipitants : Gives the thalleioquin reaction. No pp. sodium bicarbonate cold, but pp. on heating. ((V) QUITENIDINE A., C,,,H..,N.,Oj ; from Quinidine by oxidation with Tannic acid, pp. sol. warm hydrochloric acid. potassium permanganate. Picric acid, amorphous pp. becoming crystalline. Platinum chloride, pale yellow ; insol. hydrochloric acid. (IW) ISOQUINIDINE (Isoconquinine) ; formed like Isoquinine: crystalline Gold chloride, lemon pp., amorphous. needles. Silver nitrate. Soluble in ether. Potassium ftrrocyanide, yellowish white crys. ; sparingly .soluble. C/A/CHO/V/0/A/f .V. (Cinchovatine; Wiuckler and Hesse's Quinidine Silver-potassic cyanide. (7) ; the Homocinchonidine of Hesse, described at (7i/), is impure Cinchoni- Potassium bichromate, yellow amorphous ; cloud at 1 in li,O00. dine (Skraup), or Beta-cinchonine) ; CiaH^.^N^O (Pasteur); large glitter- Chromic acid (;'i per cent., to neutral salt). 17.'/' 2(irr' ing prisms from alcohol ; no crystalline hydrate ; M.P. (observers Iodo-i)otassic iodide, kermes colour. differ) ; alkaline, bitter; not fluorescent. CiitclioiHt Potassium iodide, white amorphous ; dislhictive from all. in 1,080 parts of water at 10°, 19 alcohol of 80 per cent., 76 allcahids. Soluble parts ether (Leer.s' results differ from these) ; it is also soluble in chloro- The hydriodide is difficultly soluble in water or alcohol. form, by which it is removed from alkaline solutions. Cadmium potassic iodide, pp. complete. Precipitants ( ' No characteristic test,' Hiisemann) : Zinc-potassic iodide. Alkaline hydrates , Mercuric-potassic iodide, limit 1 in fiO.OOO. Ammonia ^^.^^^^, ^^, ^^ ^^^^^^ iVIercuric chloride, white amorphous. S Alkaline carbonates. Chlorine water, then ammonia, as Quinine. „ bicarbonates. tests (negative, identical with those of Quinine) : Colour Rochelle salt. Conct-ntrated sulphuric acid i [Not neutral sodium acetate (see Opium).] ., ,, with sugar „ | [Not ferric chloride.] '- „ „ „ „ nitric aiad colourless. Platinum chloride, pale orange, scarcely soluble. ,. nitric acid i 100°. Gold chloride, yellow ; M.P. about hydrochloric acid ' ,. Potassium ferrocyanide, reddish-yellow crystals, sparingly soluble. solution, greenish. Friihdis Silver potassic cyanide. acid, per cent, solution to neutral salt. ((h/) APOQUINIDINE a. (Apoconquinine), C,sH..,N,0.^ ; formed from Chromic 5 Quinidine like the corresponding Apoquinine from Quinine, a methyl [Not zinc potassic-iodide, or very slightly.] Mercuric chloride, crystalline, difficultly soluble. group being eliminated ; amorphous, alkaline, non-fluorescent ; M.P. (anhydrous alkaloid) 137°. No thalleioquin reaction. : ; : : DICTIDNAKY OK Till: ACTIVE PUINCiri.Er 35 Colour tests (negative) : Tannic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid \ Picric acid. „ „ ,, with sugar (rold chloride, yellow amorphous. nitric V<;oloiirless. Phospho-tungstic • „ ,, „ „ acid acid) , j i , -nt\r\i-\ ' . pp., cloud at 1 in .)0,000. T J 1 ' ., nitric acid Jodo-potassic acid I'' ' hydrnchloric acid Potassic icH^ide. Mercuric- potassic iodide, pp., cloud at 1 in 50,000. ISOCINCHONIDINE A. prepared lilje ; (7a) ; Isoquiniue crystalline plates ; Colour tests (Wittstein believes the colours are due to impurity) : M.P. tX,'. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark green. Readily soluble in ether and chloroform. „ nitric acid, intense green. (7/<) APOCINCHONIDINEA.; formed like Apoquinine, but no methyl group Frcihde's reagent, blue, changing to green. eliminated; crvstaliine, very bitter ; non-Huorescent. (9) CUSCONINE A. (regarded by Wittstein as identical with preceding), Precipitated by alkaline hydrates, and by ammonii, which gives an + CjHjiNjOj '2H„0 ; crystalline plates or prisms, with metallic lustre; amorphous pp., becoming crystalline. 110° M.P. (after loss of water) ; laevo-rotatory ( - 64-3 in alcohol) ; feebly No pp. Rochelle salt. alkaline; not bitter ; not fluorescent; salts mostly amorphous; sulphate (7r) CINCHAMIDINE A. (Hydrocinchonidine, Forst) ; accompanies Cin- gelatinous. chonidine, from which it maybe separated by fractional precipitation; Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ether, very readily in chloroform, but C„„H.,|;N'..0 or 0,,|H.j,NoO ; crystalline plates or needles ; M.P. 2 iO' ; laevo- scarcely in water. rotitory fluorescent. ; not Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia ; scarcely soluble in Soluble in alcohol and chloroform ; with difficulty in ether. excess. Other ]]recipitauts as un.der Aricine. (7-/) HOMOCINCHONIDINE A. [regarded by Skraup as merely impure Colour tests Cinchonidiae, see (7)] ; CidHooN^.O (Hesse); accompanies Cinchonidine crystalline prisms or plates. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-green. Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, scarcely in water. Concentrated nitric acid colours the alkaloid dark green, the solution becoming yellowish-green. (S) ARICINE A. (Manzini's Chinovatine or Quinovatine ; Hesse's Cin- Frobde's solution, dark-blue •>«. olive green warm •>«. blue ou cooling. chonidine V) ; exists to extent of 3 to 3j per cent, in China de Cusco vera (11(0 CUSCONIDINE A. [possibly amorphous form of Cusconine (Hesse) (false Calisaya bark), in which Moissan found no Quinine or Cinchoniue; ; coinpar_^ also (8) and (0)] ; amorphous; dark brown. C2.,H„|iN20, + 2H.jO (Gerhardt, Hesse, Moi 8° Alkaline hydrates ) j- . i, ; a it (-.')8-l in alcohol, —!12'36'' in ether) alkaline, not bitter; salts •' mostly . du'ty yellow Hocculent > j j itpp. crystalline (but the sulphate gelatinous from water, though crys. from Ammonia ^ Gold chloride yellow amorphous pp., soluble with difficulty in alcohol); acetate diffieullly sohible in water. I Platinum chloride in water. Soluble in 100 part.s cold or 11 parts boiling alcohol, 33 parts ether ) acetic acid : scarcely in '.vater. To the solution in concentrated Precipitants Sulphuric acid gives no pp. (distinction from Pariciiie). Alkaline hydrates. Nitric acid, cloud, changing to pp. of Cusconidine nitrate. Hydrochloric acid, cloud, disappearing on addition of water. ,, carbonate^. Ammonia, somewhat .soluble in exces.s. (9i) CUSCAMIDINE A.; closely resembles the above, the oiilv difference [Not tartrates of soda or potash.] (observed by O. Hesse, Ann. Chvn. Pharni., 200) beiug that Cuscamidine : : ; :::: iir( ri(i\.\i;v (if the active i'i:iNcnM.i;s or n.ANTS. gives a precipitate with nitric acid from a diluli' solution of acetic acid, Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. whereas Cnsconidine is only precipitated by nitric acid from a ronc.entraled Nitiic acid, gradual dark green. acetic solution. Fr(il]di''s solution, colourless. (14) CONCHAIRAMINE A,, C.,.,H,8N.,0j, with H.,0, and with C..Hr,0 (10) CONCUSCONINE A., C,,,,H,,iX,Oj + H„0 ; monoclinic i)risms ; 120° 144°, (alcohoP, pli^matic crystals: M.P. lOS'-llO" the hydrate, anhydVone, M.P. solidifying on further heating, melting again at 20(5"-K° ; dextro- or S2"-SCi' the alcoliolitc. Reaction almost neutral. rotator}- ; neutral reaction ; tasteless (salts are bitter). Soluble in hot alcohol (with difficulty cold), in ether, and readily in Soluble readily in ether, chloroform, or benzene ; very difficultly in chloroform ; scarcely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. alcohol even boiling ; scarcely in petroleum ether, and not in water. Precipitants : Precipitants Alkaline hydrates, pp. becomes crystalline, and is insoluble in excess. Alkaline hydiates, resinous. Ammonia, insol. in excess. [Xot amraonin, nor lead acetate, neutral.] Platinum chloride, dark jellow, flocculent. Platinum chloride, yellow floccnlent. Potassium snlphocyanide. Crold chloride, dirty yellow, with reduction of gold. Colour tests Colour tests (^Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown, changing to intense green. ( "cnceutnited sulphuric acid, bluish-green, olive-green on warming. Nitric acid added to the hydrochloric solution, dark green. „ „ „ with potassium bichromate, darkreddish- Fn'.hde's reairent, brownish. brown, changing to intense green. (15) CHAIRAMIDINE A., C,H.„N.Oj ; amorphous: M.P. 127°; dextro- Nitric acid, dark green the alcoholic 7'3' (without solution) ; added to rotatory ( = -f ) neutral. solution, niti'ic acid gives a magnificent green coloration. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene ; not in water. Removed by benzene from alkaline solutions. (11) CONCUSCONIDINE A., C.aH„,;N.,0, yellow amorphous; M.P. V1A° ; Absorbed by charcoal. slightly dextro-rotatory. Precipitants (VI) CUSCAMINE Alkaline hydrate Platinum chloride, yellow floccu- A., crystalline (from alcohol); M.P. --'IK": non- Insoluble Ammonia. lent, = ^rhHCll.,PtCl4+.'. fluorescent : taste astringent pp. and somewhat bitter. in excess. Soluble in ether and chloroform (very readily), and in alcohol. Alk. carbonates. H..0. Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and ammonia. Colour tests [No colour with Ferric chloride.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, becoming dark green. Nitric acid does not dissolve the solid alkaloid. (13) CHAIRAMINE A., C.,.,H.,„N„0,+H„0. Crys. needles or prisms; to the Iljdrochloric solution, dark green. anhydrous at 140°, then mefts at 23.S° neutral reaction, dextro-rotatory ( ; (16) CONCHAIRAMIDINE A., '„oH.,6N.A, crys. prisms.; M.P. 114°-11.V (about+lOO"). (anhydrous) ; neutral reaction. Soluble rendily in ether and chloroform, in 540 parts of !)7 per cent, Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone, and ea.sily in alcohol at ('., 11 with difficulty in water, and insoluble in dilute hydro- acetic and mineral acids except nitric. Insoluble in water. chloric acid. Removed from alkaline solutions by benzene, etc. Precipitants Precipitants Alkaline hydrates Alkaline hydrates 1 Ammonia. insoluble in excess. '' ' , . > pp. oily, becoming crystaJline. Platinum •' a j chloride- yellow needles insoluble in alcohol ; formula Ammonia L'^'^ (ChHCl)., PtClj. Baryta ) : : TlHTK.INARV Or TlIK ACTIVE I'UINCI I'M'.S OK PLANTS. 37 subsequently melting at Colour tests : ('oncentrated sulphuric acid, intense green. from ether ; becomes anhydrous at I'lO'-Mb", — 17;")°). Nitric acid, as Chairamidine (!.')) above. l'J8° ; alkaline reaction, Icevo rotatory (= Fruhde's reagent, intense green. Soluble in alcohol, but with difficulty in ether or chloroform. It is not removed from a 10 per cent, soda solution, but from (17) qUINAMINE A., Ci.jH^jN.^O.. Crystallize.s in prisms (no crystalline ammoni.ical liquids by immiscible solvents. 172° hydrate; M.P. ; dextro-rotatory 1(U'5°) tasteless, though salts ( + ; Precipitants : are bitter : iioii-fluoresceut. Alkaline hydrate, soluble in excess. Soluble in l,riir. parts water at KV C, 105 alcohol at 20° C, 4K ether Ammonia, slightly soluble in excess. at Ui° ('., in chloroform, boiling benzene, and petroleum ether. Ferric chloride, dark brown coloration. Precipitated by gold chloride, pale yellow, changing to red with Platinum chloride, pp. difficultly soluble. The dry double salt reduction of gold. becomes dark gieen on heating. (18a) APOQUINAMINE A. From the above by boiling with acids. Potassium sulphocyanide, cloud changing gradually to crys. pp. Chlorine water, etc. (thalleioquin reaction), as Quinine. (18i) QUINAMICINE A., C„H._,jN.A- Formed together with (]8r) from Quinamine bv beating to l.^O' with hydrochloric acid in sealed tube, (21 ) HOMOQUININE A. (Ultraquinine), C,„H„.,N.,0./C.,„H.,,N._,0.,. A com- (.'rvstalline ; M.P. lOil". pound of <^)uinine and Cupreine in molecular proportions (Paul and 177" Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Cownley). Pearly ])rismatic crystals in stellar groups ; M.P. ; liEvo- .1= — 221° fluorescent acid salts) ; strongly alkaline. Precipitants rotatory [a] ; (the Alkaline hydrates Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, but with difficulty in ether unless ^ „ carbonates ;-insol. in excess, freshly jirecipitated. bicarbonates I Reactions solutions. Ammonia, amorphou.«, becoming crystalline ; insol. in excess. Ammonia, dissolves. Rochelle salt, pp. with concentrated Gold chloride, amorphnus ; yellow if pure, or purple if containing [No pp. iodo-potassic iodide.] Qninamidirie. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potass, bichromate, deep green. , Potassium iodide. Concentrated sulphuric acid alone ) , . „ ..^. > do not decompose.'^ Salicylate ammonia. „ nitric „ ,, I water, then ammonia). Oxalate ,, Gives the thalleioquin reaction (chlorine Sodium chloride. The soda hydrate pp. contains Quinine and (Jupreine, only the former Acids (hydrochloric, nitric, or sulphuric) also give precipitates. being removable on shaking with ether. (IHc) QUINAMIDINE A. Formed in the preparation of the above, from (22) CINCHONAMINE A., C,gH.jN,0. Hexagonal prisms (no crystalline which it is distinguished by giving hydrate) ; INI. P. lOfi^ ; dextro-rotatory (+121°) ; bitter, poisonous. in bisulphide No pp. with bicarbonates of the alkalies. Soluble alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and carbon ; The gold chloride pp. is purple. difficultly in water and petroleum ether. Hydrochloride sparingly soluble. Reactions: No colour with ferric chloride, nor thalleioquin test C,„H„jN„0.,- Triclinic 121° (19) CONQUINAMINE A., prisms ; M.P. ; (chlorine water, etc.). dextro-rotatory (+204'). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon bisulphide, and (23) QUINOIDINE and (24) QUINETUM are mixtures; the former con- with difficulty in water. taining principally Quinicine (see 2i) with Cinchonicine (see 4/i) ; and Precipitate by gold chloiide is yellow, becoming purple. the latter the alkaloids of red bark. (20) CUPREINE A., C,:,H,...N,0- and with 2H.2O. Crystallizes in prisms (2ro PARICINE A., C,cH,8N„0, from China Succirubra and Cascarilla : ; : : — 38 DIOTIONAKY OK TllU ACTIVE PIUNCIPLF.S OK PLANTS. : Salts with alkalies, crystalline. hexandra. Pale yellow powder; M.P. lUr or i;!()°; bitter; feebly Reactions hydrates ) alkaline. Alkaline carbonates > dis.solve to frothy .solutions. Soluble in alcobol and ether, slightly in petroleum ether, scarcely in „ Ammonia water. ) from alkaline solutions. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish green. Precipitated by acids Copper sulphate pp. gradually with green coloration. Hlasi- (26) QUINOVIN O. (Chinovin, Esenbeckin), C3„HjsO„ (Gilm and Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves unchanged (re-precipitated by wetz). Amorphous, resinous powder, neutral reaciion, taste gradually water). 5'2-4° solution). Hydrochloric bitter; de.xtro-rotatory ( + in alcoholic (28) CASCiRILLIN B. From China (Quina) nova, etc., and Ca.scjrilla acid gas decomposes with formation of Quinovic acid (27) and a sweet bark (Croton eluteria Euplinrhiacnf) ; amorphous, resinous, neutral substance, Quinovite. reaction, bitter. Soluble in alcohol, less easily in ether, in hot water, but scarcely in in alcohol, ether, and benzene, scarcely in water. essential oils. Soluble cold ; also in chloroform and fatty or Removed by benzene from will solutions. Reactions : Soluble in alkaline hydrates, ammonia, lime water. [Not Precipitated by lead acetate neutral or basic nor by tannic acid] Insol. in alkaline carbonates. Colour tests [No pp. lead acetate neutral or basic to alcoholic solution.] Concentiated suli)huric acid, blood-red (? reddish-brown, Dragen- Pp. by other metallic salts and by acids from alkaline solutions. dorlf) ; nitric acid or nitre added to the solution after ten to fifteen Fehling'.H solution, not reduced. hours changes the reddish solution to bluish violet, then blood- Colour tests red ; compare morphine. Concentrated sulphuric acid gradually dissolves, dark red. acid, reddish-violet. with sugar, red. Nitric ,, „ „ acid, violet. dissolves Hydrochloric ., nitric acid, on warming, with decomjiosition and evolution of nitrous fumes. (29) COPALCHIN B. From Croton pseudoquina {Euji/iorljiaceii:). Amor- phous, resinous, bitter. (26a) BETA- and ALPHA-QUINOVINS have been prepared and described ' Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, partly ' in ether—hence pre- by Liebermann as distinct substances as follows : a = alpha-quinovin and sumably impure— scarcely in water. a from cinchona bark, from cuprea bark ; both P the beta compound— i3 give glittering scales on adding water to the alcoholic solution. Isomeric Reactions [Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate.] formula = C.„H^.p,,. Both dextro-rotatory ; «= +500°. >.S= +27-0°. Pp. by tannic acid. Solubility : a, nearly 12 in alcohol (absolute), with difficulty iu ether, Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. chloroform, or benzene, and scarcely in water, hot or cold. /3 is insoluble acetate or absolute ether (distinction from /3 bark. C,<,H.^N08 (C.,„H.<,08XHj n ethyl «) ; forms a (30) LWNOIN B. From old Hnanocho ?). molecules alcohol crystalline compound with 5 of ; in most other respects Amorphous, brown, humoid. Yields ammonia when boiled with alkali. fi resembles a. Soluble in alcohol. with (a) : Concentrated sulphuric acid, orange dissolve brown with evolution Colour tests yellow with Reactions : Alkaline hydrates of of carbon monoxide. Glacial acetic acid, pale blue. evolution ammonia ; acids re-precipitate. Lead acetate neutral ) QUINOVIC ACID. Obtainable from Quinovin, and occurring naturally. flesh-coloured pp. (27) basic „ ,, 5 C.jH^igOj. Crys. scales or needles ; dextro-rotatory; tasteless. Solubility very slight in alcohol, ether, chloroform, or glacial acetic (HI) CAUFOR.\IN B. (not the Californine from Lotus bark). From acid. Insoluble in water. China (Quina) Californica=Cascarilla riedeliana or possibly Buena : UICTIONAUV (IF THK ACTIVE PRINCIPLKS OF PLANTS. H9 obtusifolia. Investigator: Winckler. Golden yellow, amorphous, neutral rotatory (-15'8°); alkaline reaction, slightly bitter, succeeded by tem- reaction, bitter. porary destruction of sense of taste and the local anaesthesia characteristic Soluble ill water and alcohol ; not in ether. of this alkaloid. Dilates the pupil. Readily decomposes into benzoic [Not precipitated by Tannic acid. acid, methyl alcohol, and Ecgonine. In the human system it is entirely Platinum ctildiuie. (or nearly entirely) destroyed ; Vitali has, however, found traces together Jlercuric chloride.] with Ecgonine in the urine. The hydrochloride is readily crystallizable. Concentrated Sulphuric acid, brownish red. Soluble in 7(14 parts cold water (easier hot, but liable to decompose), in alcohol benzene, very readily in C.Vl) MORADEINE A. This, with the next substance, obtained by Arata and ether ; also dissolved by the fol- lowing when hot : chloroform, wood spirit, acetone, and petroleum ether from Bolivian Cascaril]a = Quina niorada (Howardia, IKfrfrf., or Pogonopus ; febrifugus, Benth.-llook.)^ Ruhia Crys. rhombic plates from water ; soluble also in ether. 'I'annic acid in acid .solution, white ; cloud at 1 in '25,000. Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense yellow. Picric acid, yellow. Gradually at 1 in 1,000. 7'(. Platinum chloride, whitish yellow even at I in at 1 § CNICUS benedictus (Centaurea calcitrapa) ; Cmivpositm. 12,500; cloud in 2.5,000. 'J'/ie cn/slala of the double salt are or, Mercuric- potassic 1 (1) COCAINE A. (Benzoyl-muthyl ecgonine ; taking into account the iodide, pp. even very dilute ; cloud at in 1,000,000. composition of Ecgonine, the full constitutional name becomes, Benzoyl- Mercuric chloride, white. methyl-tetrahydromethyl-pyridine/3-bydroxypropionic acid), CijH„,NOj. Iodine, brown. Crystallizes in 4-G sided prisms ; M.P. 'J.S^, re-crystallizing on cooling Stannous chloride (SnOo), white. ; at higher temperature, partial sublimation with decomposition ; \sevo- Potassium permanganate, violet. : : D1CTI()NAI!V l)F 'I'lIK ACTIVK l'KINCIl'l,KS OF I'l.ANTS. Colour tests {A) ECGONINE A., C^HuNO:, (C„H,;,X(0H)C00H ; Methyl-tetra- Cloncentrated Isulphuvic acid, no coloration ; vapours of bBiizoic hydro-pyriditie-/3-oxypropioiiic acidl. Occurs in the amorphous bases acid on warmiuw. obtained after separation of Cocaine, and producible (together with Concentrated hyumcM.j: ic acid, decomposes with formation of Benzoyl-ecgonine and (Cocaine benzoate) from Cocaine by mere heating of Ecgonine. the aqueous solution to 80° (Hesse). Rhombic crystals with 1 molecule '211;'/ Per-iodic acid, minute fragment of alkaloid dissolved in A to 1 cc. H.,0 ; M.P. HW. or when anhydrous ; reaction neutral : taste slightly concentrated sulphuric acid, then sodium periodate or per-iodic bitter and siveet. acid in small quantity (two or three times as much as alkaloid), Soluble very readily in water, with difficulty in absolute alcohol or jiroduces on gentle warming, Inigiit green changing to blue and chlornfonii. and insoluble in ether or carbon bisulphide (Mussi). violet, with evolution of violet, fumes (Vitali). Reactions : / ,. , NoTK : Atropine, Thebaine, (Jlielidonine, and Corydaline give Alkaline hydrates . • dissolve. colour changes under these circumstances, but not same sequence. Ammonia \ Reaction is really due to benzoic acid. [No pp. platinum chloride, the double salt being very soluble.] Cold chloride to concentrated solution, yellow amorphous pp. DEXTRO-COCAINE A., UijH.iNO.,. Formed artificially from benzoyl- (hi) [No pp. o per cent, chromic acid solution.] dextro-methylecgonine (Einhorn and Marquardt). chloriile aud Oily Phospho-molybdic acid, pp. yellow. crystalline 4;'>°. substance becoming ; M.P. lodo-potassic iodide, reddish-brown, becoming crystalline, micro- in alcohol (less so than ordinary Cocaine), in ether, benzene, Soluble scopic tufts, rhombic plates or prisms (Vitali), 1 in oOO for and petroleum spirit. crystals. Ui^sembles ordinary Cocaine (Laivo-cooaine) in chemical properties Treated with phosphoric pentachloride. anhydro-ecgonine is formed : physiological action, but its anaesthetic effect is more transient. and see (36). (li) ETHYL-COCAINE A., C,sH.,,NOj (Homo-cocaine, Cocethyline, lien- (3a) Dt'XTHO-ECGONINE A., C,,H,5N0.,; from preceding alkaloid by 257°; zoyl-ethyleogonine). Prepared by ethylationof Benzoyl-ecgonine. Crys. heating with potash ; M.P. dextro rotatory. glassy prisms ; M.P. l()8°-10y°. (Ml) ANHYDRO-ECGONINE A.. C<,H,jN0,; from Ecgonine by heating Soluble HI alcohol aud ether ; not iu water. with phosphorus pentachloride, or from Cocaine by heating to 140' with physiological action than Cocaine. Weaker a solution of hydrochloric acid gas in glacial acetic acid ; crys. M.P. •Si:>'. Soluble in water and alcohol, but nul in ether, chloroform, benzene, or BENZOYL-ECGONINE A., C„;H,,,NOj (2) . [CsH„N(C0On)()-C-H|iO]. petroleum spirit. Occurs naturally, and produced by decomposition of Cocaine, which may be prepared be reformed from it by methylation. Benzoyl-ecgoniiie is also prepared (4) CINNAMYL-ECGONINE A„ C,aH.,,NO,. May from by synthesis from benzoic anhydride and Ecgonine. Crystallizes with Ecgonine and Cinnamic anhydride, and derivable from Cinnamyl-cocaiiie 4H.>0 in transparent prisms—M.P. variable (87-140°)—or in long needles [see (a)], which occurs naturally. from chloroform. The hydrate in alcohol has tevo-rotatory power of (;")) CINNAMYL-COCAINE A., C„H„:,NOj ; the methyl ether (ester) of the — 44"6''. Scarcely anaesthetic ; reaction neutral. preceding, or Cinnamyl-methyl-ecgonine. Occurs naturally (Giesel Soluble in alcohol, wood spirit, hot acetone, hot water (with difficulty obtained .') per cent., together with 15 per cent, of other bases besides I liot chloroform (crys. needles on cooling) scarcely also colli), an ; in ether. Coc.une, from a Java Coca) ; producible by methylatioa of (4). Reactions Crystalline ; M.V. UV. Alkaline hydrates ) in and alcohol, but not in water. ^.^^^j^^_ Soluble ether Ammonia ) Odour of bitter almonds on treatment with potassium permanganate in Gold chloride, pp. yellow crys., sol. hot alcohol, slightly in water. the cold. ; : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 41 = - heating la;vo-rotatory ([a]j 28'r) ; neutral re- (()) COCAMINE A., C,9H.,;jN04 + iH,0 or C35H,„N,O,-H.,0 (Cocaic- caramel odour on ; Liebtrmann; Truxillirie, or action, very bitter, poisonous. metbyl-ecgotiine ; the y-isatiMinl-cociine of boiling, 3 parts alcrhol, 250 of Ecsronine truxillate) ; amorphous; M.P. 80° (Hesse); liBVo rotatory Soluble in 150 parts cold water or 25 ether, and acetic (-27'5° in alcohol, Lieberraann) ; neutral, bitter; verv poisonous and ether ; also in chloroform, amyl alcohol, petroleum not anaisthetic (Liebermann). Hesse describes its action as similar to acid. Cocaine. It is removed from acid solutions by ethfr, chloroform and aniyl alcohol. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone, and hot water ; but with difficulty in cold water or petroleum ether. Keactions (slight reduc- Alkaline hydrates, dissolve ; acids [Nor gold chloride Precipitants (1^. = Liebermann) tion warming). give pp. ; also CO.j if concen- on Alkaline hydrates) traces are Chromic acid. trated. ,, silver nitrate. Ammonia j dissolved. Mercuric chloride. [Not pp. by lead acetate, neutral „ cupric sulphate]. Picric acid, yellow (L.). Potassium permanganate, violet or basic] Fehling's solution is reduced. [Ferric chloride, no coloration.] (L.). But pp. by lead hydroxide free [No pp. potassium ferricyanide. Platinum chloride. Stannous chloride (L.). from alkali (see after concen- „ sulpho-cyanide Gold chloride. trated sulphuric acid). phospho-molybdic acid, (7) HOMOCOCAMINE A., is the next higher homologue of the preceding [No pp. tannic acid. iodo-potassic iodide, = C„„H,5N04 or C,„H5„X,08. „ picric acid. mercuric chloride, „ ferric chloride. iodine, (8) BENZOYL-PSEUDO-TROPINE A., Ci5H,„N0o [from Java Coca leaves platinum chloride.] barium salts, etc.] (Hesse, Liebermann)]; crys. colourless lustious plates; M.P. 4S°-49° „ Colour tests : (48°, Hesse ; 411°, Liebermann) ; optically inactive ; half as poisonous as Conceutd. sulphuric acid, dissolves yellow Cocaine. Hydrochloride verv soluble. Yields, on decompositiun, benzoic | ^^^ p^^ precipitate trace potass, b,- ,. with - ^^ acid and Pseudotropine. Platinum salt, pale yellow needles, sparingly ' be used chromate, violet. ) soluble in water (Hesse) amorphous (Liebermann). ; Nitre (three times weight of Picrotoxin taken) moistened with con- (8(1) PSEUDOTROPINE A., (from above; see also Atropa centrated suljihuric acid, then soda in excess, vermilion (Langley's CgHiaXO (J) ; deliquescent ]irisius from chloroform ; M.P. 108°. Platinum salt soluble reaction). in water. Gold salt, M.P. 202°, Hesse (220°, Liebermann). (h) PICROTOXININ B. (Barth's Picrotoxin), CisHj^Os (Pat€rno). A derivative of the above. (9) HYGRINE A., Ci,,Hi3N (?), Hesse. (Liebermann found two volatile alkaloids, to 193°-.')°, which he gave the formulae CgHj^NO, B.P. and (() PICROTOXID, C„H,sOc ; from Picrotoxinin by action of hydrochloric C,4H2,NoO, not boiling without decomposition.) He^se suggests that acid gas, the elements of water being eliminated. 'Hygriue' is not a natural product, but due to decompositions. He (rl) COCCULIN (Anam\rtin (?), Hiisemann), C,s,H„eOi„ (Lowenhardt, describes it as liquid with quinoliaic odour, alkaline reaction, burning 1884) ; crys. needles ; not bitter. taste. (Poisonous, according to ^tockmaun.) The hydrochloride is cold water, Soluble with difficulty in hot water ; almost insoluble in crystallizable. alcohol, or ether. Soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, but with difficulty in water. (r) MENtSPERMINE A., C,„H.;jN„0„ (Pelletier and Couerbe) ; crys. prisms ; Alkaline hydrates cause milkines=, due to oily globules. M.P. 120° ; alkaline reaction ; not bitter. § 72. COCCULUS Indicus (Anamirta Coccnlus) ; Meiiixpermoceep. Soluble in alcohol, and in ether (which removes it from alkaline (a) PICROTOXIN B., C^U.^iOy, (Paterno) ; silky needles ; M.P. 19g°-20r solution), but not in water. : : 42 IHCTIONAKY OF TlIU ACTIVU PIUNfU-LKS OF FLAN IS. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. Concentrated sulphuric acid, with potass, bichromate, green, then Aninionia. brown. A. crytalline ; ( f) PARAMENISPEHMINE ; M.P. 250°, and volatile. „ „ „ with nitric acid, blue. Soluble irj alcohol, almost insoluble in ether, and not dissolved by Potash added to this after the solntion has faded in colour, red. water. 'I'hoiiiih soluble in acids, no salts are formed. Nitre or nitric acid after tt-n hours' solution in sulphuric acid-v>.violet- § 73. COLCHICQM autumnale (C. Alpinum, C. Arenariura, C. Mon- red-v\.lilne~vbrown. tanuin, and (). Xeapolitaniim) ; (Uilch/cuceii'. Nitric acid alone, blue to violel'«^brown'w<-\ellow. (a) COLCHICINE A., (Colchiceine-inetliyl ether) Zeisl) violet (C.,,H,5N0e, ; „ „ fuming, to iudigo. amorphous yellowish-white, giiniuiv usually, although ; prismatic crystals Acids generally, yellow. are obtainable M.P. 1-10°, or 14:3''-147° ; (Zeisl) ; hevo-rotatory) ; feebly Frohde's solution, yellow-wvjellowish-green ; in twenty-four hours, alkaline ; bitter. Yields Colchiceine and a yellowish-green resin on boiling yellow. with acids. (h) COLCHICEINE A., C.iH.^'Oo. Occurs naturally, and prepared from in water all Soluble in proportions, very readily in alcohol : also in preceding alkaloid by lonij boiling with acids. Ciystallizes in needles chloroform, ; benzene, and amyl alcohol. In ether, Dragendorff describes the hydrate melts at 139"- 142° in open tube, or 15(j'-lo2' in closed tube, it as soluble, but Z^isl as scarcely so. Insoluble in petroleum ether. and the anhydrous alkaloid at lijl' 172' (Zeisl) ; laevo-rotatory, ueutral It is removed from uviU solutions by amyl alcohol, also in part by reaction. Properties feebly acid and basic. benzene and chloroform. SoluhilityasColchicine,except that it isdifficultlysoluble in cold water. Precipitants Kenioved from acid solutions by benzene. [Alkaline hydrate, pp. if acid and warm, soluble in excess, yellow.] Reactions Not lead acetate, neutral or b.isic] Alk.lme hydrates I | dissolve, metallic salts pp.'^'^ Tannic acid, 1 in sol. 2,6UO ; in alcohol and acetic acid. Ammonia ) [Not picric acid, unless concentrated.] [Xo pp. lead acetate, neutral or basic] [No colour ferric chloride V] Ferric chloride, green coloration or pp. Jflatinum chloride, not at once 1 in 125, but after twenty-four hours Gold chloride, pp. 1 in a.OOO. Phospho-molybdic acid, pp. Gold chloride pp., reduction of gold after twenty-four hours. Colour tests similar to those of Colchicine. [Not potass, ferrocyanide, unless concentrated.] § 74 COLOCYNTHIS citrullus (Cucumis) ; Ciicurlilacro'. [Silver potassic cyanide, not 1 in 3,000.] (a) COLOCYNTHIN G., C^6H840„;,. Usually amorphous, but capable of [Potassium bichromate, noi 1 in 3,000.] crystallization; neutral, bitter, purgative. Yields sugar and Colocynthein Phosj.ho-molybdic acid, 1 in 3,ii00. on treatment with acids. Not found in body after death. lodo-potassic iodide, 1 in 2,500. Soluble in S parts water, in alcohol, amyl alcohol, and benzene (not in Bismuth-potassic iodide, 1 in 3,000. latter, according to Henke) ; with difficulty in ether and chloroform, and [Cadmiiim-potassic iodide, only if concentrated.] not in petroleum ether, or carbon bisulphide. [Mercuric-potassic iodide, only when acidulated and not dilute.] Removed from a(«/ solutions by amyl alcohol, chloroform, and benzene. [Mercuric chloride, if concentrated.] Reactions: Ammonia, dissolves. Chlorine water, yellow pp. ; sol. ammonia, orange. [Xo p]i. lead acetate, neutral or basic. Dragendorff states that pp. is Colour tests (besides those formed by precipitants above) ; obtained by latter.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. Tannic acid, ]ip. „ „ with sugar, yellow, Fehling's solution reduced. DICTIOXAUV OF TME ACTIVE PIUNCIPLES OF PLANTS. 43 [No pp. Cadmium-potassic iodide nor metallic salts generally.] Mercuric- potassic iodide 1 in 800, white amorphous adherent like nicotine similar. Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, deep red. resin ; characteristic, but Nitric acid, liijht red. Mercuric chloride, white amorphous (not in very dilute solutions). Frolide's solution, after lialE-hour, cherry ; later, nut colour [The Nicotine pp. is crystalline.] (Dragendoiif). Free Coniine precipitates mercury, silver, lead, copper, tin, iron, solutions (h) COLOCYNTHEIN G.-deriv. Obtained from (a) by treatment with acids. manganese, and zinc oxides from of their salts. Albumen coagulated, distinction from nicotine and solid alkaloids (r) COLOCYNTHITIN. Microscopic rhombic prisms ; not bitter. ('test valueless.' DragendorfJ). Soluble in hot alcohol and ether ; not in water or cold alcohol (Walz). Colour tests (mostly negative): alkaloids (e) § 7.'i. CONIUM macnlatnm (spotted hemlock) the («) to ; Cuncenuat.d sulphuric acid i no effect except after Cicuta virosa (water hemlock, the substances (a) and ^"g'"- cowbane) (/) ; " ^!^^ . , standing.° Umhellifi-nr. „ „ „ with nunc acid ) (a) CONIINE A. (Cnnicine, Cicutine, Alpha-propyl piperidine), CgHiyN Fuming nitric acid, bluish-v^-orange. or C5H,„(C:,Hj)N. Colourless liquid, disagreeable odour ; B.P. variously Dry hydrochloric acid gas, purplb-red'>~indigo. given 1;jU°-180^-j!18° (?). Volatile in vapour of alcohol or water, and some- Concentrated hydrochloiic acid (solution), no effect or pale red. what at ordinary temperatures. Alkaline reaction, burtjing taste ; dextro- Frcihde's solution, no effect. red^^-violet'vvgreeno^blue. rotatory [a]D = -J-13'8 ; specific giavity 0'878 to 0880. Hydrochloride Coniine salts on exposure become gradually crystalline ; causes dilation of the pupil very poisonous salts lose ; ; (h) CONHYDRINE A., CgH^NO. Separates out from commercial Coniine Ciiniine on evaporation. by cooling to b" C. Crystalline pearly plates ; M.P. I'^OG" ; B.P. 220°, Soluble in 100 parts cold water (cloud on warming), in all proportions part sublimes at 100° ; volatile without decomposition ; dextro-rotatory, li also benzene, in alcohul, in parts ether ; in chloroform, petroleum powerfully alkaline (displaces ammonia from its salts). Odour faintly ether, aniyl alcohol, acetone, and ethereal oils ; with difficulty in carbon Coniine-like ; feebly narcotic. bisulphide. Soluble in water, very readily in alcohol and ether, sparingly in solvents, including Removed from alkaline solutions by immiscible petroleum ether, by which, however, it may be removed from alkaline petroleum ether. solutions. Precipitants : [Not alkaline hydrates. Precipitants, etc. : [Not alkaline hydrates. Not ammonia. Not ammonia. ,, sodium acetate. „ lead acetate neutral.] ,, lead acetate neutral.] ' J • • j-j I from more dilnte solutions than is Tannic acid, yellowish whitfi. T pp."^ lodo-potassic iodide )• ^i -.u /. ^ . [Picric acid, not at 1 in 1,000.] -K, J- T 1 the case with Louiiue. Mercurie-potassic iodide j [Not platinum chloride.] Not attacked by cold fuming nitric acid. Gold chloride, cloud at 1 in 300. (f) PSEUDO-CONHYDRINE A., CjHj^NO (Merck). Ciys. needles ; M.P. sulphate. Copper 22',.°-231° about C. ; B.P. ; volatile. [Chromic acid produces butyric acid recognisable by odour.] W Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Phosphomolybdic acid, yellow, 1 in 1,000. Blue with ammonia, METHYL-CONIWE A., Accompanies Coniine in hemlock ((/) C„Hi;N. ; lodo-potassic iodide, kermes coloured pp. ; distinct at 1 in 8,000. volatile, oily, lighter than water, odour Coniine-like. Bismuth-potassic iodide, yellow 1 in '2,000 ; limit 1 in (i.OOO. Cadmium-potassic iodide, 1 in 200 cloud (? 1 in 10,000, DragendorfE). (f) ETHYL-PIPERIDINE A., C;Hj5N, occuis with Coniine. Volatile ; [Not zinc-potassic iodide.] liquid, lighter than water. : :: 44 dictkjnauv i)f the active ritiNCii'Lrs oi-- plants. (/) CICUTOXIN B. Amorphous, resinous, poisonous ; acid reaction, Reactions disagreeable taste. Biihai, Arrhiv. exp. Pathol., 5, 281. Alkaline hydrates j in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and hot nut in petroleum ,, carbonates dissolve, with conversion to Convolvulinic acid. Soluble water ; ether. Ammonia * No with metallic salts that are soluble in alcohol, except Alkaline hydrates ) ,• , pp. silver ' , > dissolve. nitrate. Ammonia ) Concentrated sulphuric acid, gradually pure red. § 7(5. CONVALLARIA majalis (Lilv of the Valley); Liuacr § 77. CONVOLVULACE.a; various: Convolvulus purga (Ipomoea (/) TURPETHOL (from above); crys. microscopic needles; M.P. 88°; (ii) burning taste ; acid reaction. Scbiedeana, Jalap), and {/>) ; C. orizibensis and C. scamraonia, (f), ; Ipomooa turpethi, (c), I. Soluble in alcohol. ((/) ( /) ; simulans (Tampico jalap), (;/). («) CONVOLVULIN G. (Buchner's Jalapin, Kayser's Rhodeoretin), (r/) TAMPICIN G., CjjH.jOn; amorphous, resinous; M.P. l.SO°. Decom- C31H (Mayer) amorphous 150° posed by loniJ heatin.; at iOU°. Acids convert to Tampicolic acid, or on 5,0,6 ; ; M.P. ; feebly acid reaction ; taste- further treatment Tampicic acid. less. Hydrochloric acid converts first into sugar and Convolvulinol (/;), then into Convolvulinic acid. It is not traceable in excretions, but may Soluble in alcohol and ether. be found in stomach after death. Concentrated sulphuric acid, purple. in acetic acid in all proportions, Soluble also in alcohol and acetic ether, § 78. CORIARIA myrtifolia : Pl.,/tn!,ireir. The leaves and fruit, 6 to but scircely in water, amyl alcohol, or chloroform, and not in ether, 9 parts in ItiU.iltiu. Eiban, fumpt. liendux, vols. 67 and ii3. benzene, or petroleum ether. CORIAMYRTIN G., ; crystallizes in clino-rhombic Cj^II^uOio prisms ; : : ::: DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PUINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 45 +2-1-6°) tasteless, Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, amyl alcohol, carbon bisulphide, M.P. 220°; dextro-rotatory ([a]j= ; neutral reliction; alcohol in water, odourless, poisonous (producing convulsions). and turpentine; with difficulty in ; not which precipi- Soluble in 70 parts water, 50 cold alcohol, in chloroform, benzene (and tates it from alcohol. The best solvent is a mixture of ether and alcohol. ether '!) ; scarcely in carbon bisulphide. Beactions Precipitants [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. Alknline hydrates, sol. in excess Potass, sulphocyanide, white ,, tannic acid. (Wicke) ; insol. (M. Freund). crys. „ picric acid.] Alkaline carbonates. Potass, chroraate, yellow. Fehliny's solution, reduced. Ammonia. „ bichromate. Photpho-niolybdic :icid. p]i. [Nut lead acetate, neutral or Sodium phiispho-tungstate. Colour tests: Concentrated sulphuric acid, blackens. basic] Potass, iodide, white. (Joucenuated nitric acid gives a crystalline nitro-derivative. Tannic Hcid (to alcoholic solutn). Iiido-piitassic iodiile, brown. On reduction with hydrindic acid, pouring off the liberated iodine and Picric acid, crystalline. Mercuric - potassic iodide, yel- then adding potash, f uchsine red coloration. Platinum chloride, yellow crvs. lowish-white. Gold chloride, yellow crystalline. Iodine tincture. §79. CORNUS Florida (Dogwoud); Cornacec. Investigator: Geiger, Aim. Cheiii. Ph., 14, 20(5, etc. Colour tests Concentrated sulphniic acid, colourless ? (Dupuy says yellow to red). {(i) CORNIN B. ; crys silky needles neutral bitter. ; ; Nitric acid produces a brownish-red resinous substance. Soluble in water, alcohol, tther. (/() FUMARINE A. [Adermann's Corydaline (?), Bulbooapnine (?), see (/)], Precipitants ConHjsNOo ( Reich wald) : six-sided clino-rhombic prisms ; optically in- lead acetate, neutral.] Silver nitrate, cryss. [Xot white pp. active, alkaline, bitter. Acetate very soluble. Liead acetate, basic. [Not mercuiic chloride. Soluble in alcohol (difficultly, Reichwald), in 11 parts chloroform, [Not tannic acid, ,, iodine solution. 78 benzene, in amyl alcohol and carbon bisulphide ; but with difficulty in ferric chloride.] barium chloride.] „ ,, water, and sparingly in ether or petroleum ether. (b) CORNUS RESWOID (Dogwood Quinine) ; neutral, tasteless, resinous. Precipitated by Alkaline hydrates. Soluble in ether and hot alcohol ; not in water. [Not by lead acetate neutral.] § 80. CORYDALIS group. Corydalis Dicnitra cava Schwg., [C. Potassium bichromate, (pp. is F.CrOj] bulbosa Pers. = tuberosa -DfC^Bulbocapnus cavus Bernli.], C. fabacea C [No coloration or pp. with chlorine.] [=C. intermedia], and C. solida [Bulbocipnus digitatus = C. digitata Colour tests = C. bulbosa Di'c], (a) ; Fumaria officinale (Fumitory), (i), (? «), etc.; Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark violet, changing gradually to FumariaceiK. Aristolocia cava (Birthwori), ('() ; Ar/slolorhiir. [For A. brownish-green. Argentina, see separate entry.] Compare Berberis group, the alkaloids Concentrated sulphuric acid with potass, bichromate, brown (Reich- of which are probably chemically connected with these. See (c) below. wald ob'ained a green with violet streaks). (a) CORYDAUNE A. [.Adeimann's alkaloid No. 1, see (c) ; not Ader- Nitre added to sulphuric acid solution, green-v/xvioletAA-yellow. mann's Corydaline, see (/;) and (rf)], CisfljaNOj (Wicke) or Cj.H.jjNO^ Nitric acid, colourless cold, yellowish-brown on evaporation. = [(^j8H,.(CH30)4N] (Dob'iie) ; ciystallizrs in prisms or needles; M.P. Frohde's i-eagenf, violet-wdark green. \? 46 DICTIONAUY 111- Till-: ACTIVB PltlNCI IM.ICS OF I'l.ANTS. (r) n: ADERMANNS ALKALOID NO. I. C„„H„,N04 ; M.P. 138^ Optically J 8l>. CRAT.a;GUS 0.\yacantha (Thorn) ; NoKar The bark. Lerov, :'.. aclive ; extiiicted by ether from aciil solution. ./. V,7,;/». .1/,.'/., 17, Isomeric with h\(lro-bcrberine (see Berberis), and yielding Berberine CRAT/EGIN. B. (irayish white crystals ; bitter. on oxidatirm (disputed by Dobbie and Lauder). Soluble 111 water, with ditliculty in alcohol, not in ether. (rf) ADERMANN'S CORYDALINE [Fumarine ? compare (li)], C...,,H._,,N04. An H.!. C„mjii,/il,r. : 5 CREPIS footida ; Investigator Walz, N. Jahrh. resembling Caffeine, giving following alkaloid and colour tests Pi„rnn.. 13, ITl). Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow-wviolet. CREPIN : bitter. Soluble iu ether. Not precipitated by lead acetate, potas. ., „ „ with bichromate, colours like neutr.il or basic. those with strychnine, rriihde s reagent, violet, or green streaked with violet. § 84. CUCUMIS Melo, Ciinn-hitfii-fw. Substance (a). Investigator : Seleno-sulphuiic acid, light violet. Torosinwii'z, li(pirl. Plinrm., 45 HO. C. Prophetarum and Ecbalinm officinale (which see). Substance (h), Wii.ckler, N. Jahrh. I'liarm.,ll,Z\. (p) Adermann also isolated an amorphous alkaloid. (a) MELONEMETIN, B. Brown amorphous, emetic. (/) BULBOCAPNINE, A., Cj^H.^NoO-, compare {h). Freund and Josephy Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. separated this alkaloid, as well as Corycavine, from commercial ' Cory- ' {h) PROPHETIN, G., C.„H.„iO. ? Re-inous, white amorphous, bitter. daline (which conUiined («) also). M.P. ]',l8°-lyu° ; dibasic. Acids produce prophetein and sugar. Precipitated by alkalies ; soluble in excess. Soluble in alcohol in almost all proportions, also in ether, with diffi- CORYCAVINE. A.. C.,3H,,N05 soluble io) ; M.P. 2U°-215°. Less in abso- ciiltv in water. lute alcoh Zealand. The nut. Investigator : W. Skey, Chemical News, 27, 190 § 85. CYCLAMEN Euronaium; Primula veris (small quantity in root); (1873). Anagallis arveiisi- (very small quantity) ; Limosella aquatica. Primulaceir. or KARAKIN, G. B. ; percentage composition, Cfij.jgHj.jsO.,,.,,, (free from Investigators: Saladin. Jmun. Chiiii. Miil.. 6. 417 ; iUrlius, X. Rfpert. nitrogen). Crystallizes in needles arranged stars as ; W.P. lOU' ; feebly Pharm., 8, 388 ; Hilger and Mutschler, Ann. Chen,. Pharm., 185, 2)4, and acid reaction, bitter, poisonous, producing convulsions. others. Soluble in alcohol and hot water, with difficulty in cold water, and not (a) CYCLAMIN, G., (Primulin, Artbanitin), CooH.^O,, or CjeHjsO.g (G. in ether or chloroform. 2.^0° Michaud), crystalline (Saladin), or amorphous (De Luca) ; M.P. ; It is absorbed by charcoal. neutral reaction taste feebly laevo-rotatory. The ])owder causes ; sharp ; Reactiotis sneezing. Acids give Cyclamirelin and sugar. Resembles Saponin. ) j- , Alkaline hydrates in after exposure to moi-t air ; the solution is frothy ' Soluble water ; . • }• dissolve. Ammonia ( dissolved also by methyl and amyl alcohols, acetic ether, glycerine [No pp. tannic acid.] sparingly in absolute alcohol (Mutschler pives solubility for 9(5 per cent, Fehling's solution, green pp., with reduction when in certain pro- alcohol, 1 in 71). Insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum portions. ether, or carbon bisulphide. No pp. Zincic-potassic-sulphncyanide. Precipitants „ Merc uric- potassic iodide. Lead acetate, neutral. Fehling's solution, white pp., no C.inoent'ated sulphuric acid, dark ro^e on warming. Silver nitrate. cuprous oxide formed. Acids generally, dissolve. Copper sulphate. [No pp. Cadmium-potassic iodide.] : : 47 DICTIONAUY OF Tllli ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. [No pp. chlorine water.] Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a red solution from wljicU water precipitates Cyclarairetin. Bromine water, orange yellow pp. Colour tests : (b) CYCLAMIRETIN, G.-dt-riv. (see above), CnH,„06 or CsHooO,. Amor- Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. phous, resinous ; M.P. IV'.S' ; tasteless, odourless ; very poi?ouous. „ with potass. bichromate, yellowvs-browu Soluble iu alcohol, not in water. In ether, Hilger states it to be soluble, *wijr*^en. but De L\ica insoluble. yellow. „ „ with nitric acid, Precipitants : peroxide added to this removes Ferric chloride, red coloration ; hydric hilvir nitrate. Febling's solution, | pp. colour, but a blue tint appears on warming, recognisable with seed § 86. CYTISUS laburnum, C. supinus, C. elongata. The ; about r'j milligramme. 3 per cent., Ulex Europoeus (Furze), about 0"2 per cent, of seed ; al-o in § 87. DAMIANA (Turnera Aphrodisiaca). hark atid green buds. Lriiaiiiiiwtuf. Investigators : A. W. Gerard, A. light brown, bitter sub- DAMIANIN B. (name suggested) ; amorphous, Partheil. etc. non-gliiC'«idal. stance ; free from nitrogen and crystalline in ether, chloroform, benzene, CYTISINE, A. ( = Ulexine, A. Partheil) ; Ci,Hi,X„0 ; ; M.P. Soluble in water and alcohol. Insoluble 154° (ir)2°-l.')3°, Partheil). When cautiously heated, gives crystalline sub- petroleum ether, or carbon bisulplidr. - other of the limate. Ljevo-rotatory, [a]n= ] 19"::!7. 'J'aste rather bitter and caustic. Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic, nor by Causes dilatation of the pupil powtrful base, displaces ammonia perma- ; ; usual reagents. nent in air. Salts usually soluble in water and alcohol ; not easily bark), alpina Thi/meleo;. § 88. DAPHNE Mezereum (Mezereon D. ; crystallizable except the nitrate. Ph., 174 ; Zwenger, Ann. Ch. Investigators : Vaur|uelin, A7111. Chim., 84, Soluble in nearly all proportions in water and alcohol, also dissolved and other.s. 115, 1 ; Rochleder, Jul. Pract. Ch., 90, 442, by amyl alcohol, but scarcely or not at all in ether, benzene, carbon bi- (a) DAPHNIN G., C,5H,60s,+-2H,0 (Zwenger), or CsoHjiOig (Rochleder)j sulphide, cold chloroform (?). (Partheil now states that the alkaloid is 200°, loses water at 100° ; M.P. crys. in fine needles or rectatigular plates ; readily solitlile in chloroform.) temperatures a sublimate of Daph- recrystallizing on cooling ; at higher Precipitants astringent. netin. Reaction neutial ; taste bitter and Alkaline hydrates 1 Soluble in hot water, hot alcohol, warm amyl alcohol, and warm acetic carbonates : dissolve. ., with difficulty in cold water or alcohol, and not Ammonia acid, also in chloroform ; ) in ether. [Not by basic lead acetate.] pp. Removed by chloroform from acid solutions. Tannic acid, pp. up to I in 300. Free base or alkaline solution. Picric acid, 1 in 1,000. Reactions Alkaline hydrates Ferric cbloride, see colour tests. | ^-^^^^^^ i,„^ •' carbonates ( [Platinum chloride, not dilute, but yellow pp. in strong solutions.] „ neutral, Dragendf. (not lead acet. neutral, Roch- (jri'ld chloride. ? Pp. Lead acetate [Not potass, chroraate.] leder). acetate basic. Phospho-molybdic acid, 1 in 10,000, acid solutions. Pp. Lead chloride, faint blue with concentrated solutions. Phospho-tungstic acid, 1 in 30,000. Ferric a slight reduction on warming.] lodo-potassic iodide, d.irk brown becoming crystalline, very dilute. [Silver nitrate, no pp. ; Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, red (yields oxalic acid). [Cadmiura-pcitassic iodide, strong solution ?] acid, red. Mercuric potassic iodide, 1 in .''i.OOO (the nitrate). Nitric (Stunkel)], [Mercuric chloride, pp. with free base but uot salts.] (h) DAPHNE TIN G. - derivative [Dioxycoumarin ? : : DICTIONAUY OF THE ACTIVE riU.N'ClPLES OF PLANTS. cry s. fine cliiio piisras 2(Ci|HsOj)Jl20 ; rhombic ; M.P. 253°, with subli- \CAROTIN, not bitter. Soluble with difficulty in water, but taken up by mate and odour of Conniarin ; feebly acid reaction, astrinjjent taste. soap solution. Partly precipitated by lead acetate.] Soluble in hot alcohol and boiling water (yellow solution), with [HYDROCAHOTIN = Anae]\<:ii bitter (Bniramer); not identical with Chole-, difficulty cold, or iu ether, and not iu benzene, 126'5° chloroform, or carbon steiiri, but of sameclai-s (Hiiseiuann) ; C„H,,|,<); crysialline ; M.P. bis-ulphide. or \'M (Keiuitzer) ; neutral reaction ; nut bitter. Floats on water. hisul- Reactions : Soluble in hot alchol and in ether, benzene, chloroform, curbon Alkaline uydiates ) j- . . phiile, acetone. Xot in cold water or cold alcohol, but in suap solution. )'^'^'*°'^« '•«''• „ carbonates Alkaline hydrates, no action. Concentrated sulpliuric acid, Lead acetate neutral, pp. ruby-red ] Feiiic chloride, green coloration with concentrated solutions. § 1)1. DELPHINIUM Staphysagria, L. (LarksDur) ; liaNinicnlor'n-. The Silver nitrate, reduced. seeds (Stavesacre seeds), substances ( (.) DELPHININE A., C.j.,H35NOa ; rhombic crystals (from ether); Concentrated sulphuric acid, on gently warming, dissolves yellow (?) ; alkaline reaction bitter and sharp taste : vaii'iuslv given as 05°, water reprecipitates unchanged. ; M.P. 90°, 120°, 1918° ; sublimate at 149° ; very poisonous. nitrate and Nitric ncid, 'gradually intense red. The sulphate are spaiingly soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. Hydrochloric acid, dissolves on warming, unchanged. Soluble iu l.."i94 parts cold water, 44 absf>lute alcohol, bi ether, 20 ben- B., (') COCCOGNIN CjoHooOs ; crystalline sublimate ; and odour of zene, (Jt2 petr< leuni ether, and readily in chloroform. Conmarin on heating. Benzene and chloroform remove it from alkalin-' solution, apd in traces Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water, not in ether. from acid solution petroleum removes it slowly from alkaline solutions. ; 8;i. Cannabina Dulisrmriv. § DATISCA ; Investigators : Braconnot, Precipitants Anil. Chilli. I'lii/.<:., 3, 277 Stenhouse, [^] ; Ann. Cliem. J'hai-m., 98, 1G6. Alkaline hydrates, pp. scarcely sol. in excess. (a) DATISCIN G. (formerly mistaken for ,, carbonates. Inulin), C._,,H2.,0i, ; crys. silkv needles; M.P. 180°; neutral reaction, bitter. Yields Datfscetin and sugar Ammonia, pp. scarcely sol. in excess. on treatment with acids. Tannic acid, pp. (cloud 1 in 3,000). Soluble in alcohol and hot water; with difficulty in cold water or ether. Picric acid, amorphous yellow (I in 3,000). Platinum chloride, greenish-yellow (slight at 1 in 3,000). Reactions : 90. Carota (Carrot) ; Uinbellifera: § DAUCUS . violet. „ „ ,, with bromine, : : : : DICTIONAKY OP THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OP PLANTS. 49 Conceutrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, no effect, or light yellow. [Platinum chloride, cloud.] Nitric acid alone, no effect, or very pale yellow. Gold chloride, yellow pp. Acids in general, no pronounced colour. Phospho-molybdic acid, yel. pp., becoming bluish-green after '24 hours. FriJhde'a reagent, no effect, or reddish-brown~vdirty green. Bismuth potassic iodide, orange pp. Cadmium potassic iodide, pale yellow pp. (b) STAPHISAGRINE A., C„H.,,N05 (a mixture ? Charalampi) ; amor- Mercuric-potassic iodide, pp. yellow amorphous. phous ; M.P. '.Ml ; optically inactive, reaction alkaline, bitter. tests Soluble in -'(10 parts water, ,S."j5 ether, as well as in alcohol and chloro- Colour form. (concentrated sulphuric acid, dark brown, changing to violet, then Colour tests (uncertain) grayish-brown. olive-green, becoming grayish-yellow in 24 hours*. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red~N.violet. (Muter says no effect.) Fn'ihde's solution, with sugar, brown. Scro/ihnlariaceai. „ ,, ,, § 92. DIGITALIS lutea and purpurea (Foxglove) ; „ ,, ,, „ nitric acid, no effect. There is considerable divergence of opinion regarding the individuality ., h3-drochloric acid, no effect. and relative importance of the active principles of Digitalis, as will be Fr(>hde's reagent, brown~v.violet. (No effect, Muter.) noticed. 110°-120' (<•) DELPHINOIDINE A., CjoH.sN.O, amorphous ; M.P. Digitalin differs greatly (?) ; ; (1) DIGITALIN G. (Nativelle's Digitalin [Walz's alkaline reaction, poisonous. from this in solubility, see below] ; Nerianthin ? see Nerium), Cj,,H„0.,„ (?). Soluble in 17-8 parts 00 per cent, alcohol, 4 of ether sp. gr. 0'728, or ' Commercial Digitalin contains the four substances (1) to (4), but No. 2 absolute chloroform, ' ' 37 ether, 30 parts benzene, petroleum ether ; also in principally (Schmiedeberg). Commercial Digitalin, crystallized, consists but scarcely in water. chiefly of Digitonin (3), which is useless medicinally' (Kiliaui). 'Crys- Chloroform and benzene remove from alkaline solution, and the latter tallized Digitalin is a distinct chemicil individual ; it is not necessary to traces even when the solution is acid. denote it by Digitoxin, etc' (Arnaud). Acids produce dextrose, galactose, Colour tests and Digitogenia (1«). Prepared according to Nativelle's method, it Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. 243° crystallizes in tine needles ; M.P. (Arnaud) ; neutral reaction, taste ., with bromine, violet. ,, „ gradually bitter. Dilates pupil ; very poisonous. .sugar, green. ., ,, ,, ,, Solubility* in water very slight even boiling, N. (in 125 cold or 42 ,. „ ,, ,. nitric acid, no effect (Muter). boiling, W.), 12 cold alcohol, (5 boilin?, N. (2i cold, 1 to 2 parts boiling, W.), Nitric acid alone, no pronounced colour. with difficulty in ether, N. (in 20,001) cold or 10,0;JO hot, W.). Miscible in Acids generally, solution remains light coloured. all proportions with ordinary chloroform, but less soluble in pure chloro- Per-iodic acid, blood-red, gradually darkening. difficulty also form, Dragendorff (1 in 80, Schlimpert) ; dissolved with with sugar, browni.sh-green. by benzene and amyl alcohol. Fn'ihde's reagent, blood-red. It is removed from w/d solutions by immiscible solvents—benzene, DELPHISINE 189" (Charalampi) ether, chloroform (partly), amyl alcohol (partly). ((/) A., aj,Hj„N.,Oj ; crystalline ; M.P. ; extremely poisonous. Reactions (mostly negative) : Soluble in 370 parts absolute alcohol, readily in chloroform, in 43 parts [Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate] nor metallic salts ether of sp. gr. 0728 or 71 parts absolute ether, 7h benzene, CG5 petroleum (Fresenius). ether ; slightly in water. Tannic acid, pp. Picric acid, not at 1 in 3,000. . (e) CALCITRAPINE A. Soluble in ether and chloroform. chloride, crystalline at first clear at 1 in 3,000. Reactions Gold pp. ; » Picric acid, pp. (at 1 in 1,000 after C, hours). N. = Nativelle ; W. = Wolz. 7 : ) : 50 PK'TKlNAIiY (ir TllF. AC'llVK PUINCII'LliS OF I'LANTS. [Not jihospho-molybdic acid.] DIGITALEIN G. (Neriin V see Nerium Digitalein (4) ; Schmicdtberg's [Phospho-antimonic acid, cloud at 1 in 1,(HJI); sol. warm, reappearing contains, according to Kiliani, seven or eight substances with as much as cold.] ()() |ier cent, of Digitonin) ; non-nitrcgenou§, gummy, fusible, bitter. [Iodo-potas.sic iodide, cloud not permanent.] Soluble in water (in all proportions, Dragendorft), in ethyl and amyl [Bismuth-potassic iodide, cloud ; pp. in concentrated solutions.] alcohol', hut sparingly only in ether. [Not cadmium potassic iodide. Precipitated by tannic acid. mercuric-])otassic [Not iodide. Colour tests : [Not iodine.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, no colour (reddish-brown, Dragendorff). Colour tests (authorities differ) : Hydrochloric acid at 211", dissolves browni>h-green. Concentrated sulphuric acid, green (greenish-brown, Dragendorff). '.13. § ECBALIUM tlateriura (E. officinalis ; Squirting Cucnmber; „ „ „ with bromine, red~»'green with water. ; Curtirhilufcd . The dried juice (Elaterium album and nigrum). Investi- ,, ., „ with nitric acid, pale yellow. gator : Walz, .V. .hilirh. Plmnn., 11. 178, and others. „ nitric acid alone, colourless ~»- yellow (Nativelle), emerald (Homolle. 200' (-0 ELATERIN U. (Elatin), C^.H^sOi ; crystalline; M.P. ; neutral Friihde's reagent, dark orange~>-cherry ; in half-hour, brownish-black ; reaction, bitter, purgative. in twenty- four hours greenish-yellow with black flocks ( Dragendorff ). Soluble in ethyl and amyl alcohols, chloroform, and carbon bisulphide in 125 parts boiling difficulty 21l(i (lo) DIGITOGENIN G.-deriv., C,.,H.,0:,. From preceding and from water, with cold, in ether, also Digitonin. sparingly in benzene, which removes it, however, from acid solutions. Reactions Soluble in 1(1(1 cold or 'd:> parts boiling 'Jl! per cent, alcohol, 3(1 cold or In alkaline 20 boiling chlorofoim, and in 3(1 cold glacial acetic acid (Kiliani). hydrates and ammonia, soluble (acids reprecipitate). Insol. alk. carbonates. (2) DIGITOXIN. [The most important constituent of Digitalis (Kiliani): [No pp. lead acetate neutral.] this denied by Arnaud, see (1).] Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow to dark red. Soluble in hot alcohol and in chloroform ; with difficulty in cold ,, „ with 1 drop phenol, then more acid, alcohol or ether (insol. Dupuy) and in ,, ; not water or benzene. crimson. (3) DIGITONIN G., C„Hj„0,7 (Houdas), or C,,.Hj„0„ (Kiliani). Crys- Frolide's solution, yellow. tallizes from 8.'» per cent, alcohol, but amorphous from stronger alcohol ; (6) ECBALIN B. (Elateric acid ; not to confuse with Ecbolin, see Ergot), M.P. 23."i'' (Kiliani) (-5(1" 2'8 ; kevo-rotatory for a per cent, solution in C .iiH^jOj ? (Walz); 'requires confirmation' (Hiisemann). Amorphous, 7;"j per cent, acetic acid). Heated with hydrochloric acid on water bath resinous, bitter. for si.t hours, yields Digitogenin galactose and dextrose, one molecule of Soluble in water (20 parts), in alcohol and ether ; also in alkaline each. hydrates. Nitric acid dissolves red with decomposition. Soluble in all proportions in water when amorphous, but the crystals ELATERID B., ? (Walz) ; bitter. only dissolve with difficulty : if heated they are more readily soluble, but (.) C.nHj.Oi., in dilute alcohol, not in water or ether. the substance then gives no crystals on evaporation (Kiliani) ; sparingly Soluble in alcohol, :ind not in ether, chloroform, or benzene. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. Precipitaats : Ammonia. [No pp. lead acetate neutral or basic] Lead acetate, neutral or basic. Pp. tannic- acid, Tannic acid. (rf) HYDRO-ELATERIN, C.;„H3„0« ? (Walz); yellow amorphous, not bitter. Colour tests Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether (which removes it from acid Concentrated sulphuric acid, red ; violet on dilution. solutions). ::: DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OP PLANTS. Reactions : [Not precipitated by lead acetate neutral or basic] In addition to the alkaloids described below, the following substances Pp. Tauuic acid. have been found in Ergot : Scleromucio (2 to J! per cent.). Sclerotic Acid (1 to 4 per cent.), Cholesterin, Jlycose, Mannite, Leucine, Methyl-, '.14. poison, from Adenium Boehmianum ; Apoci/nacea' § ECHUGIN ; and Trimetliyl-amine. Several colouring matters have been isolated by Africa. Investigator : R. Boehm, 1889. Dragendorff (Dm-pat. Natui-f. GeselL, 4, ^9;!), viz. : Scler-erythrin, Picro- sclerotin, Fusco-sclerotic Acid, Sclero-xanthin, and Sclero-crystallin. ECHUGIN G. (about 10 per cent, of the poison) ; crys. silky rhombic For Vernine, also present, see Vicia sativa. plates ; bitter, cardiac poison. in water alcohol (a) ERGOTINE A., Soluble and ; not in ether. C5„H,„N,0;i (VVenzell, Amer. J. Phann., 3S, 193); amorphous, alkaline, feebly bitter ; salts amorphous. 9.'). resins (from Canarium, Icica, etc.) § ELEMI ; Ami/r/ddcec: (The in water Soluble and alcohol ; not in ether or chloroform. two following substances are included here for convenience of reference, Precipitants but do not belong to the groups under treatment.) [Not lead acetate, neutral.] 177° (a) AMYRIN, 2(C,„H,j)H.,0 (Fliickiger) ; crystalline; M.P. with Tannic acid. sublimate. [Platinum chloride, in an alcoholic-)- ether solution.] Soluble in alcohol (27 parts), and in ether, chloroform, carbon- Gold chloride. bisulphide. [Not potass, cyanide.] (/j) BRYOIDIN (Baups' Breidin ; distinct from Bryonin, see Bryonia). Phospho-molybdic acid, separated by this means from trimethylamine, 2(C,„H,„):')H;0 (Fliickiger); prismatic crystals; M.P. 1.35°, with subli which is not precipitated. mate. Mercuric chloride, but not in acid solutions (see Ecboline). Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetic acid, and glycerine. (h) ECBOLINE A. ; amorphous, alkaline, slightly bitter. Salts amorphous. Dry hydrochloric acid gas gives red~vviolet->n.green. HI Soluble water and alcohol ; not in ether or chloroform. 9li. Precipitants § EPHEDRA monostachia and E. vulgaris, var. Helvetica ; (hie,- [Not lead acetate, tdcni'. Investigators : Nagai, Spehr. neutral.] Potass, cyanide, «hite. Tannic acid. Phospho-molj'bdic acid. (ii.) EPHEDRINE A. (the alkaloids so named, by Nagai and Spehr respec- Platinum chloride, yellow. Mercuric chloride, in acid solu- tively, do not agree in properties ; they are here described together, Ng. Gold chloride. tion (see Ergotine referring to Xagai's base, and Sp. to that of Spehr), Ci„H,5N0 (Ng.), or above). Colour tests : 210° Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark red. CijHi^N'O (Sp.) ; taste bitter (Ng.), burning (Sp.) ; M.P. (Ng.), ERGOTININE ll-J°(Sp.). (() A. (Tanret's), C,5H,„N,0„ ; fluorescent, crystalline, slightly bitter. Salts readily Soluble with difficulty in water, Ng. (very soluble, Sp.) ; readily in decompose. Acid solutions gradually redden. Alkalies evolve Metbylamine. alcohol, Xg., Sp. ; in chloroform easily, Ng., Sp. (1 in 11, Sp.) ; in ether Soluble in alcohol (becoming easily. Ng. (I in 98, Sp.) ; in benzene easily, Ng. (1 in 1,180, Sp.). green, then brown), also in chloroform and ether (but with difficulty in the latter after exposure) ; not in water. (h) PSEUDO-EPHEDRINE A., C,„Hi5N0 (Nagai) ; M.P. 115=; bitter. It is removed from aciil solutions by ether and chloroform. Soluble readily in alcohol, in 15 parts ether, 2G benzene ; with difficulty in water. Precipitants Tannic acid. lodo-potassic iodide. rye Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne Platinum chloride. § 97. ERGOT of (Secale cornutum ; ; Mercuric-potassic iodide. clavus, Fuiirji. Investigators, Gold chloride. Scierotium clavus, D.C. ; Spermoeiia Fries) ; [Not mercuric chloride.] numerous. Phospho-molybdic acid. Bromine water. : : :: — 52 DICTKlNAliV 01- TllK ACTIVi: PK [NCIl'LES OK PLANTS. Colour tests Precipitants Coucenlrated sulphuric acid with 1 water, reddish-violet in presence Alkaline hydrates, white. lodo-potafsic iodide, yellowifh- of ether. Ammonia, white crystalline. red. Concentrated sulphnric acid with sugar, red, then brown. Oold chlcride, white. IJismuth potassic iodide, yellow. Frohde's reagent, violet->/>.blue. Potass, bichromate, yellow. Cadmium potassic iodide i Phospho-molybdic acid, dirty Mercuric-potassic iodide -white. (d) CORNUTINE A. : only stable when combined with acid. Tlieacjueoua solution decorapose.s. green. Mercuric chloride ) Soluble in alcohol. Colour test : Concentrated sulphuric acid with permanganate, violet. § 1(1(1. EUGENIA pimcnta (Myrtus cheken —yielding Cheken-leaves f) '.in. ERYTHREA Centaureum (Common Centaury), E. chilensis Allspice, pimento); Miirtactn. The leaves. Investigator: J. Winters (Chironia chilensis), Sabattia vulgaris (Chironia angularis) ; Cli'ntiiiiiacew. England, Amer. ./. 7V,., '1883, 24G. 'id.'), /-"//. Investigators : Mrhu, Jinirn. de Pliarm., [4], 3, etc. ; al.so ./., (a) CHEKENIN B. (Cheken bitter) : very bitter, unpleasant odour, not Trans., [?>]. 1, illlO ; Lendrich, and others. poisonous. ((() ERYTHROCENTAURIN G., C.;;H„_,Og ? (C,,H,40„, Lendrich) ; crystalline needles, giving green {b) CHEKENETIN, CjiHyOn + H.^O ; yellowish-green needles (ainiirphous, tercbinthiiiate, Lendrich) ; M.P. 13(V ; neutral solutions with alkalies, changing to bluish-violet and red. reaction, bitter :' (tasteless, M('hu). Reddened by light, but colourless ou resolution ; not fluorescent. § UH. EUONYMUS Europjcus (Spindle tree), E. atropuipureus Soluble in l.firiO parts cold water or 3.T boiling, in 48 of 8G per cent. (Wahoo baik). Invistigator : A. 15. Pies cott, ^ mer. ./. Ph., 1883 and 1889. alcohol, i:'ij chloroform, 24.') etber, and in benzene, carbon bi.sulphide, fatty EUONYMIN d. ; amorphous, bitter, odourless. and essential oils. Soluble in alcohol and petroleum ether, slightly in water and ether : not in carbon bisulphide or benzene. . Reactions Alkaline hydrates) ,. , Precipitants (with alcoholic solution) : . ' dissolve. Ammonia, Tannic acid, slight white j pp. Xo pp. lead acetate, neutral or basic. Picric acid, pp., but not at once. Nor tannic acid, Miihu (pp., Dragendorff). Soiiium phospho-molybdate, pp. greenish-yellow, becoming bine with iVo pp. metallic salts. ammonia. Not affected by bromine. Todo-potassic iodide, reddish-brown. Potass, permanganate, reduced. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. No colours or effect with concentrated sulphuric, nitric, or other acids Colour tests — even chromic. Concentrated sulphnric acid, yeIlow-^~reddish-b^own (potass, bi- Solution in .sulphuric acid gives odour of Menyanthol on warming. chromate intensifies the colours), nitric acid 7 y^^ § 9'J. ERYTHROPHKEUM guinense (Sassy tree. Doom or Ordeal •' „ hydrochloric acid ) bark) ; Lnjiniiiiioxa'. Investigators : Gallois and Hardy, I'liarm. J. Trans., 102. cannabinum {Cnmimsitft—TuhuUjIorn). Investi- P],7,77.' § EUPATORIUM gators : Shamel (Aiurr. J. Phurm.. 18!)2, 224), ii-olated (a) ; G. Latin ' 14, ERYTHROPHLdlNE \. (the 'Muawine' from 'Muawi ?) ; crystalline, (Pharvi. J. /rails, [:i], 11, 192), substance (b). alkaline, poisonous (acts on heart). Crystalline salts. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetic ether, and carbon bisulphide : with (a) EUPATORINE, A. C^dH.i^O.o-HNOs ? (Shamel). Powder consisting difficulty in ether, chloroform, or benzene. of microscopic needles ; alkaline reaction ; bitter ; not fusible withoat Removed from aqueous solution by acetic ether. decomposition. Sulphate crys. silky needles. : DICTIONAKY OK THE ACTIVE Pit I NCJ I'l.KS UV l'l,ANTS. r.3 Soluble iu alcohol, ether, chloroform, not in water. § U)y. FEAXINUS excelsior (Ash), O/cacctt ; jEsculusbypocastaneum Kemoved from alkaline solutions by ether. (Horst -chestnut) and JE. Pavia, Saphukwca'. Mem.: For other consti- Reactions (with the nitrate) tuents of horse-chestnut, see ^sculus ; and for Quercitrin (contained in , , Alkaline hydrates) , the leaves of the ash), see Quercus tinctoria. Following from the root : -^ . > soluble. Ammonia J {(,) FRAXIN, G. (Paviin), Picric acid, crystalline pp., soluble in alkalies, deep red. CH:CH [Gold chloride, slight coloration.] C„,H,„0„, or C,oH„Oi„ = OCH,C„H(OH) (OCoH^O^X [Phospho-molybdic acid, green coloration.] O - CO| ' No reactions with other alkaloid precipitants.' — Shamel. (Koernei- and Beginelli). Ci'ystals resembling zinc sulphate (Rochleder) ; Concentrated sulphuiic acid, insoluble. ,320° M.P. ; neutral, feebly bitter. Acids give Fraxetin and sugar. The Nitric acid, dissolves. ammoniacal solution shows bluish-green fluorescence. Hydrochloric acid, insoluble. Soluble in 1,000 parts cold water, more readily hot, with difficulty iu (/() EUPATORIN, G. Acid taste. Gives sugar and a red substance on cold alcohol but more easily warm, slightly in ether to which it com- boiling with acids —an odour of raspberries being evolved. municates fluf)re.scence. Soluble in hot water, and in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Reactions : Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Alkaline hydrates l Colour tests ; ,, carbonates > dissolve to yellow solutions, lluorescent. t'oiH-.eiitiated sulphuric acid, dissolves, reddish-brown. Ammonia J nitric acid j. , Lead acetate, neutral or basic, to alcoholic solution, yellow ( ^ jj^^ solution, pp. ° •' hydrochloric acid j „ „ aqueous solution, no pp. lli.'J. Eiijihorhiarfir. euphor- Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. § EUPHORBIA resinifera ; Yielding Ferric chloride, greeu'wyellow bium resin. Investigator : Fliickiger, V'lei-telj. Prtit-t. Pliarm., 17,82, and pp. other.>i. (i) FRAXETIN, G.-derivative. EUPHORBON, C,:,H,,0 (Fluckigerj, or Ci,,H„0 (O. Hesse). Powder or crystals (needles from ether or benzene, and prisms from chloroform) C„H„0« or C,„H,0, = OCH,-C,H(OH).,<^^^ ; V^J (Koerner). M.P. 10G°-116° ; neutral reaction ; burning taste ; no odour. Yellow crystalline needles and plates with Ik'H.X), anhydrous at 100° C. Soluble in hot alcohol (crystallizes out on cooling), also in ether, chloro- ; M.P. 227° (Koerner), re-crystallizing on cooling. Acid reactiou not form, benzene, amyl alcohol, but requiring .38,000 pai'ts of cold water for ; bitter. solution. Soluble in 10,000 parts of cold water, or 33 on boiling, with difficulty Alkalies 1 ^i^gj^i^g j^ ^^i^. ^^^ Y^^ extent. in alcohol, scarcely in ether. ' Ammonia ) Colour tests : Colour tests : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown. ,, nitric acid, dark violet-vv.red'wyelloW'vi.colourless. „ „ „ with nitric acid, violet. Acids in general exert very little solvent action. mo. § FRITILLARIA Imperialis (Crown Imperial) ; Liliarm. The root. bulb.s, ()-ll« to 0-12 percent. § 104. FRAGARIA vesca (Strawberry) ; Hunacec:. The FRAGARIAMARIN, G. Yields sugar and a red amorphous substance, IMPERIAUNE, A., Cs.r.HraNOj ? (K. Fragner). Crys. needles, Itevo- is soluble with diffi- rotatory ([a]D= - 35-4" iu chloroform) 2,04° FuAGAKiN, on treatment with acids. Fragariamarin ; M.P. (browns at 248°) ; very culty in water, alcohol, or ether. bitter. Hydrochloride solution is fluorescent, the sulphate hygroscopic. : ;: )1(;tionauy ok tiik active ritiNcii'i.KS ok plants. (/)) ISOMANGOSTIN (C.^jr.^O,,)" prepared from the preceding substance Soluble slightly in cold water, readily in chloroform, also in hot alcohol, ; ; dark brown amorphous. The alkaline alcoholic solution .shows green but siiariii^ly in amyl alcohol, ether, benzene or petroleum ether. Precipitants fluorescence. Alkaline hydrates. S} 108. GARDENIA lucida (G. balsamifera, yielding Decamalee Gum) Cincliiiii({i:e(f or ItnblaueiK. Investigators : Steuhouse and Grove, ./. ., carbonates. Chem. Tannic acid, yellowish-gray flocculeut. Hoc, 1877. flocculent. Picric acid, yellow GARDENIN B., CuH,.,0 ; dark yellow glittering crystals; M.P. 163°-164». Potassium bichromate, yellow crystalline, Soluble in alcohol, easily in ether, scarcely in water, and not in lodo-potassio iodide, dark yellow amorphous. petroleum ether. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates do not dissolve. Cadmium-potassic iodide, white flocculent. Concentnituil nitric acid, momentary crimson. Meroiiric-potassic iodide, reddish-yellow. Hydrocbloiio acid, dissrjlves on warming. tests : Colour § 109. GASTROLOBIUM bilobum ; Legumlnoxa: InTestigator sulphuric acid, pale yellow. Concentrated Kummel, •/. Clm,,. Min., IsSU, 1,032. colour „ „ with sugar, yellowish-greeu'vv.flesh GASTROLOBIN G. ; saffron odour, hygroscopic. -vcherry red, finally dark violet after long exposure. Soluble in boiling water and boiling alcohol. Nitre added to solution in sulphuric acid— dark reddish-yellow. § 110. GENTIANA lutea (Gentian) ; GeK^io/mtc". The root. In- Nitric acid, yellow. vestigator : Kromayer, Arch. Phanii., 110, 27, and others. Hydrochloric acid, gradually brownish-green on warming-^^red on [2], GENTIOPICRIN G. (not Gentianin), C..„H„0,.j-|-H.,0 crystals longer heating. Solution is fluorescent. («) ; only obtainable from fiesh root (4 gms. from lbs yellow, neutral, bitter; Potassic perchlorate and sulphuric acid— orange. ) ; ]M.P. (when anhydrous) 120-12.')° acids give sugar. Frohde's reagent, greenish-yellow. ; Gentiogenin and Soluble in water, alcohol (^with difficulty if absolute), chloroform, Clusiacew. ^ 107. GARCINIA mangostana (Mangosteen) ; Guttiferce or difficultly also in benzene, and sparingly in ether. : Pharm., The shells of the fruit. Investigator VV. Schmid, Ann. Chem. It is removed from acid solutions by chloroform in part, by benzene 93, 83, and P. 15. Liechti. with difficulty, and in traces bj' ether. : Absorbed by charcoal. C.„H.,.j05 (Liechti) yellow crystalline plates ; M.P. Reactions («) MANGOSTIN B., ; IDO" (17:V' Liechti), with sublimate; neutral reaction, tasteless, odourless. Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow. Separable with difficulty from the resin accompanying it. Ammonia, warm, dissolves yellow. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, glacial acetic [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral.] benzene, in water or Ammoniacal lead acetate, (DragendorH) ; no pp. (Hiisemann) ? acid, and acetone ; not readily in and insoluble pp. ijetroleum ether. [Ferric chloride, r.o change.] Silver nitrate ammoniacal, reduction and deposit of silver. Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve Ferric chloride, dark green to [Fehliug's .solution, not reduced.] yellow. black coloration. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves yellow on warming ; the alkaline [No pp. neutral lead acetate.] Platinum chloride, reduced. solution on treatment with sulphuric acid becomes first colourless, then Pp. b;isic le;id acetate. Gold chloride, reduced. carmine on warming. metallic salts. G.-derivative boiling Not precipitated by other (i) GENTIOGENIN ; from above by with dilute dissolves yellowish-red. Concentrated sulphuric acid, acids ; yellowish-brown amorphous powder (permanent) ; taste bitter ; Nitric acid decomposes with production of oxalic acid reaction neutral. :: : DICTIONARY OP THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. SS Soluble in alcohol and in a mixture of ether with alcohol, but diffi- Soluble in hot water (gelatinous cold), in alcohol (sparingly if abso- cultly in water. lute), and in warm ether (Dragendorff says almost insoluble). Reactions (<,•) GENTIANIN (gentianic acid; Gentisin), C]jH,„05 = C,.,HjO„(()CH,,) Alkalies dissolve reddish-yellow, with characteristic odour. (OH).j ; yellow crystals, neutral reaction, not bitter. Soluble scarcely in water, and with ditticulty in alcohol or ether. Ammonia, reddish-yellow solution. solution). Alkalies give red coloration. Lead acetate, neutral or basic, precipitates (the alcoholic Salts of heavy metals give pp. (Habermann). 6£/V7"/S£//V = less 1 = yellow ( § 1 1 Ti. GONOLOBUS condurango ; Aidepiadarea-. The bark. In- ItosKi-ea. l/rjxii. § 111. GEUM urbanum ; Investigator: Huchner, vestigators: G. Carrara, see J. C!i. Soc, 91, 1H87; also Vulpius. (A Phann., 85, 1S4. wax CidHsqOo, M.P. ;yl°, and Cinnamic acid are also present.) GEUM BITTER ; amorphous, yellow, neutral. GONOLOBIN G. (Carrara's Glucoside), CjoHj^b : yellow powder; Soluble in alcohol and ether, with ditticulty in water. M.P. 112'. Forms compounds with potash, lime and lead oxide that are soluble in Soluble slightly in water and alcohol ; not in ether or petroleum ether. alcohol. Not precipitated by iodo-potassic iodide or mercuric-potassic iodide. Dissolved by alkalies. Another glucoside apparently also present, but details as yet dis- § n-J. GLEDITSCHIA triandra ; Le acid); prismatic needles from glacial acetic acid solution ; 200° yellow powder; M.P. ; (i) GRATIOSOLIN G., CisHieCo or CjoHjaO;; ; red or optically inactive, acid reaction, bitter-sweet taste. amorphous or crystalline ; M.P. 125° : bitter, with characteristic odour ; : ; : ) ;; 5(i DICTIONAIIV OF TllK ACTIVK I'KI NC r IM.KS OF IM.ANTS. poisonous. Acids readily change into sugar and GratioHolrlin, which is Preciptants: very bitter and gives precipitate with tannic acid. Alkaline and ammonia hydrates and carbonates. Solubility (of Gratiosolin) 1 in 7 parts cold or 5of boiling water, H cold Platinum chloride, yellow amorphous, becoming crystalline. or 2 bolinj; alcohol, 1,70:) cold or 1,100 boiling ether. Potassium sulphocyanide, white crystalline. Reactions „ chromate, i)p. decompo.sing with formation of bichromate. [No precipitate by lead acetate, neutral or basic] „ bichromate. Tannic acid, pp. Mercuric chloride, white. Colour tests : § lilt. HEDERA helix (Ivy); Araliiicea:. Investigator: Vernet. Concentrated acid, brownish-red precipitates v., sulphuric ) (water Bericlilc il. C/i. (71 14, ()8.'), and others. (For Carotin, contained in the Xitric ai-id, dissolves ( yellow). leaves, see Daucus. 117. {(i) HELIXIN G.(Hedera Glucoside), § GUACHAMANIA toxifera ; Apnuynacea: C.,.,H,jO,| (Vernet), or C3.,H,,0,„+2H„0 GUACHAMANINE A. ; amorphous, yellow, resinous, alkaline, bitter. Salts — 47"5°) amori)hou.«. (H. Block); crys. needles; M.P. 2:W ; loevo-rotatory ([a]l)= acid reaction, slightly bitter-sweet taste. Acids convert to a non- Soluble ill water, not in alcohol. fermentable sugar, reduces Fehling"s a substance Precipitated by alkaloid reagents. which solution, and CaiHjjOe ; see (i). 11><. § HARMALA (Pegannm Harmala) ; Zi/pnpliylldcew. The seeds Soluble in alcohol, hot benzene, and hot acetoue ; with difficulty in —about 'J-; per cent, (a), and per cent. (h). Fritsche, Am). Cliem. \\ ether and cold benzene, and not in water, chloroform, or petroleum ether. Plwrm.. vols. (U, (3ft, 72, 88, 92. Reactions : ((/) HARMALINE A., Ci3H,4N.,0 ; colourle.ss rhombic octahedra, but salts Alkaline hydrates dissolve with green colour when hot. yellow aud fluorescent 2.^S° ; M.P. (with decomposition) ; alkaline re- Ammonia, dissolves yellow. action, slightly bitter (saliva becomes coloured yellow. Lead acetate, neutral pp. Soluble in i,(;00 parts water at 0° C, in hot alcohol, with difficulty in Ferric chloride, green coloration. cold alcohol aud ether, slightly in petroleum ether and turpentine. [Fehling's solution not reduced till the Helixin has been boiled with Precipitants acid.] Alkaline hydrates Potass, ferricyauide, pp. oily, Potassium sulphocyanide, rose coloration (not permanent). „ carbonates. changing to greenish-blue crys. [Mercurous nitrate, no action.] Ammonia hydrate. Potass, sulphocyanide, yellow Colour tests „ carbonate. erj'stalline. Concentrated sulphuric acid, bright red. bichromate, red, be- Platinum chloride, light ye Potass, bichromate (acid soln.), ,, ,, ,, with potassium microscopic crys. pp. oily, becoming crystalline. coming green. Potass, ferrocyanide, red. Mercuric chloride, white. Nitric acid, no colour. Acids and salts precipitate from solutions. Hydrochloric acid, yellow. (h) HARMINE A., CjjHi.jN.^O; colourless, glittering rhombic prisms; (6) HELIXIGENIN (suggested name), from preceding substance bv action salts either colourless or slightly yellow, showing blue fluorescence of acids, CfiHj.Os; M.P. 27tr-280° ; dextro-rotatory ([a]D=+42-6''). •J'lG'-'J.'u", similar to of M.P. with sublimate ; reaction alkaline ; taste bitter (in alco- Solubility that Helixin. holic solution, but not the solid). §120. HELIOTROPUM Eurojiajum. Cynoglossnm vnlgai-e, etc.; Soluble with difficulty in water, alcohol (cold), or ether; more easily Biiriiifiiiurfir. vol. Investigators : Battandier, Repert. Pharm., 32 in hot alcohol. Schlagdenhauffer, Buchheim, and others. :: : ; DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OP PLANTS. :a HELIOTROPINE A. (the Cynoglossine of Buchheim) ; rhombic crystals, Concentrated sulphuric acid, blood-red ; water precipitates white Hocks. volatile, alkaline, bitter, poisonous. Salts become brown on e.xposure. grayish ( alcohol ; semi-fusion at 2.S0° ; deliquescent, faintly acid reaction, from of the City of London College, reprinted in other periodicals, including sweetish taste, poisonous. Acids give Helleboretin and 2 molecules the AUgi'rneine Bniuei: u. Hop/en Ze/tiiiig, Nuremberg.) sugar. The following embodies the results of the most recent researches (those Soluble in watei-, alcohol (not as easily as in water), chloroform ; not of the last four chemists enumerated above) : in ether. LUPULINIC ACID (Hop-bitter Acid. Hopfenbittersiiure, Lermer's It is removed from acid solutions by chloroform, but not by benzene or (1) 56°; free from nitrogen; per- petroleum ether. bitter principle); crystalline; M.P. H-7 Bungener) Reactions centage composition, C 67H0 to 6'J, H H to (Lintner and acid reaction, bitter (in alcohol). [Alkaline hydrates, no effect.] Meta-tungstic acid, pp. Soluble in alcohol and ether, not in water. [No pp. basic lead acetate.] [No pp. iodo-potassic iodide. Lintner and Bungener have separated this substance from the Alpha- Tannic acid, pp. „ cadmium-potassic iodide. resin of Hayduck, and the latter finds that it yields substances resembling [No pp. or coloration Ferric „ mercuric-potassic iodide. the Alpha- and Beta-resins on oxidation. chloride.] „ mercuric chloride. [No platinum chloride or Millon's reagent ( ALPHA-RESIN (Hayduck's) ; soft tenacious, light reddish-brown, pp. ""' (2) cupric sulphate.] Mercurous nitrate ) almost odourless, intensely bitter, feebly acid in character. Phospho-molybdic acid 1 [No pp. other metallic salts.] Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, slightly in water. "P' ,, tungstic acid \ Removed from acid solutions by immiscible solvents. Concentrated sulphuric acid, brownish-red with trace of violet. Reactions Alkaline hydrates dissolve with a darkening of colour. (6) HELLEBORETIN G.-deriv., CyH._,„0,.| ; amorphous dark blue flocks, Lead acetate neutral, alcoholic solution, yellow pp.. soluble in e.xcess. drying to a gray powder ; no physiological action ; tasteless, neutral. ,, white Soluble in alcohol (violet solution), scarcely in ether, not in water. „ „ ,, aqueous pp. Concentrated .sulphuric acid, brownish-red. Ferric chloride (aqueous), brown pp. Copper acetate (alcoholic), green pp., supernatant fluid green; the ((•) HELLEBORIN G., C.,„Hj,_,Oo ? (Hilsemanu) ; found in traces only; benzene, 250° co])per compound is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, crystalline needles ; M.P. above ; neutral reaction, burning taste and to some extent in petroleum ether. (when dissolved in alcohol). Partly converted by acids, and completely ether, Copper acetate (aqueous), bluish -white ; on shaking with the by zinc chloride, into Helleboresin and sugar (one molecule). pp. latter is coloured green. Soluble in hot water when in presence of Helleborein, also in alcohol the preceding, but is and chloroform, but with difficulty in cold water, ether, or fatty oils. (3) BETA-RESIN (Hayduck's) ; closely resembles 8 : : 58 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPI-ES OF PLANTS. softer and has hop odour, presumably due to admixture with hop-oil, for, {a) HYMENODICTYONINE A. (Hymenodictine), C.^H^oX, ; 'requires further on adding water to an alkaline alcoholic solution of the resin, a precipitate study' (Hiisemann); amorphous or needles; M.P. liO' ; non-fluorescent, forms having bop odour, from which the resin separable from the filtrate reaction alkaline, taste bitter. Salts amorphous. by acidification is free. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether; diffi- Solubility as Alpha-resin. cultly in water. Reactions : Precipitants Lead acetate, alcoholic, no pp. Alkaline hydrates / pp. gelatin- Phnspho-molybdic acid, yellow. „ „ aqueous, pp. Ammonia ( ous. Potassium iodide. Other reactions as Alpha-rei-in (with the cupric test, the ether Tannic acid, brown. lodo-potassium iodide, brown. becomes coloured emerald-green). Picric acid, yellow. Bismuth-potassium iodide, red. Platinum chloride. Cadmiumpotas.'iium iodide. (4) GAMMA-RESIN (Hayduck's) ; hard, brittle, dark brown; 7iQt bitter. Potassium ferrocyanide. Mercuric-potassiumiodide,white. Solubility as Alpha and Beta, except that it is not dissolved by petro- ferricyanide. leum ether. „ Mercuric chloride. ,, sulphocyanide in ex- Also by sodium phosphate. Reactions : cess, oily drops. „ chloride. Lead acetate (alcoholic), no pp. „ bichromate. Does not give the cupric reaction with ether. „ „ „ nitrate. (/;) A inter jfrinriplf, C.,,,U.^,fl^; neutral. §1:^3. HURA crepitans ('Ajuapar'); Eiiphorhiaceo'. Investigator: Slightly soluble in hot alcohol. Insoluble in ether or chloroform. Boussingault, Ann. Chim. P!n/«., [-2] 28, 430 (1825). § 12(i. ILEX aquifolium (Holly), .lf/«(7c//o'(>(i. The leaves. HURIN B. oily, becoming crystalline ; 10(1°, volatile at ; M.P. above but [For Ilex Paraguayensis containing Theine see Thea group.] lower temperatures : vapours cause inflammation ; no odour, but burning ((t) ILIXANTHIN, a colouring matter ; CirH...,0„ pale yellow micro- ta.ote. ; scopic needles M.P. 198' ; non-sublimable, nou-glucosidal. Soluble in alcohol, ether and oils, but not in water. ; in alcohol, in ether. Unchanged by alkalies. Soluble hot water and scarcely in cold water, not : Alkaline hydrates, Resinified by nitric acid. Reactions orange pp. Lead acetate, neutral or basic, yellow pp. § 124. HY.SNANCHE globosa (Toxicodendron capense) ; Euphor- [Fehling's solution not reduced.] hiwra . The husk (about 3 per cent.). Investigator : Engelhardt, (i) ILICIN B. Concerning this substance the statements of various Arhrifrn d. phai-nial: Imt. VurjnU, 8, 1892. investigators are discordant. HY/ENANCHIN B. ; crystalline after purification ; bitter. Physiological § 127. ILLICIUM religiosum ('Sikimi'); MagnolktceK. The seeds. action like Str3chnine, but much weaker. Non-glucosidal, but destroyed Investigator : Eyckman, Pharm. J. Trans., 1881, 1,060. by acids or alkalies at 10(J° C. SIKIMIN B. Nitrogen free ; crystallizes in stellate prisms ; the hydro- Soluble in water, alcohol (the best solvent), ether, benzene, fatty oils. chloric acid has M.P. 17.-| : non-glucosidal. Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. compound Soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid ; § 12.-,. HYMENODICTYON excelsum (Cinchona excelsa, Roxb.) and with difficulty in cold water (not in petroleum ether ?). liuhhiren. H. ohovatum ; [See also Cinchona ; and for ^Esculin, which is Reactions said to have been in • found this plant, refer to ^Esculus. Naylor disputes Alkaline hydrates / , , , •' . > insoluble. the presence of ^Esculin.] Investigator : Naylor, Pharm. J. Trans., Ammonia ) 1883. [Not precipitated bj' neutral lead acetate.] : — : : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OK PLANTS. 59 [Fehling's solution not reduced.] lodo-potassic ) . - iodide ,|lm:, Mercuric-potassic iodide, turbidity. Bismuth-potassic iodide Hydrochloric acid warm, bluish-violet green. Cadraium-pota.ssic to iodide, yellow amorphous ; 1 in 25,000. Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellow amorphous ; 1 in 25,000. 1-JS. etc. § IPECACUANHA, etc. ; Ruh'iarefr—Cmrhonarr,,, Vlolacen; Mercuric chloride, white : 1 in 1,000 ; cloud in 3,000, Emetine in the following : Cephfelis Ipecacuanha (Hooper found fol- Potassic nitrate I , , lowing quantities of (o) in plants grown in India : root I'TO, leaves 1'45, ^^'*«- Sodic „ ) stalk I'l.'i per cent. ; none in seed Fliickiger) ; Ronabia emetica, — Colour tests Richard. (Psychotria emet., L.) ; lonidium Ipec, Venten (Viola Ipec, L.) ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves slowly, dirty brown. I. indecorum, St. Hil. ; Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil. (Richardia .scabra, „ „ „ with potass, bichromate, brown. L.) : doubtful in Chiocooca racemosa Rub'iaceir ( = Cainva root, see ,, with nitric acid, brownish-green. Chiococca). The substances (r) in Viola odorata (violet) the root. ,, „ (Jj) Nitric acid, yellowish-brown. ' ' ' [For White Ipec. from Lsle de France see Tylophora ; for East India Friihde's reagent, red changing gradually to green ; 1 in 100,000 Ipec' see Chama;lirium.] (reliable, DragendorfE) ; concentrated hydrochloric acid added to (o) EMETINE A. Numerous formula have been suggested by Lefort, this, deep blue. Wiirtz. and others, viz. : C.,8H,„N,05, C3„H.„N08, Cj^H-sNOa, C,„H.„NO],„ (//) VIOLINE A. (possibly Emetine?) pale yellow amorphous, fusible, C,„Hj„N.,65, the latter Amorphous ; C37H.,-NO,„, C'lsH^NO,., by H. Kunz. bitter, emetic. or crystalline (needles or plates) ; M.P. 50°-7U° (different observers) ; Soluble in water more readily in than Emetine ; alcohol less readily optically inactive, bitter, alkaline, fluorescent (blue), emetic. than Emetine ; scarcely in ether. Soluble slightly in cold water, or 1 in 1,000 at 50° C, very readily in {r)VIOLA-QUERCnRIN G., C,Mi.,0.,i ; yellow crystalline ; convertible by alcohol and chloroform ; also in hot ether, hot petroleum ether, in acids into :! molecules of sugar and 1 of Queroetin (see Quercus tinctoria). benzene, methyl and amyl alcohols, oils, turpentine, acetic acid. Dis- Gives fluorescent solutions with alkalies, solved difficultly by ether and petroleum ether in the cold. Removed from alkaline solutions by chloroform, amyl alcohol, and in § 12',t. ISATIS indigofera (Indigo), I. tinctoria (Woad), Cnicifern:; traces by benzene and petroleum ether. Not extracted by solvents from Nerium tinctorium, Calanthe veratrifolia, Tankewillia cantonensis. Poly- an acid solution. gonum tinctorium. The leaves of Crotolaria retu.sa (L.), Leiiuiii.inoscE(see Precipitants also Leguminosae Indian) ; also in the urine of man and ox. Alkaline hydrates. INDICAN G., Coi3H.jjNOi7 (Schunk) ; amorphous, yellow, syrupy (decom- Ammonia. poses on drying) ; acid reaction, bitter taste ; decomposes in aqueous i Alk. carbonates i i • i solution. Dilute acids give Indif/o, and Indiglucin, . CsHjNO, , , . insoluble in excess. CeHijOg, bicarbonates ,, i with other products. Tannic acid, pp. if a little free hydrochloric acid ; 1 in ,0,000. Soluble in alcohol and water, difficultly in ether (insoluble, Dragendorff ). acid, yellow 1 2."i,00O. Picric amorphous ; in Reactions Platinum chloride, yellowish-white ; 1 in '2JA)0. Alkalies decompo.se with production of Indiglucin, etc. chloride, lemon-yellow amorphous 1 in 'i,.')00. Gold ; Precipitated by lead acetate neutral and basic. Potass, ferrocyanide, 1 in 1,000. Fehling's solution, reduced. „ sulphocyanide, yellow ; 1 in '2,r)00. 130. thalictroides ; Ranunculaccw. „ chromate (avoid excess), 1 in 5,000. § ISOPYRUM bichromate, gradually yellow ; 1 in (a) ISOPYRINE „ 3,000. A. ; yellowish-white bitter powder ; h3-drochloride Phospho-molybdic acid, yeUow ; 1 in '25,000. amorphous. : — 60 DICTIONAKV OK THE ACTIVE I'KINCII'LES Ol' PLANTS. Soluble very readily in ether, not in water. Ul) LACTUCERIN, alpha and beta of O. Hesse. Isomeric with oj'cocerjl by araruouia chloride). alcohol Precipitated (not by ammonium (Sycocerol), Hydrocaiotin ?, Quebrachol, Cupreol, C'inchol — pos- sibly identical with Lenoir's Lacton. r,„H™0„ = C.,H30-C,gH../J. (b) PSEUDISOPYRINE A. ; resembles above, except that hydrochloride is precipitated by ammonium chloride. Soluble in alcohol and petroleum ether. § 131. JUNIPERUS communis (Juniper); Coni/tro: The berries. § i;«. LASEEPITIUM latifolium L.; UmbeWferiE. Investigators: Feldmann, mi. Cl„ ,„. I'l,., 135, '^36 : Kuiz, Dissertation, Halle a. S., 1882. Investigator : Steer, Wieii. A had. Jier., 21, 383. A 14°- {a) LASERPITIN : prismatic crystals 1 JUNIPERIN B. ; lii^ht yellow, amorphous. li.J\:J\.J), or V.,JJ,^0- ; M.P. Soluble in ("lO parts water, in hot alcohol, and in ether (which removes 118"; bitter in ah^oholic solution (not when dry), neutral reaction. from aqueous solution). Allied to Athamanthin (see Athamantha). Yields, on decomposition, Ammonia dissolves with golden yellow. Laserol and Angelic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves with light yellow. Soluble in ",l parts absolute alcohol, 30 ether, 12 carbon bisulphide, and in chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, ethereal oils ; not in water. § l.SJ. LACTUCA fativa (Lettuce, contains also a trace of Hyos- — Reactions : cyamine ; see Atropa), L. virosa, L. altissima Conipositiv Lif/iiliJlor phous ; taste, hot peppery. Reactions : Soluble in alcohol and ether. Alkalies dissolve with gradual claret colour. Alkaline hydrates, dissolve yellow acids precipitate from the alkaline [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic] ; solution. Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. Fehling's solution, reduced. § 134. LAURINE.S various e.f/., Litstca chrysocoma, Litsoea Javanica Concentrated .sulphuric acid, dissolves colourless, gradually becoming (about 1 per cent.), Tetranthera citrata, T. amara, T. lurida, T. inter- cherry red. media, Notaphoebe umbellifera, Aperula sp., Actinodaphne procera, llli- gira pulchra: Substance («) In Hassia firnia and H. squaiTosa an (b) LACTUCOPICRIN B., C4,H3.,0„, (Kromayer); brown, amorphous, alkaloid was found resembling Laurotetanine (M. Greshofif). bitter ; reaction acid. LAUROTETANINE Crystalline poisimous, action like Strj-ch- Soluble in water and alcohol. A. ; very nine. (r-) LACTUCON (Lenoii's), CsHojO (C,6H,,60, Fliickiger) ; crystallizes in Soluble with difficulty in chloroform, scarcely in ether. 18.'')° stars ; M.P. ; non-volatile except iu current of carbon dioxide taste- ; Precipitants less, odourless ; not physiologically active. Alkaline hydrates, soluble in Potassium suljihocyanide. Soluble in alcohol, ether, petroleum ether, essential and fatty oils, excess. Phospho-molybdic acid. scaicely in water. Sodium carbonate. „ tungstic acid. Not precipitated by reagents soluble in alcohol. Tannic acid. ^Mercuric-potassic iodide. • (c) GALLACTUCON ( Franchemont's ' Lacti n,' from L. altissima), crystals •' Picric ,, ,, chloride. M.P. \i[\iV. Platinum chloride. Iodine solution. Soluble in alcoliol. Gold chloride. :: ilCTIONARy OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 61 Colour tests [Lead acetate, neutral or basic, no pp.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, pale rose-red. Precipitated by tannic acid. „ nitric acid, dirty brown. (h) LINARACRIN. Yellowish-brown, amorphous, resinous ; taste pungent. Friihde's solution, indigo blue, yellow on addition of water. Soluble in ether, not in water. § 135. LEGUMINOS.a: Indian. Investigated by Greshoff. (() UNARESIN. Yellow. Derris ( Pnni^auiia ) elliptica — Benth. ; tbe root cortex, subs- tance («). Soluble ill alcohol, not in ether or water. ' Pachyrbizus augulatus— Eifb. ; asubstance Pachyrbizid,' jiossibly iden- Zincca'-. Investigators: j 137. LINTIM catbarticum (Purging Has) ; tical with (a). Erythrina (Stenotropis) BroteroT— Hasslf. ; E. (Hypo- Schroeder, N. Riperl. I'h.. 11, 11, and others. phorus) subumbrans (b). Crotolaria retusa contains Tndican(see Isatis), and an alkaloid found also in C. striata, L. ; a strong poison, probably UHIN B. Percentage compositic.n, C 62-92, H 4-72, O a2-:!0. Silky needles, related to Cytisine, Sparteine, etc. Millettia atropurpurea — Benth., a chars heating neutral reaction, bitter (in alcoholic solution), on ; poisonous glucoside resembling Saponin. Acacia tenerrima—Jungh., the purgative. alkaloid, soluble ether all proportions in absolute cortex contains a bitter poisonous in and Soluble in hot water, not cold ; almost in (c), acetic acid. chloroform. Pithecolobium bigeminum, P. .'aman ; substance coitex alcohol ; also dissolved by ether, chloroform, glacial of former gave 0-8 per cent. Removed from acid solutions by ether. (ri) : DERRID B. (Pachyrhizid ? see above). Nitrogen free ; slightly acid Reactions " reaction ; sharp taste. Powerful fish poison 1 in Alkaline hydrates) , / • at 5,000,000. ' , u"„ i „ ;„;*.,^„^ . dissolve yellow (acids precipitate). , \ r r / Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, amyl alcohol, slightly in Ammonia ' water. | violet. Reactions : Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves dark Alkaline hydrates (solution), dissolves slightly. Linacar. Investigators: A. § 1.^8. LINUM iisitatisfimum (Linseed) ; ., on fusion, give salicylic and protocatechuic acids. „ Jorissen and E. Hairs, Joitrii. de Pharm. Ai,f(r.-<. One kilo, of the (I,) ERYTHRINE A. Poisonous. germinated seeds yielded 15 gms. of the glucoside. Soluble in ether. Sulphate crystalline. . . . 5-55, O . . . Silky Precipitants LINAMARIN G. Percentage composition, C 47-88, H N Yields hydro- needles; M.P. 134^; neutral reaction ; bitter, odourless. Tannic acid. I Potass, bichromate. acid the (zymase) contained in powdered linseed. Picric acid. Mercuric-potassic iodide. cyanic with ferment alcohol its weight of water, but not in ether. Platinum chloride. chloride. Soluble in and in own | Mercuric Fehling's solution, not reduced. Gold chloride. : Iodine solution. Platinum sulphocyanide. Ccmcentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves colourless. tree') Jlai/nollatea: (') PITHECOLOBINE A. Amorphous; burning taste; acts corrosively § i:r.i. LIRIODENDRON tulipifera, L. ('Tulip ; cent.). Investigator : Emmet, on the skin : tibb poison, 1 in 400,000. Salts crystalline. Milky solution The root-bark (yield, about 2 to 3 per with water. Jonru. Ph., [2], 17, 400 ; Rrpert. Ph., 75, 88. leaflets; M.P. 82° (part Precipitated by : LIRIODENDRIN B. ; crystallizes in needles and Picric acid, 1 in 100,000. sut.limahlc) ; neutral, bitter ; oxidizes on exposure. Mercuric-potassic iodide, limit, 1 in 200,000. Soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water; scarcely in cold water. § i:i(j. LINARIA vulgaris; ScrnphicUmacec'. Investigator: Walz., Precipitated by alkalies, acids, and neutral salts. water precipitates Mrh. I'hwm., 27, IG. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves orange-yellow ; («) LWARIN B. Crystalline, bitter. therefrom a non-bitter resin. Soluble in water and alcohol. Nitric acid, dissolves colourless. :: : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCII'LES OF PLANTS. Hydrochloric acid hot, gives rise to a green substance. § 141. LOLIAM telumentum (poisonous darnel grass); Graminaivm. 140. The seed. Investigators: liudwig and Stahl, Arrhiv Pliarm., ;')9 § LOBELIA iuflataL. ; Caiitpanuhicnc. Inve.stigators : F.Mayer [2], 119, ; VierUlJ. priirl. I'lianii., P. Antze, and others. 15, 233 ; Lewis, Pharm. J., Trans., [3], 8, 561. LOLIIN G. ; dirty white, amorphous, bitter. volatile (a) LOBELIINE A.-G.'- (Lobelina) ; oily yellowish-white, alkaline, taste Yields sugar and acrid. Yields sugar on long boiling. Salts crystalline (not the acetate). acids. Forms crystalline salts with sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. Soluble in water (with yellow colour), in alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloro- Soluble in water and alcohol, not in ether. form, ether (ihe best solvent), benzene, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide, §142. LONICERA xylosteum,L. (Honeysuckle) ; C'aprifoHwfte. The fatty and essential oils. berries. Investigator : Enz, VierlelJ. /irart. Pharm., 5, IKO, and others. Contrary to the behaviour of substances of its class, is it removed from XnOSTEIN G. ; crystalline needles : M.P. 100' (fusible to colourless acid solution by petroleum spirit and chloroform. liquid, recryslallizing on cooling) ; neutral, slightly bitter, poisonous. Precipitants Acids give sugar and a derivative of Xvlostein. [Alkaline hydrates, decomposs with production of substance having Soluble in hot water (scarcely cold), in alcohol and ether (which removes aromatic odour.] it OM shaking with aqueous solutions). Ammonia, white pp. Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Lead acetate, neutral, white needles (no pp. ?). Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown. basic (no ., ,, pp. ?). § 14:1. LOTUS bark (Symplocos racemosa); Slyracete. The bark gave Tannic acid, pp. solution in excess, or in ammonia. 0'24 per cunt. {a), and 002 per cent. (b). [No pp. gallic acid.] (d) LOTURINE A. ; crystallizes in efflorescent prisms ; M.P. 234' ; alka- Picric acid. line reaction. Salts with mineral acids show bluish-violet fluorescence. Ferrous sulphate, brown pp. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone ; scarcely in water. Platinum chloride, pp. floats (aqueous solution). The alcoholic solution is precipitated by potass, sulphocyanide. Gold chloride, pp. insoluble in hydrochloric acid (aqueous solution). {Ii} COLLOTURIN A. ; crystallizes in non-efflorescent prisms, giving subli- Silver nitrate, white pp. sol. ammonia or nitric acid (aqueous solution). mate at 2.i4'; alkaline reactions. Salts fluorescent as (a). Fehliug's solution, reduced after hydrolysis of L. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Phospho-molybdic acid, yellowish-white ; ammonia changes blue, then colourless. Precipitants yellow flocculent. Metatungstic acid. Gold chloride, Potass, sulphocyanide (to the alcoholic solution). lodo-potassic iodide (acid solution), brown. ((•) ; bluish-violet fluorescence. Mercuric-pota.ssic iodide (acid solution), pale yellow. LOTURIDINE A. amorphous ; [Mercuric chloride, no change.] Potass, sulphocyanide gives no pp. (compare above). [Albumen, not coagulated.] (d) CALIFORNINE (of Winckler) contains the 3 alkaloids above. (For (Jharcoal, absorbs. Californin, see Cinchona group.) Colour tests Concentrated g 144. LUPINUS albus, L. luteus, and others (ic.7«m/no.<(i), substances sulphuric acid, reddish-brown ; intensified by potass. etc. angustifolius (rf), from bichromate. (a), (/'), ('), ; L. (Blue Lupines), 165 gms. seed. Friihde's reagent, reddish-brown. 2 cwt. of the Arginine (e) is a proteid decomposition product found in etiolated (//) LOBELACRIN is considered by Lewis to be a salt of Lobeliine, with an Lupine cotyledons, as well as in Soja hispida and Cucurbita pepo, grown acid resembling gallic, and named Lobelic acid. in the dark. Alkaloidal glucosiile. After fermentation, the following decomposition compounds from pro- : : ; DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 63 is obtained on boiling with Baryta water teid were obtained : Asparagine (the principal product), Phenyl-amido- above), CeHijNjOj. Urea propionic and Amido-valerianic acids, Leucine, Tyrosine, Xanthine, Hypo- (saturated solution). xanlhine. Lecithin, Arganine. [Not precipitated by tannic acid nor lead acetate.] Picric acid, gold needles ; sol. hot water. (a) LUPININ G. (Lupiniin ; not the alkaloid Lupinine, Baumert), Precipitated al.so by phospho-tungstic acid. CjjHa^Oifi'TH^O (Schulze and Barbieri) ; crystallizes in yellowish-white ; fruity odour. Acids, 1-4.'). needles bitter taste and and even boiling water § LYCOPODIUM complanatum ; Li/cojiodiwea;. Investigator: alone, convert to sugar and Lii/i/i/en/ii, which is partly sublimable. Boedecker, Ami. Chi in. Ph., 208, 203, substance (a), L. saururus (Pili- Soluble with difficulty in water or alcohol. ganum), (//). Reactions in clino-rhombic ])risms («) LYCOPODINE A., C3.>H5„N„03 ; crystallizes ; • Alkaline hydrates I , , -j. J- i. •' M.P. 114'-ll.'i°; alkaline,' bitter. , dissolve ; acids reprecipitate. ' ' Ammonia i Soluble in water, more readily in chloroform or benzene ; also in Precipitated by basic lead acetate. alcohol, ether, and amyl alcohol. {Ii) iyP//V/D//V£ A., CgHjsN; pale yellow, heavy oily, alkaline ; jjungent, Reactions : bitter. Alkaline hydrates, resinous pp. if concentrated. Soluble in water and alcohol ; with difficulty in ether. [Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate.] Iodine SDlution, brown cloud. (c) LUPININE A., C..,Hj„N.,0„ (Liebscher, Ber. landwirlhs. Inst. Halle, 257°-8° 1880) ; rhombic crystals ; M.P: 67-80° ; B.P. ; volatile in steam, (h) PILIGANINE A. (Amyl-nicotine ? Arata), CisHoiN^O or Irevo-rotatory, apple-like odour, alkaline reaction, bitter. CidHijNj'OCjHi, ; light yellow, amorphous, alkaline reaction, disagreeable Soluble in cold water {lexa noluhle trann), in alcohol, ether, chloroform, odour, poisonous gives Nicotine on distillation in current of ; (?) benzene, petroleum ether ; dissolved, but decomposed, by carbon bisul- hydrogen. Salts mostly crystalline. phide. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform ; with difficulty in ether. Precipitated by alkalies (concentrated solution). Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates. [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic] ((/) LUPANINE A., CsHo.N.O (Hagen and C. Siebert) ; light yellow Tannic acid, white. syrupy liquid, — 16^ ; boil 2110° even at C. non-volatile ; does not even at C. Ferric chloride, reddish pp. fluorescent, green ; intensely bitter and powerfully alkaline. Liberates is ammonia and gives cloud with hydrochloric acid vapour. Unchanged by [Not platinum chloride ; the Pt. salt very soluble.] altered boiling potash solution, or by hydrochloric acid at 200° C. Gold chloride, yellow ; by light. Soluble in cold water, nearly all precipitated on warming (Siebert found Potassium ferricyanide, greenish. Potassium bichromate, yellow. it to be freely soluble ; dissolved also by ether and chloroform, but only difficultly by alcohol. Phospho-molybdic acid, whitish-yellow, Removed from alkaline solutions by ether. lodo-potassic iodide, light brown. Precipitants Merciiric-potassic iodide, white. Lead acetate neutral, if concentrated after precipitation it is diffi- Bromine water / ,, ; •' cultly soluble even dilute. Iodine tincture ) Tannic acid, white. § 146. LYCOPUS EuropaBUs, L. ; Lai/a^o. The leaves. Investigator: Gold crystallizing chloride, yellow ; sol. on warming, out when cold. Geiger, Re/iert. Ph., 15, 11. Iodine, brownish-red. L YCOPIN B. : amorphous, bitter, odourless. (e) /4/fG//V/iVf, decomposition product of proteid (see under plant-heading Soluble in alcohol, ether, in 500 parts water, and in warm acetic acid. : ii4 DICTIONARY Ol" THE ACTIVE riU.NCiri.LS dl I'LAXTS. Lahialir. The whole Fehling's solution, reduced. § 147. MARRUBIUM vulgare (Horehouud) ; Phosphomolybdic acid, yellow. plant. Investigators : Kromayer and Harms, Archie. Phanu., vols. 83, 108, IIG. Harms obtained 2 grammes of Marrubiin from 25 lb. of the Bismuth potassic iodide, yellow. ])lant. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. Iodine solution, yellow. oold alcohol) ; M.P. 148° (Harms), or MARUBIIN B. ; crys. netJIus (from Colour tests, etc. : Ifiiv ( Kriiinayer) ; neutral reaction, bitter. C'oncititiatid sulphuric acid, yellowish-brown changing to violet. Soluble ill alcohol, ether, chloroform, slightly in water, not in petroleum Dihitf suliibiiiic acid on warming, odour of Menyanthol. spirit. solution. 150. Investigators: Removed by ether from aqueous § MIKANIA Gnacn ; Com/iusihr. The leaves. 311. Absorbed by charcoal. Faure, ,/oun,. Phann., [2] 22, 2;)1 ; Fettenkofer, «ey;o-/. Ph., 86, Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic (to alcoholic solution), Used in America against snake-poisoning, etc. nor by alkaloid reagents. 100' GUACIN B. ; light brown amorphous powder ; M.P. ; neutral, Fehling's solution, not reduced. bitter. sulphuric acid, brownish- No colour reactions with acids (concentrated Soluble in hot water (difficultly cold), in alcohol, and in ether. yellow— Kromayer). Colour tests Californica (Echinocystis) CwKrhiltireri'. § 148. MEGARRHIZA ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves reddish-brown. 4:")!. Investigator : lleaney, Aiiirr. J. Ph., 48, „ nitric acid, dissolves dark yellow. MEGARRHIZIN G. poisonous. Acids give sugar and Megar „ hydrochloric acid, little change. («) ; r/ii:iniipliii. § \U\. MORINDA citrifolia (Ruhiaceu) contains Mi ihixdix, a glucoside Soluble in alcohol, not in ether. yielding sugar, and IMor.i.MioN, a colouring matter. Morindin resembles Ruberythric acid (from Rubia tinctoria or Madder), the glucoside of (b) MEGARRHIN, resembles Saponin ; enlarges pujiil. Alizarin (Dihydroxi-anthraquinone). (c) MEGARRHtZITIN B. ; crystalline, poisonous. § 152. MORRENIA brachy Stephana (tasis) ; Palmaceie : Argentine 14',). § MENYANTHES trifoliata (Buckbean) ; Ge iitiiinaceit'. In- Republic. The root. vestigators : Kromayer, Ai-chiv Ph., 18G1 ; Lendrich, idei I, 230, 38. MORRENINE A. ; dark, brown amorphous ; M.P. 106° ; bitter taste MENYANTHIN G., C3„H^„Oj4 (Kromayer) or Cj^H^.O, (Lendrich) sharp odour. ; solid 100"-11. amorphous, terebinthinate becoming gradually ; M.P. Soluble in water, alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloroform. neutral reaction, bitter. Acids convert to Menyanthol, CgHgO (Hiise- ' Precipitated by most alkaloid reagents.' mann), or (Lendrich), with characteristic odour, and a laevo- I'l.!. C7H,iO» § NANDINA domestica ; Berheridarpo:. The root bark. sugar. rotatory NANDININE A., C,,,H|aN04 ; amorphous powder poisonous. Salts amor- ; Soluble in hot water (with difficulty cold), in alcohol, chloroform, phous. benzene ; not in ether. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene ; not in water. Removed from acid solutions by benzene and chloroform ; absorbed by Alkaline hydrates, dissolve (acids re-precipitate). charcoal. Platinum chloride, wbitish-yellow pp. Precipitants : Concentrated sulphuric acid containing nitric acid, blue solution. [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic, or mere cloud.] l.">4. § NARTHECIUM ossifragum ; Juncwea: Investigator : Walz. Tannic acid, white. N. Jahrh. J'h., 14, ?Ab. [Not gold chloride, but reduction on warming.] NARTHECIN 35° B. ; crystalline ; M.P. ; acid reaction, biting taste. Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. Soluble in alcohol, scarcely in water. DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. Soluble in alcohol ; not in water, ether, chloroform, or petroleum ether. li>6. : § NERIUM aiitidysenterica (Wrightia) ; Aporynwc'r. The bark [Not precipitated by (Cortex conessi ) chloride. aud Holarrhcna Africaua, substance («) ; Nerium Ammonia. Platinum Oleander and X. odoium, substance (//). Lead acetate neutral. lodo-potassic iodide. ,, basic. Mercuric chloride.] (a) CONESStNE A. (Wrigbtine), C,„H„„lSr whitish powder or brownish- ,, ; Tannic acid. yellow, resinous (crys. needles—Pictet) ; M.P. l'2"i° with sublimate ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves reddish-brown ; not changed by bitter, ^alts amorphous. bromine. Soluble with difficulty in water or alcohol ; scarcely in ether or carbon l.'jii. RainDiriihueir. Investigators: bisulphide. § NIGELLA sativa, L. ; Greenish, ./. 'Cheia. Sur., 1880, and Fhann. ./. Tram. .- Fliickiger, Ja/irh. Pharm., Precipitants : Ammonia. Gold chloride. [3], 2, 101. Substance (a); also other alkaloidal and glucosidal sub- stances, but which have not yet been isolated pure. N. Damascena, L. Tannic acid. Mercuric chloride. ; I'latuium chloride. the seeds, (/<). («) MELANTHIN G., C.,(,H.,.,0- ; crystalline; M.P. 205°; slightly bitter. (h) OLEANDRINE A. [Neriodorin ? (Schmiedeberg) ; identical with one Acids change to .]fi>hinlh/ijeinn, CijH.,.jO.,, and sugar. Melanthin and of Selmi's Ptomaines y (Finoshi). Statements of different observers Melanthigenin resemble Parillin and Parigenin respectively. concerning Oleandrin, Xeriin, Neriodorin, etc., are conflicting see ; Soluble in dilute or in hot alcohol, slightly in chloroform, scarcely in Lukowsky, Rep. Cliim. Ajipliq., 3, 77 ; Schmiedeberg, An-liir. c.vp. ether, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon bisulphide, or water flatter solu- J'alhi/l., 16, 161 ; Greenish, P/iann. J. Trans., 11, 873, and others]. [:5], tion frothy). Amorphous, yellow, resinous, bitter, poisonous ; M.P. above b6' with Reactions : crystalhne sublimate; after heating to 240° it is no longer soluble in Alkaline hydrates, dissolve : acids reprecipitate. alcohol or water. Xeutral lead acetate, cloud. Soluble (N. are properties ascribed to ' Xeriodorin ') in water, Betelli Basic lead acetate, white pp. ; soluble in excess. (scarcely X.), in alcohol, ether (scarcely X'.j, chloroform, fatty oils ; not in Ferric chloride (to alcoholic solution), yellowish-green. benzene (N.), or petroleum ether (X.). Fehling's solution, not reduced till after hydrolysis. Precipitated by ; Mercuric chloride, cloud. BaMC lead acetate ( X. i. Tannic acid. Colour tests : Picric acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid, rose-colour, becoming violet after 15 to [Ferric chloride, reddi.sh-brown coloration, X.] 20 hours. violet. Platinum chloride. „ ,, „ with sugar, nitric Gold chloride. ., „ ,, with trace of acid, yellow, changing Mercuric chloride, white (N.). to violet-red on warming. ,, with nitric acid, orange, changing to (<) NERIIN has all the properties of Digitalein, aud p:ssibly identical ,, ,, yellow. therewith. Swells on boiling with other concentrated acids. (i/) NERIANTHIN bears similar resemblance to Digitalin. (i) DAMASCENINE A., C,„H,.,XO„ (A. Schneider,,/. Pharm., [6], 22, 58); 27'' (<) ROSAGININ G. (E. Pieszczck) ; nitrogen free ; microscopic crystals? crystalline below C, at which it liquefies; B.P. 168"; alkaline re- (amorphous. Arrhic. Phanit., 18itO, 228, 3:VJJ ; M.P. 171"; poisonous; action, fluorescent (though not in acid solution), narcotic odour. action like Strychnine. Soluble easily in alcohol, carbon bisulphide, and chloroform ; also in 'J : : fi.; DICTIONAKV 111' Till-. ACTIVE I'RI \CI I'l.KS benzene, petroleum ether, methyl alcohol, fatty oils, and methyl iodide Colour ; tests not in cold water, but slightly on boiling. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellowish-red changing to cherry-red. Precipitants „ ., „ with manganese dioxide, carmine. Alkaline hydrates, oily pj). Phospho-molybdic acid, white. „ nitric acid, yellow, with formation of oxalic acid. „ carbonates. lodo pntassic iodide, brownish- Friihde's reagent, pure red, lasting some time. Ammonia, oily p]i. purple, becoming crystalline. ill) FORMONETIN G.-deriv. from preceding; pale violet colouring matter, Picric acid. Cadmiura-potassic iodide, white. yielding Ononetin and formic acid on treatment with Baryta water. Platinum chloride. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. (r) ONONID B. [Ononis-glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizin V (Hlasiwetz)]. Palladious chloride. Mercuric chloride, white. ; dark yellow, CigH-.O, amorphous ; acid reaction; slightly bitter, then Gold chloride. Xessler's reagent, grayish-brown sweet. Potassium bichromate, yellow PP- Soluble in alcohol and water. Colour tests : Precipitants : Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, blood-red to Lead acetate neutral. 1 [Nut tannic acid.] violet. ,, basic. Copper, mercury and silver salts. „ I Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, violet. Acids precipitate from aqueous solution. nitric acid (alone), gradually reddish-violet. „ «/l ONOCERIN ; crystalline. Soluble in alcohol and turpentine, with difficulty in water, not in § l.'.T. NUPHAR luteuni (Yellow Water Lily) Niimphidceii. warm ; The rhizome. ether. No change with acids or alkalies. NUPHARINE A., ; amorphous C..', CuH.,,N.,Oo ; M.P. ; optically inactive ; not bitter (but salts 1")'.'. are bitter). Salts amorphous, Odour on acidifica- § OPIUM, from Papaver somniferum (Poppy) ; Pajmrerace". tion. The whole of the alkaloids described below, except tho.se which are stated Soluble in alcohol, ether, be artificial chloroform, amyl alcohol, acetone ; almost to derivatives of the naturally occurring bases. insoluble in petroleum ether. Only the following six are found in appreciable quantities, and only the Removed by chloroform from alkaline solutions. first three of these are physiologically active (some of the rarer alkaloids Not precipitated by neutral lead acetate. of Opium are also jioisonous, as will be seen) : Pp. by most alkaloid reagents. Morphine average say 10 per cent, i Concentrated sulphuric O-J.'i O.'i acid, on warming, brown, then greenish ; water Codeine to ,, lactive and basic. then gives yellowish-brown pp. Thebaine OK) ., 10 „ J Narcotine average IJ „ l."iS. ONONIS spinosa, L. Ler/umlnonn: I i- i i- j § ; The root. Investigators : comparatively inactive and Papaverine ! Rheinsch, Rrjier/. Pharm., „ 1 vols. 70, 7S ; Hlasiwetz, J. Prart. Phariii., 65. °«"'^'''- Narceine ., do „ , ((') ONONIN G., C.inHjjO,., (?) ; crys. microscopic plates and prisms As would be expected, the relative proportions vary considerably. ; M.P. -J.^).')" (recrystalliziug cooling) on ; no odour ; not bitter. Acids yield Morphine may be said roughly to fluctuate from about half the above sugar and Formonetin, (b). figure (though rarely to that extent) to half as much again. Narcotine Soluble in alcohol after long • boiling ; not in ether or in cold water varies through wider limits. (French Opium frequently contains none, and with difficulty in hot water (crystals appear on cooling). East Indian more Narcotine than Morphine. ) Narceine sometimes exceeds It is carried down by the lead sulphide formed in freeing the vegetable Thebaine in quantity. extract from excess of lead acetate. Excluding JMorphine and Narcotine, the total of other alkaloids may No pp. with cadmium-potassic iodide (Uragcndoiff). amount to O.") to, say, '2 per cent. Of Crvptopine, T. and H. Smith ; ; : DICTIONARY OP THE ACTIVE PIUNCII'LES OF I'l.ANTS. 1 obtained only part from 30,000 of Opium ; and Kauder {Arch. Phann., soluble in cold water (1 in 33,333 at 3°, Chastaing), 1 in 400 to r,i)0 boil- 41',l) found the following : ing alcohol, 1 in cold, 1 22S, proportions of the rare alkaloids Crypto- ; 40 in 30 boiling ; chloroform, 1 in 175 if ordinary ])iiie 70, Laudaniue'iO, ProtopineB^, Tritopine'2, to 1 part of Laudanosine. chloroform, or 1 in 10,000 if free from alcohol (Prescott, ./. C/iem. .S'«.-., By the ' Riitish Pbarmacopaiia' Opium is required to assaj' 'JA to lOi 22, 405, gives 1 in 4,37'J, 1,1)77 andsijl for the crystallized, amorphous and ' per cent, of Morphine, calculated on the dried Opium. freshly liberated or nascent ' Morphine respectively) ; cold amyl alcohol, In addition to alkaloidal substance?, Opium contains : Acetic, lactic 1 in 400, Van der Burg (Prescott's figure 1)1 for both crystallized and ' (Ij per cent,), meconic (4 per cent.) acids, meconin, gum, pectin, sugar, nascent'), easier warm ; acetic ether, 1 in 500, Van der Burg ; scarcely in humoid matters, resin, caoutchouc, albuminoids, water (10 to 30 per cent.), petroleum ether, benzene, or ether (Prescott's figures for the latter, 6,148, and the usual inorganic salts. 2,112, 1,0G2 for the three conditions). Papaver rhceas (Red Poppy) contains Rheadine. Argemone Mexicana In consequence of its limited solubility in the usual solvents, special (Prickly Poppy) and Eschscholtzia Californtca (Paparei'acea-) have been methods have to be employed to remove it from an aqueous mixture ; found to contain Morphine ; and Chelidonium, as well as Sanguiuaria— Pro- this may be most conveniently effected by warming the acid/jied solution, topine. For other alkaloids of the Papacfracen', see Chelidonium group adding warm amyl alcohol, and then, after alkalizing with ammonia, the for Berberine, found in some members of the order, see Berberis group. Morijhine thus freshly liberated will be taken up by the warm amyl The alkaloids, etc., here described appear in the following order : alcohol. Minute quantities are removable by ether (this affords a means of (1) MORPHINE. (10) NARCEINE. separation from Urea, which is soluble in amyl alcohol, but not in ether). ("in) Apomorphine. (Ill Rheadine. {'Ill) Pseiidomorphine. (\i) Oxynarcotine. Precipitants (3) NARCOTINE. (13) Gnoscopine. Alkaline hydrates | (.")(() Hydroootarnine. (14) Codamine Ammonia pp. soluble in excess. (3i) Cotariiine. (15) Meconidine. Lime-water ) (3c) Tarconine. (If)) Lanthopine. Alkaline carbonates, soluble in excess, but not as readily as above. (3rf) Nartinio Acid. (17) Oryptopine. ., bicarbonate, not soluble in excess. The precipitates become Cupronine. (3e) (18) Laudanine. crystalline. Tarnine. Protopine. (3/) (19) [Not lead acetate.] (3,7) Cuprine. (20) Tritopine. [Not Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in 1,00().J (3//) Dibromapophylline. (21) Laudanosine. Picric acid, 1 in 100. (3/) Apophyllic Acid. [Ferric chloride neutral solution, blue coloration 1 in de- PAPAVERINE. Nnn-hasic Suh&tances 5,000, (4) stroyed by acid or alcohol.] (,')(() Papaveramine. (22) Meconin. Platinum chloride, 1 in 100 ; or after 24 hours 1 in :i,000. (0) CODEINE. (23) Pseudomeconin. (iold chloride, 1 in 3,000 at once. (la) Codenine. (24) Meconic Acid. Silver nitrate, red coloration ; 1 in 1,000 after 15 minutes. (8) THEBAINE. (25) Meconoisin. [Potassium ferrocyanide, not 1 in 100.] ([hi) Thebaicine. (20) Opionin. [Potassium ferricyanide, reduced ; no 1 in I'lO except after stand- Thebenine. pp. l'.)h) ing, Plugge.] (1) MO/?P////Vf A. (Morphia), Ci7TI|,X03+H20 ; crystallizes in rhombic Potass, suljihooyanide, white crystalline ; not 1 in loO. prisms ; M.P. about 230°, with partial decomposition ; liEvo-rotatory, ,, cyanide, pp. ; cloud at 1 in 5,000. alkaline, bitter. Fluorescent in sulphuric acid solution. Silver potassic cyanide, a crystalline deposit after some hours. Potass, Solubility varies greatly with the physical condition ; very slightly chromate, the pp. contains free M. and M. chromate. : ; DKTIONARV OK THE ACTIVE I-Rl.NCI l'I.K.S OF 1"1.ANT.<. 1 in loO; see also mercuric crystals, alkaline [Potass, bichromate, scarcely a cloud at chloride or large excess of hydrochloric acid ; greenish chloride below.] reaction, emetic. The solutions become green on keeping. T) cent, chromic acid.] [Not per Soluble in alcohol, ether (purple colour), chloroform (violet), benzene ; .'i,(i(lo Phospho-molybdic acid, pp.; cloud at 1 iu ; see colour tests below. with difficulty in water. [Phospho-tungstic acid, cloud at 1 in ],(H)U.J On shaking an alkaline aqueous solution with petroleum ether, benzene. acid, at 1 in [ ,, antimonic not 1,000.] or chloroform, a red deei>mpi>sition product is removed. lodo-potassic iodide, red ; 1 in ri.OOO. Precipitants : ;'),000. Bromo-potassic bromide, red ; 1 in Alkaline hydrates, greenish-white or turning green ; sol. in excess. .'i.lKIU. Bismuth-potassic iodide, ; slight at 1 in pp. Ammonia (sol. excessj, dirty violet. '2 (Jadraium-potassic iodide, crys. needles ; 1 in 1,000 after hours. Lime-water (sol. excess). zinc-potassic iodide.] [Not Alkaline bicarbonate, white when pure, but turns green. Merouric-potassic iodide, amorphous 1 in 1,0(10 ; limit 1 in 2,ri00. [Not lead acetate.] chloride, white crystalline 1 in MM); remains white with „ Tannic acid, yellowish-green. potass, bichromate (compare Strychnine). Picric acid, yellow ; sol. warm. Colour tests Ferric chloride, red, becoming black. sulphuric acid, colourless, becoming gradually red Concentrated ; Platinum chloride, yellow. violet on warming. Gold chloride, purple. Concentrated sulphuric acid, heated with the alkaloid to 150 , converts Potassium ferrocyanide, reddi.sh-yellow : green on warming. to Suli)ho-morphine, with which ammonia gives white pp., and „ ferricyanide, white, changing to violet, then black. chloroform a red solution. Compare Codeine and Pseudo- sulphocyanide, white ; sol. warm. morphine. „ „ bichromate, orange. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium chlorate, bluish- violet. [Not ii per cent, chromic acid.] „ „ „ warmed gently, then potass, perchloride, lodo-potassic iodide, blood-red ; sol. warm. brown. Strychnine does not interfere. Potassic iodide alone, white, changing to green. Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, red (perceptible with ,/,„ Bismuth jiotass. iodide, limit 1 in 111,000. milligramme ). Mercuric chloride, white. Concentrated sulphuric acid with the phospho-molybdic pp., bine ; Zinc chloride ) ,-, , , , 4 , > white, soluble on warming. dark brown on warming. ' ° „ acetate J The phospho-molybdic pp. with potash, brownish-orange. Colour tests (besides those formed by reagents above) : Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, violet. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. Nitric acid added after 10 hours' solution in sulphuric acid (Dragen- Concentrated nitric acid, violet red. dorff reddish->~bluish-violet-vv.blood-red~v.orange. ), Per-iodic acid, reduced. Nitric acid alone, orange~^'light yellow, Friihde's solution, violet. Hydrochloric acid (concentrated), no effect. Dilute acids, dissolve readily. (2/0 PSEUDOMORPHINE A. (of Pelletier : Donath's Dehydro-morphine Polstorff'sO.'cydimorphine) ; C,-HnNO:, Per-iodic acid, iodine liberated. Schiitzenberger's Oxymorphine ; (t rarely, Fn'ihde's reagent, magnificent violet •»~ green ^,~ brownish-green -va. or C:iiH;„5N.j6,; >. Hesse). Uccurs naturally in opium, though and obtained from morphine by moderate oxidation, as with potassium ferri- yellow ; after 2-1 hours, blui.sh- violet. cyanide. Its occasional presence in opium extracts may arise also from C-'-O APOMOHPHINE \., C„H„NO.,=Morphine less H.,0 ; formed by L-ating the latter alkaloid in a sealed tube to 140° or IfiO" C. with zinc oxidation. : DICTIONAR-^' 111' THE ACTIVE I'HINI tl'I.ES (IS- Crystallizes in leaflets or needles with :!H^,t) ; not fusible without de- Precipitants : composiiion : neutral reaction, nut poisonous and not bitter. Alkaline hydrates, insoluble in excess cold, but dissolved on heatiuir. carbonates | Soluble in hot amyl alcohol (and in excess of ammonia, by means of ,, „ bicarbonates insoluble in excess. which it IS best purified) : insoluble iu water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, or carbon bisulphide. Ammonia ) Lime water, soluble in excess. Reactions : [Not lead acetate.] Alkaline hydrates, dissolve. [Tannic acid, cloud ; slight pp. with hydrochloric acid.] Ammonia, pp. sol. in excess. [Not gallic acid.] [No pp. lead acetate.] Picric acid, yellow crystalline ; cloud at 1 in 4,000. Ferric chloride, blue or brownish-green coloration. [Ferric chloride, no blue coloration]. [Picric acid, not dilute.] [Platinum chloride, in concentrated solutions, yellow pp.]- with acids : Colour tests [Gold chloride, in concentrated solutions, yellow pp. with reduction Concentrated sulphuric acid, olive-green if pure ; or colourless H^SO,. of gold.] yellow but trace of iron then ; in the acid causes a blue->^violet->~ [Potassium ferrocyanide, concentrated solutions, but not 1 in 200.] brownish-green. [Not potassium ferricyanide.] Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, blue to green if trace of Potassium sulphocyanide, 1 in 200 readily sol. in acids. iron, or green to brown in absence of latter. Silver potassic cyanide, immediate pp. amorphous. Dissolved in filt per cent, sulphuric acid, gradual bluish-green ; then Potassium chromate, p]). tree Narcotine. more water'»~red. bichromate, slight at 1 in = ., 400 ; pp. Narcotine-biohromate. Nitric acid added to this solution, deep violet (Morphine under these Phospho-molybdic acid, brownish-yelloW', 1 in 3,000 ; limit 1 in 4,00n. conditions gives rose-raspberry red. „ tungstic acid, limit 1 in S,000. Nitric acid alone, blood-red. ., antimonic acid, yellow flocculent, 1 in l,00O ; cloud at 1 in 2,.'-|00. (.i) NARCOTINE A. (Meconine-hj'drocotarmine ; Upianine '? ; Aconel- lodo-potassic iodide, red, 1 in 8,000. line; the aldehyde of 0.vynarcotine) ; Mercuric-potassic iodide, slight 1 8,dOd ; 1 soluble in alcohol, ether and water. Decomposes, na heating, to Meco- white; at in limit in 50,000. niue and Cotarnine. See (3(() and (22). Mercuric chloride, cloud, then pp. ; cloud 1 in .S,0OO. Solubility (results of different observers are not concordant. As in Chlorine water, greenish, changing to yellow with ammonia the case of Morphine, solubility is apparently influenced by physical con- (i-gramme in solution). ditions) : Cold water, 1 in 20,UOO ; boiling water, 1 in (or 7,000 1,500 and Bromine water, yellow pp. respectively for the base freshly precipitated by 600 ammonia) ; alcohol, Potassium bromide, slight at 1 in 8,000. cold 1 boiling 1 in amyl alcohol, 1 in .'SOO chloroform, in 80, 20 ; ; 1 in Colour tests 2"G'.i ; ether, 1 in 16(j cold, 1 in 48 boiling ; benzene, 1 in 22 acetic ; ether, Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, gradually yellow (red after 1 iJll oils scarcely soluble in in ; also in fatty ; petroleum ether. several days. Removed by benzene or ether from alkaline solutions (also fiom dried Concentrated sulphuric acid, on gradually warming to 200^, bluish- opium). violet, but not below ".I0°-100° (see Curarine). : : . DICTIOXAIIY Ol- Till-; ACTIVE PlilXCII'LES ol" PLANTS Concentrated sulpluiiic arid with nitric acid, reddish-violet. (.)e) CUPRONINE A., (•,.„H„'N'.,0,.. From Narcotine. Black powder. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitre added after 10 liours, brown The hydrobromide i» cojiper-coloured and difficultly soluble in water. ~«-light yellow-wyellowish-red. Alkaline hydrates dissolve, reddish-brown. Concentrated nitric acid alone, yfcllo\v>~cnlouiless. Concentrated sulphuric acid, fuchsine-ied, bluish-violet with water. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. Per-iodic acid, not reduced. (if) TARNINE A., C,,H„NOj + UH..O. From Narcotine. Orange needlfs. INl.P. 22(r Friihde's solution, green->«.=herry-red with more molybdic acid. The hydrobromide .soluble in water (compare Cupronine). (;',a) HYDRO-COTARNINE A., C,„H,-,N03+UH,,() in hot or alcohol, in ^ (Beckett and Wright). Soluble water hot not ether. From Opium and also from -Narcotine and "Cotarnine by reduction. (:,;,) CUPRINE X., C,,H.NO.,. From Narcotine. (Not to confuse with Monoclinic prisms ; M.P. r)0°-55'', partly volatile 100° at ; optically in- Cupreine, see Cinchona.) Copper-coloured. active ; alkaline reaction a strong base ; ; more poisonous than Cotarnine Soluble in water and alcohol with green colour. Insoluble in ether. and Morphine. Acids give deep blue solutions. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene. (3//) DIBROMAPOPHYLLINE A., C„H,„N,Hr.O,. From Narcotine. M.P. ('(incentrated sulphuric acid, yellow ; red on warming. 229°. Mi) COTARNINE A., C,„Hi.,NO;,-l-H,0, or Soluble in water. t'H, (:\,1) NARTINIC /1C/0, C^.Hu'N'i.O,! From Narcotine. Orange coloured. ,, carbonates. Reactions : Ammonia. Alkaline hydrates dissolve, with separation of green flocks. [Not lead acetate ] Ferric chloride, reddish-brown coloration. Tannic acid, yellow ; 1 in .'^,000. Silver nitrate, reduced. Picric acid, yellow amorphous becoming crys. : slight at 1 in .'lOO. : )ICTIllNAUV OK THE ACTIVE I'UI.NCI I'I.ES 01' I'l.ANTS. Platinum chloride, nearly white : not 1 in "idO. Sol. in hydrochloric chloroform, 12 benzene, in carbon bisulphide, and roadil3- in alcohol and acid. ether ; scarcely in petroleum ether. Gold chloride, dirty yellow ; dislinct at 1 in ;"i,UOO. Precipitants : is Potassium ferrocyanide ; the pp, PajHj Fey. Alkaline hydrates (slightly soluble in e.xcess). ferricyanide ; slight at 1 in 1, 000. ,, [In ammonia. Codeine is about as soluble as in water, see above.] sulphocyanide ; soluble on warming. „ [Not alkaline carbonates.] Silver potassic cyanide, 1 in ;'i,()00 to 4,000 at orce. [Not lead acetate, but free Codeine gives pp. of PbO, etc.] Potassium chromate ; the pp. contains Papaverine chromate and free Tannic acid, white. Papaverine ; or, if warm, free Papaverine only. Picric acid, yellow ; distinct at 1 in 250. Potassium bichromate, at 1 in 3,000 gradual : the pp. is Papaverine [Ferric chloride, no colour see sulphuric acid.] bichromate. ; Platinum chloride, yellow ; not 1 in 250. [Not phospho-molybdic acid if dilute ; llrk in i-hanii'len'stif. At 1 in Palladious chloride, yellow ; not 1 in 250. 1,000 a cloud only.] not 1 Gold chloride, brown ; in 1,000. lodo-potassic iodide, up to 1 in 00,000. [Copper salts give a pp. of CuO with free Codeine.] Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange red ; slight at 1 in 10,000. Potassium ferrocyanide, white pp. (alcoholic solution) ; slight at I in Cadmium. potassic iodide, distinct at 1 in 1,000. 1,000. 10,00il. Zinc-potassic iodide, crystalline ; 1 in Potassium ferricyanide (aqueous solution), white crystalline ; not 1 Mercuric-potasi^ic iodide, white ; distinct at 1 in l,oOil. in 70 (Plugge). [Mercuric chloride, slowly ; not 1 in fiOD.] Potassium sulphocyanide, pp. gradually becoming ciystalline ; sol. Chlorine water, greenish : ammonia changes to brown. on warming. Iodine tincture, crystalline needles. Silver potassic cyanide, crystalline deposit after some hours. Colour tests Potassium chromate, pp. = 0. chromate. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless if pure; otherwise momentary bichromate, pjj. = C. bichromate gradually at 1 in .3,000. bluish-violet, then violet. ,. ; Phospho-molybdic acid, limit 1 in 50,000. Concentrated sulphuric acid on warming, blue. „ antimonic acid, at 1 in 1,000, dirty white cloud, „ with nitre, orange becoming yellow. „ ,, lodo-potassic iodide, kermes coloured. Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid after ten hours, Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange ; distinct at 1 in 50,000. momentary violet, then orange-wdirty yellow. Cadmium-potassic iodide, pp. gradually crystalline, 1 in 500. Concentrated sul|ihuric and nitric acids (together), yellow>~orange. Zinc-potassic iodide, long hair-like crystals, very abundant, so that „ nitric acid alone, yellow~v.dark orange. solution when not too dilute becomes almost solid (not at 1 in hydrochloric acid, no etfect. „ 1,000). FriJhde's solution, green^/^blue->/vviolet->/voherry-red. Mercuric-potassic iodide, abundant pp. at 1 in 5,000 ; limit 1 in (i')a)/'/I/'/lt'f/?/IW//Vf A., C„H,iNO,(Hessc); crystalline prisms; M.P. U2 . 50,000. Scarcely soluble in alkalies. Mercuric chloride, not 1 in 500. Chlorine water, colourless solution ammonia gives ; reddish-brown. ((5) CODEINE A. (Morphine Methyl ether), C.^H.^iNO.,, and with 3H„0. Bromine water, pp. distinct at 1 in 50,000. Octahedral crystals if anhydrous, prisms when hydrated ; M.P. (an- 10;')" hydrous) ; alkaline reaction, slightly bitter (salts very bitter) ; Isevo- Colour tests : rotatory. Physiological action somewhat similar to that of Morphine. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, but deep blue if containing Soluble in 80 parts cold or 17 of boiling water, 7 arayl alcohol, 10 feriic salt. : : : )1( TKINAin- OF TlIK Al TIVK riilNtl I'l.F.: iodide, distinct 1 in 5,00ii : limit 1 in Concentrated suliihuvie :ici J, heated to ]fi(l°, as morphine. Mercuric potassio at extreme with s-ugar, red. 50,000. „ ., ,, cloud, not 1 in 250. „ with i)otass. bichromate, olive-green. Mercuric chloride, then gradual pp. ; (,'hlorine water, colourless solution reddish-brown with ammonia. ,, with nitric acid, gradually blue. ; distinct 1 in 5,00o limit I in 50,000. Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid after ten hours, the Uromine water, pp. at ; extreme blue solution becomes cherryred~»-blood-colour->~orauge. Colour tests : Nitric acid alone, yellow. ( Oucentrated sHl|)huric acid, blood-red. with nitric acid, red. Per-iodic acid, not reduced. ,, „ „ Nitre solution sulphuric acid after ten hours, the yellow Fn'ihde's reagent, dirty green ; indigo colour after twenty-four hours. added to in solutioni~orange^«.yellow. of Codeine, and formed (7(0 CODENINE A., CiaH^iNOj'H.jO ; isomer Nitric acid alone, yellow. from it by heating with sulphuric acid and water ; crystallizes in needles. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. Fn'ihde's solution, orange after twentj'-four hours, nearly colourless. (S) THEBAINE A. (Paramoriihine), C,,,H.,iSrO:, (Anderson). Crystallizable ; (hut not easily) in needles or prisms: M.P. I'.lii"; lajvo-rotatory; alkaline (0«l THEBAICINE A., C,„H,|NO:, ; formed together with (Ht) by action sliiiip taste, very poisonous (action tetanic). reactidii, of concentrated hydrochloric acid on Tbebaine. Amori)hous, and giving 1 in amyl alcohol, 1 in 18 chloro- : 1 in 10 cold alcohol, GO Solubility amorphous resinous salts. '_'0 form, 1 in 140 cold ether- more readily hot, 1 in benzene. Insoluble Soluble with difficulty in hot alcohol ; insoluble in water, ether, or in water and petroleum ether. benzene. Precipitants Reactions Alkaline hydrates, slightly soluble (brown solution). Alkaline hydrates pp. | j^^.^i^ble i„ g^ees.s. Aramiiiiia, insoluble. Ammonia ) Colour tests : Concentrated suljihuric acid, blue. [No pp. alkaline carbonates.] ('oiRcutrated nitric acid, red. j^Not lead acetate.] in acid. Tannic acid, yellow : 1 in li.OOO ; soluble hydrochloric {'.>!,• THEBENINE A.,C,.,li..,yO-j. For formation see ilVi)- Amorphous. Picric acid, yellow amorphous. Soluble with difficulty in hot alcohol, not in water, ether, or benzene. Platinum chloride, 1 in 1,000 (not 1 in 5,000). Reactions : Alkaline hydrates, soluble ; ammonia, insoluble. [Palladious chloride, not 1 in 'i.'iO.] Colour test : (concentrated sulphuric acid, blue, becoming colourless limit 1 in (iold chloride, yellowish-brown ; 1 in r),000 ; 10,000. on addition of water, colour reappearing with more acid. sol. p2i.= Potassium ferrocyanide, pp. 1 in oOO ; in excess; the T,H, Fey. (10) NARCEINE A. (Pseudo-narceine = Narceine, W. Roser), C.,,H..,NOi, Potassium chroraate, the pp. is T. chromate. or C,.,H,„NO,C0C',;H,,(0CH.,)X00H ; rhombic prismatic needles; ;i2°, 1 in :1,(IOO the jip. is M.P. Pelletier Hesse ; 171", Merck) neutral reaction, „ bichromate, gradually at ; T. (145 , ; feebly bichromate. bitter, hypnotic. slightly water, difficulty Phospho-molybdic acid, distinct at 1 in 5,000 : extreme limit 1 in Soluble in with in cold alcohol (easier hot), very 50,000. little in amyl alcohol or chloroform, and insoluble in ether, benzene, or ether. lodo-potassic iodide, distinct at 1 in 5,000 : extreme limit 1 in 50,000. petroleum Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange ; slight at 1 in 10,000. Precipitants Alkaline hydrates the dissolves in Cadmium-potassic iodide, distinct at 1 in 10,000 ; not at 1 in 50,000. ; pp. excess more readilv than in Zinc-potassic iodide, 1 in 500. water, but is again produced with large quantity of alkali. :: : nCTION'AltV 01- THE ACriVE I'lilNClrLKS Ammonia, pp. sol. in excess. {W) RHEADINE A. (Rhoeadine), C,,H.„XO,; (Hesse): [Xot lead acetate.] from Papaver rbiuas (Ued Poppy;, and occasionally in Opium ; crystallizes in radiatina Tannic acid, cloud at 1 in ;!,(100. prisms I'.'W' ; M.P. (partly sublimable) ; neutral or faintly alkaline taste- Picric acid, yellow at 1 in :!,0(IO ; amorphous, becoming crystalline. less, not poisonous. On treatment with acids or long boi'lin Gold chloride, 1 in r,,(jlllt. Precipitants Alkaline hydrates / , , ^, , . Potassium ferrocyanide, sparingly soluble = free , , ; pp. Narc with free ^bghtly soluble in excess. HjFcy. Ammonia \ [Xot silver potassium cyanide.] Alkaline carbonates, scarcely soluble. Tannic acid, white [Xot potassium chromate cold, but if hot, a amorphous. pp. of free Xarc. ; concen- trated solutions.] (Platinum chloride, yellow amorphous, soluble.) Gold [X^ot ])otassium bichromate, neutral solution.] chloride, yellow flocculent. Potassium iodide, crystalline Potass, bichromate, acid solution, gradual pp. = free Narc. with X.uc. pp. bichromate. Mercuric-potassic iodide, pale ) ellow. Phospho-molybdio acid, Mercuric chloride, white. pp. ; cloud at 1 in 10,000, limit 1 in fiO ' 000. lodo-potassic iodide, crystalline pp. Colour tests Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. ; cloud if dilute (Dragendorff ). See above for general action of acids. Cadmium-potassic iodide, 1 in 1,000. Concentrated sulphuric acid, olive-green? (red, Dupuy). Zinc-pota.ssic iodide, long hair-like • crystals at 1 in 1,(10(1 feeble at 1 in ' (12) OXYNARCOTINE A., C.,„B..,-NO, (Beckett ri,0(X) and Wright) ; minute ; pp. becomes blue. crystals ; lilackens on heating to 140''-1.")0°. Mercuric- potassic iodide, pp. ; feeble reaction at 1 in 10.000. ' Soluble with difficulty in alcohol or water even boiling. in [Mercuric chloride, not 1 in Insoluble 100.] ether, chloroform, or benzene. Iodine tincture, crystalline becoming blue pp., when moistened with On treatment with ferric chloride, iodine solution. it yields Cotarnine and Hemiiiiuic acid. Colour tests : Concentrated {].',) GNOSCOPINE sulphuric acid, brown (blood-red or blue if not pure) A., C;,,H,„N.,0„ (T. and H. Smith); crystallizes in evaporated with dilute needles; M.P. -2:3:; a feeble sulphuric acid, magnificent red (see Andro- ; base. Salts (which are crystalline) have medotoxin). acid reaction. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, yellow, then orange. Soluble in 1,600 parts cold alcohol, in chloroform and carbon bisul- Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid after phide with difficulty 10 hours, the ; in benzene or ether. Insoluble in water or amyl yellow solution gives momentary violet-wrose'wcolourless. alcohol. Xitric acid alone, yellow (with formation of oxalic acid). Precipitants Hydrochloric acid with h volume water, azure-blue (no colour if liure, Alkaline hydrates, insoluble in excess. Anderson). Ammonia. Phosphoric acid (25 per cent.), colourless (see Andi'omedotoxiu). Platinum chloride, pale yellow. Fnihde's reagent, brown->/>.greeu~>.red'N«.violtt. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. ::: :: ;; 74 DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE rKINCll'I-ES ol' 1'1,AXT> Colour tests Removed by chloroform from an ammoniacal, but not from a solution Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. containing caustic soda or potash. nitric acid, red. „ ., „ with Reactions : ,, nitric acid, red. A Ikalinehydratesdissolve (ammonium chloride precipitates therefrom). Ammonia, insoluble. (14) CODAMINE A„ C.,„H.j5N04 (Hesse) ; crystallizes in six-sided prisma pp., [fiold chloride salt, M.P. 1S2'.] from ether ; M.P. 121, with decomposition and crystalline sublimate; hitter taste, alkaline reaction. Salts amorphous. Colour tests Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene (very readily in last two Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless or jiale violet : brown on solvent.s), and in boiling water (difficultly cold). heating to liil)'. Concentrated nitric ., bicarbonates, becoming resinous. pp., (17) CRYPTOPINE A., C.,,H,,NO, (T. and H. Smith) ; crystallizes in six- Concentrated sul|ihuric acid, green. (17("-177' sided prisms from alcohol ; M.P. 217^ with sublimate, Guy) nitric acid, „ green cold, violet hot. optically inactive; specific gravity l.'^.'jl ; bitter, then hot peppermint- like taste alkiiline, (also convulsant action upon dogs), ; hypnotic and (15) W£CO/V/D//Vf A., C„,H„3N04 (Hesse) ; brownish-yellow, amorphous ; mydriatic. Salts tend gelatinize. ,"i8 to M.P. ; alkaline reaction, tasteless (salts are bitter). Readdy decom- alcohol (better hot), in posed by acids. Salts very soluble. Soluble in 1,2011 parts cold and chloroform: slightly in water, giving jelly or crystals : scarcely in benzene: not in Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone not in water. ; ether unless freshly precipitated (and even then it is slowly re-deposited), Not removed by immiscible solvents from solution in caustic alkali, but nor in preiroleum ether or turpentine. from an ammouiacal or calcic hydrate solution. Reactions : Precipitants Alkaline hydrates, pp. insoluble. Alkaline hydrates, soluble. The platinum chloride salt, soluble on warming. Amniduia ) , , ,, i in; n Indo-potassic iodide, , . soluble with ditnculty. pp. Lime-water„ ' \ The mercuric chloride salt, soluble on warming. Platinum chloride, yellow amorphous, changing to red. Colour tests Gold chloride, dirty yellow amorphous. Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense blue. Colour tests Nitre added to this solution, green~<.yellow ; on adding more alkaloid, Concentrated sulphuric acid, olive-green. intense green. ,, nitric acid, reddish colour. Nitric acid alone, gradually yellow. Acids in general, decompose readily ; dilute sulphuric acid gives (18) LAUDANINE A., C„„H.3N04 (Hesse). Isomeric with Codamine (14) ; jjiadual red, then purple (ammonia gives with this solution a white crystallizes in radiatingprisms ; M.P. lljtj=, no sublimate; Isevo-rotatory ]ip.). Only slight decomposition with acetic acid. speciBc gravity 1'25."), alkaline, bitter, very poisonous. ( I I'l) LANTHOPINE A.. C.,-|HojNOj (Hesse) ; microscopic prismatic crystals ; Soluble in hot alcohol (with difficulty cold), in G47 parts ether, in browns on heating to 1 ',IU"-'J(J(1° ; alkaline reaction, tasteless. Salts crystal- benzene, and readily in chloroform. line, but sometimes gelatinous. Removed from alkaline solution by chloroform readil}-. Soluble in chloroform, with difficulty in alcohol, ether, or glacial acetic Reactions : acid, scarcely in benzene ; not in water. Alkaline hydrates, ])p. soluble in excess. Ferric chloride, an emerald-green coloration. : DICTIONARY OK THE ACTIVE PRINtll'LEf! Or VI.ANTS. Concentrated suljihuric acid, pink ; dark violet on -warming. Soluble in 700 parts cold water or 22 boiling ; also in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, alcohol, ethereal oils, glacial acetic ,, ., „ containing ferric oxide, pink. amyl and acid. ., nitric acid, orange. Removed from acid solutions by arayl alcohol, chloroform and benzene. (U)) PROTOPINE A., C.HigNO,-, (Hesse), or Co„H,rNO, (G. KJinig). Reactions : dissolve, From opium, also in Cbelidonium and Sanguinaria ; see Ohelidonium Alkaline hydrates forming meconate. group. Crystalline ; M.P. 204° (Kiinig) ; alkaline. Ferric chloride, blood-red not decolorized by hydrochloric acid. Soluble in chloroform, with difficulty in alcohol and ether, scarcely in [No precipitates by metallic salts.] sulphuric acid, colourless ])urple benzene, not in water. Concentrated ; becoming on warming, or gradually green in the cold ; reddish after twenty-four hours. Reactions 123°-124". Alkaline hydrates, pp. insoluble in e.\cess. (2:!) PSEUDOMECONIN B., C,„Hi„Oj; resembles preceding ; M.P. Ammonia, dissolves. (24) MECONIC ACID, C^HjO^+SHoO ; characteristic opium acid, present lodopotassic iodide, ])p. to the extent of about 4 per cent, on an average ; crystallizes in prisms Cj.,H,^N.,07 (E. Kander) prismatic crystals acid 120° (20) TRITOPINE A., ; ; or scales ; evolves carbonic on heating to C. 182'. M.P. Soluble in alcohol and amyl alcohol, less readily in ether, with diffi- Soluble easily in chloroform, slightly in ether. culty in water, scarcely in chloroform. Reactions : It may be removed from acid solutions by amjl alcohol and ether. • Alkaline hydrates I i 1 1 •' Reactions : Alkaline hydrates dissolve. • - , '^'pp. insoluble in excess. Ammonia ) Calcic chloride to neutral solution, precipitates. lodo-potassic iodide, pp. Pp. lead acetate. LAUDANOSINE A.. 0,,H.,,XOj (Hesse) prismatic crystals ; M.P. Ferric chloride, blood-red coloration not discharged by hydrochloric (21) ; 89° : dextro-rotatory alkaline, bitter, very poisonous. ; acid. Soluble ver3- readil)' in alcohol and chloroform, in 1',' jiarts ether, also (2.0) MECONOISIN B., CsHl.O.. (T. and H. Smith); crystalline; M.P. in l)enzene and petroleum ether ; not in water. 88° ; distils at 280°. Reactions : Soluble in alcohol easily, also in ether, but scarcely in water. Alkaline hydrates I . , , ' , • 1 insoluble. , (2t)) OPIONIN : free crystallizes in B. nitrogen (Hesse, 188.5) ; needles ; Ammonia ) 227° neutral reaction. [No coloration with ferric chloride.] M.P. ; Platinum chloride, pp. yellow. ^ ' Ammonia. dissolve ; acids re-precipitate.r r Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. ( at 1.50° C, green-^dirty violet. „ : „ „ i IGO. PALICOUREA marcgravii ; Ruh'iacea-. Investigator Peckholt. Archiv. Phann. [2], 127, 93. (22) MECONIN B. (Opianyl); C,„H,„04 = (CH30), ; C,;H, by reduction. Crystallizes in hexagonal prisms; M.P. 110^, yielding § IGl. PANAX quinquefolius (Aralia quinquefolia, Decaisne ; Ameri- sublimate, and recrystallizing on cooling, or melts under at 77° can ginseng) ; Ariiliarp(i\ The root. Investigator : Garrigues, A?iii. water ; optically inactive ; neutral reaction ; bitter. Chein. P//«n»., 90, 231. : : niCTlONAKY or THE ACTIVE rKINCHM.ES OF PLANTS. Mercuric-potassic iodide PANAQUILON 1?., C„,H.,-,0,,. Yellow, amorpbous, fusible; with bitter- ...j, ,j„^;^ , ;,^ „^, J ' sweet tllsto. Iodine solution ) Soluble in water and alcohol, uot in ether. Colour tests ( negative) : Concentrated sulphuric acid Reactions : 'j Concentrated sulphuric with nitric acid Alkaline hydrates, dissolve brown. acid , --, • » . J . 1 /no colours. Concentrated nunc acid I Tannic acid, pp. Acids generally [No pp. platinum chloride.] ) (i8. § 1 PAREIRA brava ( Botryopsis platyphylla ; not Cissampelos Concentrated sulphuric acid, purplish-red ; water precipitates from the solution a substance Paimcon. pareiraas usually stated = Geissospermnra ); Meiii^iieruiai:ei''. Alkaloid (a). Both contain also Pelosine= Beheerine (see Bebeeru). see PAPAVER, Opium. Pau-Pareira, Apai-i/iiaceir. alkaloid (b). 111-. Passij/iiriiur S PAPAYA (Carica papaya) ; or Papa ijaced: The (a) GEISSOSPERMINE A. (Hesse's Geissospermine), C,sH„,y.,0„+H„O. finit. Investigators : Wiirtz, Peckholt, Greshoff, and others. Crystallizes in small prisms; M.P. IGO'; lajvo-rotatory [a] D = — 93'37. Besides (a) below, the two alkaloids Caricine and Papaine have been The hydrochloride is amorphous, but crystalline salts are formed with found. sulphuric and oxalic acids. The jirinciple which gives to Papaya such e.xtraordinary powers of Soluble in hot alcohol (difficultly cold), also in benzene and chloro- dissolving fibrin, is a soluble nitrogenous ferment (Papain or Papayotin), form ; not in water or ether. yielding precipitates with the following (which include the usual Ktmnved by benzene or chloroform from acid solution, and by amyl reagents for albuminoids), viz., hydrochloric, nitric, and meta-phosphoric alcnliol from an alkaline infusion. acids, ferrocyanide of potassium with acetic acid, mercuric chloride Reactions : tannic (slight), and picric acids, platinum chloride, Millon's solution, and Alkaline hydrates \ . , Platinum chloride, yellow amor- I upric sulphate (the latter on boiling only). carbonates , ])hous pp. . 1 line pp.^ From the young leaves, Greshoff has e.stracted 0'2J per cent, of a Ammonia ' Gold chloride, deep red colora- base he calls Ferric chloride, blue coloration. titm. Colour tests : (ii) CARPAINE A., crystalline; 115°, part M.P. sublimes without deenm- Concentiated sulphuric acid, colourles changing to blue, then a;^ain pii^ition extremely bitter 1 ; (perceptible in 100,000), not very poisonous colourless. (Mcts on heart). Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, as Soluble in alcohol, chloroform and easier soluble in ether ; the latter Strychnine. solvent when freshly precipitated than in the crystalline condition dis- ; Concentrated nitric acid, purple. solved in traces by water. Friibde's solution, persistent dark blue. Not removed from acid solutions by ether or chloroform. (//) P/t/ff/ff//Vf A.(Pereirine), C,,,H.,,N„0 ? Gr.ayish amorphous piwder; Precipitants M.P. \-2v : salts very soluble. Alkaline hydrates, insoluble in e.xcess. Soluble iu alcohol, ether, chloroform, and with difficulty in water. Sodium carbonate. Removed fr«ji alkaline solutions by chloroform, benzene and petro- Tannic acid. leum ether. Picric acid, limit 1 in 30,OUO. Colour tests (rold chloride, limit 1 in 2f),000. Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet. Potassium sulphocyauide. Concentrated nitric acid, blojd-red, but not blue with staaniiQ? Phospho-molybdic acid, limit 1 in 75,000. chloride, as Brucine. : : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE riUNCll'l.ES OF PLANTS. lli4. quadrifolia Lilidi-eir. : ^ PARIS L. ; Investigators Walz, Delffs, Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet solution from which water pre- sto Jahvh. Pliunii., vols. 4 to ('i, N. Jahrh. rhann., vols. 'J and 1.3. cipitates bluish-violet flocks. (a) PARIDIN G., C|,.H,,0- (Delff.«). Crystallizes in silky needles con- § UV,. PASTINACA sativa (Parsnip); Umhelli/rnr ; substances (a) taining water ; neutral reaction, pungent taste. Acids convert to Paridol and (0), the latter also in Heracieum. Investigators : Wittstein, Repert. and sugar. Pluinii., 68, IT) : Gutzeit. P.rih-rtfjr ::. Pflan~eii,-hem'ie, 1879. .lO Soluble in parts alcohol of 94 per cent. scarcely in ether ; diffi- ; (ii) PASTINACINE A. Volatile liquid with di.'^agreeable odour; sharp cultly (V) in water. (Though Walz so describes its solubility in water, taste and alkaline reaction. Sulphate crystalline. Deltts separates it from Paristyphnin by its readier solution in that fluid.) (/<) HERACLIN B., C.,,_,H,.,0,„ ; M.P. 1S5 . (h) PARISTYPHNIN a., yellowish- white amorphous; bitter. Soluble in chloroform but not in water. C.„H„,0,s ; Tonverted by acids into sugar and Parklln, the latter again undergoing S l Reactions : § IfiW. PAYTA bark ('White Payta (piinine bark,' from a species of Alkaline hydrates, dissolve yellow. Aspidosperma ; compare Quebracho ba-k) ; Apocynacea: Investigator : Ammcmia di.ssolves. He-sse, Ami. Chem. Phann., vols. I.'i4, lOti, 178, 211, 249. Tannic acid, precipitates. (u) PAYTINE A., C„,H.,4N,0 H.,0 prismatic crystals l.oG= (loses + ; ; M.P. ? ll'i.'i. ceratophylla (P. physodes) Lkhenrs. Investi- at 130°) — 4iVr). PARHELIA ; water ; Isevo-rotatory [a] D= Salts crystalline. gators: O.Hesse, Ann. Chein. Pliar7n., GerAiug, Archie. Plmrm. 112, 3(\o ; Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, with [2], 87, 1. Mem. : P. parietina contains chrysophanic acid. difficulty in water. (c] CERATOPHYLLIN. Prismatic crystals ; M.P. 147°, with sublimate Removed alkaline solution ether. ; from by neutral reaction, burning taste. Hydrochloric acid ])recipitates from Reactions : solution. , Alkaline hydrates Ij- , , •' . . /dissolve slowly. •' Soluble in boiling water (scarcely cold), also in alcohol and ether. Ammonia / Reactions : Platinum chloride, dark yellow pp. (dark red on warming). Alkaline hydrates, dissolve when hot, (a) separating on cooling. [Gold chloride, reduced.] Lime water I t . Potassic iodide, pp. . . dissolve. Ammonia ) Colour tests : [No pp. alcoholic lead acetate.] Concentrated nitric acid gives a colourless solution changing to red. Ferric chloride, purplish-violot coloration. Perchloric acid, fuchsine-red on beating. [Silver nitrate, no reaction.] Chloride of lime, dark red, then blue. Chloride of lime to the alcoholic solution, blood-red. (h) PAYTAMINE A., C^.iHojX.jO (isomeric with Pay tine) ; amorphous, as Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves unchanged. are the salts. Concentrated nitric acid, dissolves slightly yellow. Soluble in ether. (h\ PHYSODIN. Crystallizes in microscopic pillars ; MP. I'io^ ; neutral Reactions reactions. Platinum chloride, pp. Soluble in ether and hot alcohol. [Gold chloride, reduced.] Reactions Potassic iodide, pp. [ Alkaline hydrates, dissolve, 3'ellow, changing to red. Perchloric acid, fuchsine-red on boiling. I : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE I'KINCl I'LICS Or l'l,ANT> PHILLYGENIN G.-derivative, pearly crystals (from ether) ; § liK». PEritOSELIMLTM sitiyaai (Apiiim petroselinum, Parsley); (/<) C.,iU..iO„ ; U'nihellif^riv.. la smill quintity als3 iu A Graveoleas (Celery). fusible. Soluble in alcohol less readily than Phillyrin, also in ether, but APIIN Gr., Cj;H_._,0| (v. Gjrichtai). Crystillizs? ia fiae needles from (a) i cool- scarcely in water. alcohol, but usually ainirplious ; M.P iii", leiriag glassy mass on ) j- . solutioa, [a] neutral, taste- Alkaline hydrates iti| ; dastro-rotatory in alkiUne J=-f-173^; ' > dissolve. Ammonia, less. Warmed with 4i) times its weight of liydroohloric aoid, sp. gr. 1'04, ) Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. it ^ives A-iigeuin, anl 41 to 4') per cent, of glucose. Nitric acid, active decomposition. Soluble in hot water, formiug a jelly oa coiling (even 1 in 1,500), also ; 171. PHYLLANTHUS Niuri, K:qih<,rbh,-f,i'. .Java. Investigator: in :> Ml parts cold alcohol, more readily boiling, gelitinizing as solution M.' Ottow. cools ; not in ether. PHYLLANTHINB., C^^H^^O^. Crystallizes in needles, volatilizes at 21111 C; Reactions : Alkaline hydrates intensely bitter, jioisonous. "J dissolve acids reprecipitate. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether, and „ carbonates > ; acetic acid : slightlj' in Ammonia J glacial water. chloride, dark-red coloration. .s'//((«(aw. Ferric §172. PHYSALIS Alkekengi (Winter Cherry; ; Investi- deep blood-red on warming. Ferrous sulphate, gators ; Dessaignes and Chautard, Jotint. Pliarnt. [3], 21, 24. 2'.t2°-21t5°. PHYSALIN B., ; amorphous: semi-fluid on heating to IHO' C. : (/;) APIGiNIN a -derivative, frjmprj33ling ; CiJI i„0.-, ; M.P. CijHisO, electrified rubbing. Properties similar to those of Apiin. bitter taste ; becomes on Soluble in alcohol and chloroform, with difficulty in water or ether. 170. latifolia, Ph. angustifolia and Ph. media § PHILLYRE.'^ ; Removed from aqueous solution by chloroform. Oh'vir. The bark. Investigators: Bartagnini and De Luca, Coinpf. Reactions : Urn I., 51, -lOS, also Ann. C'/iem. Phann., vols. "24 and 92. Aiiniionia dissolves. silvery crystalline scale.s ; (,i) PHILLYRIN G.,C„jn.,iOii + lhB.O; M.P. Lead acetate, basic, gives yellow pp. =C,4tIi,PbO.-,'Pb;0. li)0 (when anhydrous) ; at first tasteless, then a gradually perceptible 17:!. PILOCARPIUSpinnatifolins(Jaborandi) ; Uutaan. Alkaloids, bitterness: odourless. Acids convert to Phillygenin and glucose. § (i), (' etc. ; Piper reticulatum (false Jaborandi), alkaloids (<), {d). Soluble in 1,:>00 parts water at 9° C, or 40 parts alcohol at same tem- (rt), ), Investigators : Hardy and Calmels. perature ; more readily in either solvent boiling, also in wai'm glacial - - acetic acid, scarcely in ether ; insoluble in oils. (a) PILOCARPINE A. (Pyridine methvl betaine), CHisN.O.. or = = cryktallizable difficulty; (C5HjXCH,) C [CO-OX(CH3)3] ; with Reactions (negative) : dextro-rotatory [a]D = +103" in alcoholic solution. Gives Jaborine, (c), i • Alkaline hydrates , i i i •' . no action, insoluble. , ' on heating with acid. Ammonia I No pp. metallic salts ^Bertagnini). Soluble in water (easily), and in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene. [Fehling's solution not reduced until after inversion of the Phillyrin.] Removed from alkaline solution by immiscible solvents. Colour Tests Precipitated by most alkaloid reagents, including gold chloride [see (6j] Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-violet. and phospho-tungstic acid. Nitric acid, decomposes. [Not by sodium acetate, etc. (compare Opium).] Dilute hydrochloric acid, produces yellow cr\stalline substance and [Not by potassium ferrocyanide, the salt being readily soluble, oxalic acid. nor by 5 per cent, chromic acid.] IIRTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. .(4 Z-nrf. iJf;'.), and from the leaves of the latter the glucoside (r) — (inly a „ „ „ with sugar, no effect. gramme or so from a cwt. „ „ „ with potass, bichromate, green. ((() CONIFERIN a. (Larioin, Abietin), Cj(.H.„08+2H20 : silky needles; in e.vcess, (e). ,, nitric acid large converts to Jaborandine, M.P. IS.'J^ ; lasvo-rotatory. On hydrolysis, sugar and a substance C,„H|,0., i7/ (from(n1 1^ hours' boiling Baryta, natur- PILOCARPIDINE A. by with and is obtained, s(4uble in ether, difficultly in alcohol, not in water. With leaves), ; ally in Jalorandi C,(,H;^XAor(C,,H4X-CH;,)C[C06H-N(CH;,),] sodium amalgam, the solution being kept weakly alkaline, Eugenol is deli(|uei-cent. Separated from (a) by readier solubility of the nitrate of formed (couiferyl alcohol being an intermediate product). Pilncirpidiue. 1'.I6 Solubility, 1 in cold water, freely warm ; with difficulty in alcohol ; Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform (very readily), amyl alcohol and not in ether. in acetic ether ; with difficulty in ether or benzene, and not ]ietroleum [Xot precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic, ether. nor ferric chloride.] [Xot precipitated by gold chloride.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet-blue. with potassium bichromate, gives rise to Pbospho-lungstic acid, white pp., dissolved by washing with water. ,, „ „ slow formation of Vanillin. {•) JABORINE A. (from Jaboraudi and Piper reticulatum, and from Concentrated sulphuric acid (2 drops), gives fine blue with one drop of Pilocarpine), C....H3..X40i or a solution prepared as follows : To alcoholic thymol, water is added as I ^1 long as clear, then potassium chlorate ; let stand and afterwards filter. C,HjX-CH.,):C:[C0-0N(CH:,)3][N(CHj),0C0]:C:(CH,-C,HjX); (A test for Coniferin in wood cells, and an indirect test for wood cell). ''__\ I Hydrochloric acid and phenol, blue. amorphous, non-volatile, reaction, very poisonous. alkaline (h) PINIPICRIN G., CBssO,,; hygroscopic yellow crystals; M.P. 100° Soluble in ether, also iu alcohol and water, but with less facility than two (softens at 56'") ; bitter'' On hydrolysis, Ericinol, CjoHniO, and mole- Pilocarpine. cules of sugar are formed. Precipitated by ammonia. Soluble in water, alcohol, and aqueous ether, but not in absolute ether. reticu- {>/) JABORIDINE A. (Jaborandine V), C,„H]„X„03 ; from Piper X'ot precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. and latum, from Pilocarpine by oxidation ; crystalline. microscopic four-sided (f) THUYIN G. (Thujin), C„„H..0,2 ; yellow Soluble in amyl alcohol and benzene ; with difficulty in ether or dilute plates; astringent taste. Acids'give Thuyigenin, ((/), and glucose. acids. Soluble in alcohol and hot water, scarcely in the latter cold. (f) JABONINE A., C.Hi.X, or (C,H4XCH3)CH-X(CH:,),; volatile. Reactions : 174. Buch- § PIMPINELLA saxifraga ; Umhelllfrirc. Investigator: Alkaliue hydrates give yellow solutions, turning brownish-red. heim, Archie. Pathol., 1S72. Lead acetate, neutral and basic, yellow p|). coloration. (;:)'48, 4'()7 Ferric chloiide, dark green PIMPINELLIN B., percentage composition, C H ; nitrogen 37°. ; crystallizes in microscopic fne : crystallizes in ((/) THUYIGENIN -derivative, ChHj.O- needles ; M.P. G. see (c). Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in ether, scarcely in petroleum ether, needles. Acids convert to Thuyetiu, Ci^HijOg (taking up H„0) ; not in water. Soluble in alcohol, with difficulty in water. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves red. Ammonia gives bluish-green coloration. by basic lead acetate (not by the neutral salt). § 17.'i. PINUS sylvestris and other of the Conifera'. Glucoside (a), Precipitated which has been found also in asparagus (() THUYETIN, C,jH,j0j (from Thuyigenin, possibly identical with and beetroot ; {h) has been obtained from P. sylvestris and Thuya Oocidentalis (Kawalier, Wieit Quercetin); yellow crystals. : ; : 80 UK TioNAKV or Tin; active i'kincii'lks of plants. Soluble in alcohol and ether ; with difUoulty in water. Reactions with metallic salts like ammonium hydrate. Ammonia gives bluish-green solution. Bismuth potassic iodide gives a pp. with the hydriodide. Lc:i(i acetate, red p]). §177. PISCIDIA erythrina; Lfiiininnoxif —PiijiiUiinacea: The root- PIMARIC ACID, from resin, has bitter taste. ( f) bark. Investigator : K. Hart. Soluble ill hot alcohol or hot ether ; not in water. PISCIDIN 1?., C,,,,H.„08 ; prismatic crystals. ij 171!. PIPER longum (Pepper), P. nigrum, P. ciibebum, P. caudatum Soluble in hot alcohol, also in benzene and chloroform ; with difficulty J'iperaci ic. Schinus mollis, Tereli'nitliarcjr ; alkaloid (a). The fruit and in ether ; not in water. Dilates the pupil. seed of P. longum, 7 to 9 per cent, of («), besides (h). § 178. PLUMERIA lancifolia (Agoniada bark) ; A/iort/iiarfu . In- (,i ) PIPERINE A., C,7H,„NO., or vestigators : Peckolt, .I/vAh; Pliariii., [2], 192, lU ; and Geutber. Used CH, {(i) AGONIADIN G., Ci„H,jOc (Geuther) ; crystallizes in radiating silky mouocliiiic prisms ; M.P. 100' (l'28°-12!l-5°, Dupuy) ; neutral reaction, needles; JI.P. l.'io" (no sublimate) ; very bitter. Dilute acids produce a almost tasteless if pure, optically inactive. The salts dissociate with brown amorphous substance and sugar. water. Soluble with difficulty in lioiling water, scarcely in the cold ; not readilj' Soluble in 30 parts cold alcohol, ] part boiling, Gl) cold ether ; also in in cold alcohol, but better in warm ; dissolved also by a mixture of ether chloroform, benzene, and somewhat in petroleum ether ; difficultly in and alcohol, and by carbon bisulphide ; not by chloroform or petroleum water even boiling. ether. Removed in part from wid solutions by benzene and jietroleum ether. Reactions : Reactions Alkaline hydrates, dissolve brown on warming. Ferric chloride, pp. (hydrochloric solution). Ammonia, dissolves cold. [Platinum chloride, only if concentd. salt pp. ; double very soluble.] [\ot precipitated b^' lead acetate, neutral or basic] Phos]iho-molybdic acid, brown pp. Tannic acid, pp. gradually. [Phospho-antimouic acid, yellow coloration dilute in solutions.] Ferric chloride, pp. (Jaduiium-potassic iodide, pp. [Xot precipitated by other metallic salts.] Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellowish-white pp. Colour tests [Mercuric chloride, pp. if concentrated.] Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves light yellow, changing to green Colour tests : „ „ „ with nitric acid, gradually yellow. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow; green in "io hours. „ nitric acid, golden-yellow. dissolves colourless. „ „ „ with nitric acid, gradually green. ,, hydrochloric acid, Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid after 10 to lii hours, the {h) AGONIAPICRIN B. ; brownish amorphous, neutral, bitter, not greenish-brown solution becomes reddish-brown. poisonous. Xitric acid alone, orange changing to yellowish green (dissolves Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. slowly). Reactions : Frohde's solution, yellow, turning brown to nearly black. Tannic acid, brown pp. [Ferric chloride, brown coloration.] (h) PIPEfilDINE A. (Hexahydro-pyridine), CjH„X : a liquid with Platinum chloride, dark brown pp. peppery and ammoniacal odour, burning taste ; boiU at lUli ; powerfully alkaline, giving crystalline salts. 17!i. § PODOPHYLLUM peltatum (May Apple) ; Ranuiiculareo'. In- in alcohol, in all Soluble and proportions with water. vestigator : Podwyssotski,.4rc/(/i' Phannak. ti.e.i'per. Pathol., 13, 29. :: : lUrriONARY 01" THE ACTIVE I'KlNCll'LES OF I'LANTS. 81 III addition to substances below, the rhizome contains Berberine (see (/-) CHRYSIN (colouring matter), C,;,H,„Oj; light yellow, glittering 27.')°, Berberis) and Saponine (see Saponaria). crystalline plates ; M.P. with sublimate. Soluble in 180 parts cold alcohol or 50 boiling, also in aniline and (a) PODOPHYLLOTOXIN, C,,.,H.,jO,,+-JH.O, or C,„H,jO„(OCH3)3 + 2H,0 ; boiling acetic acid : with difficulty in ether ; scarcely in chloroform, '.13 -'.Ifj ' cryst;illine ; JI.P. ; lajvo- rotatory ; slightly acid reaction. benzene, petroleum ether, or carbon bisulphide ; not in water. Soluble in 7,(100 parts water at I:/ C, readily in alcohol, also in chloro- forin. acetone and hot benzene with difficulty in cold benzene, ether, or Reactions ; Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow (acids precipitate). glacial acetic acid ; not in petroleum ether. Calcium or barium chloride, yellow crystalline pp. Reactions Lead acetate, neutral, alcoholic solution, partial precipitation. Platinum chloride solution, no change. Palladious chloride, dirty violet (alcoholic t-olution). Concentrated sulphuric acid, cherry-red, becoming greenish- blue to pcrsica violet. i 181. PRUNUS (Plum), Amygdalus amara (Almond), A. Romiafie : Pyrus aria (Beam tree), P. tor- Concentrated hydrochloric acid, red. (Peach I, and various of the minalis (Wild Service tree) ; see also Pyrus. Gymnemia latifolium, an (b) PICROPODOPHYLLIN. isomer of above; differs from it in being less Indian A.sclepiadea, contains large quantities of Amygdalin. Pygium easily soluble m all solvents, and optically inactive. parvifiorura and latifolium, Vicia sativa (which see), etc., etc. Bitter (fj PJDOPHYLLO-QUEHCETIN is possibly identical with Quercetin (see to per cent. jieach kernels, almonds (from Amygdalus amara), about H 3 ; Quercus). about :'i per cent. alba, ' § 180. POPULUS (Poplar), several (as P. tremula = Aspen, P. G., or pearly crystals from AMYGDALIN C,„H.,_NOji, C,„H,jOi ^*^g ^^jg^ ; P. (irajcu ) ; Siiliraceic ; substance (n). For Salicin, also jiresent. see Salix. 120° to alcohol with 2H.,0, or from water in prisms with )5HoO ; M.P. Substance ( h) has been found in the buds of several species of Populus, as 160° neutral reaction, P. monolifera (P. balsamifera). clear liquid, at brown with odour of caramel ; li.')-;') Not poisonous slightly bitter ; Isevo-rotatory, [a]R= — (Bouchardat). ((/) POPULIN C,.jH,- G. (Benzoyl Salicin), a,„H,,,Oa or (aHjOlO, ; acid, sugar, and in the absence of Emul.sin ; the latter gives rise to prussic crystallizes in needles with 'JH-^O ; M.P. anhydrous 180°; Uevo- when the hydric benzoic aldehyde (almond oil) ; whilst, with dilute acids, rotatory (the rotatory power is proportional to the amount of Salicin cyanide (prussic acid) is decompo.sed, with production of formic acid and which it would yield on .saponification with potash) ; sweet taste. It ammonia. decomposes more readily than Salicin, giving Saligenin, sugar, and benzoic Soluble in 12 parts water at 10° C, and in all proportions boiling, 148 acid. parts cold alcohol of sp. gr. ()'.)?>'.), or 11 boiling. Insoluble in ether and Soluble in :2,000 parts cold water or 7'J boiling, 100 cold alcohol, also in petroleum ether. amyl alcohol, chloroform and glacial acetic acid ; with difficulty in benzene, [Not precipitated by cadmium-potassic iodide.] scarcely in ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves light violet-red. Removed from aqueous solutions by amyl alcohol and chloroform, not easily Lythraceo: The bark. by benzene. ;; 182. PUNICA Granatum, L. (Pomegranate) ; Reactions De Vrij obtained 3'71 per cent, of alkaloidal hydrochlorides from the white-Howering variety, and 2'43 percent, from the red. The following Alkaline hydrates, pp. [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic] alkaloids have been isolated by Tanret, Coxtjtl. Rend., vols. 88 and Ito. ; U).''i° sp. [No pp. by other metallic salts, Braconnot.] {a) PELLETIERINE A. (Punicine), C,H,,NU ; liquid B.P. ; O'.iss becoming resinous Concentrated sulphuric acid, red. gr. ; alkaline reaction ; absorbs oxygen, ; Acids generally dussolve without decompositionif not too concentrated. dextro-rotatory (the sulphate is Isevo-rotatory at ordinary temperatures Fnihde's solution, violet : less intense Salicin. inactive 100" Crystalline salts. than with and at C).' ^ 11 : : T)l(ri alcohol, 18.-!. lln^uieii' Soluble in -0 parts water : miscibk- in all proportions with j PYRUS mains (Apple); ; also in cherry, peach and ether, or chloroform. pear. The root-bark. ' Isophlorrhizin,' from the leaves of the apple, has Removed by chloroform from an alkaline, but not from a bicarbonate been shown by Schiff to be identical with (n;. For Amygdalin, obtained aqueous solution. from various species of Pyrus, etc., see Prunus. Precipitants (o) PHLORRHIZIN (;. (Phloridzin, Isophlorrhizin), C„,H,./J,o-1-2H50 .Vlkaline hydrates (but not if lodo-potassic iodide. (Strecker); cryi-tallizes in needles; loses water at KJO', melts lOli' -109", dilute). Cadmiura-potassic iodide. rehardens at VM\ then remelts at KiU' ; loevo-rotatory, [\'\v.= -.Vi"^ [Not bicarbonate,s.] Biomine water. (Boui-liardat) ; neutral reaction ; slightly bitter, then sweet. Acids con- Tannic acid. Gold chloride : reduction of gold vert slowly into (It) and sugar. [Not platinum chloride.] on warminj'. Soluble in "2,1)00 parts cold water, readily warm, and in all proportions Phospho-molybdic acid. at lull : also in alcohol, wood spirit, glacial acetic acid, and in a mixture Concentrated .sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, green. of etlier and alcohol, but scarcely in ether alone. liquid B.P. Hit' hydro- (i) METHYL PELLETIERINE A., C,,Hi,NO ; ; ; Reactions chloride dextro-rotatory ; salts very hygroscopic. Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Soluble in 'lb parts water, and in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Ammonia dissolves, solution becoming yellow -wied-x^-blue on ex- Removed by chloroform from alkaline as well as from bicarbonate posure. solutions. Precipitated bj' basic acetate lead (not by the neutral salt). Precipitated by alkaline hydrates and biearbonates (from strong solu- Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves yellow, changing to red at tions). iJC-GO" C. {<•) PSEUDO-PELLETIERINE A., prismatic crystals C.iHif.NO+^H.O ; ; Friihde s reagent, pure blue, lasting for a few minutes. 4i; M.P. (or 4S', Ciamician and Silber) ; B.P. 240 ; slightly volatile even (i) PHLORETIN G.-derivaiive (from Phlorrhizin), CjsHuOs (Strecker) ; cold, optically inactive, reaction alkaline, odorous. M.P. LSI) ; sweet taste. Boiling potash gives Phloretic Acid and Phloro- Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, petroleum ether, and ether (H glucin, CsHiiO:,. parts of latter). Soluble in alcohol, hot glacial acetic acid, and in wood spirit, hut Removed by chloroform from alkaline and from bicarbonate solutions. scarcely in water or ether. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Alkaline hydrates ) (if not too lodo-potassic iodide, pale brown Neutral lead acetate precipitates. „ biearbonates j dilute). needles. Concentrated sulphuric acid ' tili i. acid, Cadmium-potassic iodide. »• as Phlorrhizin. Picric yellow needles. 1 rruhdesv^-uA„> solution Gold chloride. The free alkaloid precipitates i § 184. QUASSIA amara, Picraena e.xcel.«a, Simaruba amara ; .S//""- Phospho - molybdic acid, pale lime and alumina from their ruliacea: From Brucea (cjuassioides ?) F. Eyken has isolated ' Bruca- yellow. salts. marin,' the melting point and solubilities of which coincide exactly with Concentrated sulphuric acid and potass, bichromate, intense green. those of Quassiin, but he finds it to be nitrogenous, and to give a violet { or ; neutral Precipitated by alkaline hydrates (from strong solutions), but not by pillars rectangular plates ; M.P. 215"-"J17 dextro-rotatory, biearbonates reaction, extremely and persistently bitter taste. : :: : : IIICTIONAUY OK THE ACTIVE PKlNCll'LES OF PLANTS. 83 ill 2-'.! Soluble parts cold water, in alcohol, chloroform and benzene ; [Fehling's solution, reduced.] with difficulty in ether or petroleum ether. Potassium sulphocyanide, white. Removed from acid aqueous solution by chloroform and benzene. Phospho-molybdic acid, white, Reactions lodopotassic iodide, brown. [Xot precipitated by lead acetate ; the basic acetate gives slight Mercuric-potassic iodide, yellow flocculent. cloud.] Mercuric chloride, white. Tannic acid, iirecipitates the alcoholic solution. Colour tests Ferric chloride, brown coloration on warming. Concentrated sulphuric acid with lead peroxide, i-ed (violet if not [\ot precipitated by gold chloride, or silver nitrate.] pure). Colour tests Concentrated nitric acid, red. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, then gradually brown. ,, hydrochloric acid warm, red. „ „ „ with sugar, gradual red. Perchloric acid, sp. gr. MS to 1-4, intense red (white pp., Dupuy). solution, Friihde's brown. (b) ASPIDOSPERMATINE A., C„.,H,,N,0, ; crystallizes in needles; M.P. lH'i. Ili2° : l;i.'VO-rotatory [a] l)= - 72° salts S} QUEBRACHO Colorado (Loxopterigium Lorentzii) ; Ana- ; ; amorphous. in if freshly cariliarea: Invfstis,'atiir : 0. Hesse, Ami. Cheiii. Phariii., 211, 249. Soluble water precipitated ; also in alcohol, ether, chloro- form, and LOXOPTERYGINE A., C,,jH,„N._,0., ; M.P. 81° ; amorphous, alkaline, bitter. boiling petroleum ether. No colour reaction Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone ; with difficulty with concentrated sulphuric acid and ])otassium in w:iter. bichromate. Colour tests (.) ASPIDOSAMINE A., C.,H,sN.jO., ; isomeric with (b). Crystalline, or Concentrated sulphuric acid with potass, permanganate, violet. anii>rplious, becoming 100°. graduaUy crystalline ; M.P. ,, chromic acid, violet. in alcohol, ether, „ „ „ Soluble chloroform, benzene ; with difficulty in Xitric acid, red. petroleum spirit ; scarcely in water. Perchloric acid, reddish-brown warming. on Precipitated by -. Friihde's reagent, violet~^•blue. Soilium platinum chloride. I Potassium sulphocyanide. (lold chloride. Mercuric chloride. tj ISCi QUEBRACHO bark (Aspidosperma Qnebracho; compare also | Colour tests Payta bark) ; A/mi'i/iKiri'ic. Investigators : Fraude, Ber. d. Chem. Ges., (Joncentrated sulphuric acid with potassium 187S, 1K7'.), ISSl : Hesse, loc. At., 1880, and Ann. Chem. Pharm., 211, 249. bichromate, blue. crystallizes in needles or prisms Perchloric acid, fuchsine red. (d) ASPIDOSPERMINE A., 0„oH3„N„0.^ ; ; —100-2 Fruhde's reagent, blue. M.P. 2().'i°-206" : feebly alkaline, bitter ; laevo-rotatory, [a]D= for (d) alcoholic solution. Salts amorphous. QUEBRACHINE A., C„iH„„N,0„ ; cry.stalline, colourless, but turning ('i,OO0 per cent.) 18° yellow on exposure Soluble in parts cold water, 48 alcohol (99 at C, ; M.P." 214°-"2l5° ; dextro-rotatory; [a]D = +G2-5, in alcohol, or li in lOii iibsolute ether, and in benzene, chloroform, and amyl alcohol. 18 chloroform ; alkaline reaction, bitter. The alcoholic Removed from ammoniacal solution by last three solvents. solution gradually acquires a blue tint. Salts cr3'stalline. Precipitants Soluble in hot alcohol, hot ether, or hot jietroleum ether (difficultly in hydrates. either of these when cold), in alcohol Alkaline amyl and chloroform ; scarcely in Ammonia. water. Tannic acid. Removed by chloroform from «<;/ S4 DKJTIDNAKV Ol" THE ACTIVE I'Kl NCU'I.KS OF PLANTS. Podophyllum peltatum (see Podopbyllo-quercetin). Compare also Rham- Precipitants : Alkaline bydrates. I netin (ste Rbamnus infectorius). carbonates. ((/; QUERCITRIN (J. (Quercimelin; not identical with Ratin, Robinio, Gold chloride, yellow amorphous. ( Rbamuin, Morindin, or Thuyin), C^uHsaO.j, (Liebermann), or C.j,H.„0|., sulphocyanide. Potassium (Herzig and Smoluchowski, January, IHy.i). Yellow microscopic plates Mercuric chloride. ; loses waterat 10U°, anhydrous at lii.'j ; M.P. between llio and 2IMJ giving , Colour tests some sublimate of Quercetin ; neutral reaction, bitter (in alcoholic solu- CoQcentrated sulphuric acid with potass, bichromate, blue. tion). On hydrolysis, Isoldulcite and (Quercetin are formed. Perchloric acid, yellow. '2'.'> Solubility, 1 in "2,4;i.') cold water or 14^) boiling ; parts cold Friihde's reagent, blue. alcohol or H-'.l boiling ; also in amyl alcohol and warm acetic acid ; HYPOQUEBRACHINE A., C.|H.juN.O. (isomeric with Quebrachiue) : (() scarcely in ether ; not in benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, or carbou 80' bitter, amorphous, yellowish ; M.P. ; alkaline, salts amorphous. bisulphide. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform. Reactions Precipitants Alkaline hydrates' ) ,• , ,, [ dissolve yellow. Alkaline hydrates, pp. resinous. , Ammonia \ to concentrated solutions.] [Ammonia Lead acetic, neutral or basic, orange pp. solution in acetic acid. coloration with the hydrochloride. i"'erric chloride, red Ferric chloride, dark green coloration. yellow>~red. Sodium platiuic chloride, Gold chloride, reduced in the cold with precipitation of gold. yellow^^-violet. (iold chloride, Silver nitrate, similar reaction (precipitation of silver). Colour tests Fehling's solution, reduced after boiling. Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet. (i) QUERCETIN G. -derivative [ = Rhamnetin (Stein I ; Meletin, Mouo- Perchloric acid, yellow. hydroxi-fisetin (J. Herzig)] ; C.,H„;0,, or C|jH,„0; iJ. Herzig and Friihde'.s reagent, violet. Smoluchowski, January, lii'X'>) (Zwenger finds C'ljHu.Og). Crystallizes in needles or leaflets (/) QUEBRACHAMINE A. ; crystallizes iu anhydrous ; yellow needles ; on healing to l:iU , 7 to 1(1 per cent, ot water is evolved ; M.P. U-J ; bitter. 2."i0 M.P. : recrystallizing on cooling ; partially sublimable ; neutral Soluble with difficulty in alcohol, ether, chloroform, or benzene, and reaction, bitter. scarcely in water. Soluble in 'J'i'.t parts cold alcohol or 18 boiling ; not easily in ether ; in water, hot or cold it dissolves in glacial Precipitated by ammonia. scarcely ; warm acetic acid, Other reactions similar to those of (Juebrachine. separating on cooling. Colour tests Reactions Conceutrated sulphuric acid, bluish. Alkaline hydrates, dissolve yellow. with molybdic acid Ammonia gives yellow solution, changing to red. „ h„tense blue. potass, bichromate Lead acetate precipitates the alcoholic solution red. „ „ with \ Ferric chloride, dark green coloration cold or dark red on heating. 1K7. tinctoria (Black Oak); Amentwea- : substance («), § QUERCUS Gold chloride ) in Chinese tea leaves, vine leaves, Sumach, Carya which is further found Silver nitrate >as Quercitrin. tomentosa, Khus coriaria, Praxinus leaves, etc. Substance (/<), Quercetin, Fehling's solution J the derivative of {'i), is also obtainable from Robinin (see Kobinia) and similar compound is present in the rhizome of §188. RATANHIA (Krameria triandra. Rhatany): Kranienaceie. Rutin (see Ruta) ; a : : DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE I'RINI IPI.ES (IK PLANTS. lMi;2, 4'.l3 1S!I. Investigators; Ruge, .lahrcsb. Clirin., ; Giutl, Cliem. Cent., § RHAMNUS group. RluiuiiHirew ; R. cathartica (Buckthorn), 18611 substances (i), (r) and 1870. («), ; R. infectorius (yielding Avignon berries), R. Fereira spectabili», Imbiaceir ; the resin (Angelin Pedra resin) gave oleoides, R. amygdaliua and R. saxatilis (furnishing Persian Yellow 86"5 per cent., and the tree 2-45 per cent. Gintl, Wiener. Akad. Ber., 58, Berries\ (c«), (h) ; Rhamnus frangula (Alder Buckthorn), substances ((/| 44.^. and {e) ; Cascani sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana), ((/), (p). Emodin, (c), Geoffroja surinaraensis (Andira retusa), Lpgumhuisce. —PapUinnacea; ; is also found in the root of Rheum officinale (Rhubarb), Nephroma 30 gms. f loin 1 lb. of the bark. Investigators : Huttenschmidt, Mag. lusitanica {Lirlime.''), and as a product of decomposition of Frangulin, {d). Pimm,., 7, -1X1 ; Winckler, Jahrh. Pliann., 2, l.V.L Regarding Rbainnetin, compare also Quercetin from Quercus tinctoria, etc. The identity of the sab.stauce obtained from the above various sources (») RHAMNIN (i. (Gellatlj's Xantho-rhamnin, Rhamnegin : not Fleury's was suggested by Hintl, and has now been established by Hiller-Bombien Rhamnin), (_\„H,,0|j (Gellatly) ; crystallizes in microscopic needles or {Arcirir I' harm., IS'J:.', 230, ol3). plates, giving yellow solutions ; neutral reaction, nearly tasteless. Acids RATANHINE, Amido-acid (Angeline, Geoffiroyine, Surinamine, Melhyl- convert to Rhamnetin and Rhamnin-sugar. tyrosine), ; crystallizes in pearly needles or leaflets : ('|„Hi:,N'03 M.P. Soluble in water, alcohol (if absolute spirit, only when hot), and glacial 40'-45', with some sublimate ; neutral reaction ; tasteless and odourless, acetic acid ; scarcely in ether, chloroforo), benzene, or carbon bisulphide. but evolving disagreeable odour on heating. Forms salts with both acids Reactions : and alkalies. Lead acetate precipitates the alcoholic solution, yellow, but no Soluble in ;i,-180 parts cold water or rJ5 boiling, scarcely in alcohol pp. with aqueous solutions. (1 in 2,300 boiling), and only dissolved in traces by ether, chloroform, Ferric chloride, olive-green colour if dilute, brownish-red when con- benzene. centrated. Beactions Silver nitrate, reduction to silver. Alkaline hydrates \ Fehling's solution, no pp. „ cirbonates pp. soluble in excess. Ammonia Copper acetate, brown pp. ) (6) RHAMNETIN (i .-derivative. (Fleury'.s Rhamnin, Quercetin, see [No pp. lead acetate.] Quercus), (J„H,„i), (Gellatly), or C„jtr,„0,i (Stein) ; crystallizes in yellow Ferric chloride, violet coloration. quadratic, prismatic plates ; tasteless. [No pp. platinum chloride even concentrated.] Solubility varies considerably with degree of dryness. Scarcely soluble With freshly-precipitated cupric hydrate, a dark blue solution is "18 in water, though colouring it yellow ; 1 in boiling alcohol, 1 in 70 obtained, which on evaporation deposits violet needles of composi- ether, also in phenol. tion (0,|,H„,N03)oCu. Reactions : Phospho-molybdic acid, partial precipitation. Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow : Baryta precipitates therefrom. Mercuric-potassic iodide to Rhatanine salt, partial precipitation. Aluminic hydrate gives jjrecipitate. Nessler solution, pp. Ferric chloride to alcoholic solution, brownish green coloration. [Mercuric' chloride 7 -.u r t> i i,- n no pp. with free Ratanhine.] Black dy«s formed with iron salts. [ „ acetate j Silver nitrate I , j • iu u Colour tests IT. , , • 1 .• reduced in the cold, fehling s solution Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. 1 Chloride of lime, dark green, or brownish-red with concentrated solu- Fuming nitric acid, pink, then successively red, bluish-violet, green tion. (concentrated nitric acid to Ratanhine .suspended in water, then warmed). (c) RHAMNO-CATHARTIN ; bitter, purgative, nou-crystallizable. Pure nitric acid free from nitrous acid, colourless. (d) FRANGULIN G. (Rharanoxanthin, Kubhs Avornin, Leprince's : «6 UICTIONAUY OF THE ACTIVE PKl Nciri.ES OV I'LANTS. Cascarin), 0,„H„„0,„ (Casselmann), C|.H„0,, (Hesse), C,|H,„0,, (Thorpe Reactions : 18'.l'2) ; crystallizes in silky needles ; M.P. 22 scarcely in ether (the impure substance is soluble), not in water. (Rhus coriaria contains Quercetrin ; see Quercus.) (a) FUSTIN G., C„Hj„0.,, ; crystallizes in needles; M.P. 218'-219V Reactions : Acids produce sugar and Fisetin. Alkaline hydrates / , i j ' i » , . give purple-coloured solutions. " - Soluble easily in alcohol, also in hot watsr, but with difficulty in Ammonia \ ' ether. [Tannic acid ) „ i [""P^-^ [Metallic salts Reactions : Metallic oxides produce coloured lakes. .Soluble in alkaline hydrates. Concentrated sulphuric acid, emerald changing to purple, then dark Precipitated by lead acetate (neutral). -derivative, Herzig), compare Quercetin red ; water reprecipitates. (/') FISETIN G. C,,H„,0„ (J. ; yellow needles from dilute alcohol, or prisms from acetic acid ; becomes (<) EMODIN G. -derivative (Tri-hydroxi-methylantbraquinone), C',,IIi„05 anhydrous at 110°, browns at 270' C. ; fluorescent in alcoholic alkaline (Schwabe, Thorpe) ; from Frangulin by action of acids, and naturally in solution. Yields on hydrolysis Protocatechuic acid, C-H^O^, and Fisetol, various plants, see above; microscopic orange-coloured needles; M.P. CeH.O,. above "jriC, sublimes slowly at 'IW. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and acetic ether; with difficulty in ether, Soluble in alcohol more readily than Frangulin, also in amyl alcohol, chloroform, benzene, or petroleum ether; scarcely in cold water. hot benzene, and hot acetic acid ; less difficultly in ether than is the case with Franirulin. Insoluble in water. Reactions : Lead acetate to alcoholic solution, yellow soluble in acetic acid. Reactions pp., Ferric chloride, greenish-black coloration ; black pp. on adding Alkaline hydrates, cherry red. Copper sulphate ammonia. Alkaline earths, red to brown pp. Mercuric chloride Fehlings solution, reduced on warming. Lead acetate, neutral or basic, pp. § l'.)?>. ROBINIA pseudacacia (Xorth American Locust tree); Legu- I'.io. S RHINACANTHUS communis : Ar,„>lhareri: tiiiiiosd: The flowers. Investigators : Zwenger and Dronke, Ann, Chem. RHINACANTHIN B., CiJIi.Oj ; amorphou.s. Pharm., Suppl.. 1, 207. 105° Soluble ia alcohol. ROBININ G., C.,jH.,„0i6-(-.'>iH.,0 ; silky straw-yellow needles; M.P. (anhydrous at 100°); neutral reaction, feebly astringent taste. Acids § nil. RHINANTHUS buccalis ; Alectorolophus hirsutus (the seeds), coiivt-rt to Quercetin (see Quercus and a non-fermentable sugar). Melampyrum, Antiirbinum majus (Snapdragon, the leaves). Soluble iu hot water and hot alcohol, with difficulty in coll water. RHINANTHIN G., C.j,,H.,.,0._,„ ? (C(,^H5„0j„ ? Pbipson) microscopic needles, ; Insoluble in ether. seen to be prisms when magnified .^UO diameters ; neutral reaction, bitter- Reactions : sweet taste. Acids convert to Rhinanthogenin, as dark lilue or black Alkaline hydrates i . ,, , . flocks, and sugar. u i give yellow solutions. ° •' ,, carbonates i Soluble in water and alcohol ; not in ether. Ammonia, dissolves yellow changing to brown. DICTIONARV or THE ACTIVIC ritl Ml ['MCS (iV IM.ANTS. HI Lead acetate, ntutral, a slight pp. iu strong solutions, disappearing on Colour tests : dilution. Concentrated sulphuric acid, 2 drops water added, then warmed, blue. acetate, basic, Lead pp. ,. „ ., with 2 drops nitric acid, blood-red. Gold chloride, reduced. I'JG. graveolens Silver nitrate, slowly reduced. § RUTA (Rue) ; Rulacere. Capers (from Capparis spinosa), Fehliug's solution, reduced. Chinese Yellow Berries (Sophora japonica, Lefjmiuno.' Alkaline hjdratts give deep red solutions. silky needles ; carbonizes on heating, with production of caramel odour ; [Not precipitated by lead acetate in alcoholic solution.] neutral reaction, bitter (when in solution). Acids produc3 Quercetin and Isodulcite. 1!I5. .- villosus ; Rosarete N. America. The root. Investi- 8 RUBUS Soluble in hot water, scarcely cold (but colouring the water yellow), gator : G. A, Krause. and in hot alcohol (with difficulty cold), also in hot glacial acetic acid ; (a) VILLOSING.: M.P. 173''-17:)^; bitter in alcoholic solution. On pro- but not in ether. longed boiling in water alone, or more readily with dilute acid, glucose Reactions ; and Villo?ic acid, (i), are produced. Alkaline hydrates I , ,, , , dissolvesJ. yellow, solutionsi ,• turning brown. Soluble in methyl, ethyl and am3l alcohols, with difficulty iu water, Ammonia\ .„„,„..;., •' = i scarcely in ether, not in chloroform. Barium and calcium hydrates also dissolve. acetate (neutral) yellow Reactions : Lead pp. Alkaline hydrates dissolve with gradual production of lemon colora- Ferric chloride, dark green coloration. tion. (i) SOPHORIN (i. (see note above), resembles Rutin, but gives on hydro- Lead acetate, basic, pp. lysis 57'5 per cent, of Isodulcite besides Sophoretin (Foerster). [Xot neutral lead acetate.] [Ferric chloride, 1 no change.] § 97. SAFFRON (Crocus sativus) ; Irklaceo'. The stigma and part of [Silver nitrate, not reduced.] style of the flowers. Used for colouring and flavouring. Investigators : [Fehling's solution, not reduced until («) has been inverted.] Quadrat, Rochleder and Mayer, Weiss, Kayser. Crocin is also found in the fruit of Gardenia grandiflora (Ruhiaceic) and in Indica. Colour tests : Fabiana Concentrated sulphuric acid, light brown ; with water, deep violet. (a) (Polychroite, CROCIN G. not Weiss' Crocin) ; Cj^H-„0._,8, — Kayser „ „ „ with nitric acid, deep orange, destroyed (the older formula were : C2oH]30n, Quadrat ; C58H^.,0 Rochleder on warming. [? C^iiHjoOij] ; CjbHiiiiO,,, Weiss) ; red colouring matter ; no odour, but Friihde's solution, dark brown, changing to I'ed with a drop of nitric sweet taste. Hydrolyzed very readily by bailing dilute acids and alkalies, acid, etc., as follows : (i) VILLOSIC ACID G.-derivative ; bitter, resinous (crystals from ether). 2C,,H,„0.,„+7H,0 = C.,,Hj„0„ (Crocetin;i-(-0C„H,.,O„ (sugar). : ; :: : DICIKlNAIiV or TlIK A( TIVE PKINCII'LES OF I'l.ANT^. 100^ Soluble in water (red solution), with difficulty in alcohol, scarcely in M.P. rather over —Piria (l'J8'—O. Scbmidt) ; laevo-rotatory, neutral, ether. bitter. Acids and ferments (as Emulsin or Plyalin) decompose into Absorbed by charcoal, removed therefrom by alcohol. glucose and Saligenin ; when acids are used the Saligenin is further resolved into Saliretin and water ; alkalies give Saliretin, salicylic acid, Reactions : Alkaline hydrate?, dissolve with almost immediate production of and some salicylous acid. sugar and Crocetiii. Soluble in li'.l parts cold water, and about its own weight of boiling water ; aNo in alcohol, amyl alcohol, and glacial acetic acid not in ether. Liaie- water, yellow pp. on warming. ; Reactions Lead acetate, a red pp. on warming only, hydrolysis taking place. Copper sulphate, green Alkaline hydrates / , , pp. , •' dissolve. Concentrated sulphuric acid, deep blue, becoming in turn violet, Ammonia l cherry-red, then brown. [Not precipitated by lead acetate or other metallic salt*.] lead acetate in Nitric acid, sp. gr, 1'4, momentary blue, then brown. [Basic gives pp. concentrated solutions.] Colour tests „ „ 1'120, yellow only. Conceutiated sulphuric acid, red : water precipitates from the sola* (i) CROCETIN G.-derivative (Weiss' Crocin), from above, C.^Hj^O,, tion a red substance insoluble in water = ' Rutilin.' (Kayser) red-coloured. ; Friihde's solution, magnificent violet turning to dark cherry (very Soluble scarcely in water, but easily in alcohol and ether. permanent ; compare Morphine). Reactions {h) SALIGENIN, G.-derivative (Salicyl alcohol), C„HjOHCH,OH ; white pearly plates or ^I.P. S2'. Alkaline hydrates, dissolve readily, forming yellow solutions rhombohedra ; 1 in 1,0 cold water, in all pr0]>ortions boiling ; acids pp. Soluble and almost when readily al^o in alcohol and ether. Calcic hydrate 1 Decomposes with dilute acids into Saliretin, C-H,;0, and water. Baric „ V pp. Reactions Lead acetate, basic J Concentrated sulphuric acid, as Crociu. Ferric chloride (to the aqueous solution), indigo blue coloration. Concentrated sulphuric acid, intense red. (r) PICROCROCIN G. (Saffron Bitter), C-isHesO,: ; crystallizes in prisms (<) HELICIN G. From Salicin by action of nitric acid ; Ci,,H,gO;-t-|H„0 from ether ; M.P. 76" ; bitter and characteristic persistent taste. (the glucoside of salicylous acid). Crystallizes in needles; M.P. 17o°, Soluble iu water and alcohol easily, less so in chloroform, and with recry.stallizing on cooling ; neutral, slightly bitter. difficulty in ether. By the action of dilute acids or alkalies it undergoes Soluble in (!4 parts cold water and in alcohol ; not in ether. the following decomposition : Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow. C.,gH«0,--|-H.,0 = 2C,„H,6(volatile :!C,iH,.,Oo(sngar) + essential oil). [No violet coloration with Frohde's solution.] Other reactions : I'J'J. SOPHORA speciosa ; if SOPH RINE A. ; amorphous ; alkaline ; hj'drochloride salt crystalline. Fehliug's solution, reduced on warming green flocks also separate. ; Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform. § 198. SALIX (Willow); Salicarea ,- many species. The barks: Keiuoved from alkaline solution by latter solvent. Ferric chloride, blood-red coloration. nisi) Spiroea and >ynanther8e various ; and in Castoreum Canadense. For Benzoyl Salicin (Populin) see Populus. § 200. SAPONARIA officinalis, various species of Dianthus, L\chiii.«, (") SALICIN G., ; crystallizes in plates, needles, or wide pillars ; cent, the seivl), CiaHiaO; ; Silene (Caryoplii/llwen ) Agrostemna Githago (G'o per of : ) DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCll'l.lCS OF PLANTS, i 89 Polygala Senega (the root), Monnina polystachia {Puli/galace(B) ; bark of Reactions : Spii£eas, Quillaia saponaria (Rosaren) Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum Alkaline hydrates ; ) ^^,^„^^^_ (Sapotaceii) ; Gypsophila struthium {Cariiophyllacen), Albizzia saponaria „ carbonates {Le(iundno!i(i\ Indian); Podophyllum i^liiimiiiciilarea\ which see. Barium hydrate, pp. if concentrated. [See Thea for Assamic acid, which yields Sapogenin ; also Millettia Ammoniacal silver nitrate, reduced. under Leiiuiiiiiiintn (Indian)]. Fehling's solution, slight reduction. («) SAPONIN G. [Quillain, Struthin, Senegin ? (A. Famaro, J. Pharm. [5] Millon's reagent, cloud. 20, 450, regards Senegin from Polygala senega as distinct from Saponin) Concentrated sulphuric acid, gradually violet. ; PolygalinV Gitbagin, Jlonniniu, Monesin (Kruska), Cliein. Centi:, 1891, II., Nitric acid, dissolves. ti4b, considers these as not identical but members of a series, C„H.,„-gOn„ § 201. SARRACENIA purpurea; Sun-arfninmr. The root. In- physiologically dilferfnt, Syringin being the lowest terra)] ; Cj.jHjjOj^ vestigator : Hotet, C'diiipt. Rendu, 88. (Rocbleder) or Cj,,H^„Oi„ (Stiitz). Amorphous, neutral, sharp and SARRACENINE A. (Veratrine ? Smith). Crystallizes in prisms and burning taste ; no odour, but produces violent sneezing poisonous. ; octahedra bitter. The toxic effect of the Saponin in the seeds of Agrostemna (which ; sometimes become admixed with flour) is destroyed in baking. Acids Solubilities as Veratrine. resolve into Sapogenin and '.^ molecules sugar. Removed by petroleum ether from alkaline solution. Soluble in water (the solution frothing like soap), in hot alcohol (with Reactions as Veratrine. difficulty cold), and in chloroform, but not in ether. ( fficinalis, etc.), Swilarar, (a); Removed by chloroform from uiid solutions. § 20 2. SARSAPARILLA (Smilax Smilax glycypbylla— Australia, (b). Reactions ; Alkaline hydrates dissolve (frothy solutions) ; acids reprecipitate. (a) SMILACIN G. (Parillin, Sarsaparilla-Saponin) ; Ci^H^oOc (Poggiale), ,, carbonates dissolve. or C,,H,,,;Oj (Petersen). Crystallizes in needles containing 8'.") per cent, Barium hydrate, pp. if concentrated. Slows heart's action. water ; neutral reaction, bitter when in solution. Lead acetate, neutral or basic (aqueous solution), alcohol, pp. Soluble in hot water (frothy solution), scarcely cold ; in hot Tannic acid, (cloud, Dragendorff). pp. difficultly alcohol and chloroform ; not in ether. cold ; in amyl [Ferric chloride, cloud on warming.] Removed from aqueous solutions by amyl alcohol and chloroform ; not [Gold chloride, no pp.] by ether or benzene. Silver nitrate, slow reduction on heating. Reactions Fehlings solution, reduced slowly. Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Potassium ferrocyanide ") Lead acetate, neutral (alcoholic solution), pp. ferricyanide / cloud. „ Fehling's solution, reduced. sul]>hoc3anide „ ) Concentrated sulphuric acid, dark red, becoming purple with a little [No pp. cadmium-potassic iodide.] red with water ; violet on warming—Poggiale (or yellow turning [Xo pp. mercuric chloride.] water green in 10 per cent. acid). ; Zinc acetate ) Acids in general dissolve. Stannous chloride > cloud on warming. ; decomposes at Arsenious acid ) (A) GLYCYPHYLLIN G,, C.iHojO.+SH.O crystalHne ; 7.', Concen'rated .sulphuric acid, yellowish-red to violet. 110-1 Ifi"; M.P. I -ISO". "Acids convert to P'hioretin and Isodulcite. in hot alcohol; slightly in (/<) SAPOGENIN G.-derivative, CuHojO., (Rochleder) ; crystalline needles. Soluble in hot water, scarcely cold, and ether. Soluble ni alcohol and ether. ether ; not in benzene, chloroform, or petroleum 12 : ' W) niCTIllMAKY or TIIK ACTIVE riSINtllM.I : 20(1. Siinai-nhnnr. seed, Reactions S SIMABA cedron ; The substance (a). Alkaline hydrates dissolve. Investigator : Lewy, Jotirn. Cliiiii. MiiL, l«yl, 282. Used against snake- Precipitated by ionic lead acetate. bites. 8. Waldivia (distinct from preceding), substance (6), from the [Not by neutral lead acetate.] fruit (Ch. Tanret, Oimjit. Rendu, 91,HXf<). §liii;i SAXIFRAGA Siberica and S. crassifolia ; Saxifragacptc. In- {a) CEDRINE (A. V), (Valdivin V, Tanret); glittering needles, neutral, vestigators : (iarreau and JMachelart. bitter, emetic. Forms fluorescent compounds. BERGENIN G., V C.idst )4 (Uarreau and Maohelart) ; crystalline, bitter. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Soluble in alcohol and water. Precipitated l)y tannic acid and by most alkaloid reagents (C. Tanret). Fehling's solution, reduced. (h) VALDIVIN G. (?), C:„|H480,„+5H,Oor C„H,40,„+.".H„0 ; crystallizes in hexagonal prisms; M.P. 2.^11', non-volatile; sp. gr. l-4(i; bitter. §2(14. SCILLA luaritima, or Urginea Scilla (Squills) ; Liliacecv. Sub- stance (o), Jarmerstedt, Ai-fh. c.qi. PulhoL, 11,2'2; {b), (c), (rf), Merck, Forms compounds showing a magnificent fluorescence. Uptically in- Pliant,. Zl., IST'.I, and others. active. (ii) Soluble in 01)0 parts cold water (frothy solution), 3H boiling, lilU abso- SCILLAW G. (Jarraerstedt's) ; nitrogen free, amorphous, bitter, fiO IKii.snnoiis. Resolved by acids into sugar and a rcsiu. lute alcohol, or spirit of 70 per cent., easily in chloroform ; not in Soluble in alcohol ; with difficulty in water, ether, or chloroform. ether. [Not precipitated by basic lead acetate.] Removed from aqueous solution by chloroform. Tannic acid precipitates. [Not precipitated by neutral or basic lead acetate.] Colour tests Ammoniac il lead acetate ) "' Concentrated sulphuric acid, brown, with green fluorescence. Tannic acid ) with bromine, bluish-red. Fehling's solution, reduced after treatment with alkalies (acids?). ,, „ „ hydrochloric acid, red, with gradual greenish Concentrated sulphuric acid ) j- , . ., pp. dissolve colourless. NitricTVTi acidJ I (/<) SCILLIN B. (not Riche and Rcmond's Scillin, which is a carbo- j hydrate); light yellow, crystalline. Acids in general increase the solubility in water. Soluble in alcohol and hot ether, with difficulty in water. 207. SINAPIS alba (White Mustard) ; Cnirit^nv : substances («), (/.). Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown. § Will and Laulxnheimer, .4/(«. Chein. Pharin., 199, l.'iO. S. nigra (Black ,, nitric acid, yellow changing to green. Mustard), sub.stance {() ; Turritis glabra, {h) ; Brassica rapa, (c,. (<•) SCILUPICRIN B. yellow, ; amorphou-', hygroscopic, bitter. (a) SINALBIN G., C3oH44N.,S.U,s ; crystallizes in needles; ooly faint Soluble in water. yellow unless impure ; fusible. Decomposed by Myrosin (feraient of SCILLITOXIN: ((/) brown, amorphous. mustard) into glucose, Sinapine sulphate, and Siualbyl thiocyanide, Soluble iu alcohol. Insoluble in water or ether. C.HyONCS. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red changing to brown. Soluble in water, in 33 parts boiling 8(3 per cent, alcohol ; not in cold nitric ,, acid, yellow, changing to green on warming. absolute alcohol, ether, or carbon bisulphide. § -IQU. SCROPHULARIA aquatica, Z., andS. nodosa; Kn-ophuhiriaceir. Reactions : , Investigator : Walz, ./ti/irl). Pliarm., 26, 'iHG. Alkaliue hydrates) J. ,, •' dissolve yellow. , ' Ammonia i SCROPHULARIN B. ; crystalline, bitter. ^ chloride after decamposition.] Reactions : [Xo pp. barium until [Xo pp. lead acetate, neutral or basic] Alkaliue earths dissolve, the yellow coloration being perceptible even Tannic acid, pp. with traces only. : IMCTIONAUV OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES 01' PLANTS. Ferric chloride, no colour till boiled with alkali, then blood-red needles; feebly alkaline ; taste bitter and hot. Dilute acids resolve into (sulphocyanide test). sugar and Solanidine. Salts react acid. Sodium amalgam produces Silver nitrate, white pp., becoming black from production of silver butyric acid and nicotine.' .sulphide. Soluble scarcely in water, 1 in 8,000 boiling (the salts are soluble), in Fehling's solution, reduced, some cupric sulphide being formed. 125 boiling alcohol of sp. gr. 0-83!.) (giving crystals on cooling), in amyl Jlercuric chloride, pp., glucose being left in solution. alcohol, 4,000 ether. Benzene dissolves traces. Concentrated nitric acid, transient blood-red. Removed from aqueous solutions by amyl alcohol. Reactions : (i) SINAPINE-THIOCYANIDE A. (Sulphosinapisine, Sulphosinapine ; the Alkaline hydrates ) , thiocyanide was formerly mistaken for Sinapine), C,|.H.,.,NO-"HSCN ' , y amorphous pp.'^ ' ' (Gerhardt) prisms 130°, recrystallizing on cooling Ammonia J glittering ; M.P. ; ; Tannic acid, ; at 1 in 3,000, flocks after 24 hours. neutral reaction (free Sinapine is alkaline), bitter. ( Free Sinapine pp. [Picric acid, not dilute. rapidly decomposes : not separated pure either by alcohol or ether. Platinum chloride, not dilute.] Soluble in water and alcohol (yellow solutions) ; not in ether, carbon Gold chloride bisulphide, or turpentine. J , j . j Alkaline hydrates dissolve yellow. Silver nitrate f Ferric chloride, blood-red coloration on warming. [Fehling's solution, not reduced.] Silver pota.ssium cyanide, gradually amorphous pp. (.•) POTASSIUM MYRONATE G., Ci„H,8KNSoO,u : crystallizes in silky [Potassium bichromate, not 1 in 3,000.] prisms, fusible, neutral, bitter. (The free acid decomposes readily, with Phosiiho-molybdic acid, light yellow pp. production of sulphuretted hydrogen ; it has acid reaction, with bitter [lodo-potassic iodide, not 1 in 3,000.] and sour taste). Myrosin converts the glucoside to glucose, Allyl- [Bismuth-potassic iodide, pp. only if concentrated.] thiocyanide, and acid ]iotassiura sulphate. I Cadmium-potassic iodide, not dilute.] Soluble ill water, with difficulty in alcohol. Insoluble in ether, chloro- [Mercuric-potassic iodide, not 1 in 3,000]. or form, benzene. [Mercuric chloride, not 1 in 3,000.] Precipitated by neutral lead acetate, yellowish-white pp., soluble in acetic acid. Colour tests Concentrated sulphuric acid, light reddish-yellow. (d) SINCALINE. by action of alkalies on Sinapine ; crystalline, non- „ ,, „ with potassium bichromate, light blue. volatile, powerfully alkaline like potafsic absorbs carbonic hydrate ; Trace of Solanine-|-l per cent, sulphuric acid evaporated on watch- acid. glass, gives four-sided pi'isms, which on warming become successively red, purple, brownish-red, and, on cooling, violet, blackish-blue, § 208. SOLANUM various {Solanacea), e.r/., S. nigrum (Nightshade), green (colourless crystals still present). substance ; S. tuberosum (Potato, the leaves and -shoots), and (c) («) (a) ; Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, light reddish. S. dulcamara (Bittersweet), (a), ( / ), Geissler, ArcJiir. d. Pliarm., [3], 7, Nitric acid added to the solution in sulphuric acid after 10 hour.*, 289, 1875 ; S. grandiflora var. pulvernlentum (Wolf-fruit of Brazil), light yellow. investigator, H. Freire, Coiiijit. Eei.dii, 105, 1,074, (r/) ; S. paniculatum Nitric acid alone, colourless, then purple, finally colourless. (the fruit), F. v. Greene, substance (c). See also Atropa group for other Concentrated hydrochloric acid, yellow. members of the Solanacea: FriJhde's solution, cherrv-red-v>-brownish-red-<~yellow ; after 24 hours (a) SOLANINE A.-G., Cj.H-jNO,., (Hilger) greenish-yellow with black flocks. or Cs.H^.NO,, (Firbas) ; crystallizes in four-sided prisma; M.P. 235", with some sublimate in Sulphuric acid and alcohol, red on warming. : ; : ' 1 02 MCTIIINAKV OF Tin; ACTIVK PRINCU'I.ES OF PLA^•T^^ (/<) SOLANEINE G., Cv.Hg,NO,, ? (Firb.is). Amorpbou?, yellow, hoi-uy, Colour tests I'liH sulphuric acid, yellow turning red. M.P. . (Joncentrated Soluble in ><.') per cent, alcohol. Acids gives Solaiiidine and sugar. Concentrated sulphuric acid with manganese dioxide, green chaoging {() SOLANIDINE A. (G.-derivative). In young .shoots of potatoes, and to violet, then yellow. .-*Vojo-,._ Nitric acid, purplish. from Solanine. C„3H,,N0.> (Hilger) or UjqHuiNO.j (Firbas) ; crystallizes '208° 191", scoparium in glittering needles ; M.P. ( Firbas) ; aliialine reaction ; bitter §'2011. SPARTIUM scoparium (Broom), or Sirothamnus and sharp taste. Forms salts difficultly soluble in water. (Cytisus scops.), Li'tiumiiiosic. Investigator-s : Stenhouse, Pliilos. Train., Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, scarcely in water. 1851 ; Mills, Chen,'. Sue. Qu. ./., 15, 1, etc., and others. Removed by chloroform from acid solutions. {a) SPARTEINE A., CisH.ioN.^; liquid; sp. gr. greater than water; Alkaline hydrates ,, volatile ; B.P. 27t"-"288° or 'i\ V (different observers; : alkaline reaction ' / ; . • > ^'^pp. as lelly. ' •' — 14lj' for Ammonia j bitter taste and aniline-like odour. Lievo-rotatory. D line. Dilates the pupil ; becomes brown on e.\))Osure : sulphate very soluble. ((/) SOLANICINE A. CjoH^NO, ? Formed from («) by long-continued Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, scarcely in action of acids. Light yellow crystals from ether ; M.P. ^M", with de- composition; scarcely alkaline, almost tasteless. Salts reddish-yellow, water, not in benzene. amorphous. Removed from allai/iiii' aqueous .solutions by ether and petroleum ether. Soluble scarcely in alcohol, in '2,000 parts boiling ether, not in water. Precipitants : Alkaline hydrates {>') (hydrochloride j ^^j^^^ -^ ^^^^^^ JURUBEBINE A. Amorphous crystalline); bitter ' Ammonia j taste ; aromatic odour. Lead acetate, neutral > „ •„ ' Soluble in aleohol and chloroform, with difficulty in water. , . white. basic ,. I Xo pp. picric acid or platinum chloride but by most other alkaloid „ Picric acid, yellow. precipitants (F. v. Greene). Platinum chloride, yellow. (/•) DULCAMARIN B. Bitter. [Xot silver nitrate.] in acetic ether not in ether, chloroform, benzene, Soluble ; or carbon [Not potassium ferrocyanide, the compound formed being easily bisulphide. soluble.] Keactions : Sodium pbosphomolybdate. white. Alkaline ,. hydrates / , jj- i •' u Cadmium-potassic iodide, white (Bamberger). • dissolve reddish-brown. Ammonia. ) Colour tests (negative) : Precipitated b}' basic lead acetate and tannic acid. Concentrated sulphuric acid ') Concentrated sulphuric acid, red changing rose to colour. , ,, ., with nitric acid f , ' . •.'• ,, . J •] Vcolourless. (a) GRANDIFLORINE A. Molecular weight '2?,iVA ; amorphous, bitter, Concentrated nunc acid i poisonous. Acids generally } Soluble in alcohol, not in water. (h) SCOPARIN G.? C.,,H^..O,„. Pale yellow crystalline or amorphous. Reactions Diuretic. Alkaline hydrates, evolution of ammonia on heating. Soluble in alcohol and hot water (greenish-yellow solution), scarcely cold. Ammonia, white pp. Reactions Tannic acid, cloud. Alkaline hydrates \ ' Platinum chloride • „ carbonates i 1 u n ~ | , " . soluble, greenish-vellow. lodo-potassic iodide yellow pp. Ammonia i Mercuric-potassic iodide ) Barium and calcium hydrates : DICTIONARY (IF THE ACTIVE TRINCII'LES OF PLANTS. 93 I Lead acetate, neutral , Copper sulphate, cloud, then slight ytll<"vish-greeun pp. basic pp. I Fehling's solution, not reduced till boiled. [No reaciion silver nitrate or mercuric chloride.] Phospho-molybdic in acid, emerald coloration ; pale green pp. if quantity. 5 210. SPIGELIA Marylandica (Carolina Piak, wormseed, perennial [No reaction with phospho-tungstic acid. worm grass). -Lci/diiiarca'. North America. The root. Investigator : ^>udley. A„u-i:./.i'/i., 1, 104. „ „ ,, iodo-potassic iodide. bismuth-potassic iodide. SPIGELINE A. Crystalline, volatile, alkaline, bitter. „ ,, ,, „ „ cadmium-potassic iodide. Soluble 111 water and alcohol (not in ether?). „ mercuric-potassic iodide. Precipitants „ ., „ mercuric chloride.] Meia-iuugslic acid. „ ,, ,, Mercurous nitrate, lodo-potasMC iodide, brownish-red. cloud, then slight pp. Colour tests : Mercuric-potassic iodide, white crystalline pp., soluble in alcohol, Concentrated sulphuric acid, pale-yellow then successively brown, eiher, etc., and dilute acids. emerald, Iodine tincture, lirownish-red. brownish-black (after 1 minute), dark-green (after 1 hour). Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, greenish- i^n. STROPHANTHUS Group. Apocnanacea: S. hispidus D.C brown. ii'lj.> (• Inr poison ). per cant, of (i() ; S. Kombc, 0'.)j per cent.; S. Nitric acid, pale-brown, a series of colours on warming. glaber, .'> per cent. Aconkathera Ouabais (Arrow-poison), Ouabain = (a)? Hydrochloric acid, yellow, a series of colours on warming. Taijghiuia veuei.itcra the kernel of the fruit (which also contains — Per-iodic acid, pale brown. (i'). 75 percent, of fat), substance Investigator : Arnaud, see China. Unc. (b) INEINE A. Deliquescent, slightly alkaline. Journ., 188'J-18'JU. 'Reactions with most alkaloid reagents.' («) SfROPHANTHIN G. (Inein V see (b) ; Ouabain V) C._,,,HjjOn, J. R. {c) TANGHININ B., C.,-Hj„08 ; rhombic prisms; M.P. 182', h-evo-rota- Fraser (Arnaud found for ' Ouabain,' CaoHjuOj^TH^.O, and for his Stroph- tory, -1)7°. anthiu OjiHjbOj.j). Crystalline from S. Kombr and S. glaber ; amor- Soluble readily in alcohol, somewhat in ether, swells up in water, phous from ri. nispidus, Arnaud; M.P. 1726 ('Ouabain' 18u"), l.-evo- insoluble in carbon bisulphide. (' rotatoiy,'-;j:V8° Ouabain ') ; faintly acid reaction ; intensely bitter and poisonous. Acids give glucose and Strophanthidin which is also poisonous. § 212. STRYCHNOS and various other members of the Liir/aiuacec, Substances luni (//) in S. Ignatia, (S. L. = St. Soluble in water, bd parts cold absolute alcohol, 1,000 amyl alcohol, («) Berg. Amara, ; the beans 300 acetone, not in ether, chloroform, or petroleum ether. Ignatius' beans, 1 1 to 2 per cent.), S. Nux Vomica. L., the seeds and bark (False Angostura bark), S. Tieute (Deadly Upas tree, Java), S. Colu- Reactions (with a 2 per cent, solution; : brina, L. Investigators : AlKaliue njdiates 1 numerous. S. (Juianensis (Curare, poison), ., carbonates ( j- , Arrow ((/). dissolve yellow.n , > ' Icaya or /)//'/. Ammonia I Akazga bush (Arrow poison), Fraser, 1867, and For. solution Med. Clurur. Rev. ; substance [<'). Baryta ) [Xot precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic. Gelsemium sempervirens (Carolina Jasmine). The root (/), {(j) ; the tannic acid, unless latter alkaloid isolated b}' F. A. Thompson. For ^Esculin, also contained „ ,, concentrated. Iq the root, see ^I3sculus. „ „ picric acid.] Ferric chloride, greenish-yellow coloi'ation or slight pp. (a) STRYCHNINE A., C.^jH^jN^O., (Commercial Strychnine appears some- [Not precipitated by jiUitiuum chloride or gold chloride.] times to contain a higher homologue, C.mHojN.jO,, ' Homostrychuine '). Silver nitrate, cloud, then gradually a dark pp. Crystallizes from alcohol in four-sided prisms with four-sided pyramidal : : ;t4 DICTIOXAUY OI- THE ACTIVK I'KINCII'I.r.: points (anhydrous), but appears in other forms, f.f/., scales, octahedra, lodo-potassic iodide, kermes coloured pp. : faint cloud at 1 iu .00,000. Bismuth-potassic iodide, orange-red limit 1 in according to the nature of the solvent, etc. Authorities differ as to melt- pp. ; 250,000. '221°, iodide, flocculent. ing point, Beckurts finds 2(i."i°, but preceding observers have given Cadmium-potassic reaction, intensely bitter (perceptible Zinc-potassic iodidp, white. 28o°, etc. ; lasvo-rotatory, alkaline Mercuric-pota.ssic iodide, white limit 1 in 1511.0(10. at 1 in (KK^OOO), extremely poisonous (tetar.ic). — boiling ]2(> cold alcohol Mercuric chloride, pp. soluble in alcohol (the pp. with free strychnine Solubility, 1 in G.GHT parts cold water, 2,.0()0 ; sp. gr. Il-8l'i3 (requiring more of weaker alcohol), 200 amyl alcohol, 5 to is soluble). Potass, bichromate gives with this pp. a bright 7 chloroform, about l,2riO commercial ether, KiO of benzene, 12,riO() petro- yellow. leum ether (Wormley), and in oils. Chldrine water, white pp.; even .-.loth of a milligramme. Strychnine nitrate is soluble in Til) parts cold or 2 of boiling water Colour tests (Wittstein), the sulphate in 50 parts cold water (Regnault). Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless. shake with the „ with fragment of potassium bichromate Removed from alkaline solutions by chloroform ; best to „ latter at oiire after alkalizing. A. H. Allen (Aiiuli/«l, 6, 141) finds a con- (avoid excess), violet-blue'»vred->/>.green. Similar colours with other venient menstruum to be a mixture of ether and chloroform in equal o.xidizers. Compare Geissospermine ; see Pareira. measures. Xitiic acid added to the solution in sulphuric acid after in hours, Precipitants unchanged. Alkaline hydrates Xitric acid, slightly yellow. pp. insoluble in Concentrated hvdrochloric acid, no effect. „ carbonates excess and Potassium perchlorate, white crystalline „ bicarbonates, if without free carbonic acid becoming pp. Perchloric acid, reddish-brown colomtion. Ammonia crystalline. Calcic hydrate Per-iodic acid, wine-red : red crystals on evaporation. [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic] Friihde's solution, colourless. Tannic acid, difficultly sol. in hydrochloric acid. Strvchnine has been found 3 years after death. (i A. (Contramiue), 'C,.,H„8X.0j : crystallizes in four-sided Picric acid, yellow amorphous, becoaiing crystalline ; limit 1 in 20,000. BRUCINE or plates, also as cauliflower-like aggregates, containing 4H..0. [Ferric chloride, light brown if concentrated ; not 1 in 100.] prisms : anhydrous, 170"; hydrated, rather over lod : ItEvo-rotatory, Platinum chloride, yellow amorphous, becoming crystalline ; iusol. HCl. M.P. (xold chloride, soluble in hydrochloric acid. alkaline, bitter. Many oxidizing agents give red coloration. Potassium ferrocyanide, nearly colourless prisms, very difficultly Soluble in 850 parts cold or 500 boiling water (the hydrated base in 320 slowly soluble (brucine salt more soluble). and 150 respectively ; crystals only formed from a hot solution after Potassium ferricyanide, greenish-yellow crys. cooling), in 1', parts boiling alcohol, about 2 of chloroform Rettendorfer) parts, Schlimpert), 64 benzene ; also iu amyl alcohol, with difficulty in „ sulphocyanide, white crys. ( sensitive). (7 crys. up to 1 in 5,000. oils or petroleum ether; not in absolute ether. „ nitroprusside, light browu ; Silver potassium cyanide, hair-like crystals. Removed from alkaline solutions by benzene and chloroform. Potassium bichromate, yellow crystalline pp. which gives a transient Precipitants Alkaline hydrates, 1 in 1()0 to oOO. violet with sulphuric acid ; the pp. is very difficultly soluble iu cold water (means of separation from Brucine). ,, carbonates. Chromic acid (5 per cent, solution). „ bicarbonates, after expulsion of carbouic acid. Phosjjho-molybdic acid, yellowish-white. Lime water. „ tungstic acid, 1 in 200,000. Magnesia. 25,0lMI. (the free bases;. antimonic acid, white flocks at 1 in 5,000 ; cloud at 1 in Moipbine, strychnine : : DKTIO.NAKV <1K THE ACTIVE rUINCU'LES OE TEA NTS 05 Ammonia, not at once, at 1 in KKI ; oily pp. becoming crystalline. (r) IGASURINE A. Schiitzenberger and W. A. Shenstone have shown [Xot lead acetate, neutral or basic] this to be a mixture. Desnoix' description {Jaurn. J'liann. [3], 25, '202) results Tannic acid, 1 in l'.OUO ; limit 1 in 10,000. is here given as an illustration of the one may obtain when dealing Picric acid, pp. gradually crystalline ; limit 1 in 10,000. with mixed alkaloids from Xux Vomica. Platinum chloride, 1 in 1,000, yellow crys. (insoluble in acetic acid), Silky crystals with 10 per cent, of water, tevo-rotatory, alkaline, (jold chloride, 1 in 25,000, dirty yellow, amorphous ; soluble in hydro- bitter. chloric acid. Soluble in 20O parts of boiling water, crystals being rapidly formed ou difficulty Potassium ferrocyanide, yellow crystalline (not 1 in 500, Dupuy), ooolin;; ; also in alcohol, amyl alcohol, and essential oils ; with becoming blue on exposure. in ether. Potassium sulphocyanide (gradually at 1 in 100). Reactions crystalline. I • Silver potassium cyanide, pp. becoming Alkaline hydrates' , ,, „ „„„„ . , ,- pp.^"^ soluble in excess. 1 Potassium cliromate, yellow crystalline, limit about in 500. Ammonia | in tartaric acid, 'distinction Potassium bichromate ; at first no pp., then crys. up to 1 in 3,000. Alk. bicarbonates precipitate presence of Chromic acid, 5 per cent. from Brucine.' Phospho-mol} baic acid, 1 in 5,000, orange flocks. Tannic acid, white pp. ,, antimonic acid, Platinum chloride, yellow pp. lodo-potassic iodide, 1 in 50,000, kerraes pp. Potassic iodide, ])p., not immediatel}'. Potassium iodide alone, crystalline pj). lodo-potassic iodide, brown pp. Bismuth-potassium iodide, 1 in 10,000, orange-red Concentrated sulphuric acid with trace of nitric acid I pp. j^fg^gg ^^^ iodide, crystalline precipitation complete. nitric acid alone Cadmium-potassic ; „ ) iodide, whitish yellow, amorphous ; feeble at 1 in (f/) CURARINE A., Ci„H,.-,N, Preyer (C1SH35N, Sachs) ; crystals from Mercuric-potassic" 50,000. chloroform, becoming oily on exposure ; feebly alkaline reaction, bitter, Mercuric chloride, amorphous unless concentrated. extremely poisonous. Salts non-crystallizable and very soluble. Chlorine water, yellow coloration becoming red, then colourless, Soluble in all proportions in water or alcohol, with difficulty in amyl finally white flocculent pp. alcohol or chloroform. Insoluble in ether, benzene, petroleum ether, Bromine water, violet color.iiiou. carbon bisulphide, or turpentine. Iodine tincture, brown crystals. Not removed from alkaline aqueous SDlutions by immiscible solvents. Colour tests : Precipitants Concentrated sulphuric acid, pure, colourless. Tannic acid, pp. soluble in hydrochloric acid. with sugar, no effect. Platinum chloride, yello«-, becoming crystalline. „ ,, „ ,, ,, „ with potass, bichromate, orange ; red Potassium ferrocyanide. with dilute acid. „ sulphocyanide. Concentrated sulphuric acid, with trace of nitric acid, intense red. ,, bichromate, amorphous. Kitre added after 15 hours' solution in sulphuric acid, rose-v«.orange Phospho-raolybdic acid. •>~yellow. Bismuth-potassic iodide. Nitric acid alone, scarlet to blood-red, becoming yellowish-red, then Cadmium-potassic iodide, completely. yellow ; on then adding stannous chloride or ammonium sulphide, Mercuiic-pota.ssic iodide. reddish-violet. Mercuric chloride. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. Potassium platinous cyanide. Frohdfc's solution, red-^yellow ; after 24 hours, colourless. ,, per-iodate. : : !)() DRTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE TRINCIPLES Or I'LANTS. Colour tests Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, violet-red. first, with sugar, red. Concentiated sulphuric acid, red ; or blue then red after some „ „ „ hours, or on heiiting to 110°- 100^ (compare Narcotiiie). ,, nitric acid, greenish-yellow. Concentrated sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate, violet. ('/) GELSEMININE A. ; dark brown, resinous, alkaline. ,, ,, , with sugar, red. in nitric acid, red. Soluble alcohol, ether and chloroform ; sparingly in water and „ „ ,, with petroleum ether. soluble. „ nitric acid, purple. Hydrochloridfi easily Precipitate by ammonia, reddish-colourfd, flocculent. (c) AKAZGINE A. (Icajanine) ; amorphous ; fusible, becoming yellow on heating ; alkaline reaction, bitter, poisonous. Tartrate crystalline. ; -21:;. SYRINGA vulgaris (Lilac); Oltmw. Substance (a), in the in lli.OUO parts cold water, 60 of absolute alcohol or 111 of Soluble bark during spring (^larch-April), aftpr which period it is renlaced 8,') per cent., 120 absolute ether (more easily in commercial ether) : by (h). Walz. Arrh. Phann., vo!=. llir,, 1(|«, 100, 113: also G. Koerne-- further, in chloroform, benzene and carbon bisulphide. and others. Ligustrum vulgare, (//), (r). Precipitants (all following precipitates are amorphous) : ((/) SYRINGIN G. (Hvrlroximethvlconiferin. Alkaline hydrates Potassium sulphocyanide. T,ilaoin probably. C,-H„.0., or C,,H.(OC,.H, ,(),)' (OCHA.ii. ^'(C.HjOH)!^- (Koerner) : cr.-.tallin" ,, carbonates. „ bichromate, hydrate in needles un to half-inch in length loses water at 100'-ll-'>°. Ammonia. lodo-potassic iodide. ; 185°-1'.)0° melts (l!)r-llt2°, Koerner) : neutral reaction. tasteleo=. Acida Sodium ph<).sphate. Mercuric-potassic iodide. convert to sugar ffermpntable') SvrinCTotrpnin, C,,H,,nj, or Tannic acid. Mercuric chloride, soluble and OHC„H..(OCH,),C,H,-OH = appearing Picric acid. warming. Hydroximethylconiferyl alcohol, as srray flocks. Platinum chloride. Iodine tincture. Gold chloride. Stannous chloride. Soluble in hot water, hot alcohol, and in chloroform; with difficulty in Potassium ferrocyanide. cold water ; not in ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, as Strychnine. [Not precipitated by lead acetate or other metallic salts.] (/) GELSEMINE A., C.^.HagN.Dj or C,,H,,N.^Oj (Gerrad) ; crystallizable Colour tests : difficulty alcohol 45" ; bitter dilates pupil ; very with from ; M.P. ; Concentrated sulphuric acid added to the aqueous solution, dark blue, poisonous. readily soluble. Hydrochloride not turning violet with more acid. bisulphide, ditficulty Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon benzene ; with Concentrated nitric acid, blood-red. in alcohol or water. ,, bydrnehloric acid, colourless ; on boiling, blue flocks Removed from alhiliiie solutions by benzene, etc. separate, the fluid becoming vinlet-red. Precipitants Fri'ihde's .solution, blood-red turning to violet-red. Alkaline hydrates, .soluble in e.'ccess. 100°; (h) SYRINGOPICRIN B.. C,,.H,,0,; ; amorphous, yellow ; M.P. below [Not lead acetate, neutral or basic] slightly acid reaction, bitter. Picric acid, yellow crystalline. in Platinum soluble on boiling. Soluble water and alcohol : not in ether. chloride, yellow ; Gold chloride, scduble on boiling. Absorbed by charcoal. [Potassium ferricyanide, reduced.] [Not precipitated by lead acetate, neutral or basic] Colour tests Tannic acid, pp. Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless, or yellow changing to reddish- [No reaction ferric chloride or Fehling's solution.] brown. Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet (greenish to brown. Kromayer). : ; DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OK PLANTS. 97 5-87 (r() per centage composition, C SS'Sfi H ; crys- 100° distils at MACROCARPINE A. ; (r') LYGUSTRON B. ; needles; M.P. rather over C, : blackens heating to 150° ; optically •ir)0°-'280': neutral, bitter. tallizes in yellow needles on neutral reaction stable in presence of acids ; otherwise de- Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. inactive ; ; Keduces ammoniacal silver nitrate. composes at 1(^0°. in alcohol, better in amyl alcohol ; not in water or ether. Taraxacnm, L. Dandelion) Com- Soluble § 214. TARAXACUM (Leontodon ; ; : }niK/t(i: The juice. Polex, Ai'cli. Fliiirm., 19, 50 ; Kromayer, Arch, Reactions (.. resinous mass. riiurm. [-J], 105, Alkaline hydrates decompose to [Not precipitated by basic lead acetate.] TARAXACIN B. ; crystalline ; readily fusible ; non-volatile ; neutral, bitter. Silver nitrate precipitates the pure base. Soluble in hot water, difficultly cold ; dissolved also by ether, which [Fehling's solution not reduced.] removes it from aqueous solutions. [No reaction Iodine tincture,] [Not precipitated by basic acetate of lead—Kromayer.] crystallizes in radiating needles ; alkaline ; action § 21:"). TAXUS baccata (Yew); Tar,area: Investigators: Hilger, (i) THALICTRINE A. ; Marmc, etc. like Acouitine. water. Soluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform ; scarcely in (ii) TAXINE A., C3.H,,„0,„N. Amorphous? (crystalline, Marme) ; M.P. ' alkaloid reactions.' 80°-82' odour bitter. Gives ; evolving aromatic ; Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless (?). Soluble readily in alcohol and ether ; also in chloroform (not as readily Fuming sulphuric acid, green. as 111 ether) ; in benzene (Hilger says insoluble in benzene) and carbon Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, deep green. bisulphide ; water dissolves traces. Insoluble in petroleum ether. Removed from alkaline solutions by benzene (see note above). Tern- § 218. THEA group. Thea Chinensis (Camellia Thea ; tea); Precipitants (slightly acid aqueous solution of T.) utro'meriaceir or Onnelliarea-. The leaves. Substances (a), (c), (/), (.7) hydrates. [Not gold chloride ? Hilger says Alkaline also Xanthine, Hypoxanthine, Adenine, and Quercitrin— for the latter Auimonia. see Quercus. The proportion of (a) is usually from 2 to ? 08 DICTIONARY OV THE ACTIVE PRINCH'LKS OF PLANTS. cardiac stimulant. Combines only with strong'acids ; salts only in acid [Concentrated hydrochloric acid, no effect. solution—the compounds with acids not being very stable. Fruhde's solution, colourless.] Solubility (authorities differ to some extent) of anhydrous Caffeine : CAFFEIDINE. from Caffeine by boiling with Baryta water; CVH,._.N40 1 in '.I.S cold water, 1 in 1(1 hot, 1 in 117 cold alcohol, 1 in 11(4 cold ether (6) 94'" (Caffeine+H.jO — ; crystals are obtainable; M.P. (Wernecke). (less readily in absolute ether) ; also in amyl alcohol, chloroform and CO.J The free base readily decomposes into Ammonia, Methylamine, and benzene ; scarcely in carbon bisulphide or petroleum ether. Removed by benzene and chloroform Cholestrophane. Salts crystalline. 1; from alkaline and acid solutions. Precipitants (precipitation imperfect) : (<) THEOPHYLLINE. [Not alkaline hydrates. „ ., carbonates. CVHsN.Oo+H.O.orCO ^O+HJ). } J|^h — C^:N- } „ ammonia.] Crystalline ; becomes anhydrous at 110 . Closely resembles Theinc. to [Tannic acid cloud ; insoluble in hydrochloric acid cold, but dis- which it may be converted by methylation. solved on warming.] Soluble in water and alcohol. [Picric acid, not dilute.] Ammonia dissolves readily. [Not ferric chloride.] Chlorine water gives on evaporation, a bright red, changing to violet [Platinum chloride only in very strong solutions, gradual crystalline with ammonia. pp. .soluble in about 20 parts cold water.] [Gold chloride, after some hours, yellow crystalline ]ip.] (rf) THEOBROMINE, [Fehling's solution, not reduced if pure.] C-H8NiO„,orCH3N-CH [Not .silver potassium cyanide. I : „ potassium bichromate, 1 in 3,000. COC-NCH., (E.Fischer). „ chromic acid 5 per cent, solution.] Ill' Phosphomolybdic acid, yellow. HN-C-N-CO. [Not phospho-antimonic acid.] Microscopic needles, subliming at 2110° without fusion : neutral reaction, [lodo-potassic iodide, dirty brown, but not dilute.] bitter ; similar physiological action to that of Theine ; feebly basic ; salts Bismuth-potassic iodide, 1 in 3,000. separate readily into acid and free alkaloid. [Not cadmium-potassic iodide. Solubility (authorities differ somewhat) : 1 in 1,C00 parts water at 0° „ zinc-potassic iodide. C, Ijilu at 2U', 00 boiling ; 1,400 cold alcohol, or about 50 boiling : very „ mercuric- potassic iodide.] difficultly soluble in cold ether (1 in 17,0Uo ?) or in about 600 boiling; less 10!) parts jVIercuric chloride, crystalline needles ; 1 in 1,000 after a time. with difficulty in amyl alcohol and chloroform (about of boiling Colour tests (mostly negative) : the latter ; scarcely in benzene ; insoluble in petroleum ether. [Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless (twenty-four hours). Precipitants Alkaline hydrates ) „ ,. ., with sugar, no effect. - i ui i li . > pp. soluble m e.^icess, rorming salts. ' ' = „ „ „ with potass, bichromate, no effect. Ammonia ) ' neutral lead acetate, but carried matter,-s from ,, ,, „ with nitric acid, colourless. [Not down with other Nitre added after ten to fifteen hour.s' solution in sulphuric acid, an aqueous extract of cocoa by ba>:ir lead acetate.] acid, only cloud in dilute solutions.] colourless. ] [Tannic picric Concentrated nitric acid, colourless ; but on evaporation over water- [Not acid.] bath and cautious addition of ammonia, purple (murexide test). [Not ferric chloride.] This reaction is more sensitive when Chlorine or Bromine water is Platinum chloride, brown flocks, slowly 1 in 3,iX>0. substituted for the nitric acid, avoiding excess. Gold chloride, slowly needles. : : DICTIONARY Of THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS. 99 sublimable, tasteless, odourless. Silver nitrate, crystalline pp., gradually (C^HgNjOo-AgNO.,), charac- (h) TRIANOSPERMITINE A. Crystalline, terislic. Soluble in ether, with difficulty in alcohol, not in water. 1 in Potassium bichromate, clond, then gradual pp. ; amorphous at 2-2(1. Li'c/uminosa. seed. § TRIGONELLA foenum Grascum ; The iiOOO. TRIGONELLINE A. (The methylbetaine of nicotinic acid : isomer of Von Phospho-molybdie acid, yellow. Gerichten's pyridine-betaine). Crystallizes in flat prisms from alcohol, Phosphotungstic acid in large excess, slimy pp. loses water at 100° and decomposes on further heating. Neutral reaction, Phospho-antimonic acid, cloud 1 in 1,000. deliquescent. [lodo-potassic iodide, cloud, pp. if concentrated.] Very soluble in water. Insoluble in ether, chloroform or benzene. [Bisrauth-potassic iodide, cloud.] Reactions [Not cadmiura-potassic iodide.] [No |ip. picric acid.] [Not mercuric-potassic iodide.] Red coloration with ferric chloride. cloud at .Mercuric chloride, pp. in strong solutions, white crystals ; [No pp. platinum chloride.] 1 in 3,000. [No pp. mercuric chloride.] Colour tests (mostly negative) : asthmatica Asrlejiiadacea;. Ipecacuanha sub- Concentrated sulphuric acid, colourless (24 hours). §221. TYLOPHORA ; stitute. East Indies. The root. Investigated by D. Hooper. „ „ ,, with nitric acid, unchanged. Concentrated nitric acid, colourless. TYLOPHORINE A. Crystalline, alkaline, emetic. Forms neutral salts. Friihde's solution, colourless. Soluble in ether (by which it may be removed from alkaline solutions), Evaporated with chlorine water, etc. (murexide test), as Theine. sparingh' in water. ' Precipitated by usual alkaloid reagents.' (p) CAMELLIN G., C^jHgjO,,,. From the seeds of Camellia Japonica. action ferric chloride.] Soluble in .alcohol. [No Feliling's solution, reduced. Colour tests Concentrated sulphuric acid, reddish-brown, changing to green, then Concentrated sulphuric acid ( ''^ blue. Concentrated nitric acid ' ) with potass, bichromate, violet-brown. ^, „ (,/) ASSAMIN G. From the seeds of Thea Chinensis, var. Assamica. with potass, permanganate, decoloration. ,^ „ Produces tetanus. portion soluble, with Concentrated nitric acid, purplish-red ; (.'/) ASSAMIC ACID G., C,,H,,,0|„. Yields Sapogenin (see Saponaria), orange colour. 45'.'>'i |icr cent., and glucose -tJi'Tilj per cent. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, yellow solution. Soluble in water, gelatinous pp. by alcohol. Frijhde's reagent, bright green. Precipitated by neutral and basic lead acetate. §222. TJRECHITIS suberecta; Apori/nacecv (called 'Nightshade' in Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow^vred^vblue-^^violet. Nevx, lliO. Jamaica). The leaves. Investigator : Bowrey, Chein. 37, Fuming nitric acid, yellow. four-sided (a) URECHITING. CgUj.pg -(- Aq. Cystallizes in needles or i? -'1'.i. filicifolia Brazil. The root. poisonous. Gives TRIANOSPERMA ; Cururhilarew. 1 in ; very prisms ; very bitter (perceptible 40,000) Investigator: Peckolt, Arr!,. P/iarm. [2], 63, 104. sugar on treatment with acids. in hot alcohol, easily in chloroform, also in amyl alcohol, ether, (u) TRIANOSPERMINE A. Crystallizes and sublimes in needles ; alkaline; Soluble or dilute alcohol. sharp tn«te. no odour. benzene, glacial acetic acid ; not in water successively to orange, Soluble ill water and alcohol, not in ether. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, changing agents hasten colour changes. Precipitated by platinic chloride. red, mauve, purple ; oxidizing : 100 niCTIONAliV OF TlIK ACTIVE rRINCIlM.ES OT PLANTS. (b) URECHITOXIN G., (.'ii.HooOs; possibly a derivative of (a). Less Reactions : readily crystallizable than latter. Acids give sugar and Urechitoxetin. Alkaline hydrates dissolve with gradual red coloration : acids precipi- Soluble in cliloroform, amyl alcohol, ether, benzene (less readily in last tate fiom the solution a hiHfrle.^s substance. difficulty in Ammonia dissolves, solution turning gradually red. two than is the case with («), also in petroleum ether ; with water, and not in dilute alcohol. Chlorine water, yellow coloration. Removed from alkaline solutions by petroleum ether, contrary to the No colour with concentrated sulphuric acid. behaviour of most similar substances. § 22fi. VERATRUM group ; Melnnthnrpn (Colihirarfre). V. album Precipitated by basic lead acetate. (White Hellebore), alkaloid (6) principally ; also (//), (./), (/), (m), small Concentrateit sulphuric acid, as (a). quantitv (/.), trace (li), (i). V. viride ((Ireen Hellebore), (//), ( /|, («), ( ; officinale, Schecht), (A). ('/). Black Helle- gators : Uademacher and Fischer. Brandt Veratrum («), ('), [For bore see Helleborus, linnimrulareir,'] Investigators numerous ; mention USTILAGINE A. Bitter : physiological action resembles that of Ergot. should be made of Wright and Lulf who have recently done so much Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. towards removing the obscurity surrounding these alkaloids. Reactions : Ferric chloride, dark yellow coloration. (a) VERATRINE A. (Merck's Veratrine ; Wright and Luff's Cevadine : Precipated by merciiric-polassic iodide. not Couerbe's Veratrine), CuH|.,XO,i (W. and L.). Needles or compact acid, changing to intense green. alcohol (varni-sh from ether); M.P. 2(15' (W. and L.) Concentrated sulphuric brown crystals from ; Asiatica) ; Umbellifera:. Investi- reaction, taste ; odour, but produces violent sneezing § 224. VALLARIA (Hydrocotyle alkaline burning no ; gaior; Lepiue, Journ. Pharm. [:lj, 26, 47. dilates pupil ; poisonous ; solutions fluorescent ; without action on polar- saponification, ; thickens ized light. On methyl crotoni acid, C,HjCH,'COOH, and VELLARIN B. yellow, oily, neutral, bitter; strong odour ; and ; a base Cevine, C.^HjiXO^, are obtained. Salts mostly amorphous (picrate, darkens on exposure. double salts have been obtained crystallized Merck). water. gold, and |jlatinum — E. Soluble iu alcohol, ether, volatile and fatty oils ; emulsion with Soluble in alcohol, ether, chlorufoim, amyl alcoh'jl, benzene ; with Reactions : difficulty in petroleum ether, not in cold water, 1 in l,l)Oil boiling Alkaline hydrates, insoluble. (Pelletier and (Javentou). Ammonia, soluble (acids precipitate). Removed from arid solution by chloroform, from alkaline solution also 22.".. dealbata Lichcnesi. Substance (n). Investi- § VARIOLARIA ; by benzene, and in traces bj' petroleum ether. substance (i), : amara, gator Robiquet, Ann. Chcni. P/ii/n., 42, 2.%. V. Precipitants Alms, Ann. 67" w. Phann., 1, (U fVogel, N. Jahrb. Plwrm., 8, 201. •. • Alkaline hvdrates 7 • i i ^ ii, 1 1 t^ P'"^'^'P''^tion not complete in the cold, Uupuy. (o) VARIOLARIN B.; crystallizes in needles, subliming with some decom- bonates I position. „ bicarbonates, if no free carbonic acid. Soluble in alcohol and ether, not in water. Ammonia, somewhat soluble in excess. [see (cloud 1 in difficultly .=oluble No coloration with alkalies (?')]• Tannic acid, gradually at 5,000) ; pp. „ „ „ concentrated sulphuric or other acids. in dilute hydrochloric .acid. 1 in 1,II00 (a crystalline picrate is obtain- (6) PICROLICHENIN B., Cj-jHooO,; (Vogel and Wutb). Transparent rhom- Picric acid, amorphous pp. able however). bohedric crystals; M.P. 111° ; not volatile without decomposition ; acid Ferric chloride, pp. in hydrochloric acid solution. to litmus ; bitter, odourless. Sp. gr. I'lTO. chloride, in very dilute solution.] Soluble i>i alcohol, ether, carbon bisulphide, volatile and fatty oils, hot [Platinum not Gold chloride (the double salt melts at lf*2'). glacial acetic acid ; difficultly in hot water and not in cold. : : niCTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OP PLANTS. 101 [Potassium sulphocyanide, if concentrated.] (c) SABADILLINE A. of Weigelin (Cevadilline of Wright and Luff ; but silver potassium cyanide, amorphous 1 in 3,000 to 0,000. identity not thoroughly established), CoijHonX.jOj ( W. and L.'a Cevadilline, (.') : (varnish, taste Chromic acid per cent., solution). C34H5:,NOi)) crystals from benzene W. and L.) ; sharp ; Potassium bichromate, at 1 in 3,000, gradually. strongly alkaline reaction (Couerbe) ; non-sternutatory (Hubschmann) ; Phospho-raolybdic acid (cloud at 1 in .'),000). M.P. 2O0" (Couerbe). boiling), in alcohol, amyl alcohol, benzene : „ antimonic acid, 1 in 1,000, dirty flocks ; cloud at 1 in 5,000. Soluble in water (143 parts lodo-potassic iodide, kermes coloured pp. with difficulty in petroleum ether, and not in ether. [Bismuth-potassic iodide, not dilute.] Removed by amyl alcohol and benzene from both acid and alkaline Cadniium-potassic iodide, completely. aqueous solutions petroleum ether abstracts traces from an alkaline ; [Zinc-potassic iodide, very slight pp.] solution. ivlercuric-potassic iodide, yellowish-white cloud at 1 in pp. ; 5,000. Reactions chloride, but 1 in the double salt 172°. Mercuric pp., not 500 ; has M.P. [No pp. alkaline hydrates. Chlorine water, yellow coloration golden with ammonia. ; „ „ carbonates. Bromine water, cloud at 1 in 5,000. „ ammonia. carbonate. Colour tests : „ ,, 1 Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, changing to carmine. ,, picric acid, in 150. ferric chloride. „ ,, „ with potass, bichromate, reddish-brown. ,, sugar, platinum chloride, 1 in 150. „ ,, ,, with gradually deep greed, then ,, deep blue (characteristic, Weppen). „ gold chloride dilute. sulphocyanide, 1 in 150. Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, cherry red. ,, potassium ferricyanide, 1 in 150. ., nitric acid, yellow. „ „ acid, boiling, intense red. bichromate, 1 in hydrochloric deep violet ; on ,, „ 150.] Friihdes solution, yellow becoming cherry red (24 hours). Phosjjho-molybdic acid, pp. ; cloud at 1 in 5,000. [No pp. potassic iodide.] (i) JERVINE A. (Simon and Will's, and Wright and Luff's Jervine), lodo-potassic iodide, kermes coloured pp. Co6H,,N(),-fiH,0, \V. and L. (C3„H,oN,0;,+-2H,0, Will; or, C.^Ho.XO,, 1 in 5,000. Mercurio-potassic iodide, yellowish- white pp. ; cloud at Pehkscheii). Crystallizes in needles from alcohol; slightly Isevo-rotatory, [No pp. mercuric chloride, 1 in 150.] M.P. -'.'u -23',l (l'J0'-201°?) ; non-sternutatory ; sulphate very difficultly [No coloration chlorine water.] soluble. Bromine water, cloud at 1 in 5,000. Solubility (Pehkschen's figures, at temperature of 22°C), 1 in IG'8 [No pp. sodium phosphate.] alcohol, lio chloroform, 268 ether, 1,G25 benzene ; slightly in water and Colour tests : ethyl acetate ; not in petroleum ether. Removed from arid solutions by chloroform. Concentrated sul])huric acid, red. to reddish- „ ., with sugar, brown, changing tests „ Colour violet. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow becoming successively dark Concentrated sulphuric acid with nitric acid, gradually cherry-red. yellow, brownish-yellow, then greenish-brown. nitric acid, yellow. Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, blue. ,, hydrochloric acid, wine-red. with nitric acid, yellow then green. ,, ,, „ ,, Frcihde's solution, gradual reddish-violet. „ nitric acid alone, no effect. hydrochloric acid, no effect cold yellow on warming. (<1) SABADINE A., Co.iH^NOs (Merck) ; crystals like zinc sulphate in „ ; : : : lO-i DICTIONAKY or THE ACTIVE PlilNCIPLES OK PLANTS. appeiiiiince 238°-240° ; M.P. with decomposition. Greeu fluorescence in (h) COUERBE'S VERATRINE A.. C.,,H,,NO,, ; amor[)houa fvarnish) : M.P. sulpliiiric acid solution sternutatory. ; IHO" saponi- ; not fluorescent. Salts crystalline. Nitrate insolublo. On Soluble ill alcohol and ether readily, sparingly in petroleum ether. fication, a base Verine, C.,,ITj,,NOs, and Veratric acid (dimetbylproto- Reactions : catechuic acid) are obtained. Alliidine hydrates j ('oncentrated sulphuric acid, reaction similar to that with (a). ,, carbonates >• dissolve, but pp. on warming. Ammonia (/) VERATRALBINE A., C.jaH,;,NO;i ; amorphous; non-sternutatory. J Fluorescent Colour tests green solntion.s. Precipitated by sodium hvdrate and phospho-molybdic acid (cloud at Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, changing to blood-red, then violet. 1 in (Concentrated nitric acid, no colour. 3,5(10). Colours with sulphuric acid as with («)• (r/-J ) SABADININE A., C.^Hj^NOs (Merck) ; hair-like crystals from ether ; (/) PSEUDOJERVINE A,, C,,j,H,,,XO,.j. Pehkschen (Vemtrum album eave no (letiiiite M.P. ; non-sternutatory. •(KK; per cent, only) large rhombic crystals, blackened at 2.J9° C. f.30()'- Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and difficultly in ether. ; 307 , Salzberger) optically inactive. Reactions ; alcohol, benzene, 10 Alkaline hydrates ') Soluble in 184 parts absolute 4 chloroform, 372 petroleum ether, 1.021 absoln'e ether. „ carbonates [-as above. Precipitated by phospho-molybdic arid : cloud at 1 in 10,000. Ammonia J Mercuric-potassic iodide cloud at 1 in li.OOO. Concentrated sulphuric acid, persistent blood-red. ; Xo colours with acids when jiure, but if admixed with trace of Jervine, (() SABATRINE A. ; soluble in 40 parts cold water (DragendorfE), and in colorations due to latter are obtained. ether or ehloioform. 24()'-246°. (/.:) RUBIJERVINE A., C,,H„XO„-|-H,0 (Salzberger) ; M.P. Removed from alkaline solutions by chloroform, and in traces by petroleum ether. (Joneentrated sulphuric acid, red. Reactions: ) o , ,,,• (/) PROTOVERATRINE A., C3.B„X0„ (Salzberger): crystallizes in micro- S'll'-'i'^'"'"^- ^'^ 24.'j'-250^ Colour tests : i sconic four-sided plates ; M.P. ; sternutatory ; very poisonous. (,/) JERVIC ACID, from Jervine. Soluble with difficulty in boiling alcohol or in chloroform, slightly in hot ether ; insoluble in cold ether, benzene, petroleum ether. (;/) VERATROIDINE A., C5,H,8N.,0,6 (Bullock) ; or C,,,H,:,XO,, (Pehkschen). 149° Precipitants : Crvstalline ; M.P. about ; salts amorphous ; optically inactive. 22 Alkaline hydrates. Phospho-molybdic acid. Solubility at 'C ; alcohol dissolves in almost all proportions; 1 in 5'9 Ammonia. ., tungstic acid. chliiioforra, 11 absolute ether, 13 benzene: not soluble in petroleum ether. [Not tannic acid.]* Cadmium-potassic iodide.* Precipitated by mercuric-potassic iodide (cloud at 1 in ,"i,0()0), and by Picric acid. Mercuric-potassic iodide. most ulk;iloiil precipitants. [Not platinum chloride.] TNot mercuric chloride.] Colour tests : (iold chloride. Concentrated sulphuric acid, yellow, becoming successively orange and Colour tests red, with green Huorescerice. * Concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves slowly with gradual green, Concentrated sulphuric acid and sugar, brown? (violet, Muter). then blue, coloration ; violet after some hours. „ with nitric acid, gradually cherry-red. ,, „ Concentrated sulphuric acid with sugar, greenish turning to brown. „ nitric acid alone, transient rose colour, then vellow. in Hydrochloric acid 11 per cent., rose colour. (H() PROTOVERATRIDIflE A., C^eHj^XOs (Salzberger); crystallizes Frilhde's solution, graiually cherry-red. See Protoveratridine. : ;: DICTKlXAIlV OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPI.E.S Ol' PLANTS. io:j four-sided mieniscopic 2lii plates ; JI.P. non-stermitatory ; non- Ammonia hydrate dissolves slowly ; Vicine becomes bluish-gray in poisonous ; bitter. an ammoniacal atmosphere, or purple in dry ammonia gas. Soluble scarcely in alcohol, chloroform, methyl alcohol, or acetone, Concentrated nitric acid causes it to swell up ; soluble after evapora- and not ui ether, benzene, or peti'oleuui ether. tion, the residue from which becomes violet around the edges. Precipitants (i) CONVICINE A., C,„H„N30;-f H,,0. Ammonia. Phospho-tungstic acid. Soluble with ditticulty in water or alcohol. Tannic acid. [Not cadmium-potassic iodide.] Precipitated completely by mercuric nitrate. Picric acid. ' ivlercuno-potassic iodide. {<) DIVICINE A., C„H-,„N.„,Oi,; ? from (a) by boiling with 'JO [Not platiuum chloride.] [Not Millon's reagent.] percent, sulphuric acid. Colour tests Concentrated sulphuric acid, violet, becoming cherry-red. 2'M). album (Phoradendron Mistletoe), § VISCUM ; Loranthamr ; Hydrochloric acid, light red on warming, an odour of isobutyric Atractylis gummifera, Compositce ; Gentiana lutea, Geiilianacecv ; Lychnis acid being perceptible. viscosa, C'ar!/o/j/ii/llwc 2'27. nigritiana Cowpoxitiv— (' ' tylites, Saxifriii/uceo: § VERNONIA ; Tiihulijionr Batiatior or ' Batjentjor ') ; W.Africa. Investigators: Heckel and Schlagdenhau lieu. VISCIN ; (Rheinsch, N. Jahrb. Pharm., C.„U,fis 14, 12;») ; thick viscid VERNONIH G. ; amorphous white powder giving a resinous substance, 100° substance ; on heating to becomes more fluid ; acid reaction, nearly CjHii.O;,, and sugar on hydrolysis. Cardiac poison „\jth power of tasteless ; sp. gr. I'O. Digitalin. Soluble in ether. Soluble in alcohol, slightly in ether and chloroform. 2:11. {Verhenareiv). (Jouceutrated sulphuric acid, brown, becoming purple (lasting for § VITEX agnus castus several hours). CASTINE A. ; crystalline. Soluble in alcohol and ether, not in water. Hydrochloride crystalliue. § -J'-'H. VIBURNUM prunifolium. VIBURNIN 13. (possibly G.) ; brown, resinous, bitter. § 232. XANTHIUM strumaria ; Componhr. The seeds (A. Zander Soluble in alcohol. Pharm. Z. Rii>^sl., 18«1). -2"J. sativa (Tares) Lef/uiniiiosn' — seeds. § VICIA ; Pajiliiimacea: The XANTHOSTRUMARIN G. poisonous ; succinic odour on ; warming. Investigators: Kitthausen, Berk-lite il. <-h. (?«,?., 1870 E. Schultze, and ; Soluble in alcohol and ether. others. In addition to («), (*), and (<) the following have been found Precipitants : by E. Schultze: Aspauagine Veunine, C'i«H.,„N803 3fI._,0, which ; + [Alkaline hydrates, dissolve dark yellow.] gives Guanine with boiling hydrochloric acid ; Betaine (U-()06 percent.) ; Neutral lead acetate, yellow pp. Oholi.ne (U-OOlf) per cent.) ; and Ajiygdalin (see Prunus). [Not tannic acid.] («) VICINE A., CaHjiNiA, ? (Kitthausen). Crystallizes in needles, Ferric chloride, dark green pp. loses water on heating, then melts at 180°. Forms crystalline sulphate Silver nitrate, slight i-eduction on warming ; at once with ammonia. and hydrochloride. Cupric acetate, greeni.sh-blue pp. Soluble in 108 parts water at 22' C. insoluble in absolute alcohol, ; Fehling's solution, reduced after hydrolysis of the glucoside. but dissolves in hot commercial alcohol. Stannous chloride, Reactions pp. [Not tartar emetic] Alkaline hydrates Barium hydrate ) dissolve. § 233. XANTHOXYLON Senegalense, D.C. (Artar root ; variety of Calcium hydrate Prickly Ash) ; Xanllio.ri/lacece. Substance (a) 0-4 per cent, of the root, ; 104 DICTIONAIIY OF Tllli ACJTIVK I'lUNCIPLKS OK PLANTS. also an alkaloid crystallizing in blood-red needles ; soluble in water warm methyl alcohol dissolves it if the base be freshly precipitated. and forming yellow salts ; further, a crystalline substance, CmHioOj, Insoluble in water or benzene. resembling Culjebin. Some varieties of Xanthoxylou contain Berberine Precipitants : [Phospho-antimonic acid, slight pp., soluble in excess.] Bisiniith-potast-ic iodide, insoluble (see Berberis). red flocculent pp , in excess. a umpo is.sic io( i e rose-gray m / ((() ARTARINE A., CojHoaNOj (P. Giacoaa) ; amorphous ..gji^^ flocculent pp., insoluble in excess. JVlerciiric-potassic ' "^"^ ' becomes brown at 210", then melts at 240' with decomposition lodiue \ powder; ; fto yellow colourless bitter taste. Salts golden yellow. Hydrochloride precipitated by ether Chlorine water hydrochloride), tinge ; on from alcoholic solution. Free acids diminish the solubility of the salts. addition of ammonia. sulphuric acid, colourless. Soluble in ether, boiling amyl alcohol, and warm acetone; with diffi- Concentrated culty in warm chloroform, sparingly in boiling 98 per cent, alcohol Nitre added to the solution in sulphuric acid, blood-red. PART II. T A B U L x\ 1\ S U M M A K Y T^ABULAI? § 1 Achillea.] SUIVIM^RY. For full details of tests for any one substance, see Part I. ; for particulars of other substances giving similar reactions, see lists Part III. § 7 vEscui.us. Gold Chloride. Sundry Precipitant.s, et( no pp. j no pp. no pp. ferrous sulphate Qopp.neut.l insoluble basic, garnet red Febling's solution not pp. I reduced sol. in exes. iusoluble pp. yellow Mayer's solution, mercuric chloride, etc. |)|i. not if dilute yel. and carbonates no pp. pp. amorphs gradually' violet ; red with .sugar red-brown Mayer's solution, hydriodic acid, etc. (Ammonia - gela- pp. sol. in I pp. pp. and re- no colour Febling's solution reduced tinous pp.) e.xcess duction pp. pp. alcoholic potash to residue from Mayer's solution, mercuric chloride, etc. HNO:!, purple. silver nitrate (Fehling not reduced) pp. on heating no pp. pale yellow, no colours no colours Mayer's solution amorphous pp. no pp. no colours no colours (not phospho-molyb.). Mayer's soln., etc. (pp. carbonates) pp. yellow phospho-molybdic acid, white (Vitali's test : reddish-brown) pp. most alkaloid reagents (pp. ammonia) j'ellow-bn. yellow->~purple (permanent) Mayer's solution, white pp. (reduced) (reduced) Mayer's solution. Fehling reduced PP- j (reduced) (reduced) Mayer's solution. Fehling not reduced soluble yellow no pp. ! no pp. ( no pp. metallic salts) green tinge, ferric chloride (no decompositn.) pp. deep red deep blue picric acid, mercuric chloride, etc. ''.00,000 soluble pp basic. (no pp. metallic salts) lyellow ; red fluorescent 1 in 1, with AmHo soluble yellow pp. neutral silver nitrate reduced or basic decomp. gradually yellow ; red with water idem. acids pp. from aqueous solution See last column. TAllULAU SU.M.MAKV. § 8 ^thusa] TAUULAK SIMMARY. 109 [§ 19 Angostura. TAliUI.AK SUMMARY. § 20 Ant II EM IS.] TABULAR SU.MMARY. [§ 31 Akte.misia. Sulphuric .Vcid, Concentrated. pbospho-molybdic acid, Mayer's solution, pp. and carbo- pp. yellowish- brown pale yellow nates etc. (silver citrate reduced) soluble no pp. no action cold pp. basic pp. hot (not decolourized cold) chlorine or bromine water pp. and carbs. no no strong acids pp. from solution I pp. pp. nopp.neut. (ferric chloride, blue colour) charac. odour with warm dilute acid no pp. no pp. yellowish-brow n no usual reagents .soluble no pp. magnificent red on slow evapora- pp. tion insdliible yellow insoluble dilute acids soluble (violet with alcoholic HCl) soluble pp. basic (acids pp. from alkaline solution) idem, phospho-molylidic acid, Mayer's solution, no pp.' pp. difficultly soluble etc. cloud Mayer's solution, potassic iodide, etc. (ferric chloride, red colour) (ferric chloride, deep red colour) (Fehling's solution not reduced) pp. pp. neutral dark green pp. ^ive red com- blue becoming greenish jiound soluble silver nitrate, mercuric chloride pp. basicf PP- oxidizes (Friihde, brown ~vviolet-blue) soluble no pp. brown~<-green'>«'blue (blue fluorescence) salt diflf. sol. (sulphate crystalline) solution. ' The free alkaloid gives pp. + Alcoholic TABULAR SUMMARY. $ 3l' AsclepiadacejE.] TABULAR SUMMARY. 113 [§ 37 Atropa, etc. Caustic Alkalies. Tannic Acid. Gold Chloride, Sulphuric Acid, Concentrated. Sundry Precipitants, ETct 1.50°, soluble pp. colourless ; with Fe^Cle to dilute acids pp. slowly gradually violet soluble warm idem, violet-wgreen (dextro-rotatory) no pp. j'ellow, then green soluble yellow pp. and carbo- yellow- pp. no colour phospho-molybdic, mercuric chloride, nates white etc. pp. cunceutrated, pp. (not no pp. pp. (not very colourless colourless Mayer's solution, bromine, etc. sol. in excess very dilute) dilute) (soluble salt) (forms Tropidine) (alcoholic potash after evajiora- Picric acid, Mayer's solution, etc. tion with HN(.).,, yellow) partial pp. yellow- pp. concen- yellow-white colourless colourless phospho-molybdic, Mayer's solution, etc. white trated pp. idnu (M.P. 112°) (converts to Belladonnine; sodium chloride to acetic solution (pp. carbonate) pp. yel. powder yel. powder no pp. no pp. no pp. metallic salts 1 in 100 not 1 in 100 pale red 1 in colourless Mayer's solution, white. Copper sul- 100 phate. pp. soluble excess (pp. concntd.) yellow colourless ; odour on warming colourless phospho-molybdic acid, etc. (M.P. 191-191;) soluble hot phospho-molybdic, Kl-f I, etc. (pp. solid KHO) (PP- with cloud 1 in pp. sol. hot pp. colourless colourless hJeii, free 500 soluble yellow with bichromate, deep green yellow (gives fluorescent ,'!olutions) unchanged with bichromate, dark blue TABULAR KUM.MAUY. § 38 AURANTIACK.E.] TABULAR SUMMARY. [§ 40 Bryonia. Caustic Alkalies TABULAR SUMMARY. § 47 Cailcedra.] TABULAR SUMMARY. 117 [§ 57 Cassia. Cai'stk: Alkalies. TAIIU;.AK SUMMARY. § 58 Catechu.] TABULAR SUMMARY. § 68 Chiretta.] Caustic Alkalie Gold Chloride. Sulphuric Acid, Concentrated. Sundry Precipitants, etc. pp. white reduced pp. red- soluble warm, purple-red soluble red Green-brown, FerClo. Fehling, CuSO. (nl. or be.) brown fumes and AgNO:i reduced. Fehling reduced after boiling ill nil soluble red-brown'vv.cherry'>~violet no pp. metallic salts soluble yellow idem yields sugar and a resin no p)). nl. violet decomposed by acids, but no sugar formed picric acid pp. gray yellow-red red yellowish-red mercuric chloride, K. chromate, etc. violet phospho-molybdic, bromine water, etc. pp. soluble yellow idem excess pp. no pp. nl. pp. dark green on warming pp. idem pp. blue->A.violet'>~red soluble pp. basic (no pp. ferric chloride) no pp. (Fehling's solution not reduced) soluble yellow pp. neutral Fehling's solution reduced TABU[,AK SUMMAKY. § ()',» CllliVSANTHEMUM.] TABULAR SUMMARV. 121 [§ 61( Cinchona. Sulphuric Acid, Concentrated. St'NDRY PreCIPITANTS (not phospho-molybdic), Mayer's solu- no pp. dilute no pp. no pp. yellow, sol. hot tion red Fehling reduced ; ferric chl., green coin, soluble yellow pp. neutral I fluorescent) colourless Mayer's solution, limit 125,000 pp. no pp. 1 yellowish pale yl. pp. yellow pp. (colourless, (gives thalleioquin reaction) oily pp. faintly) pp. soluble excess ( >i 11 » ,. ) (fluorescent) ! pp. ( „ . .„. „ colourless Mayer's solution, limit ('>00,nO(l pp. no pp. yellowish I lemon pp. ' lemon pp. colourless insoluble pp. crystalline ammonia pp. resinous pp. resinous ammonia thalleioquin reaction gradual |)p. i(reactions like those of Qninicineli no pp. tartrate (fluorescent solutions) colourless gives thalleioquin test (no pp. bicarbo- pp. pale yellow lemon colourless (fluorescent in dilute' natescold) acid) pp. difficultly sol. j idem, idem fluorescent I ' ' colourless no thalleioquin reaction pp. insoluble 1 pale orange yellow colourless (not fluorescent) not fluore.scent PP- 1 not fluorescent I jintense greenlMayer's solution, phospho-molybdic, etc. pp. and carbonates pp. yellow dark green amorphous dark green idem pp. insoluble pp. idem yellowish-green acetic solution ppd. by nitric acid yellowish pp. yl. amorphs. (acetic soln. not ppd. by sulphuric)| TAliULAR SUMMARY. § oil CiN'CUIONA.] TAIIULAR SUMMARY. 123 124 TAHULAR SUMMARY. § 72 CdCCULUs Ind.] TABULAK su^r.MAHy. 125 [§ 80 CoKYUALIS. O'austic Alkalie Tannic Acid. rtURlc Acid, Conce I'RKCIPITANTS, ETC. no pp. (pp. conontd.)| iodo-potassic iodide, etc. pp. pp. pp. potass, permanganate, violet pp. soluble no pp. yellow ; bichi'omate, violet Langley test, (Fehling reduced) vermilion ; see Part I. pp. pp. soluble excess no pp. ip. and re- duction soluble no pp. pp. (soluble ammonia) no ]ip. pp. no pp. no pp. pp. no pp. no pp. soluble (soluble ammonia): no pp. no pp. ? no pp. -soluble soluble no pp. no pp. basic, I pp. no pp. not nl. pp. soluble excess pp. yellow pp. ' no pp. nl. 126 TAIiULAU SDJIMAUY. § 81 CORYNOf'AKPUS] TABULAR SUMMARY. 127 [§ 93 EcliALIUM. Caustic Alkalies. Tannic Acid. Sulphuric Acid, Coxcentra soluble dark rose on warming no pp. no pp. red no pp. : pp. -brown pp-("i-) red : no pp. (be.) pp. 1 in oOO no ]ip. dilute no pp. —^ —> I soluble yellow pp. (basic) ... j soluble red pp. (neu- tral) soluble yellow pp. yellow no pp. pp. insoluble pp. greenish excess (pp. ammonia) pp. nl. or pp. basic soluble soluble 128 TAliULAK SIMMAKV. § !i7 Ergot.] , TABULAR SUMMAUV. [§ 114 Gl.YCYRRIlIZA. Sundry Preciimiants, etc. Tannic Acid. ^htZ'J'™ Gold Chloride. Sulphuric Acid, Concentrate no pp. pp. phospho-molybdic, etc. no pp. nl. pp. (pp. concntd.) pp. idem. Mercurous chloride no pp. pp. yellow pp. dark red red-violet in pre.sence of ether idem(jaot mercurous chloride) PI'- PP- colours no metallic salts soluble no pp. pp.' no colours no pp. violet phospho-molybdic, dirty green pp. white pp. white with permanganate, yellow-v"- red-brown yellow Mayer's soln., phospho-molybdic, etc.* ; not other precipitants soluble no pp. iuBoluble soluble picric acid no pp. nl. red-brown light yellow (difficultly soluble in acids) slightly soluble yellow-brown 1 yellow ferric chloride, gieen~>.yellow pp. soluble yellow yellow pp.jj yellow idark violet red~»-yellow >/>.colourless pale yellow yellow Mayer's solution, red-yellow pp. p p. and carbonates ... ! yellow pp. other metallic salts nl., (reduced) yellow-red decomposes no pp. soluble yellow j no (reduced) pp. j basicj 1 pp. soluble warm! insoluble momentary (hydrochloric acid, I crimson (Fehling's solution, not reduced) soluble yellow no pp. yellow on warming neutral red colour with sol. alcohol soluble forms compound PbO, metals, soluble red (precipitates from solution) salts of heavy p]). solution. Alcoholic solution. t Alcoholic solution ; no pp. nqueous 17 130 TABULAR SUMMARY. § 115 GONOLOPUS.] TABULAR SOMMAKV. 131 1;^2 Lactuca. Caustic Alkalies. TAlilll.AK SUMMARY. § I'.Vi LaSEKI'ITIUM.] I'AllULAR SUMMARY. [§ 150 MlK.\NIA. TAnUI.AR SUMMAHY. § 152 MORRENIA.] Water. Otheb SoLVEvra. Morrenine morrenia A dark bn.,amorphs. 10(5 bitter soluble soluble ' ... ] eoluble amyl alcohol Nandinia Nandinine A Ci,,Hi,,N04 amorphous insoluble soluble soluble ] i soluble benzene Narthecin Xartiie- B crystalline 35 acid biting scarcely ! soluble CIUM Nerium 'Conessine A C,,H,oN whitish powder 122 bitter difficultly difficultly scarcely carb. bisulphide Oleandrine A yellow, resinous above 56 bitter soluble* soluble scarce.?* soluble oils Cnot benzene) Rosaginin G (N free) microscopic crys. 171 insoluble soluble insoluble insoluble 'Melanthiii G C„„H:„0, crystalline 205 slightly scarcely soluble scarcely slightly scarcely benzene bitter hot 27° Damasceniue A C.,oH,,NO, 'crys. below C, alkaline insoluble easily easily CSo, benzene, etc. NuPHAU Nupharine C„H„,N.,0., ; ... A amorphous 65 not I b.f soluble soluble i soluble amyl alcohol, acetone ' Ononis Ouonia G C„oH..,,Oi,, micrcs. prisms,etc., 235 ... | not b. insol. cold difficultly insoluble i Ononid B Ci„H..,0„ dark yellow, ... acid i slightly soluble | soluble I amorphous ' bitter ; Opium Morpliine A Ci,H,,,NO,,-H20 rhombic prisms about 230 alkaline' bitter slightly 40 cold scarcely scarcely, warm amyl alcohol purej lApomorphine A C„H„N0, Greenish cri stals alkaline difficultly soluble soluble soluble ' benzene purple violet I Pseudomor- C„H,„N0, needles or not not insoluble ' insoluble insoluble insoluble hot amyl alcohol phine A leaflets fusible bitter Nai'cotine neutral tastelesst ' A Ca^HaaNO, irhombic prisms or scarcely I soluble 166 cold readily benzene, etc. needles HydrocotarnineA[CiaHi5'NO.,-UH20 monoclinic prisms 50—55 alkaline i soluble soluble soluble benzene Cotarnine A C,.,H,,NO,-H.,0 radiating needles 132 diff. cold soluble readily Nartinic Acid , C.,„Hi„N..O, orange-coloured Cupronine A C.,„H,hK,0,; black powder HBr salt copper colour Tarnine A C„H.,XO, + UHoO orange needles sol. hot sol. hot insoluble Cuprine A Ci,H,NO.r copper colour sol. green sol. green insoluble Papaverine A CooH,iNO,, crystalline feebly scarcely 50 cold 258 soluble benzene, acetone, etc. prisms alk. Codeine A Ci„H,iNOh octahedra or 115 alkaline slightly 80 cold ' readily readily 10 amyl alcohol, benzene, prisms bitter't etc. iThebaine A Ci,,H3,N0,, needles or prisms 193 alkaline] sharp insoluble 10 cold 140 cold 18 cold amyl alcohol, benzene Authorities differ. t Salts are bitter. ! Pure chloroform ; easier if containing alcohol. TABULAR SUMMARY. [§ ]5;i Opium. TAIlUi'.AK SUMMAKV. § 161 Panax.] TABULAR SUMMARY. 137 [§ Itlf) Pakmelia. Sundry Precipitants, etc. ' Tannic Acid. Gold Chloride. Sulphuric Acid, Concentrated. insoluble in ammonia slightly soluble! blue red pp. idem soluble 1 blue ; colourless with water not yellow phospho-molybdic, Mayer's solution, etc. pp. difficultly cloud 1 in yellow brown (blood-red or blue if soluble 3,000 crystals pure) j carbonates, mercuric chloride, salt red-purple red-purple alkaline pp. slightly I pp. soluble yellow etc. soluble I yields Cotarnine with ferric chloride red Mayer's solution, ammonia pp. insoluble pale yellow yellow resinous gn. ; violt. hot alkaline bicarbonates, pp. pp. soluble e.xcessj green difficultly soluble i,km. yellowwred dirty yellow olive-green with H.SOj ammonia, pp. red ammonia, insoluble soluble (salt M.P. colourless or pale violet resinifies, pp. 182°) thenyl. to red grad. yellow iodo-potassic iodide pp. insoluble soluble warm intense blue dark violet warm orange (ferric chloride, emerald colour) pp. soluble excess pink ; iodo-potassic iodide (sol. ammonia) ; pp. pp. insoluble ammonia, iodo-potassic iodide to violet at 150° C. (no colour ferric chloride) insoluble yellow red-bn. ; green purple on warming no pp. metallic salts soluble colourless ; coloration with ferric soluble (blood-red chloride) (soluble in ammonia) soluble (acids pp. from alkaline solution) soluble brown no pp. purple-red colourless Mayer's solution, phospho-molybdic, etc. pp. insoluble pp. colourless blue coloration) ' purple (ferric chloride, pp. crystalline yellow (deep red colourless~>-blue->~colourless coloration) violet blood-red 1 dilute acids give sugar, etc. acids give Paridin and sugar, soluble yellow dilute slight yellow (ferric chloride, purple-violet colour) soluble hot no pp. soluble, unchanged (alcoholic) soluble yellow- red violet TABULAR SUMMARY. § 168 Payta bark.] Alcohol of sp. gr. 0'939. TABULAR SU.M.MAKY. 14U TABULAR SUMMARY. § 182 Punica] 1 TABULAR SUMMARY. [§ 191 Rhinanthus. Caustic Alka pp. (not bicarbs.) pp. and bicarbo- nates j idew I pp. (not bicarbs.) soluble I pp. basic soluble pp. neutral no pp. r.i TAliULAU SU.M.MAUV. § 192 Rhus.] TABULAR SUMMARY. [S 207 SiNAPis. GoldChloride. SlLPHUBIC AciD, Cose soluble pp. neutral yl. pp.* ferric chloride, green black soluble, yellow pp. basic (reduced) pic.ac.formedj deep red solution no pp.* Fehling reduced gradual 3'ellow pp. basic brown with water, colour ; deep violet ferric chloride, no change ol. (decomposed) red pp. deep blue->~violet^A.red-«^.brown , blue~^.brown warmf copper sulphate, green pp. soluble red basic pp. idem sol. (decomposed) I ... I (dilute acids give soluble no volatile oil, etc. Fehling reduced on warming pp.§ red (water precipitates soluble no Rutilin) (FriJhde, magnificent violet) PI,. intense soluble red (ferric chloride, indigo-blue) yellow (no violet with Friihde) (ferric chloride, soluble frothy pp. blood-red) no lip. yellow-red to soluble violet Fehling reduced slowly gradual violet soluble Fehling, slight soluble pp. (alco- reduction dark red ; violet soluble holic) warm Fehling reduced soluble pp. basic no pp. brown (fluorescent green) concentrated HCI, gradual green pp. red-brown I yellow'wgn. (hygroscopic) red~>-brown !yl. gn. warm pp. ; pp. by most alkaloid reagents pp. soluble yellow colourless colourless Fehling reduced after decomposition transient red Fehling reduced, some CuS formed (ferric chloride, blood-red warm) jpp. neutral Alcoholic solution. t Pp. due to Crocetii), hydrolysis taking place. t Volatile oil produced. § Basic lead acetate pp. if concentrated. TAHULAR SUMMAHY. § 208 SOLANUM.] TABULAK SUMMARY. 145 [§ 218 TlIEA. Acid, Concentrated. Sundry Precipitanth, pp. amorphous pp. not dilute reduced light reddish-yellow colourless <>»• phospho-molybdic, etc. purple-u*. colourless PP- jelly (salts difficultly soluble in water) no pp. pp. most alkaloid reagents soluble red-brown pp. basic pp. red, then rose-colour decompose cloud yellow pp. yellow, then red purplish Mayer's solution, ammonia pp. soluble excess pp. idem colourless colourless picric acid, phospho-molybdic, etc. sol. green-yellow pp. gn.-yl. (no pp. mercuric chloride) Mayer's solution, etc. of colours see pale bn.; series no usual reagents soluble yellow no pp. no pp. yellow, then series ; pp. Part I. colours warm pp. insol. excess no pp. pp. yellow pp. colourless slight yellow Mayer's solution, ir)0,(IOO 5i:),()00 pp. (1 in 500) no ])p. pp. idem dirty yellow colourless with jiure acid blood-red /f/ idem pp. and carbs. | pp. pp. colourless soluble excess sol. sol. -wred greenish-yl. Picric acid, yellow crystals pp. | no pp. pp. hot pp. hot yellow -brown no pp. nl. idem no pp. metallic salts no pp. violet (Fehling not reduced) no pp. basic PP- no pp. ? intense purple-violet yellow-brown (Friihde, red-violet) I decomposed i no pp. basic silver-nitrate colourless (green with fuming i with HoSOj, gives reactions with alkaloid tests acid) deep green no pp. cloud pp. concen- gradually colourless (24 hours) ! colourless* imperfectly precipitated by reagents trated (soluble ammonia) idem ideiii closely resembles Theine I pp. soluble excess ! no pp. cloud slowly needls. colourless 24 hours idem silver nitrate, crystalline red red (Fehling reduced) yelloW'v~red->A,blue'v«.violet l yellow (yields Sapogenin) * See test. Part I. TAHULAR SUMMARY. § 219 Trianosperma.] ( TAliULAR SUMMARY. [§ 23rl Xanthoxylon. Caustic Alkalies. Tannic Acid. Gold Chloride Sulphuric Acid, Concentrated. Sundry Precipitanth, etc. red-brown-^green-wblue purple-red pp. usual reagents no pp. (ferric chloride, red colour) yellow~vred'>~mauve~>'purple (oxidizing agents hasten colours with sulphuric acid) pp. basic khiii brown vN.intense green (ferric chloride, dark yellow colour) insoluble (acids pp. from ammoniacal soln.) (soluble in ammonia) (no colour) colourless colourless sol. f;iadual red colourless (soluble in ammonia, red) pp. incomplete pp. not dilute (salt M.P.182' yellowwcarraine yellow iodo-jiotassic iodide, etc. yellow to greenish-bi'own no effect (HoSOj with sugar, blue) no pp. not dilute not dilute red yellow phospho-molybdic, Mayer's solution soluble (pp. hot) yelloW'«>-blood-red'>«'Violet no colour (soluble in ammonia, pp. on heating) persistent blood-red yellow->~orange-red (fluorescent) transient rose pp. most alkaloid reagents v>.yellow no colours if pure no colour phospho-molybdic, Mayer's solution pp. no pp. no pp. gradual green~vblue~>-violet idem (pp. ammonia) pp. no pp. violet~»-cherry-red picric acid, Mayer's solution brown~^purple soluble (violet after (dry NH3, purple) evaporation) soluble yellow pp. yellow ferric chloride, dark green ])p. colourless (blood -red with KNO3) Mayer's solution, etc. PA1!T III. C L AS^^IFICAT I ON OF REACTIONS, ETC- .Taborine. Trigonelline, very. Fabianin. 1. REACTION WITH ALKALINITY TESTS. Laburniue. Vlerine, very. [Fustin, sol. hot.] The behaviour towards litmus is so easily seen on reference to column (J, Lobeliine. [Valdivine, hot.] Gentiopicrin. in Part II., that another list here appears unnecessary. [Lu])anine.*] [Violine,df.] Globularin. Towards Phenolphthalein, it is interesting to note that nearly all Lupinidine. Gratiowlin. solutions of their salts being indicated as if the alkaloids are neutral ; Glucosides. Lycoctonine. Helicin, 1 in ((4. acids were free. The following are exceptions, i.e., react alkaline lo Macrocar|)ine (?). Achillein. Indican. liheiiulpltlliakiii . Mandragorine. Adonin. Loliin. Atropine. Hyoscine. Methylpelletierine. Amygdalin. [Menyanthin, df.c, sol. Coniine. Hyoscyamine. [Morrenine.*] Aphrodtescin. hot.] Homatropine. Nicotine. Jluscariiie oc. Apocynein. [Murrayin, df.c, sol. See Plugge, A n-h. Phi •; [3], 25, 45. Nicotine. [Arbutin, df.c, sol. hot.] Pelletierine. hot.] Naringin, 1 in 300. [Asclepiadin, df.] Paristyphnin. 2a. SOLUBILITY IN WATER. Piliganine. Pilocarpidine. [Asebotin, df.] Pinipicrin. foltincinrj suhstaiires are niiluhle in iraler, and may be regarded as Tlie Pilocarpine. Bergenin. Propffiscinic acid. exception.s, for the greater number of the A., U. and B. are insoluble. Piperidine oc. Bryonin. Rhamnin (j-ellow). cc in all proportions those in italics are very soluble ; = miscible ; Those Piturine. Cathartic acid Rhinanthin. cold. brackets are soluble with difficulty ; df.c.=ditficuUly in Pseudaconine. Chamslirin. [Robinin, df.c, sol. Calabarine. Dibromapophylline. Pseudopelletierine. Colocynthin. hot.] Alkaloids. Cedrine. Ecboline. SahailiUine, very. Coniferin, 1 in I'JG. Salicin. Acolyctine. Chrysanthemine. Eegonine, very. Sabadinine. Convallamarin. Saponin. Aoonine. Codeine, 1 in 80. Echitamiue. Sabatrine. Convolvulin. Scoparin. greenish - Anagyrine. [Colchiceine, df.c, sol. [Ephedrine.*] Sinapine thiocyanide Coriamyrtin. yellow. .\recaidine. hot.] Ergotine. (yellow). Crocin, reddish-yellow. Sinalbin. [C'yclamin.] Arecaine. Colchiei lie, very. Erythrophloeine. Sophorine. Sophorin. .Ireeoline. Conhydrine. Glaucopicrine. Spigeline. [Datiscin, df.c, sol. Slroiihanthin. in 100. Guaebamanine. [Staphisagrine, 1 in hot.] Thevetin. 1 in 122. 1 Aspidosperraatine. Coniine, 1 Digitalein. 'Atropine, 1 in 200. Cuprine. Guvacine. •JOO.] Amaroids, etc. '[Bacharine, df.c] Curarine. Heliotropine. Theine. 1 in 98. [Digitalin.*] Digitonin y^. Agoniapicrin. Berberine, 1 in )^0U. Cynapine. Hyoscyamine. Theophylline. Caffeine. Ci/tisine CD. Isopelletierine. Trianospermine. Echugio. .Authorities iliffer. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. 149 SOLCBILITV.] [SOLUIilLITV. Andromedotoxin. Hydroelaterin. Ophelic acid. Carobin. [Meconin, 1 in 7oO c, Amaroids, etc. Angelin. Hyfenanchin. Panaquilon. Echitin, 1 in 1,430. sol. hot.] [Anemonin, df.c, sol. JunipicriD. Picrocrocin. [Anemonin, df.c, sol. Glycyrrhizin, sp. [Oreoselon, df.] hot.] Karakin. Picroto.xin. hot] [Hydrocarotin, c, sol. [Rottlerin, df.] 1 Antiarin, 1 in 250. [Lactucin, df.c, Quassiin, 1 in 22'2. Cantharidin, in 800. hot.] Avistolochin. hot.] Rottlerin. [Carapin, not easily.] Linariu. Scillipicrin. 2c. SOLUBILITY IN ETHER. [Carobin, sol. hot.] Meconoisin. [Sikimin ?] More of the alkaloids and bitter principles (amaroids) are soluble than Kcbalin. Melonemetin. Syringopicrin. insoluble in ether ; the first two lists at foot give substances of these Elaterin, df.".] Mudarin. Tanacetin. classes that are insoluble or difficultly soluble. With regai'd to gluco- Glycyrrhizin. Odollin. Tulucunnin, I in 150. sides, however, the reverse is the case ; in fact gluco«ides are almost [Guacin, df.c, sol. hot.] Ononid. Vaccinin. invariably insoluble in ether; the third list below gives exceptions to this rule. 2b. SOLUBILITY IN ALCOHOL. Cinchonine, very df. Labnrnine, very df. ghicosides are as a rule soluble in alcohol Alkaloids insoluble Alkaloids, amaroids, and ; C'onessine. [Lanthopine, df.] inxdluhh snluble. in ether, or diffi- the following are exceptions, i.e, are or difficultly Cryptopine. Laudanine, 1 in 647. scircely, sparingly, abs.= cultly soluble. c. = cold, b. = hot, df. = difficultly, sc. = sp. = [Cupreine, df.] Laurotetanine, sp. absolute alcohol. Acolyctine. Cuprine. Morphine. Alkaloids. Oxynarcotine, df. h. [Crocin, df. strong Aconine. Curarine. Muscarine. Angeline. [Papaverine, df.c] alcohol.] Alpha-oxy -cinchonine. Cynapine. Narceine. Anthemine. Protovtratridine, sc. Cyclamin, sp. Anchietine. Cytisine. Oxynarcotine. Apophyllenic acid. Pseudomorphine. [Daphnetin, df.c] Angeline. Ecboline. Papaverine, 1 in 258. Arecaidine, sc. abs. Quebrachamine, df.c] [Digitonin, df.c] Anthemine. Ecgonine. [Piliganine, df.] I Arecaine. [Quebrachine, df.c] [Digitoxin, df.c] Apophyllenic acid. [Emetine, df.c, sol. Pilocarpidine. Calycanthine. Kheadine, sc. [Diosmin.*] Arecaidine. hot.] Protoveratridine. Chairamine, 1 in 540. Solanicine, sc [Fragariamarin, df.] Arecaine. Ergotine. Protoveratrine. [Chelidonine.*] Strychnine. [K''rangulin,df.if pure.] [Aribine, df.] Erythrophloeine. Pseudaconine, df. [Conessine, df.] Thaliclrine. [Fraxin, df.c] Artarine, df. hot. Fumarine. Pseudojervine, 1 in Cryptopine, l,"JOil c, Thebaicine, df. h. Gonolobin. Atherospermine. Geissospermine. 1,021. sol. hot.] Thebenine, df. h. [Helleborein, df.] Bacharine. [Glaucopicrine, df.] Pseudomorphine. [Geissospermine, df.c] Theobromine, 1,400 c. [Lupinio, df.] Beta-oxy-cinchonine. [Gnoscopine, df.] [Quebrachamine, df.] [Gelsemine, df.] Trianospermitine, df. [Myronate of potas- Brucine. [Harmaline, df.] [Quebrachine, df.] Guachanaauine. Vicine. sium, df.] [Chelidonine.*] [Harmine, df.] Rheadine, 1 in 1,280. [Harmaline, df.] [Ononin, df.] Chrysantheraine. [Homoquinine, df.] Sabadilliue. [Harmine, df.] Glucosides. [Rutin, df.c] [Cinchamidiue, df.] [Hydroquinidine, df.] Sinapine thiocyanide. [Laudanine, df.c] [Agoniadin, df.] [Saponin, df.c] Cinchonibine. [igasurine, df.] Solanicine, 1 in 2,000. [Lupanine, df.] [Amygdalin, df.J Sinalbin, c. [C'inchonidine, df.] Iraperialine, sp. Staphisagrine. Narceine, 1 in 1)45. [Coniferin, df.] [Smilacin, df.c] Cinchoniflne. Jervine, 1 in 268. Strychnine. Authorities difl'er. 150 CL.\SS11-ICATI0X "I- KEACTION;', ETC. SOI.UIilLITY ccnchi(h [Alkali XE Hydrates (3). Siirinamine. Carobin. [Quassiin, df.] Apoquinine, sol. xs. Delphinine, cb., insol. Paytine, df. sol. xs. Tarnine. Chrysin. Soillotoxin. Aribine, cb. xs. Pelletierine. Thebaicine. Cnicin, sc. Sennapicrin. Aricine, cb. Diapocinchonine. [Pbysostigmine, if Thebenine. Coccognin. Syringopicrin. Aristolochine. [Echitenine, if coned.] coned.] Theobromine, 1 in Dulcamarin. Tanacetin. Aspidosjiermine. Emetine, cb. Piliganine. 17,00(1. Elatund. TuluciHinin. Atherospermine, cb. Erythrophloeine. Pithecolobine, oily. Trianospermine. Elaterin, 1 in 200. Vacciniu. [Atropine, if coned., Fumarine. Protopine, insol. XR. Trigonelline. Gentiopicrin. sol. xs.] Geissospermine, cb. Protoveratrine. Tritopine, Glycypbyllin. Bebeerine, cb., df. sol. Gelsemine, sol. xs. P.seiidopelletierine. sp. Glucosides soluble in Ulexine. Hynienodictyon, xs. Glaucine. Quebrachine, cb. Ether. Valdivine. amaroid from. Beta-oxy-cinchonine. Glaucopicrine. Quinamicine. Xanthopuccine. Ilixanthin. Acorin. Boldine, sol. x.s. Gno.seopine, insol. xs. Qiiinicine, partly. Karakin. [Chinovin, df.] Brucine, cb. Harmaliue, cb. Quinine, cb. Harmine. sol. Lactucin. [Coriamyrtin ?J C'annabinine. Ratanhine, xs. Amaroids, etc , in- Lygusti'on. [Digitalin.*] C'arpaine. Heliotropine, oily Rheadine, df. sol. xs. soluble or difficultly Melonemetin. Diosmin. Chairamidine, cb. Hydrastine. Solanidine. soluble in Ether. Mudarin. Pabianin. Cbairamine, insol. xs. Hydroquinine. Solanine. Aloin, very df. [Oreoselon, df.] Fabiin. Chelerythrine. Hymenodictyonine, Sparteine, sol. xs. Androraedotoxin. Panaquilon. [Indican.*] Cinchonibine. gelat. Strychnine, crys. Angosturin. [Physalin, df.] Jalapin. Cinchonidine, cb. Hyoscyamiae, as Atro- Taxine. Anemonin, sc. Picrocrocin. Sophorin. Cinchonifine. pine. Thebaicine, sc. sol. xs. Calumbin, df. Pimpinellin. Tampicin. Cinchonigine. Hypoquebrachine. Thebaine, insol. xs. Cantharidin, 1 in ',100. Piscidin. Urechitin. Cinchoniline. Igasurine, sol. xs. Theobromine, sol. xs. [('arapin, not easily.] [Podophyllotoxin, df.' Cinchonine. Imperialine, cb. Tritopine, insol. xs. Cocaine, insol. xs. Isocinchonine. Ulexine. sol. xs. Cocamine. Isopelletierine. Veratralbine. Potash).— Alkaloids 3. ALKALINE HYDRATES (Caustic Soda and Codamine, sol. xs. Laudanine, sol. xs. Teratriue, cb. usually precipitated, many being soluble in excess of the reagent ; the are Codeine, partly ; not Laudanosine (?). majority of the Glucosides and Amaroids are soluble. Laurotetanine, sol. cb. xs. n. Glucosides, Ama- Substances soluble in water are not precipitated by caustic alkalies, [Colchicine.] Lupinine. roids etc., insoluble except perhaps from concentrated solutions. Conchairamidine, cb. [Ly copodine, if coned.] caustic alkalies, in Caustic Alkalies. cb. = pp. also by carbonates, s.ol. xs. = soluble in excess of Conchairamine, insol. Menispermine. sc. = scarcely, df. =difflcultly, crys. = crystalline. xs. Methylpelletierine Aristolochin. Concusconine. Morphine, sol. xs. Derrid. Akazgine, cb. Apocinchonicine. I. Alkaloids precipi- Corydaline, sol. xs. Narceine. Euphorbon. Alpha-oxy-cinchonine. Apocinchonidine. tated. Cotarnine, sc. sol. xs. Narcotine, insol. xs. Gardenin. Alstonidine. Apocinchonine. Cryptopine, insol. xs. Oxynarcotine. Hurin, Aconitine, cb., sc. Alstonine. Apoquinidine, df. sol. Cupreine, sol. xs. Papaveramine, sc. sol. Ilixanthin. Anthocercine, cb. sol. xs. Cuscamine. xs. Laserpitin. Damascenine, cb., oily. Papaverine. Liriodendrin. * Authorities differ. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTION!*, ETC. 151 Alkamnk Hydrates (:!).] [Lead Acetate (4). Phillyrin. Sabadine. [Ceratophyllin, sol. | Lupinin. Physodin, y. to r. Santonin. Popuiia. Sabadinine. hot] Mangostin. Picrocrocin. Sapogenin. Sa))otin. Sabatrine. Chicorin, y. Meconic Acid. Picrolichenin, r. Saponin. Sikimin. Sinapine thiocyanide. Chrj'sin, y. Meconin. Quercetin. Scoparin, v,-bn. Vellarin. [Sparteine, see I.] Cicutoxin. Melanthin. Quercitrin. Sennapicrin. Murinaraine. Convolvulin. Murrayin. Quinovaic Acid. Sinalbin, III. Alkaloids not y. [Thebenine, see I.] Crocin, y. Ophelic Acid. Quinovin. Smilacin. precipitated or Theine. Daphnetin, r. Opiouin. Khamnetin, Strophanthin, soluble. y. y. Theobromine. Daphnin, y. Pauaquilon, bn. Rhinanthin. Thuyin, y. to bn.-r. (See also I. for some Ulexine. Datiscin, deep y. Paristyphnin, y. Robinin, y. Variolarin. alkaloids that are Vicine. Diosmin, y. Phillygenin. Rottlerin, deep r. Villosin, y. soluble in excess.) Dulcamarin, r.-bn. Phloretin. Rutin, y.-bn. Xanthostruraarin,deep Aconine. IV. Glucosides.Ama- Ecbalin. Phlorrhizin. Salicin. y- Adansotiine. roids, etc., soluble Elaterid. Apomorphine. in Caustic Alka- Elaterin. 4. LEAD ACETATE gives usually no precipitates with alkaloids, bitter Arecoline. lies. Eraodin, r. principles, or gliicosides ; the following are e.xceptions, i.e., are. preeipitated. [Atropine, see I.] Erythrocentaurin. (y. = yellow, r. = red, nl. = neutral, be. = basic, ami. = ammoniacal, alec. = alcoholic lead acetate Benzoyl-ecgonine. Fabianin, deep y. pi. = purple, bn.= solution. Chr3'santhemine. Fabiin. brown, gn. = green.) C'olchiceine. Fisetin. I. Alkaloids. Datiscin. yellow. Baphiin. [Colchicine.] Absynthiin. Frangulin, pi. Digitonin. Calendulin, Acolyctine. alec. Conhydnne. ^sculetin, y. Fraxin, y. Dulcamarin, be. Calumbic acid. Aconine, sol. in excess. Coniine. .aDsculin. Fustin. Fraxin, yellow, ami. Cantharidin. Nicotine. The free Cupronine. [Agoniadin, sol. hot.] Gentiopicrin, y. Indican, be. Catecbin. alkaloid gives pp. of Cytisine. Aloin. Geum bitter. Lupinin, be. [Cnicin — authorities y. Pb(OH),,. Ecgonine. Anemonin. Glycyphyllin. Myrouic acid, yellow. differ.] Sparteine. Eupatorine. Angosturin. Glycyrrhizin, r.-y. Phloretin. Gentiopicrin, ami. Theobromine, be. [Gelsemine, see I.] Antiarin. Helixin, gn. Phlorrhizin. Glycyphyllin, be. [Hyoscyamine, see I.] Apiin. Helleborein. Rutin. Glycyrrhizin, ami. II. Glucosides or lianthopine. Araliin. Hesperidin. Saponin. Hop resins (entirely their derivatives. [Lycopodine, see I.] Arnicin. Hop resins. Sapotin, sol. in excess. or nearly so). Meconidine. Baphiin('?). Indican, decnmp. ^Escinic acid, nl. Smilacin. Ilexanthin, yellow. [Morphine, see I.] Brucamarin. Jalapin. jEsculetin. Thuyigenin, be. Kosin. iVandinine. Caincin. Karakin. jEsculetiu hydrate, pp., Thnyin. Laserpitin. Nartinio Acid. Calendulin. Kosin. III. or be. Villosin, be. Lignoin. Nicotine. Calumbin. Lictucin, r. Aphrodaescin, be. Mangostin. Physostigmine. Cantharidin. Laserol, Assamic acid, nl. or be. Ononid. y. III. Bitter Prin- Picraconitine, hot Capsicin. LigQoin, bn. Cephalanthin. Ophelic acid. pp. ciples, etc. Pseudomorphine. Cathartic Acid. Limonin. Crocin, red, be. Scoparin. Sabadilline. Cephalanthin. Linin, y. Daphnin. Araliin (Glucoside ?). 152 CLASSIFICATION OF KEACTIONS, ETC. Tannic Acin ("«).] [Picric Acid (6). 5a. TANNIC ACID gives precipitates with the great majority of alka- Lupanine. Rbaeadine. Paristyphnin. loids, bitter principles and glucosides ; the following, however, are not Lycoctonine. Sapotine. Ro-saginin. precipitated. Morphine. Scopoline. Saponin, cloud. Morrenine. Solanine.* Sapotin. Chama:lirin. Oalumbin. I. Alkaloids. Muscarine. Strychnine, sol. HCl. Solanine, sol. warm not Chirettogeuin. Cascarillin. Argiuine. [Xarceine, cloud 1 in Thalictrine. cold HCl. Datiscin. Capsicin. Aribine. .3,000.] Thebaine, sol. warm Arecaine, turbidity. Ericolin (or slightly). Cornin. Narcotine.* HCl.* Frangulin. [Erythroceiitaurin, au- III. Bitter Prin- Arecoline. [Nicotine, cloud 1 in Trigonelline. ciples, etc. Strophanthin, pp. if thorities differ.] Chrysanthemine. ;'>0(>, sol. warm HCl.] Tylophorine. concentrated. Grandiflorine, cloud. Marrubiin. Nupharine. Veratrine, not at once* Absynthiin. Ononid. Theine, cloud. Oleandrine. Veratroidine (?). Agoniapicrin. Picrotoxin. Theobromine, cloud. III. Bitter Prin- Oxyacanthine. Angosturin. ciples. Papain. Aruicin. II. Glucosides. II. Glucosides. Papaverine, sol. irarm Cailcedrin. Antiarin. Angelin. HOI.* Acorin. Chirettin. Pelletierine. Agoniadin, gradually. Copalchin. (Tannin), second list. The following give a 5b. TANNIC ACID pp. Physostigmine, red pp., Asclepiadin. Dulcamarin. sol. HCl. Bryonin. [Erythrocentaurin, [Berberine, cloud 1 in Corydaline. I. Alkaloids. Piliganine. Colocynthin. authorities differ.] 1,000.*] Cotaruine. Piturine, 1 in 100. Digitalein. Menjanthin. Aconine. Brucine, sol. HCl. Curarine, sol. HCl. Protoveratridine. Digitalin. Panaijuilon. Acolyctine. Calamine. [Cytisine, 1 in 300.] Pseudaconitine. Digitonin. Quassiin. Aconitine.* Cannabine. Damascenine. Quinidine, sol. warm Euonymin, slight. Santonin. Alpha - homo - chelido- Cannabinine Delphiniue. (?). HCl. Helleborein. Scrophularin. nine. Carpaine. Ecboline. Quinine, sol. wm. HCl. Limonin. Syrincopicrin. Amarylline (?). Ceanothine. Emetine. Anagyrine (V). Cedrine. Ergotine. Anthocercine. Chelerythrine. Ergotinine. 6. PICRIC ACID. Aporaorphine. Chelidonine. Erythrine. Aricine. Cinchonine, sol. warm Glaucine. Arecoline. Cilcitrapine. I. The following HCl.* Glaucopicrine. Arganine. Cannabinine. Asimiuine (?). Alkaloids give pre- Cocaine. Guachamanine. Aspidospermine. Carpaine. Aspidospermine. cipitates. Atherospermine. [Codeine, cloud 1 in Hyoscyamine. Atherospermine. Chaerophylline. Atisine. 3,(1(10, sol. HCl.] Igasurine. Amarylline. Bebeerine. Cinchonine, 1 in Atropine, sol. HCl. Colchicine.* Imperialiue. Akazgine. Bellamarine. 10(t,00(:i crys. Bebeerine, sol. warm Conessine. [Ineine (?).] Anthocercine. Berberine, crys. Cocaine. HCl. Coniine, sol. warm Laurotetanine. [Antypyrine.] Brucine, 1 in 10,000 Cocamine. Belladonnine. HCl. Lobelline. Apomorphine. crys. [Codeine, 1 in 250.] Insoluble or difticiiltly soluble in colil dilute hydrochloric jcid. ; : CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. l.^iS Picric Acid (6).] [FeiRRIC CllLORIDK (7). [Colchicine, not di- Protoveratridine. III. The following Muscarine. Naringin, r.-bn. Quercetin,dark-gn.; r. lute.] Protoveratrine. Alkaloids are not Nartinic Acid, r.-bo. Quercetrin, dark gn. warm. Conhydrine. Quinidine, crys. precipitated, or Oleandrin (Neriodo- Rhamnin, olive - gn. Rhamnetin, bn.-gn. (al- Corydaline. Quinine. only from concen- rin), r.-bn. dilute, bn.-r. if con- coholic). Cytisine. Pseudopelletierine. trated solutions. [Free Nicotine gives centrated. Saligenin, indigobl. Delphinine. Sparteine. Arecaine. pp. ferric hydrate.] [Saponin, cloud warm.] [Santonin, pp. by Emetine, 1 in :ij,000. Strychnine, 1 in 20,000 Aconitine. [Physostigmine, free, Sennapicrin, gn. FeSO^.] Erythrine. crys. Atropine. as Nicotine.] Sophorin, r.-bl. r. Strophanthin, gn.-y. Eupatorine. Taxine. Caffeine (Theine). Piliganine, pp. IV. No action with Gelseraine. Thebaine. Chrysanthemine. Piperine, pp. and slight p]i. following Hydrastine. Tropidine. Coniine. Pseudomorphine, bl. Xanthostrumarin, dark Alkaloids. Hymenodictyouine. Ulexine. Jurubebine. or bn.-gn. gn. pp. Hyosc} Ratanhine, violet. amine. Veratrine. Morphine, pp. coned. Anthocercine. Imperialine. Sinapine - thiooyanide, "Nicotine, pp. coned. III. Bitter Principles Atropine. Lobeliine. blood-red on warm- Physostigmine, pp. (Amaroids) and Cinchonamine. Mandragorine. II. Glucosides are ing. coned. Glucoside - deriva- Cinchonidine. Narceine, crys. not precipitated Pseudomorphine. Sophorine, blood-red. tives giving colora- Cocamine. Narcotine. exceptions are ; [Strychnine, light bn. Sabadilline (not 1 in tion (or pp. where Codeine. Oleandrine. if coned.] If.O). so stated). Cuscamine. Trigonelline, r. Oxyacanthine. Adonin. Sabatrine(not 1 in 150). Hyoscyamine. Agoniapicrin, bn. [Pa])ain.] Euonymin (not at Solanine (A.-G.). Ulexine, dark r. Lanthopine. Papaverine, cry.s. once). Ustilagine, dark Aloin, gn. -black. Theine, pp. coned. y. Laudanosine. Apiin, dark r. ; FeSO^, Pithecolobine, limit 1 Limonin (alcoholic Theobromine. [Veratrine, pp. hydro- [Narceine, after heat- in 1(10,000, chloric solution.] blood-red warm. soln.) Trigonelline. ing till fumes, blue]. [Capsicin, no change Veratrine, pp. coned. Narcotine. cold, r. pp. hot.] II. Glucosides giving Oxynarcotine. Catechin, gn.-bn. 7. FEERIC CHLORIDE gives colour reactions with a considerable coloration (or pp. Quinine. Ceratophyllin, r.-v. number of substances, and precipitates with a few, as indicated below. where so stated). Sabadilline. coned.] [Daphnetin,gn. Sabatrine. When not otherwise stated, the chloride is the iron salt used ; in some Agoniadiu, pp. Fisetin, black - gn. instances, however, the action of ferrous suli)hate is shown. Alkaloids Theine. Arbutin, blue. (black pp. with am- should be in form of salts. Theobromine. Chicorin, gn. monia). Tylophorine. Apomorphine, r., then Cytisine, r. [Daphnin, faint blue if Hesperetin, bn. I. Altaloids giving black. Geissospermine, bl. concentrated.] Hop resin, bn. pp. coloration no pp. Glucosideif. Arecaidine, r. Guvacine, deep Datiscin, bn.-gn. pp. Kosin, r. (alcoholic). unless specially red. Colchicine, gn. colour Hypoquebrachine, r. Fraxin, gn.-y. Mangostin, dark gn.-bl. [Achillein, no action mentioned). pp. or pp. Laudanine, gn. Helixin, gn. Meconin, blood-r., not FeSOj.] Aconitine, pp. y. [Cotarnine, pp. by [Lobeliine, bn. pp. by Hesperidin, bn.-r. decolourized by Coniferin, no pp. Adansonine, gn. FeS04.] FeSO,.] Melanthin, y.-gn., (al- HCl.). Gentiopicrin. Angeline, violet. Cupreine, dark bn. Morphine, bl. coholic). [Quassiin, bn. warm.] Helleborein. 20 ; CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. 154 [Gold Chloride (9). Platinum Chloride (8).] [Veratrine, not very Jurubebine. Amaroiils and Gluco- Cornin. Morphine, 1 in 100, or Rhinanthiu, no colour, Lycoctonine. 'li hours 1 in dilute.] colour side derivaliven. Erytlirooentaurin. after Sinalbin, no [M()r[)hicie, see list I.] Opionin. 3,000. till boiled with Cailcedrin. - jXaicoiine, .. basic sub- „ | Caincin. Picrotoxin. Narceine, }'. crys. II. Non alkali. [Nicotine, Syringopicrin. [Narcotine, sirong so- stances precipi- „ „ ] Villosin. Capsicin, see III. lution.] tated or causing Pelletierine. [Pbysostit;mine,see I.] [Nicotine, sol. HCl.] reduction. of the alka- 8 PLATINUM CHLORIDE forms with hydrochlorides Picraconitine. water Oleandrine. Acoiin, reduction. double salts which arc mostly soluble with difficulty in Piliganine. loids [O.vvacanthine, y., sol. and are consequently not precipi- Agoniapicnn. others however, are readily soluble, HCl.] [Piperine, pp. coned.] from concentrated solutions. The formulas Aloin, colour effects, tated or are only deposited Papaverine, nearly [Pitunne.not 1 in 100.] N.,R(HCl),-PtCl„ see Part I. of these double salts are usually (NR'HCl), PtCl„or Protoveratridine. h i te. tew w Arnicin, pp. (alcoholic. platinum is No : Pt, but there are a so that the ratio of nitrogen to Paytamine. Protoveratrine. Bryonin, pp. exceptions to this rule. .... Paytine, dark [Pseudaconitine, pp. occasionally gives y. Catechin, reduction. Platinum chloride is reduced by some substances, and coned.] [Physnstigmine, not 1 Mangostin. colour effects. Ratanhine (Angeline). in 250.] Papain (ferment;. [Sabadilline, see I.] Ceanothine. Echitenine, y. [Piperine, coned, only.] precipi- see I.] I. Alkaloids whitish. [Piturine, not 1 in [Sabatiine. Chairamidiue, v. flocct. Emetine, III. Alkaloids not tated or causing re- [Thfcine. pp. coned.] Chairamine, needles. Ergotine. lOO.] precipitated or only duction (pp. unless Trigonelline. Chenopodine. Ergotinine. Porphyrine. in concentrated so- otherwise stated). [Pseudaconitine, con- Cinchouidine, sc. sol. Erythrine. lutions. only.] Abrotine, df. sol. Cinchonine, 1 in 500. Geissospermine, y. centrated IV. Non-basic sub- [Aconitine, pp. coned.] [Aconitine, concen- Cocaine, peculiar crys. Gelsemine, y. Quuiidiue, nearly stances griving no Amarylline. trated only.] CoCamine. Gnoscopine, ])ale y. white. pp. Angeline. Codeine, GrandiHorine, y. Quinine, nearly white. Akazgine. y. Araliin. Harmaline, crys. Rheadine, Arecoline. Apomorphine, y. Conchairamine, dark y. y. [Atropine, pp. coned.] Cailcedrin. Aricine. Concusconine, y. Harmine, y., grad. Sapotine, y. Calcitrapine, cloud. Californin. Aspidosamine. Conessine. crys. [Scopoline, coned., y.] Chrysanthemine. Coriamyrlin. blue Corydaline, crys. Hydrastine, y.-r. Sparteine, y. [Aspidospermine, y. Erythrooentaurin. Hymenodictyonine. Strychnine, crys. [Coniine, pp. coacd.] solution, or y. pp.] Cot'arnine, y. crys. [Cytisine, pp. coned.] Helleborein. Atherospermine, Cryptopine, sol. warm. [Hyoscyamine, coned. Taxine. y. Ecgonine. Panaquilon. only] Cupreine, df. sol. (dark only.] Thebaine. [Atropine, coned, Podophyllo toxin. Hypoquebrachine, [Theine, coned, only.] Ergotine (pp. in ether-f Bebeerine, y., insol. gn. on heating the y. alcohol ). Picrotoxin. then r. Theobromine, slowly. HCl. dry salt). Rosagimn. Igasurine, Trianospermine. [Hyoscyamine, pp. Bellamarine, y. Curarine, y. y. coned.] Strophanthin. Berbamiue, white crys. [Cytisine, strong soln.] Laudanosine, y. Ulexine, y. Damascenine. Laurotetanine. Berberine. with hydrochlorides of alkaloids compounds Lobeliine. 9 GOLD CHLORIDE forms Brucine, y. Delphi nine. the double salt insoluble or difficultly soluble in water ; crys. Mandragorine. which are mostly Calamine, reduction. Ditamine, Reduction of the gold salt very y.->^red. has usually the formula RHClAuCl,. Cannabine. Ecboline, y. Mecoaidine, ; : ; : CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. 155 [Silver Nitrate (10). Gold Chloride (9).] immediately, Glucosides and Por))hyrine. [Theine, slowly crys.] Robinin. frequently occurs on standing, or even Protoveratrine. [Theobromine, slowly Sophorin, y. crys. pp. substances also cause reduction. other Pseudaconitine. crys.] whitish- Pseudopelletierine. [Veratrine, not very Cocaine, light y. fern- Hyoscyamine, I. Alkaloids giving III. No reaction with yellow. Quebrachine, y., amor- dilute; M.P. 182°.] or causing re- like crys. following pp. Hypoquebrachine, phous. duction. Cocamine. y., then violet. Quinamicine. (A. = Alkaloid. Codeine, bn. (not 1 in II. Non-basic sub- (Pyj. iindersfo'id inilen.': Laurotetanine. Quinamidine, purple. G. = Glucoside. 1,(10(1). stances causing re- otherwise mentional.) Lobeliine, insol. HCl. Quinamine, to r. B. = Bitter Principle.) Colchiceine. y. duction. Lupanine, y.,sol. warm, and reduction. Acolyctine. Colchicine. Capsicin, B., no pp. Colloturine, flocou- crys. cold. Qiiinicine, y., amorph. Pp. iiiily irhere stated.) Aconine, y and y., ( Cnicin, B. lent. Mandiagorine, sol. hot Quinidine, y. duction. G.,cold; 153°-15o°.) Quinine, y., amorphous. Absynthiin, pp. cold [Menyanthin, (M.P. Concusoonine, dirty y. (M.P. Aconitine, y. see II.] Meconidine, dirty y., Rheadine, y., floccu- reduction on warm- :-55°). and reduction. amorphous. lent. ing. [Narcotine, A., see I.] Akazgine. Coness^ine. once, 1 very Acorin. [Picrotoxin, B., slight purple. Coniine. Morphine, at Sabadilline, not Apomorphine, Adonin. reduction on warm- to in .1,000. . dilute. Arecoliue, y., oily, df. Conquinamine, y. Narceine,] in 5,000. Sabatrine, not very Aloin, red, then violet. sol. purple. [Narcotiiie,only strong dilute. Catechin, red-brown. Pilocarpidine, A. Aricine, amor- Corydaline, y. crys. y., Digitalin, crys. Quassiin, B. Cytisiue. solutions.] Scopoline, y. pp. phous. reduction Saponin, G. Damascenine. Nicotine, cloud 1 in Solanine. [Ericolin, Aspidosamine. Strophanthin, B. Daturine, 10,000. Strychnine, pp. sol. warm ] Atherospermine, y. y. not at Oleandrine HCl. Mangostin. mu » \ Delphinine, y. Theine, A. | Atropine, y. [Menyanthin, reduc- Papaverine, dirty y., Taxine (?). -,' Bebeerine, light y. Ditamine, sol hot Theobromine i \ see I. distinct at 5,000. Thehaine, y.-bn. ; limit tion warm.] Beuzoyl-ecgoniue, sol. crys. cold. [Paytamine, reduc- 10,0(X). Quercetin. hot alcohol. Ecboline. tion.] Berberine, orange. Ecgonine, y., [Paytine, reduction.] following, or gives Brucine, pp. sol. HCl phous. 10. SILVER NITRATE is reduced by the pp. Pelletierine, pp. ; re- dirty amorphous. Emetine, y., (where this is menlioued) y., duction on warming. Calcitrapine, y. phous. Dibromapophylline. Ergotine. Physostigmine, pp. and Carpaine, limit 25,000. soluble in ammonia reduction, blue col- Lobeliine, pp. Chelerythrine, dark r. Ergotinine. A Ikaloids. and HNO3. Erythrine. oration. (M.P. 233°). Macrocarpine, = pure Macroc. Picraconitiue, very in- Aconine. pp. Chelidonine, dark r. [Eupatorinp. colora- Anthocercine, slight pp. Morphine, red colour. Chrysanthemine, tion only.] sol. y. Capsaicin, purple on heating. 0.\yacanthine, white pp. Geissosperuiine, deep Piliganine, y., altered crys. ; snl. hot. Caps-icin, in strong alcoholic Pseudaconine (ammoncl. AgNOj). colour. by light. pp. C'lciu'honidine, y. (M.P. red Quinidiue, Pilocarpine. solution. pp. 100'). Gelsemine, y., sol. hot. about Capsiool, soluble in ammonia. Theobromine, pp. gradually crystal- Piturine, pale red ; 1 pp. Cinchonine, limit Hydrastine, reddish y. in 100. Cupronine. lizes. 200,000. Hyoscine. 156 CLASSII'ICATTON OF REACTIONS, KTf. [POTA.S.SII-.M FKUROCVA.MDK (12). Silver Nitiiatk (10.)] Picrocrocin, on warm- Fisetin (on warming). G liicosidt's. Arniciu (alcoholic). [Xanthostrumarin, white crys. ing. after inversion.] Karakin, gn. pp. or Antiarin (ammoniacal AgNOj). Oantharidin, pp. Catechin, gn. pp. -^ violet-black Quercitrin, on boiling. reduction. Chicorin. (ammoniacal AgNO.,). Robinin. Kellin. Convolvulin, pp. (?). Bitter Principles and white crys. Saponin, slowly. Lactucin. Cyclamin. Cornin, Glucoside deriva- Oyclamiretin. Sinalbin (copper sul- Ophelic Acid. [Daphnin, slight reduction on tives. phide also formed). Picrotoxin. warming.] Daphnetiu. (ammoniacal AgNO;,). Smilacin. .(Esculetin. Quercetin, on boiling. Gentiopicrin (amraoniacjil AgNO;,). Lactucin [Villosin, after inver- Cyclamiretin, Rhamnetin, cold. Lygustron ., „ pp. Menyantliin ,, ,, sion.] Daphnetin. Sapogenin, slightly. Quercetrin. Ononid, pp. Rhamnin. Ophelic Acid. Not by the foil. iwiug (amongst others) : Robinin, slow reduction. Qucrcetin. [Saponine, slow reduction on Rhamnetin. Alkaloids. Helixin, not till Xantho^trnmario, not Sapogenin (ammoniacal AgNO;,). ' verted. till inverted. warming.] Calamine. Linamarin. Sinalbin, white pp., then black pp. Lobeliine ( not till Bitter Principles II. No reaction with following : Melanthin, not till and of Ag.S. verted). verted. Glucoside deriva- Solanine. Aloiu. Macrocarpine. Phillyrin, not till tives. Strophanthin. Ceratophyllin. Pseudaconine. verted. Aristolochin. Xanthostrumarin, slight reduction Cnicin. Theine, if pure. Rhamnin, n(j Chirettin. on Wiirming, or at once with Ericolin. pp. Sapotin. Ilixanthin. ammoniacal AgNO;). Erythrocentaurin. Glucosides. Solanine. Marrubiin. Picrotoxin. Arbutin. Strophanthin. Opionin. BUtev priiiciplen niitl (HHcoiiiile Quassiin. Diosmin. Villosin, not till Sikimin. (Jerivalires. Scoparin. Gentiopicrin. verted. Syringopicrin. ./Esculetin. Villosin. tartrate) is reduced by 11. FEELING'S SOLUTION (alkaline copper 12. POTASSIUM FEREOCYANIDE. the following : Cinchonine, yellowish-white, not 1 Coriamyrtin. I. precipitates with the Alkaloids. Glucosides. Gives H'hite pre- in 500, sol. warm. Cyclamin, following alkaloids : Aconine. on boiling. Acorin. cipitate. Cocaine, sol. in exces*. Aspidospermine. Bergenin. [Helixin. after inver- Akazgine. Codeine, white (alcoholic), slight Ceanothine, on boiling. Camellin. sion.] Apoiiiorphiue. reddish - y. (gn. pp. 1 in 1,0I.)0. [Echitaraine, after Cephalanthin, after Tndican. warm). [Colchicine, conod.] treatment withacid]. boiling. [Melanthin, after in- Atherospermine. Curarine. [Lobeliine, after treat- Chamjelirin, after boil- version.] Bebeerine, y. Emetine, 1 in 1,000. exposure), Harmaline, red. ment with acid.] ing Menyanthin. Brucine,y. crys. (blue on [Valdivine, after treat- Chicorin. [Phillyrin, after inver- not 1 in 500. Hydrastine, white. crys. Hymenodictyonine. ment with alkali.] Colocynthin. sion.] Cinchonidine, reddish-y. :: : CLASSIFICATION OK REACTIONS, ETC. 157 Potassium Ferrocyanimk (12).] [POTA.SSIUM BlCIIROMATK (10). Hyoscine, white amorphous. II. No pp. with : Conchairamine. Strychnine, white crys. (.sensitive). [Morphine, not 1 in 100.] Aconitine. Corydaline, white. [Veratrine, if coned.] Narceine. Atropine. Cupreine, grad. crys. pp. [Narcotine, coned.] Colchicine, except coned. Curarine. No pp. Quinidine, y.-white crys. Hyoscyamine. Emetine, y., 1 in 2,500. Atropine. Quinine, Erythrine. soluble warm or in ex- Morphine (not 1 in lOK). Helixin, G., transient rose-colour. cess. [Xarcotine, see I.] Harmaline, y. crys Hyoscine. Strychnine, nearly white crys., 1 in Nicotine. Harmine, white crys. Hyo.scyamine. 1,000. Pilocarpine. Laurotetanine. Karakin, B. Thebaine, sol. in excess. Saponin, G., cloud. Loturine. Loturidine. Morphine, white crys. Sparteine. ; [Morphine, not 1 in 100.] Ulexine. 100. Nicotine. Nareotine, 1 in 200. Picrotoxin, B. Papaverine, sol. hot. [Sabadilline, not 1 in 150.] 13. POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE. Quebrachine. [Sabatrine, not 1 in 1.10.] Piliganine, greenish. Quinicine, oily. Saponin, cloud. I. Gives precipitants with the Strychnine, gn.-y. crys. Quinine, white needles. [Veratrine, pp. coned, only.] following alkaloids : white, then violet II. No pp. with : Apomorphine, to 15, POTASSIUM CHROMATE. black. Aconitine. Bebeerine, yellow. Atropine. I. Gives precipitates with the [Narceine, not cold, but when hot [Codeine, crys. ; not 1 in 70, [Codeine, see I.] following as Papaverine.] Plugge.] Hyoscine. Nareotine (pp. = free base). Brueine, y, crys up to 1 [Gelsemine, reduction only.] [Morphine, see I.] Papaverine.* 500. Harmaline, oily changing to Nareotine. Thebaine (T. chromate.) pp., Chelerythrine. gn.-bl. crys. Nicotine. Chelidonine. II. No pp. with Hymeuodictyonine. Picrotoxin, B. Codeine (Cod. chromate). Anthocercine. [Morphine, reduces ; no 1 in GO, [Sabadilline, not 1 in loO.] pp. Corydaline. Atropine. but on standing.] [Sabatrine, not 1 in 150.] Emetine (avoid excess). Cytisine. Papaverine, slight Saponin, G., cloud. pp. Harmine, with decompn. pp. [Narceine, not cold ; see I.] Morphine.* Nicotine. 14. POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANIDE (KSCN). Bebeerine, white crys. 16. POTASSIUM BICHROMATE. Pp. Brucine, gradually 1 in 100. Akazgine. Carpaine. I. Gives precipitate or colora- Apomorphine, orange pp. tion with gradually 1 Apomorphine, white, sol. warm. Cinchonine, white flocculent, then Atropine, pp. in .3,000. Akazgine, pp. Bebeerine, light y. pp. As])idosamine. crys. ; not 1 in 500. ; sol. alcohol. Alstonine, blood-red coin. Bellamarine, Aspidospermine. Codeine, grad. crys., sol. warm. pp. crys. Atherospermine. Colloturine. * Precipitate contains free base as well as alkaloi'lal chromate. : ; 158 CLASSIFICATION OF ItEACTIO.NS, ETC. Potassium Biciiromath (1i">).] [PHOSI'llO-TU.NdSTIC Al II) (18). Berberine, pp. amorphous. Porphyrine,y.pp and red coloration. Codeine, limit 50,000. Solanine, light y. Brucine, gradually crys. Quinidine, y. pp. Colchiceine. Sparteine, white. Cinohonine, grad. crys. Quinine, y. pp. Colchicine. Strychnine, y.-white. Codeine, grad. pp. 1 in :!,0()(). Strychnine, y. crys. pp. *Coniine. Taxine. Corydaline, pp. Thebaine, pp. Curarine. Thebaine, extreme limit 50,000. Curarine, pp. amorphous. Theobromine, cloud, then grad. pp. Cytisine, I in 10,(100. Theine. Damaseenine, pp. y. at 1 in 3,000. Damascenine, white. Theobromine, y. .'.00. Emetine, grad. y. pp. Veratrine, grad. pp. 1 in 3,000. Delphinine, gray.-y. Veratralbine, cloud 1 in 3. Erythrine, pp. Ecboline. Yeratrine, cloud 1 in 5,000. Ecgoniue, Erythrophloeine, y. pp. No pp. y. Fumarine, pp. Emetine, up to 1 in 25,000. II. Non-basic substances precipi- cloud. Erythrophloeine, Harmiue, pp. Aconitine, dirty gn. tated. Amaryllins. Ergotine. Hydrastine, y. pp. Acorin, reduction blue. [Cocaine, not dilute.] Ergotinine. ; Hymenodictyonine, y. pp. Chamailirin, y.-white. 3'. crys. Uelphinine. Hymenodictyonine, y. Imperialine, Euonymin, gn.-y. grad. Morpliine, scarcely cloud 1 in 100. Hyoscyamine, y. tlocculent. [Narceine, not neutral soln., Helleborein. I.] if acid.] [Narceine, not neutral ; see Laurotetanine. pp. Menyanthin, y. slight 1 in 400. Sabadilline, not 1 in 150. *Lobeliine, yellowish-white. Narcotine, pp. [Solanine, A.-G., see I.] Sabatrine, Morphine. Papaverine, pp. „ ,, [Strophanthin, if coned.] Piliganine, y. pp. Theine, not 1 in 3,000. Narceine, limit 50,000. Narcotine, bn.-y. ; limit 4,000. III. No precipitate with follow- Nicotine (cloud'at 40,000). 17. PHOSPHO-MOLYBDIC ACID (Sonnenschein's Reagent) pre- ing: 0.\yacanthine, y. -white. those liable to oxidation cipitates alkaloids with very few exceptions ; Pelletierine. Arecaine, A , climd. give bluish colours on addition of ammonia, this coloration being iu other Physostigmine, 1 in 25,000. Chrysanthemine, A. cases observed even in acid solution. The following list includes all the Piliganine, y. Coriamyrtin, G. more important bases, together with some others of lesser significance. Piperine, bn. Digitalin, G. * = blue with ammonia. Protoveratrine. Eupatorinp, A., green colour. *Atropine, y. flocct. Pseudojervine, cloud 1 in 10,000. Lycoctonine, A. I. Alkaloids precipitated *Bebeerine. Pseudopelletierine, pale y. Papaverine, A. Beta-homo-chelidonine. Quinine, white with ammonia. Picrotoxin, B. Acolyctine. ; y. Aconine, gray-bluish. Brucine, orange tlocculent. Sabadilline, cloud 1 in 5,000. Saliciu. G. Aconitine, light y. tlocculent. Calamine. Sabatrine, „ „ [Strophanthin. emerald solution I Anagyrine. Calcitrapine,y. ; bl.-gn. af ter ^4 hrs Scopoline, white. I pp. if coned.] Angeiine, partly. Cannabine. Cannabinine, white. Anthocercine. 18. PHOSPHO-TUNGSTIC ACID (Scheibler Reagent). Alpha-homo-chelidoninc. Carpaine. limit 75,000. Arecoline. Ceanothine. Anthocercine. Aspidospermine, white. Cinchonine, cloud up to "200,000. Aconitine. Aricine (cloud 1 in 50,000). Atherospermine, dirty y. Cocaine, cloud up to 50,000. Alpha-homo-chelidouine. Arganine. , C'r..\ssiFic.\TiON or eeactions, etc. 150 Piiospiio-TUNfisTif Acid (18).] [BiSMUTII-POT.ASSIC loniDE (21). Atropine. Mandragorine. Atropine, r.-bn. Ergotine. Quinidine, K. Beta-homo-chelidonine. [Morphine, cloud 1 in 10,000.] Bebeerine, k Grandiflorine, y. Quinine, r.-bn. Calabarine. Narcotlne, limit 1 in 8,000. Berberine, k. Hydrastine, bn. Sabadilline, k. Cannabine. Pilocarpine, white. Brucine, k. Hymenodictyonine, Sabatrine, k. Cocaine, gelatiuoup. [Spigeline, pp. by Meta-tungstic Calamine. bn. Scopoline, bn. Corydaline. acid.] Calcitra])ine. Hyoscine, oily. Spigeline, bn.-r. Cytisine, 1 in 30,()U0. Strychnine, 1 in L'(IO,000. Cannabinine. Hyoscyamine, orange. Strychnine, k. crys Helleboiein, G., and by Meta- Ceanothine. Igasurine, bn. limit 50,000. tungstio acid. . Cinchonine, k. 1 in Imperialine, dark y. Ta.xine, y. Hyoscine. No pp. 500,000. Lobeliine, bn. Thebaine, 1 in 5,000 ; Hyoscyamine. Cocaine, bn. cloud Lycoctonine. extreme limit 50,000. ; Laurotetanine. [Charaaslirin G., Meta-tungstic 200,000. Mandragorine. [Theine, if conctn- [Lobeliine, pp. by Meta-tungstic acid.] Codeine, k., crys. Morphine, k., 5,000. trated.] acid.l Strophanthin, G. Colchicine, 1 iu 2,500. Narceine, crys. [Theobromine, if con- Conhydrine. Narcotine, k., 8,000. centrated.] 19. PHOSPHO-ANTIMONIC ACID (Schultz's Reagent) Coniine, k., 1 in 8,000. Nicotine, r.-bn. Tritopine. Corydaline, bn. Papavei'ine,l in .50,000. Veratrine, k. Pp. No pp. Cryptopine. Pelletierine. Cytisine, dark bn. Physostigmine, k.. Artarine, slight pp., sol. in excess. [Codeine, dirty white, cloud 1 in Glucosides and bitter Damascenine, bn. - 25,0110. Atropine, up to 1 in .0,000; sol. waroi. 1,000.] principles are not pre- Brucine. purple. Piliganine, light bn. [Digitalin, G., cloud 1 in 1,000.] cipitated as a rule. An Delphiniue, k., :i,000. Cinchonine, 1 Protopine. bluish-white pp. in [Morphine, not 1 in 1,000.] exception to former Ecgonine, r.-bu. Pseudojervine. 1,0110, cloud at 1 in Ti.OOO. [Nicotine, cloud 1 in 250.] class is ; Emetine, 1 iu 25,000. Pseudopelletierine, Narcotine, y. flocculent I iu l,ltUO, [Piperine, yellow coloration in needles. Euonymin, r.-bn. cloud 1 in 2,500. dilute solutions.] Erythrophioeine, y.-r. pale bn. pp. Qainine. Theiue. Strychnine, white flocculent 1 in [Theobromine, cloud 1 in 1,000.] 21. BISMUTH-POTASSIC IODIDE (DragendorfE's Reagent). 5,000, cloud 1 in 25,000. Bebeerine, orange-red. Veratrine. Pp. Bellamariiie, white. Acouitine, orange, 1 in 40,000. Berberine, orange-r. ; limit 5,000. 20. lODO-POTASSIC IODIDE (Wagner's Solution) precipitates almost 1 Amarylliue, y. Brucine, orange-r. ; in 10,000. every alkaloid without y.\ception. The following list includes all the Anagyrine. Calcitrapine, orange. more important bases, besides many of the rarer ones. The strength of Anthocercine. Ceanothine. the reagent may vary without greatly affecting the result. Precipitates Apomorphine, limit 10,000. Chelidonine, orange-red. are generally brown or reddish-brown, and amorphous. Arecaine, red, becoming crys. Chrysanthemine, orange, grad. crys. k = kermes-coloured. - orange r. ; cloud Arecoline, ,, ,, Cinchonine, Aconitine. Apomorphine, blood- Aspidospermine, y. Artarine, r. flocculent. 200,000. Akazgine. red, sol. warm. Atherospermine, bn.- Atropine, orange, 1 in 10,000 floccu- Codeine, orange ; slight at 50,000. Anthocercine. Arioine, pp , cloud yellow. lent. Colchicine. 50,000. 160 CLASSIFKJATION (JF KEACTIO.NS, KTC. BisMUTii-PoTAssic: Iodide (21)-] [MicRcuKic-PoiAssic Iodide (24). Coniine, y., limit 6,000. Papaverine, orange-r. ; flight at Taxine. Glycyrrhizin. Corydaline. 10,0110. Thebaine, up to 1 in 10,000. Hclleborein, G. Cryptopine. Piperidine, the Hydriodide. Veratrine. Helleborin, G. Curarine. Quinine, orauge-r. ; cloud 60,000. Onouin, G. Delphiiiine, - No oiange-r. Strychnine, orange red ; limit pp. Protoveratridine. Emetine, 1 ia 'ifi.OOO. 26(1,000. .Esculin, (i. Salicin, G. Erythrophloeine, y. Taxine, y. Amygdalin, G. Saponin, (J. Hymenodictyonine, r. Thebaiue, orange; slight at 10,000. Chamailirin, G. Solanine (not dilute). Hyoscyamine, r. amorphous. Theine, 1 in 3,000. [Colchicine, only coned.] Strophanthin, G. Imperialine, orange. [Theobromine, cloud if dilute.] Colocynthin, G. Theine. Lycoctoniue, 1 dilute Digitalin, in 40,000. [Veratrine, not ] G. [Theobromine, not dilute.] Morphine (faint at 6,000. Narceine. Of the Glucosides, Menyauthin 23. ZINCIC-POTASSIC IODIDE. Narcotine, orange-r. ; limit 4,000. gives y. pp., and Digitaliu pp. in Nicotine, pp. cloud 1 in 40,000. concentrated solutions. Pp. No pp. or scarcely. Berberine, amorphous (1 in :1,IMIU Atropine. 22. CADMIUM-POTAS SIC IODIDE (Marmos Reagent). to 6,1)011). Cinchonidine. Codeine, long hair-like crys. (not 1 Cinehonine. Damascenine, white. Pp. in 1,(100). Coniine. IJelphinine. Narceine, crys. become blue on ex- Morphine. Ancoihtino. wite 1 in 1,000, cloud Kmetine, y. amorphous. posure (feeble at 1 in 5,000). Narcotine. 1 in 2,600. Erythrophlceine, white. Papaverine, 1 in 10,000. Nicotine. Alpha-homo-chelidonine. Hymenodictyouine. Quinidine. Theine. Amarylline, Hyoscyamine, 1 in 10,t)0(). y. Quinine. [Veratrine, very slight Artariue, pp.] y. flocculent. Imperialine, white flocculent. Strychnine. Atropine. Lycoctoniue. Thebaine (not 1 in 600). Beheerine. Morphine, needles 1 in 1,000 after a [Veratrine, see opposite.] Bellamarine, white. time. Beta-homo-chelidonine. Narceine, 1 in 1,000. 24. MERCURIC-POTASSIC IODIDE (Mayer's Solution), a very Berberine. Narcotine, 1 in :!,000 ; limit 8,000. general precipitant of alkaloids, much used for quantitative determinations. Brucine, crys. Nicotine. Calcitrapine, orange-}-. Papaverine, 1 in ],n00. Arecoline, y. oily, grad. crys. I. Alkaloids precipitated. Ceanothine. Pelletierine. Aricine, pp. : cloud £0,(J00. Chelidonine. Physostigmine, pale y. 1 in 1,000. Aconitine, white. Artarine, y. flocculent. Cinehonine, hair-like crys. ; 50,000. Piperine. Akazgine. Aspidospermine, y. flocculent. Codeine, grad. crys. 1 in 500. Protoverati ine. Amarylline, y. -green. Atisine, white. [Colchicine, only coned.] Pseudopelletierine. Anagyrine. Atropine, up to 1 in 7,000. Coniine. Quinidine. Angeline, partially. Bebeerine, white. Curarine. Sparteine, white. Anthocercine. Bellamarine, y. -green. Cytisine. Strychnine, flocculent. Arecaine, y.-crys. Berberine. ) ci,.\ssification ok reactions, etc. IGl Mercuric Putassic Iodide (24) [Mercuric Chloride (25) A.-G. Boldiue. Nicotine, adherent pp. ; limit [Digitalin, G., pp. coned.] Solanine, Gonolobin, Strophanthin, G. Bruoine, y.-white ; feeble at 50,000. 25,000. G. Theine, A. Calabarine, insol. alcohol. Papaverine, white ; 1 in 1,000. Helleborein, G. 70" Karakin, [Theobromine, A, not dilute.] Calamine. Physostigmine, pp. melts at ; B. Calcitrapine, y. amorph. sol. alcohol. Cannabine. Picraconitine. 25. MERCURIC CHLORIDE. Caiinabinine, white. Piliganine, white. Ecboline, ]ip. (in acid solution). Carpaine, limit 200,000. Piperine, y.-white. I. Alkaloids Precipitated : Echiteuine, pale y. Ceanothine. Pithecolobine, limit 200,000. (w. = white, grad. = gradually, 1 in 1,000 cloud at 1 Chelidonine, insol. alcohol. Protoveratridine. Emetine, w. ; y.= yellow, sol. = soluble. Chrysanthemine, y.-white. Protoveratrine. in 3,000. but not in acid solu- Acouitine, w., grad. crys. ; up to 1 Ergotine, pp., Cinchonine, pp. ; cloud at 500,000. Pseudaconitine. in 10(1 tion. Cocaine, pj). ; cloud at 1,000,000. Pseudojervine, pp. ; cloud at (5,000. sol. Erythrine. Codeine, 1 in limit Akazgine, warm. 5,000 ; 50,000. Quinidiue, limit 50,000. Erythrophloeine, [Colchicine,concd. only, unless acid.] Quinine, amorph.; limit 125,000. Apomorphine, w. w. Aspidosamine. Hydrastine. Conhydrine. Rheadine, pale y. Aspidospermine, w. Hymenodictyonine. Coniine, adherent ; 1 in 800. Sabadilline, y.-white ; cloud at 5,O0O. Atherospermine, w. Hyoscine, amorphous. Corydaliue, y.-white. Sabatrine, „ „ „ sol. cloud, Hyoscyamine. Curarine. Sapotine. Atropine, part. HCl ; Laurotetanine. Cytisine, 1 in 5,noO. Spigeline, white crys. then pp. at 3,000. Morphine, w. crys., 1 in 100. Damascenine, white. Strychnine, white; limit 150,000. Bebeerine, w., sol. HCl, or in Narceine, not 1 in 100. Delphinine, y.-white. Thebaine, slight at 5,000, faint Ammon. Chlor. Narcotine, cloud, then Emetine, y. amorph. 25,000. 50,000. Berberine, amorph. ; insol. HCl. pp. [Nicotine. yVce, w. up to 1 in 3,000.] Ergotine. Ustilagiue. Beta-homo-chelidonine. Brucine, amorph. (except coned.). O.Kyacanthine. Erythrine. Veratrine, y.-white ; cloud at 5,000. slowly not 1 in 500. Erythrophloeine, white. Chelerythrine, y.-w. Papaverine, ; Veratroidine, pp. ; cloud at 5,000. sol. (no 1 Gnosco])ine, white. Cinchonidine, crys., df. sol. Physostigmine, HCl. pp. at 1 in 1,00(*. in 500). Grandifiorine, y. Cinchonine, feeble Hydrastine. II. Non-basic substances precipi Cocamine. Piturine, w., 1 in 100. Hymenodictyonine, white. tated. Cocaine, w. [Piperine, not dilute.] Hyoscine, yellow. Acorin. Codeine, not 1 in 500. Porphyrine. Hyoscyamine, white. Euonymin, white. Conessine. Pseudaconitine. Imperialine, red-y. Menyanthin, white. Coniine, w. Quebrachine. Quinidine, w. amorph. Laurotetanine. [Sikimin, cloud.] Cryptopine, sol. warm. Quinine, w. amorph., sol. Ammon. Lobeliine, pale y. Sophorin, white. Cuiarine. Lycoctonine. [Cytisine, free, gives pp., but not Chloride. the salts]. Rheadine, w. Morphine, amorph. ; limit 2,500. III. No pp. with : Sapotine, w. Narceine, feeble at 1 in 10,000. Damascenine, w. sol. alcohol. Narcotine, white slight Chamaslirin, G. Delphinine, 1 in 3,000, grad. Strychnine, ; at 8,000 ; Thebaine, not 1 in 250. limit 50,000. [Colchicine, A., see I.] Ditamine, sol. hot, cry.«. cold. 21 : : : 162 CLASSIFIC.\TJON OF REACTIONS, ETC. Mercuric Chloride (25).] [Solutions of Halo(;ens (26). Angelin. Theine, 1 in 1,000 grad. crys. Brucine, CI., colours y. then r., Piliganine, Br., I., y. pp. Angeline. Theobromine, pp. ; cloud at 3,000. then white pp. Quinicine, Th. Veratrine, M.P. 172^ (no pp. 1 in xVraliin, G. Brucine, Br., violet coloration. Quinidine, Th. 500). Arecoline, A. „ I., bn. crys. Quinine, Th. Californin, B. Carpaine, I. pp. (limit 1 in 200,00)). Sabadilline, Br. cloud 1 in 5,(X)0. II. Glucosides, etc., precipitated Chrysanthemine, A. Chelerythrine, I. i>p. Sabatrine, Br. cloud 1 in .'),()00. Adonin, G. [Colchicine, pp. coned.] Chelidonine, I. pp. Spigeline, I., bn.-r. pp. B. [Aloin, B., pp. witb mercurous Cornin, Cinchonidine. Strychnine, CI. white pp. (sensi- nitrate.] Cytisine, see I. Cinchonine. tive). Arnicin, B. (alcoholic solution). Ergotinine, A. Cocaine, I. bn. pp. Thebaine, r.-bn. with Th. test Erythrocentaurin, Codeine, Calendulin. G. r.-bn. with Th. test ; Br. „ Br. pp. Cautharidin, B., w. crys. Helleborein, G. pp. Veratrine, golden y. with Th. test. Lobeliine, Catechin, dirty w. (also pp. b}' A. Corydaline, I. pp. Br. cloud 1 in 6,000. mercurous nitrate). Lycoctonine, A. Cupreine, Th. Ratanhine (free). Delphinine, I. II. Following non-basic sub- [Convallamarin, pp. mercurous pp. nitrate.] Kosaginin (alcoholic). Dicinchonine. stances give reactions Emodin. Panaquilon, B. Ergotinine, Br. pp. Acorin, I. pp. [Melanthin, cloud.] Picroto.xin, B. Erythrine, I. pp. Aloin, Br. pp. Neriodorin. Protoveratrine, A. Homoquinine, Th. !Menyanthin, I. y. pp. Ononid, B. Sabadilline, not 1 in 150. Hydroquinidine, Th. Picrolichenin, CI. y. coloration. [Santonin,B.,pi). mercurous nitrate.] Sabalrine, not 1 in 150. Hydroquinine, Th. Santonin, CI. grad. crys. iSinalbin, G. Seoparin, B. Hyoseyamine, I. pp. Xanthostrumarin, CI. y. colora- Solanine, G. Laurotetanine, J. pp. tion. III. Following substances mil Taxine, A. Lupanine, I. bn.-r. pp. Trigonelline, A. Lycoctonine, Br. crys. III. No reaction or pp. with precipitated : pp. following : Aloin, B. Lycopodine, I. bn., cloud. Muscarine. Atherospermine, Th. 26. SOLUTIONS OF THE HALOGENS. Narceine, I. crys. Cinchonamine, Th. Narcotine, CI. greenish y. with Cinchonicine, Th. CI. = Chlorine water, Br. = Bromine water, I = Iodine tincture, ; ammonia. Cinchonidine, 'lb. Th = Thalli>/0(/iiiii text (green coloration on addition of ammonia after I\arcotine, Br. y. pp. Cinchonine, Th. treatment with chlorine water ; compare Quinine.) Xicotine, I. long crys. (ethereal Cornin, I. solution). Digitalin, I. I. Following alkaloids give Aribine, CI., Br. and I. pp. ; sol. reactions warm. Oxyacanthine, Br. pp. Erythrocentaurin, CI., Br., or I. Fumarine, CI. no coloration. Akazgine, pp. Atropine, Br., y. crys. ; see Part I. Oxyacanthine, I. r.-bn. pp. CI. ; Hydrastine, CI. Alpha-homochelidonine, Br. pp. Berberine, CI. red ring ; see Part I. Papaverine, greenish bn. with Anagyrine, I. bn. pp. Br. y. pp. ammonia. Macrocarpine, I. I. Picrotoxin, I. no Apoquinidine, Th. faint. ,, I. gn. y.-bn. crys. Papaverine, pp. crys. pp. Apoquinine, Th. faint. Beta-homo-chelidonine, Br. pp. Pelletierine, Br. pp. Sabadilline, CI. CI. Arecoline, 1. bn. pp. Boldine, I. bn. pp. Physostigmine, Br. r. coloration S.ibatrine, : classification op reactions, etc. 103 Sulphuric Acid (27).] [SuLPHCKic Acid (27). 27. CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID produces colour changes Cbamaelirin, B., ^.~^•black. Sapogenin, grad. v. with an extremely large number of alkaloids, glucosides, and amaroids, Cnicin, B., r.-^v. Saponin, when a fragment of the substance is brought in contact with it ; in [Convallamarin, v., acid to aqueous Sapotin, (J., r. many instances a succession of colours is given. solution.] Scillin, r.-bn. Convolvulin, G., grad. r. Scillitoxin, r.-wbn. I. Alkaloids giving red, purple, i [Papaverine, if impure bl.-v.-«^-v. ; Copalchin, and violet shades.* see IV.] B., r. Smilacin, dark r., or II. Cj'clamin, G., r. Sophorin, G., flesh-colour. [Aconitine, if impure r. or grad. v.] Pareirine, v. Digitouin, G., v. Sparattospermin, gn.-v^-r. Apomorphine, r. Physostigmine, grad. r. ; see II., III. Dulcamarin, B., r.-wrose. Tampicin, grad. r. Asiminine, gn.-wr.~\.colourless. Porphyrine, p. G., Elateriu, B., dark r. Theveresin, G.-d., as Atisine, y.~<-p. Protoveratridine, v.'>~cherry-r. Thevetin. Frangulin, G., gn.~>-p.-wdark r. Thevetin, G., r.-bn. wr.'wv. Beta-homo-chelidoniue, v. Eheadine, r, or III. Gratiosolin, bn.-r. Turpethin, G., grad. r. Boldine, r. Rubijervine, r. Helixin, G., bright r. Urechitin, [Brucine, r. if acid, not pure.] Sabadilline, r. I •'''^ -"^P- Helleborein, G., bn.-r. Urechitoxin, I Calcitrapine, see II. Sabadine, y.~vblood-r.~^.v. Helleboretin, bn.-r. Vernonin, G., bn.^«-p. Chelerythrine, y.-r. Sabadinine, blood-r. Helleborin, G., blood-r. Cinchonamine, r.-y. Sabatrine, grad. r. Hesperidin, r. (intense on warming). II. Alkaloids giving yellow to [Cocaine, r. if not pure see IV.] Solanine, r.-y. ; Hydrocarotin, brown colours Staphisagrine, r.~vv., or IV. r. C'orydaline, y,-r. (?) ; see IV. Taxine, p.~vv. Jalapin, G., grad. r. Alpha-horao-chelidonine, y, „ (Adermann's), y.'^v. Kosin, B., r. Amarylliue, r.-bn. ~v.bn. Cuprouine, r. (bl.-v. with water). Thebaine, blood-r. Laserpitin, B., r. Anthocercine, j'.-bn. Curarine, r. or bl.~\.r. Veratralbine, y.~^r. Limonin, G., blood-r. Atisine, see I. Delphinoidine, r.-v. Veratrine, y.~«-r. Linin, B., dark v. Berberine, Ditamine, r. Veratroidine, see II. y. Mangostin, B., y.-r. Calcitrapine, dark bn.A/vv.->/vgray-bn. Ecboline, dark r. la. Melanthin, G., rose-^v.-r. Calycanthine, pale y. Echitamine, p. Non-alkaloidal substances Menyanthin, G., y.-bu.'wv. Ceanothine, r.-bn. Echitenine, r.-v. giving red, purple, and violet Ononiu, G., r.-y.-v^-r. Chelerythrine, y.-r. Eupatorine, r.-bn. shades. Panaquilon, p,-r. Cinchonamine, r.-y. Fumarine, v. Adonin, G., deep r. Phillygenin, r. Colchiceine, ) Grandifloriue, y.~»'r. Angelin, B., r. ^' Phillyrin, G., r.-v. Colchicine, Heliotropine, y.-v^r Amygdalin, G., light v.-r. \ Phloretiu, r. Conchairamidine, y.-^dark gn. [Hydrastine, r. if acid, not pure.] Assamic acid, G., y.-^/^r.•^~bl.-xvv. Phlurrhizin, G., y.-^vr. Conchairamine, bn.-vA-intense gn. Hypoquebrachine, v. Brucamarin, v. Physodin, v. Corydaline (Adermann's), y.->~v. Laudanine, pink. Californin, B., bn.-r. Pimpinellin, B., r. Delpbinine, light bn., or IV. Laudanosine, r.-bn. Calumbin, r. Podophyllotoxin, r.~^.gn.->A.bl.~vv. Delphinoidine, r.-bn. Laurotetanine, pale rose. Camellin, r. Populin, G., r. Emetine, dirty bn. to gn. [Narceine, if impure blood-r. or Cascarillin, B., blood-r. Quinovin, B., grad. r. Gelsemine, y.-wr.-bn., or IV. bl. ; see II.] Cerberin, v. Rosaginin, G., r.-bn. Gnoscopine, y. * It must not be overlooked that impure alkaloids frequently give colours, although Salicin, G., r. Grandiflorine, y.-r. the pure substances do not. Saligenin, intense r.- Heliotropine, y.'^^r. ; 104 'L.\SSII''IC.'VTION or REACTIONS, LT( SuLPiiUKic Acid (il).] [SiLriuKic Acid (27). coloiirless-w Hydrocotainine, y. (r. warm). Helleboruin, bn.-r. Geis-sospermine, bl.~^ Akazgine. Imperialine, pale y. Helleborin, bn.-r. colourless. Alsionidine. bl. Javanine, intense y. .Tunipicrin, B., light y. Glaucine, Anagyrine. see I. Jervine, y. Liriodendrin, orange. [Papaverine, if impure; and Artarine. Landauosine, I'.-bn. Mangostin, B., y.-r. IV.] Atherospermine. Lobeliine, r.-bn. Menyanthin, G., y.-bn. •wv. Paricine, y.-gn. Atropine. r.-y.-wr. Pbysostigmine, ~»- olive-gn. Narceine, if pure, bn. : see I. Ononin, G., y. (?) Brucine (red with trace HXO3). see I. Oxyacantbine, r.-bu. (V) ; see II. Pblorrhizin, G., y.~>-r. Carpaine. Paricine, y.-gn. Picrotoxin, B., y. Piperine, see II. C'hairamine. Pbysostigmine, y.~>-gn.(?); see also Prophetin, r.-bn. Protoveratrine, grad. gn.^~bl. Chelidonine. I., III. Eosaginin, G., r.-bn. Pseudomorpbine, olive-gn., or IV. Chrysanthemine. Piperine, y.~>-gn. slowly. Scillain, G., bn. Quebrachamine, bl. Cinchonidine. Sabadine, see I. Scillin, r.-bn. Rheadine, olive-gn., or I. Cinchonine. Solanine. Scillitoxin, r.-wbn. Thebaicine, bl. Cinchovaic Acid. Ustilagine, see III. Smilaoin, G., y.~<-r., or I. Tbebenine, bl. Cocaine. Veratralbiue, y.-^^r. Solanine, A.G. Tylophorine, r.-bn. ~vgn.~v.bl. Codeine. "Veratrine, y.~>-r. StropLanthin, G., ]iale y.-bn. Ustilagine, bn.~>.intense gn. Coniine. Veratroidine, oraiige~^'r. Syringopicrin, gn.-bn. Coptine. III". Non-alkaloidal substances Urechitin ) y Corydaline, see I. • see I. Ila. Non-alkaloidal substances TTLirecnitoxin1 i giving blue and green colours. Cytisine. i giving yellow to brown Xylostein, B., bn. Absyntbiin, B., bu.~vgn.~vbl. Delphinine, see II. colours. y.~vgn. Vernonin, see I. Agoniadin, G., light Geissospermine, colourless at first ; Absyntbiin, see III. Villosin, G., light bn. Aristolochin, B., dark gn. see III. Agoniadin, G., light y.-«<.gn. Asclepiadin, G., y.-gn.~vdeep gn. Gelsemine, or III. Andromedotoxin, H., bn. III. Alkaloids giving blue and Assamic Acid, G., see I. Hydrastine. Antiarin, B., y.-bn. green colours. Coniferin. G., v.-bl. Hyoscine. Assamio Acid, G., see I. Aricine, dark gn. Crocetin, G.-d., bl. Hyoscyamine. Oapsicin, bn. Aristine, bl.~>-gn.-bl. Crocin, G., deep-bl. Lanthopine. Digitalein, G., r.-bn., or IV. Asiminine, see I. Digitalin, G., gn. (authorities differ). Lycoctonine. Diosmin, G., y. Bebeerine, dirty olive-gn. Frangulin, G., gn.~vp.~vdark r. Morphine. Ericolin, G., y.-bn. Cbairamidine, y.-«vdark gn. Sparattospermin, gn.~vr. Narcotine. Euonymin, G., y.'>~r.-bn. Codamine, gn. Strophauthin, G., pale y.~vbn.~vgn. Nicotine. Eupatorin, G., r.-bn. Conchairamidine, intense gn. Syringin, G., dark bl. Oxyacantbine, see II. Euphorbon, B., y.-bn. Conchairamine. bn.'wintense gn. Syringopicrin, B., gn.~vbn. Papaverine, if pure : see I. Fraxetin, G.-d., y. Concusconine, bl.-gn.~^olive-gn. Tulucunnin, bn.~vv. Picraconitine. Gentiopicrin, G., y. Cryptopine, intense bl. Pilocarpine. Gratiolin, y.-bn. Cuprine, deep bl. IV. Alkaloids giving no colour, Pseudojervine, if pure. or very pale yellow merely. Gratiosolin, bn.-r. Curarine, r. or bl.'v^-r. Pseudomorpbine, if pure acid ; see Guacin, B., r.-bn. Cusconine, y.-gn. Aconine. III. Helixin, G., y. Emetine, see II. Aconitine, see I. Quinidine. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS, ETC. 165 Sulphuric Acid (27).] [XiTRic Acid (28). Chicorin, G., r. Piperine, orangC'wy.-gn. Quinine. TV Echiteiiiue, see I. Quinine. Hypoquebrachine, r. Delphinine, r.-bii.~>-dirty gn. ; or Parabuxine, gn. Ratanhine, if pure ; see I. Lobeliine, r.-bn. Solanine, A.-G., colourless'wbl.-*^ Scopoline. Loxopterigine, v.-wbl. Hydrastine, gn.'wbn. first Morphine, v.-wgn.'w colourless. Solanine, A.-G., at colourless ; magnificent Imperialine, gn.-y. .see III. bn.-gn.-v~y. ; after 24 hours Lobeliine, r.-bn. Illfi. Non-alkaloidal substances Sparteine. bl.-v. Narceine, bn.->/vgn.'wr.'VA.v. giving green or blue colours. Strychnine, or II. Narceine, see II. Piperine, y.^~bn. Adonin, G., indigo bl. Surinamiue (Ratanhine), if pure Oxj'acanthine, v. Thebaine, orange. ; Crocin, G., momentary bl.->~bii. see I. Papaverine, see III. Tera trine. [Digitalin, gn., or Ila., IVa.] Taxine, or II. Porphyrine, p. Scillain, G., y.'v~gn. Theine. Sabadilline, grad. r.-v. Ua. Non-basic substances giving Solanine, A.-G., see III. Theobromine. Sabatrine, grad. r.-v. yellow to brown colours. Valdivine. [Solanine, A.-G., cherry">~bn.'>^r. Absj'nthiin, bn.^~v.-bl. IV. Alkaloids giving no colours Voratrine, or II. Chamailirin, y.-bn. or but faint yellow. Vicine, see T. Staphysagrine, bn.-v. Colocynthin, see I. Aconitine, if pure ; see also II. Taxine, r.-v. Digitalin, orange-wr.-^v-bn.^black. Atisine. Teratriue, y.'wcherry. Elaterin, IV«. Non-alkaloidal substances y. Atropine. A'eratroidine, grad. cherry. Quassiin, bn. giving no colours or but faint Carpaine. Villosin, dark bn. yellow. Cinchonidine. Ic Non-basic substances giving Cinchonine. Araliin, G. above colours. III. Alkaloids giving green or blue colours. Conhydrine. Ceratophyllin, faint y. Absynthiin, see II. Coniine. [Digitalin, G., authorities differ Colocynthin, grad. r.-«<-bn. Alpha-homo-chelidonine, dirty bn.- ; Delphinine. see II., III.] Digitalin, see II. gn. Delphinoidine. Erythrocentaurin. Ononin, pure r. Amarylline, bn.-gn. Fumarine. Helixin, G. Populin, V. Aricine, bl.~>-gn., or IT. Hyoscyamine. Liriodendrin, B. Salicin, magnificent v.'wdark cherry. Aspidosamine, bl. Lycoctonine. Solanine, A.-G. ; see IV. Solanine, see I. Bebeerine, bn.-gn. Nicotine. Variolarin, B. Syringin, blood-r.->/^v.-r. Berberine, bn.-gn. ~>.gn. Beta - homo - chelidonine, y.->~v.- 29. FROHDE'S SOLUTION (concentrated sulphuric acid containing II. Alkaloids giving yellow to molybdic acid). brown colours. Calcitrapine, olive-gn. Brucine, r -wy. Aconitine, j'.-bn. Ceanothine, bl. I. Alkaloids giving red, purple, Cocaine, blood-r. Amarylline, bn.-gn. Codeine, dirty gn.-^A-indigo-bl. after or violet shades. Corydaline (Adermann's), v. or gn. Bellamarine, bn. 2-1 hours. Apomorphine, v. streaked with v. Beta-homo-chelidonine, see I. Conchairamidine, intense gn. Beta-homo-chelidonine, y.-'^v.'wgn. Delphinoidine, blood-r. Bebeerine, bn.-gn. Corydaline (Adermann's), see I. CL.\SSIF1CATI0N OF REACTIONS, ETC. 167 Froiide's Solution (211).] [Permanganate ok Potash (.32). Emetine, r.'>~gn. Phlorrhizin, bl. Pp. red or yellow. Cinchonidine. Ergotiniue, v.~\,bl. Phloretin, bl. Atropine, immediate red coloration, Cinchonine. Fumarine, v.~N,clark gn. then pp. Cocaine (white pp.). Hydrastine, ga.~vbn. IV. The following alkaloids give Homatropine, red pp. Codeine. Imperialine, see II. Hyoscyamine, first no colours. at yellow colora- Condnrangin, no pp. Laurotetanine, indigo-bl. tion, then red pp. (no pp. if Coniine. Loxopterigine, v.-wbl. Alstonidine. excess of reagent). Gelsemine. Morphine, see I. Aricine. Scoparin, yellow ])p. Hyoscine, no coloration. Narceine, see II. Atropine. Morphine. Narcotine, gn. Chairamine. No red or yellow pp. (a white pp. Quinidine. Papaverine, gn.~vbl.~>.v.~<-cherry. Cinchonine. is frectuently obtained). Quinine. Pareirine, bl. Coniine. Aconitine. Sparteine, no pp. Quebrachine, bl. Delphinine, see II. Arbutin, G., no pp. Strychnine, no pp. Quinidine, greenish. Hyoscyamine. Brucine. Theine, no pp. Quinine, greenish. Nicotine. Tylophorine, bright gn. Theine (Caffeine). 32. PERMANGANATE OF POTASH, added to a solution of the Theobromine. hydrochloride salt of the alkaloids, gives the following results (Beckurt '"'"' '" III«. Non-basic substances giving ' ' Strychnine. and List, Phann. J.' Trans., and Jahresb.,' 188G, II.). green or blue colours. Absynthiin, see Ila. I. Immediate oxidation and pp. Berberine. of Manganese Peroxide. Hyoscyamine. Aconitine. Pilocarpine. 30. yiTALIS TEST. — Evaporation with fuming nitric acid at Brucine. Piperine. 100° C, then touching the residue with a drop of alcoholic potash Cinchonamine. Strychnine. solution freshly prepared. Cinchonidine. Atropine, magnificent violet, Homatropine, yellow. Cinchonine. changing gradually to cherry-red. Strychnine, red. Codeine. III. Alkaloids behaving in an Brucine, greenish. Veratrine, similar to Atropine.* Colchicine. exceptional manner. Coniine. Other alkaloids that were similarly tested gave negative results. Nicotine. Apomorphine, intense green. Physostigmine. Morphine, white crys. pp. ( = Oxidi- Quinine. morphine). 31. GERRARD TEST.—To ':^g grain of free alkaloid about "20 drops Cocaine, stable lir/hl violet pp. of of a 2 per cent, solution of mercuric chloride in proof-spirit are added Thebaine. Cocaine Permanganate (charac- gradually, avoiding e.xoess. Veratrine. teristic). II. Red solution, oxidation being * Narceine 1 also give permanga- If the test be modified by substituting uitrous acid or a nitrite for the nitric slower than with alkaloids acid, Narcotine > nate salts, but which aud aqueous for alcoholic potash ; atroinue still gives a reddish-violet whilst under I. veratrine produces a yellow coloration (E. Beckniaim). Papaverine J are not stable. Atropine. BOTANICAL [NDEX. The sign -h- opposite the name of a plant indicates that it forms a group-heading, and may consequently be directly found in its alpha- betical position in Parts I. and II. Any other plant is to be found under the group-heading specified in this index. The first column gives the plant-name with botanical order, and the second the group-heading to which to refer. The names in these two columns, although frequently synonymous, must not be regarded as necessarily so. Absynthium, Compos. ... Artemisia Acacia Catechu, Leguin. „ Tenerrima, Lerjiim. Acanlhaceec ; see Rhinanthus Achillea, Compost. Achras Sapota, Sajmtaceic Aconitum, lianunc. ... Aconkathera Aciiyacew ; see Acorus Acorus Actinodaphne Adansouia, Mab-ai-. ... Adeniam, Apuvi/i}. ... Adonis, liauunc. .3jScu1us, Sap/mlac. ... ^thusa, Umbel. Agaricus, Ftnuj'i Agnus Castus, Verhcri. Agoniada ... Agrostemna, Canjoph. Akazga Albizzia Saponaria, Leguh For Cathartic Acid For Saponin BOTANICAL INDEX. 169 Angostura (Galipea Cusparia) _). Anisodus ... Anoiiacece, several Anthemis, Compos. ... Anthocercis, Solan. ... Antiaris, Urtic. Antirrhinum ; for Rhinanthin see Rhinanthus Aperulea Apium, Uiiihel. Apocynaced' ; see Alstonia, Ajjori/myr of Dutch Indies, Apocyniim, Cerbera, Echugin poison, Guachamania,NeriHn), Payta, Pareira (for Pau-Pareira), Plu- meria, Strophanthus, Urechitis Apocynecr of Dutch Indies Apocynum Cannabinum Apple (Pyrus malus) Aqiiifuliaceir, see Ilex; for Ilex Para- guayensis, see Thea Araiia Spinosa, Aral. „ Ginseng and A. Quinquefolia Arariba, Rubtacetc Arbutus Uva Ursi ... Arctostaphylos, Ericacece Areca, Palmaceie Argemone, Papav. ... Avistolochia Cava, Arhtol. „ Serpen taria Aristoloclikicea ; see preceding Arnica, Compos. Aroklew ; see Acorus Arrow ])oison ; see Strychnos, Strophan- thus, etc. Artar root ... Artemisia, Compos. ... Asagrea (Sabadilla) ... Asclep/adaceiT : see Asclepias,Gonolobus, Calotropis, Tylophora Asclepias ... . 170 UOTANICAL INDEX. SEE UNDER SEE t'SDEK root ... Blood ...... Chelidoniura .. 27,118 Cali/canfhacew ; see Calycanthus Bocconia (=Macleya) ...... „ .. 27, 118 Calycanthus ... _|. Boldoa ...... 22,114 Camellia, Camelliatem Boraghiacea: (including Ehret.) see Qime/l/acete ; see Thea Heliotropum .. 5G, 130 Caiiipanulac.ea: ; see Lobelia Botryopsis ... Bebeeru ... .. 20, 114 Camwood ... Box (Buxus Sempervirens, Eiqihorh.), Canarium ... see Bebeeru group .. 20, 114 Cannabinacece ; See Hamulus ... Brassica Sinapis ... .. 90,142 ,, ,. Cannabis ... Brayera anthelmintica .. 22,114 Cannabis indica (Indian Hemp) Briar (Erica) Arbutus group 11,110 [Cantharides, Spanish Fly] ... Broom, see Spartium Caper Spurge ; for iEsculetin Brucea, S'lmanib. Quassia ... .. 82, 140 yEsculus Bryonia alba L., Cucurb. 23, 114, 193 Capparis spinosa ; for Rutin, see Bulbocapnus Corydalis .. 45,124 Capi-if(iliace(c ; see Lonicera . . Buchu Barosma ... 20,114 Capsicum, Solan. Biickbean ... Menyanthes .. 64, 132 Carapa, Meliaceo' Buckthorn ... Rhamnus .. 85, 140 Carica, Papaijacetr. ... Buena Cinchona .. 29,120 Caroba (Jacaranda) ... Butterfly weed A sclep/adacecf .. 13,112 Carolina Pink Eiiporb. Buxus, Bebeeru ... ,. 20,114 Carya, Juglaml. ; for Quercitrin Byttneriaceie ; for Cacao Thea ,. 97,144 Caryop/ii/lhiceo' ; for Saponin Cascara Sagrada Cabbage-tree bark ... Andira ... 9,108 Cascarilla, 7?!(6/acf(C... Ccesalpiniem (see also Legumiiiosce, this Cassia, Leyum. index) see Berberis ; group CassieiF, see Cassia ; for Berberine Cailcedra bark (Swietenia Senegal.), [Castoreum Canadense ; for Salicin, see Cedrelace(E ... 23,116 Salix] Cain^a root Chiococca 28, 118 Castor seed : see Ricinus (this index) Calabar bean (Physostigma) ... 23,116 Catechu (Acacia) Calamus, P<(7»(a(?fw see ; Acorus 4,106 „ Ceylon or Colombo ... Calanthe veratrifolia for ; Indican, see Cayenne pepper Isatis 59, 130 Ceanothus, Rhamnaeea; ofiBcin. . Calendula L., Gmipos. 23,116 Cedrelacea- : see Cailcedra Calisaya bark Cinchona 29, 120 Cedron (Simaba Cedron) Calluna vulgaris, Eric. Arbutus group 11,110 Celandine ... Calotropis, ... Andep. 23,116 Celastraceir ; see Euonymus Calpicarpum ...... Apocynea- 10 Centaurea, Compos. ... Calumba, MenispermacecB 24,116 Centaury ... BOTANICAL INDEX. 171 SEE UNDER Cephijelis Ipec, Ruliiacen: Cephalanthus, Ruhiacew Cerasus (Cherrj') „ for Phlorrhizin Ceratophylla Cerbera, Apaoji). Cercocoma, Aiim-i/n. ... Chserophyllum, Umhel. ChamaiUrinm, Colchic. Chamomile... Charai'Cd' ... Chara foetida Cheken Chelidonium, Papav. Chenojioilnicea- ; see Chenopodium Chenopodium Cherry, see Prunus ; for Phlorrhizin, see Pyrus Laurel for Amygdalin Cherry ; Cherry, Wiuter, S'daii. Chicory Chillies Chimaphylla China (Quina) Chiococca, Ruhiacea; Chiretta, Geniianea ... Chironia Chonemor])ha Chrysanthemum, several, Compos, Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum, Sapu- taceit ; see Sapouaria, also Glycyrrhiza Cichorium intybus (Chicory) ... Cicuta virosa L., Umhel. Chichunacea- ; see Ruhiacra: (this index) Cinchona, several „ excelsa Roxb. Cissampelos Pareira L., Menisp. ; see Bebeeru and Pareira CitruUus Colocynthis 172 BOTANICAL INDEX. SEE IKDER Coscinium fenestratum, Menisp. ; con- tains Berbei'ine, see Berberis 20, 114 Cowbaue (Giouta) Conium .. 43, 124 Cranberry (Vaccinium) Arbutus .. 11,110 Crataegus, Hosacea: ... 4(;, 120 Crepis foetida, Com^ios. 4C), 121; Crocus, Ir'idea; Saffron 87, 142 CrotoUria retusa, Leguni. ; for Indican, see Isatis ; see also Lef/umiiiosn; Indian Croton eluteria (Cascarilla) ... Cinchona 30, 120 120 „ pseudo-china (pseudo-quina) 30, Crown Imperial Fritillaria 53, 128 Crucifenr ; see Isatis, Sinapis Cucumis, Ciicurb. 4G, 126 Cucurhitacen' ; see Bryonia, Colocynthis, Cucumis, Ecbalium (reference to Cucur- bita Pepo under Lupinus), Megarrhiza, Trianosperma Cucuibita Pepo, reference to ; seeLupinus Curare Cusparia febrifuga (Galipoea) ... Cusso Cyclamen Europieum, L., Primul. Cynanchum (Solenostemma) ... Cynoglossum ; for Heliotropine Cyrtosiphonia Cytisus Laburnum, L., and others, Lerjuvi. for Spartein, etc., see „ Scoparius ; Damiana Dandelion ... Daphne, several, T/iyiitelem Darnel Grass, see Lolium Datiscace Decamala Gum ; see Gardenia BOTANICAL INDEX. 173 bia (for ^souletiii contained in Eu- phoibia Lathyris, see ^sculus), Hy;enanche, Hura, Phyllanthus, Rott- leria Euphorbia resinifera -1- Exogonium purga (Jalaji) Fabiana imbricata, Solan. ,, indica; for Crouin, see Saffron Ferreira, Ruhiwete ... Flax Fennel flower Fenugreek ... Fool's Parsley Foxglove ... Fragaria vesca, L. (Strawberry), Rosac. Frangula Fraxinus excelsior, L., Oleacea: Fritillaria imperialis, Lil'taceoc Fumaria officinalis, Fumariacea' Funqi ; see Ergot, AgaricuF, Ustilago Fustic Furze (Ulex), if^MTO. Galipcea Cusparia, St. Hil., Riilacece Gambier ; for Catechin Garcinia Mangostana, L., Gutiiferm Gardenia lucida (Decamala Gum), Rub/aceiv Gardenia grandiflora ; for Crocin, see Saffron ... Gastrolobium, Lugtim. Gaultheria ... Gelsemium, Lor/an. ... Gen/stea' ; see Legumhwsa:, this index, and Part I. Gentianai-ece ; see Cbiretta, Erythrea, Gentiana, Menyanthes Gentiana ... 174 BOTANICAL INDEX. Hemp, Indian (Cannabis indica) BOTANICAL INDEX. SEK UNDER Lauro-ceras. (Cherry laurel) ; for Amyg- dalin Prunus .. 81,1.38 Ledum Palustre, Erlcacen- Arbutus .. 11,110 Legumlnona, Indian ... Gl, 132 „ see also Anagyris, Andira, Baphia, Calabar bean, Cassia, Catechu, Cytisus, Erythrophkcum (for Geoff- royia, see under Ratanhia), Gastro-, lobium, Gleditschia, Glycyrrhiza, Lupinus, Ononis, Piscidia, Robinia (for Sophora, see under Ruta), Spar- tium (for Ulex, see under Cytisus), Vicia Leontice, Berber. ; for Berberine, see Berbeiis ... 20,114 Leontodon ... Taraxacum 97, 144 Leopard's Bane Arnica 13,110 Lettuce Lactuca ... 60, 130 Lichenes (for Nephroma, containing Emodin, see Ehamnus), Parmelia, Variolaria Ligustrum, Compoa. ... Syringa 96, 144 Lilac 96, 144 Lil'mcea; (see also Colchkacetr) ; see Aloe, Convaliaria, Fritillaria (for Helonias, see Chamajlirium), Paris, Scilla Limosella ; for Cyclamin, see Cyclamen Linacen- ; see Linum Linaria vulgaris, Scroph. _,. Linseed Linum catharticum, Linacea- „ usitatissimum, Linacew Liquorice ; see Glycyrrhiza ... Liriodendron tulipifera, L., Magnol. ... Litsoea Lobelia Locust Tree, North American Loganiacece ; see Stryehnos, Spigelia Loiium temulentum, Graminacea: 176 DOTAXICAL INDEX. Menyanthes trifoliata (Buck bean), Gen- tlaneir -i- MezereoQ ... Mikania Guacho, H. and B., CuiDpos. ... Milk weed ... Milkwort (Polygala) Milletia Mimosa. {Leriuminosa:) ; see Catecbu (Acacia Catechu) ... Misbmee (Coptis Teeta) Mistletoe ... Monk's-hood ( Aoonitum Napellus) Monesia bark (Chrysophylla) Monimiacem ; see Boldoa Monninia, 7'o///(/. ; for Saponin Morinda Morrenia, Pahnacern Mountain Ash (Sorbus) ' Muawi ' ... Mudar bark Murraya, Auranl. Mushroom ; see Funiji (this index) Mustard Mfirtacem ; see Eugenia Myrtus Cheken, Mijrlacem Nandina, Berber. Narthecium, Liliaceic Naseberry tree Nauclea Gambir, Rnbiacem Nectandra, L(iuruce Nephroma ; for Emodin, see Rhamnus... Nerium, Apocyn. „ for Isatin, see Isatis ... New Jersey Tea Nicotiaua, Solan. Nigella, Rannnc. Nightshade ; see Atropa and Solanum Notaphoebe BOTANICAL INDEX. 177 SEE UNDER Peach ; for Amygdalin, etc., see Prunus 81,138 Plume nutmeg forPhlorrhizin, see Pyrus 82, 140 Plumeria lancifolia ... Pear Pyrus 82, 140 Podophyllum peltatum, L., Berberid. or for Berberine, see Berberis Peganum, Rutacem ... Harmala 56, 130 Ranunc. ; ; Pepper Piper 80, 138 for Saponin, see Saponaria ; forPodo- Pereira (Cissampelos) Pareira 76, 136 phyllotoxin, see Podophyllum Perennial Worm Grass Spigelia 93, 144 Pogonopus (Cascarilla) Persian berries Rhamuus 85, 140 Pcilyrjalacew ; for Saponin Peruvian bark Cinchona 29, 120 Polygala Senega Petroselinum sativum (Parsley) 78, 138 Polygonum; for Indican Peucedanum Oreoselinum Pomegranate Umbel. Athamantha 14,112 „ Ostruthium Pongamia (Derris) ... Peumus Boldoa ... 22,114 Populus Phillyrea, Oleacecs ... 78, 138 Potato (Solanum tuberosum)... Phoradendron (Viscnm) 103 Prickly Ash (Argemone Mexioana) Phyllantbus, Euphorb. 78, 138 „ Poppy ; Physalis, Solan. 78, 138 see Opium Physostigma, Legum. Calabar bean 23,116 Primrose (Primula) ... Phijlollacea- ; see Coriaria, also under Primiilacea; ; see Cyclamen ... Arbutus Primula; for Primulin (Cyclamin) Picraena, Simar. Quassia ... 82, 140 Privet (Ligustrum) ...... Piliganum ... Lycopodium 63, 132 Prunus ; for Amygdalin, etc. Pilocarpus, Rutacem 78, 138 „ forPhlorrhizin Pimento Eugenia ... 52 Pseudochrosia Pimpernel (Anagallis) Cyclamen 46, 126 Ftiychotvia., Rubiaeeti- ; for Emetine ... I- ... Pimpinella (Anise), Umbel. — 79, 138 Pterocarpus ; for Catechin Pinckneya ... Arariba ... 11,110 Pulsatilla ... Lythracecv... Pink (Dianthus) ; for Saponin Saponaria 88, 142 Punica Granatum, Pinus 79, 138 Pygium ; for Amygdalin ... PiperaceiK ; see Piper ; for P. reticula- Pyrolaceo' tum (false Jaborandi), see Pilocarpus Pyrola (Chimaphilla) Piper (Pepper) 80, 138 Pyrus, /I'osaccic ; for Amygdalin Phlorrhizin „ reticulatum (false Jaborandi), see „ „ for Pilocarpus 78, 138 Pirola (Chimaphilla) Arbutus 11, 110 Quassia amara, L., S/mar. Piscidia 80, 138 Quebracho Colorado... bark Pisum (Pea), Leynm. reference under ,, Vicia 103 Quercus tinctoria, and others, Amentac. Pithecolobium Legimunoscr, Indian 61, 132 Quillaia Saponaria, Rosacem ... ; 178 BOTANICAL INDEX. HEE I'NDl Ranunculaceiv ; for Berberine Berberis 20, 114 See also Adonis. Anemone, Delphi- nium, Helleborus, Isopyrum, Podo- ]ihyllum, Thalictrum Ranunculus ; see above and Anemone Ratanbia (Krameria) Rauwolfia ... Apocytieir Remijia Cinchona Rhamnaeetf ; see Ceanothus and Rham- nus Rhamnus ... Rhatany see Rheum (Rhubarb) ; for Emodin, Rhamnus Rhinacanthus, Acanth. Rhinanthus, Scroph. ... Rhincodia (Cercoeoma) Rhododendron, Ericacecv ; for Ericolin, etc. Rhubarb (Rheum) ; for Emodin Rhus coraria, Anacard. : for Quercitrin „ cotiuus, etc. ... Ribes rubrum, L., Grossular. ; for Phlorr- hizin Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil., Rubiac. for Emetin Ricinus Communis, L., Euphorh. 'Ricin,' being albuminoidal, is not entered in this vol. Robinia Pseudacacia, L., Lecjnm. „ viscosa ; for Viscin, see Viscum Ronabea emetica Richard. (Psychotria) Rosacetv. ; see Brayera, Crat;cgus, Fra- Rubus garia, Geum, Prunus, Pyrus, ; for Quillaia and Spiroea, containing Saponin, see Saponaria Rottleria, Euphorh. ... Rowan (Pyrus aucuparia) (^Cinchonaced: and Galiacerv) EuhiaceK ; BOTANICAL INDEX. 179 SEE UNDER Sassafras, Australian Sa-rifraija cew Saxifraga ... tridactylis for Viscin „ ; Scammony ... Schoenocaulon (Sabadilla) Scilla maritima (Squill) Sclerotium ... Scoparium ... Scopolia Japonica ... Scropularia aquatica, L., Scroph. Scropliu/ariacece ; see Digitalis, Gratiola, Scrophularia, Linaria Secale cereale ^_ for Ergotin, etc. ... ° ' „ cornutum | Sedum acre ; for Rutin, see Euta ; for Quercetin, see Quercus Selar/hiacete ; see Globularia Semen contia ) " „ Santonici ) Senega root (Polygala) Senna „ Wild Serpentaria Service Tree, Wild (Pyrus torm.) Shaddock (Citrus Decumana) ... ' ' Shirakawazuware ; for Aconitine 'Sikimi' Silene, Caryoiih. Simaba S/iuaruhacecc ; see Quassia, Simaba Sinapis (Mustard), Crucif. Sm/liicea ; see Sarsaparilla Smilax Smut of Indian Corn Snake root, Virginian „ wood (Ophioxylon) Snapdragon (Antirrhinum); forRhinan thin . 180 BOTANICAL INDEX. SEE UNDER PAGE SEE UNDER Swamp Silk Weed (Asclepias) Ascli'piadaceii'. 13,112 Turnera Dogwood Cephalanthus 26,118 Tylophora asthmatica, .Isc/py^. Sweet Flag (Sweet Rush) Acorus ... 4, 106 Swietenia ... Cailcedra 23,116 Ulex (Furze) Symplocos ... Lotus bark 62, 132 Umbellifero- ; see iEthusa, Ammi, An- Syringa 116, 144 gelica, Chierophyllum, Conium, Daucus, Laserpitium, Pastinaca, Petroselinum, Tabevnccmontana Apocynew, Du Pimpiiiella, Vallaria Indies ... 10, 110 Uuona (see Ccelocline) for Berberiue.. ; Tanacetum, Cow^ws Chrysanthemum 28, 120 Upas tree ... Tanghinia venenifera, Apocyn. Strophanthus 93, 144 Urare (Curare) Tankewillia Canadensis ; for Indican ... Isatis 59, 130 Urechitis suberecta, Apocyn Tansy (Tanacetum) ... Chrysanthemum 28, 120 Urson Taraxacum (Dandelion), —^- Compos. 97, 144 Urticacef-f ; see Antiaris Tares Vicia 103, 146 Ustilago Maydis, Fungi Taxacecii ; see Taxus Uva Ursi ... Taxus baccata, L., Coni/'. 97, 144 Tea Thea 97, 144 Vaccinium ; for Ericolin and Vaccinin. „ Labrador (Ledum) Arbutus ... 11,110 Vallaria (Hydrocotyle) Umbel. „ New Jersey Ceanothus 26, 118 Variolaria dealbata, Lirhenes ... Tephrosia ... Cassia 25,116 Veratrum ... Ternstrcciniacea: ; see Camelliacece (this Verbenacew ; see Vitex agnns castus index) Vernonia, Compos. ... Tetranthera Laurinea- 60, 132 Vetches (tares) Teucrium fructicans, Labiat. ... 97 Viburnum pruuifolium Thea Chiueasis, Cainelliacecc (Ternstns- Vicia viiacecr.) ... 97, 144 Vinca Thea Chineusis; for Queroitrin, see Vincetoxicum, Asclep. Quercus ... 140 84, Vine (Vitis) ; for Quercitrin, see Quercus Theobroma Cacao, StercuL (or Byttneriw) Thea group 97, 140 V'wlaceri' ; see Anchietea, Viola, Ipe Thalictrum macrocarpum, Ranunc. 97, 140 cacuanha Thevetia, Apocyn. Cerbera . . 26,118 Viola, Vhlacea Thuya Occids., L., Co;((/(;rre ... Piiius grouii 79, 138 Viscum album, L. (Mistletoe), Loran Thyinelacen; Daphne ... 47, 126 thacea' 'Timbo' (Paullinia)... Paullinia... 77 Vitex Agnus Castus ... Tobacco (Nicotiana), Solan. ... Atropa ... 14,112 Vitis (Vine) ; for Quercitrin Toxicodendron Hytenancbe 58, 130 Voacanga, Apocyn. ... Triauosperma, Cucurbit. 99, 146 Trigonella Foenum Groecum, Leguni. ... 99, 146 Wahoo bark BOTANICAL INDEX. SEE UNDER Waifa (Chinese Yellow Berries) Walnut (Juglans) ; forGlycyrrhizin Water Hemlock (Cicuta) AVater Lily (yellow)... White Beam tree (Pyrus aria) Whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis idcea) Winter Cherry Woad (Isatis tinctoria) Wolf Fruit (Solanum grandifl.) Wolf's Bane (Aconitum Napellus) Woodbine ... Woodumpur; for Berberine ... Woorari (Curare) Worm grass, Perennial Worm seed ; see Artemisia and Spigelia Wormwood (Artemisia Absynth.) INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. This index gives the pages on which the substance looked for will be found in Parts I. and II. ; to Part III. no references here are needed, each list in that section being alphabetically arranged. Abbreviations INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. 183 Apo-alkaloids, from Aconite 184 INDEX OF SUIiSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. i8r> Ciuchonine 186 INDEX OF SUnSTAN'CEiS, REAGENTS, ETC. IXDIiX OF SrBSTANCE?, IIEACENT^J, ETC. 187 Olaucopicrine INDEX OF SriJiTANCES, UEAUENTS, ETC. SEE Tsoquinine Cinchona (2(i) ;)1 Loliin Isorottlerin Rottleria, Addenda VSi Loturidine ; Loturine Ivain Achillea 1, lOG Lo.\opterigine Ivy glacoside (Helixin) Hedera 1^0 Lupinin ; Lupinidin ; Lupino- toxin ; Lupanine ; Lupinine Jaboridine ; Jaboriae Pilocarpus ...... 79,138 Lupuliniu Acid Jalapin ; Jalapinol Cuiifolvulaceai -14, 124, 193 Lycaconine Jaiiiaicine = Berbenne Berberis ... 21,114 Lycaconitine Japaconitine Aconitum (/) 4 Lycoctonine Javanine ... ('inchona (1)4) ... 39,122 Lycopin ... Jervic acid Veratrum ... 102 Lycopodine Jerviue ...... 101.140 Juniperin... Juniperus ...... r,0, 130 Macleyine (Chelerythrine) Jurubebine Sulauum ...... 92,144 Macrocarpine Maudragorine Karakin ... Corynooar|)iis ... 42,126 Maugostin Kellin Ammi S, 108 Marme's reagent; seeCadmium- Kosin Brayera ... 22,114 Potassic iodide (this index) Marrubiin Laburnine (Cytisine) Cytisus Mayer's solution ... Lactucin ; Lactucerin Lac- ; Meconic Acid tucon; Lactucopicrin Lactuca ...... 00,130 Meconidine Lanthopine Opium (10) ...... 74,130 ileconin ... Laserol : Laserpitin Laser])itiuia ...... (;o 132 Meconoisiu Laudanine Opium (18) ...... 74', 130 Megarrhin; Megarrhizin; Me- Laudauosine ,- C^l) 7.5,130 garrhizitin Laurotetanine Lauri.ece ...... 00,132 Melanthia Lead acetate I'recipitant Xo. 3 ; also Part III. 151 Melin (Rutin) ],ignoia ... (:iil) Cinchona ...... 38,122 Melonemetin Lis^ustron... Syriuga ...... 1)7 Slenispermine Lilacin Syringa ...... 96 Jlenyanthin Limoniti ... AuraiUiarur i^i) ...... 19,114 Mercurialine = Methylamine Linamarin Linum ...... 01,' 132 Mercuric chloride ... Linarin ; Linaiaciin ; . ,, see also Gerrard test resin Linaria ...... i;i 132 !Mercuric-potassic iodide Liniin Linum ...... di 132 Methyl-arbutin Liriodendrin Liriodendron ...... 01, 132 Methyl-coniine Lobeliine ... Lobelia ...... t)2 132 Methyl-morphine (Codeine) ' Loevo-atropine Atropa (() ...... 15 Methyl-pelletienne . INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, REAGENTS, ETC. Milossine ... Taxus Ophioxylin Aiiocijnecc, Dutch Indies (a) Wolybdic acid ; see Phospho- Opionin ... Opium (26) molybdic acid, also Friihde's Oreoselon Athamantha solution Oscine Atropa {j) ... ]\ronessin;Monninin (Saponin) Saponaria ... 142 Ostruthiin Moradeine Cinchona (IW) 122 Ouabain ... Strophanthus Moradin ... „ . (33) 39 Oxyacanthine Berberis Morrenia ... Morrenine 134 ,, from Crataigus ... Morindin ; Morindon Morinda 64 Oxycinchonine,Alphaand Beta Cinchona (4/) and (4;h) Morphine Opium (1) ... 134 Oxymorphine (Pseudomor- Moschatine Achillea 106 phine) ... Opium (2/.) Muawine ... Erythrophloeum 52 Oxynarcotine Opium (12) Mudarin ... Calotropis ... 116 Murrayetin Aurantiacem (/,:) 114 Pachyrhizid Leguminosd', Indian Murrayin... (i) 114 Palicourine Palicourea ... Muscarine Agancus ... 108 Palladious chloride Precipitant No. 8 Myoctonine Aconitum (j) 106 Panaquilou Panax Myronate of potassium Sinapis 142 Papaveramine Opium (ba) Papaverine ... Nandinine Nandina 134 „ (4) Papaine Papain ; Papayoti Papaya Napelline... Aconitum («) 106 ; Parabebeerine Bebeeru Narceine ... Opium (10) 136 Paramenispermine Cocculus Narcotine... „ (3) ... 134 Paramorphine (Thebaine) (Jpium (8) ... Naiingeuin Aurantiacem (h) 19 Pararhodeoretin (Jalapin) Convoh'ulaceic Naringin ... 114 Pereirine ... Pareira Narthecin... Narthecium 134 Paricine ... Cinchona (25) Nartinic Acid Opium (3fO 134 Paridin Paris quadr. Nataloin ... Aloe Parillin ... Sarsap. (Smilax) Nectandrine Bebeeru 114 Paristyphniu ... Paris quadr. Nerianthin ; Neriin ; Nerio Pastinacine Pastinaca ... dorin ; Neriodorein Nerium 134 Paytine Payta Paytamine ; Nicotine ... ., (') ... 112 Peiosine ... Bebeeru Nitric Acid Colour test No. 2, and Part III 1G6 Pelletierine Punica Nitro-prussides Precipitant No. 17 Pereirine Pareira Nupharine Nuphar 66, 134 Permanganate of Potash Part III. ... Odollin ... Cerbera 26,118 Peucedanin (Imperiatorin) Athamantha Oleandrine Nerium 6.5, 134 Phillyiin ; Phillygeniu Phill3rt'a ... Onoceriu ; Ononid Ononis 66, 134 Phloretin ; Phloridzin (Phlo Ophelic Acid Chiretta 28, 118 rhizin) ... Pyrus 82, 140 IW INDEX OF Sl'liSTANCEt;, REAGENT.S, ETC. Phospho compounds Preciiiitants '^2 to Phyllanthin Physalin ... Physodin... Physostigmine Phytomelin (Rutin) Picrasmin (Quassiin) Picric Acid Picro-aconitine Picrocrocin Picrolichenin Picropodophyllin ... o- Picrotoxid ; Picrotoxin ; Pici toxinin (Earth's Picrotoxin) Piliganine Pilocarpine ; Pilooarpidine ... Pimaric Acid ; Pinipicrin ... Pimpinellin Piperidine ; Piperine Piscidin ... Pitayine ... Pithecolobine Piturine ... Platinum chloride ... Plumbagin (Duloug's) Podophyllotoxin; Podo])hyllo- quercetin Polychroite (CrociuJ Polychrome = .lEsculin Polygalin (Saponin) Populin ... Porphyrine Potassium salts (reagents) ; see individual compounds (this index) Propfescinic Acid ... Prophetin Protopine... INDEX OF SUBSTANCES, UEAGENTS, ETC. 191 Reagents, see Introductory, Soheibler'sReageni p. V. ; also Part III. Resins, alpha, beta, gamma ... Hamulus ... 57, 130 Rhamnetin ; Rhamnin ; Rham- nocathartin ; Rhamnegin ... Rhamnus ... 85, 140 Rheadine ( Rhceadine) Opium (11) 73, 136 Rhinacanthin Rhinacanthus 86 Rhiuanthin Rhiuanthus 86, 1 40 Rhodeoretin (Kayser's) ConrolrnlacecB 44, 124 Rhceadine Opium (U) 73, 136 Ricin, iioisonous jirineiple of Castor seed, is albuminous, hence not described in this vol. Robinin ... Robinia 86,142 Rosaginin Iserium 65, 134 Rotoine ... Atropa (o) ... 17 Rottlerin... Rottleria ... 87, 142 Ruberythric Acid ... Reference under Moi ida 64 Rubiadin; RubiadinGlucoside Rubia, Addenda 193 Rubijervine Veratrum (/.•) 102 Rubreserin Calabar bean 23 Rules Introductory Rutilin Sali.K Rutin (Rutic Acid) Ruta 87, 142 Sabadilline Veratrum (c) 101, 146 Sabadine ... „ W 101, 146 Sabadinine „ (rf2) 102, 146 Sabatrine... „ (0 102 Saffron bitter (Picroorocin) Saffron 88, 142 Salicin Salix 88, 142 Sanguinarine (Chelerythrine) Chelidonium 27,118 Santonin ... Artemisia ... 13,112 Sapogenin ; Saponine Saponaria ... 80, 142 Sapotin ; Sapotine ; Saporetiu Achras 1,106 Barracenine Sarracenia ... 89 Sarsaparilla-saponin(Smilacin) Sarsap. (Smilax) SO, 142 Scammonin (Jalapin) Convolrulacece 44, 124, 193 ' 192 INDEX OF S:UnSTANCE?, liEAGENTS, ETC. Stylophorine=C'helidonine Chelidonium 27, Sulphocyanides PrecipitantNo. lG,and Partlll. Sulphuric Acid Colour test No. 1 , and Part III. Surinamine (Ratanhine) Ratanhia ... Syringenin ; Syringin ; Sy ringopicrin isyringa Tampicin Cunvolvulacem Chrysanthemum Tanacetic Acid ; Tanacetiu Tanghinin Strophanthus Tannic Acid Precipitant No. 4, and Taraxacin Taraxacum Tarconine Opium (Sr) Tarnine ... „ (¥) Taxine Taxas Telsescin ... ^sculus (g) Teucrin ... Teucrium ... Thalictrine Thalictrum Opium (9a) Thebaine ; Thebaicine (8), Thebenine Theine (Caffeine) ; Theo bromine ; Theophylline Thea group Thevetin ; Thevetosin ; The vetresin Cerbera Thujin ; Thnjigenin Pinus group Timbonine Paullinia pinnata Triauosjiermine ; Trianosper mitine ... Trianosperma Trigonelline Trigonella ... Tritopine Opium (20) Tropine ; Tropidine Atropa (f/), (p) Tru.\illine Coca Tulucunnin Carapa Tungstic Acid ; see Phospho tungstic Acid Turpethin ; Turpethol Convolvulace^ Tylophorine Tylophora... Ulexine (Cytisine) Cvtisus : ADDENDA. ' ' glncoside resembling Arnaud's TANGHININ 93); ACONITUM (compare p. 1). Dunstan and Carr (C'Jiem. Soc. Jnl., Aug., the name CERBERIN a (p. (corrected). Lffivo-rotatory : [a]D= -74-(')l in 18',K5) show that Aconitine changes into Isaoonitine under certain condi- Co,H.|oO„ ; M.P. rjP-192° tions, c.fi., long heating of the hydrobroraide. Dunstan and Jowett, 90 per cent, alcohol. cil., that Aconitine Aurichloride exists in three modifi- with difficulty loc. further show Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, .amyl alcohol ; cations, having different melting-points. in benzene and carbon tetrachloride, slightly in carbon bisulphide and petroleum ether. BRYONIA. Masson (./. Pharm., [.5], 27, 300) finds tor BRYONIN -|-41':?5 ammoniacal ; dextro-rotatory, [a]i)= precipitated by {Pharm. Rush., CjiHjkO,, ; CONVOLVULACE.S; (compare p. 44). N. Kromer Z. : 210°; dextro-rotatory lead acetate ; and for BRYOGENIN Ci.,Hi,jO. ; M.P. vols. 31 and 3.2) has obtained the following results : (-|- 105'). Bryogenin dissolves with red colour in concentrated sulphuric 123-08° (corrected) Isevo- SCAMMONIN (Jalapin), CbsHimOjs ; M.P. ; acid, the solution becoming purple on heating, and giving, on subsequent rotatory, [a]D= -23-06. addition of water, a purple pp. Insoluble in petroleum ether and water. Behaviour to other solvents indica (Indian Cannabinacece alkaloids, (a), see CANNABIS Hemp) ; ; as given on p. 44. Dupuj', ' Les alcaloides'; and (i), see H. F. Smith, Amer. J. Pharm. 1468' TURPETHIN, C;,;Hi.„0;„., ; M.P. (corrected). (o) CANNABINE A. ; crystallizes in needles ; 'action like Strychnine.' anhydride TURPETHOL (Turpethole), d.HsoOs ; M.P. 85-7G° ; the Soluble in alcohol, very readily in water, slowly in ether and chloro- apparently of TURPETHOLIC ACID, CiuHsoOj. form. ' Precipitates with most alkaloid reagents.' Xo violet coloration with IPOMdIN G., from Ipomcea pandurata (Convolvulus panduratus, L.), 170°. sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate. C;„Hi;aO,„; ; a white powder ; M.P. in solvents except ether. (Ii) CANNABININE A. yellowish-green, amorphous (varnish from ether); Soluble most ; Sodic hydrate colours it intense red ; red coloration also with sulphuric Coniine-like odour ; alkaline reaction. Gives a crystalline sulphate. acid (concentrated). Soluble in alcohol and in ether ; very difficultly in water. Precipitants IPOMEOLIC ACID (a crystalline substance, M.P. 6(J-6°) is formed by the Alkaline hydrates ) yellowish- Potassic iodide, yellow, action of dilute acids U]ion the preceding body, together with sugar and a yellowish- volatile acid, 00-8°. Ammonia I green. lodo-potassic iodide, C,H„Oo ; M.P. Tannic acid, yellowish-brown. brown. RITBIA tinctoria (Madder). Schunk and Marcblewski {Chem. Soc. Picric acid, yellow. Mercuric-potassic iodide, white. Jnl., Aug., 1893) have isolated a new substance, RUBIADIN-GLUCOSIDE, Phospho-niolybdic acid, white. 270°. occurring in lemon-yellow microscopic needles ; M.P. about derivative of CERBERA (see p. 2(5) and STROPHANTHUS (p. H:^). P. C. Plugge Decomposed by acids into sugar and Huhiadin, the methyl {Anli. Pharm., 231, 10-34, and Chem. Hor. Jul., 54, i., 481) describes under Purpuroxanthin (isomer of Alizarin). : Soluble in boiling coucentrated acetic acid (separating in yellow Reactions : needles on cooling), less readily dissolved by ether and alcohol, scarcely Alkaline hydrates and carbonates, dissolve. by water. Ferric chloride, brown coloration. Beactions : Potassic hydrate, sol. red on boiling the solution, on cooling, ; ISOROTTLERIN was also isolated, in the form of a glittering salmon- becomes a crimson jelly, admixed with crystalline needles. coloured mass ; M.P. l'J8°-l'.)9°. Potassic carbonate ) „„,.„i^ Hi=«nlvp •' in mixture of ether chloroform, sparingly in Calcic hydrate solution ) Soluble a and ether alone. Baric hydrate solution, dissolves traces, becoming coloured dark red. Insoluble in hot benzene, carbon bisulphide, chloroform. Lead acetate (alcoholic), no pp. Reactions Cupric acetate (alcoholic), brick-red pp. Alkaline hydrates, sol. cold, orange-red. Concentrated sulphuric acid, red solution, decompos-ing on standing, carbonates^ sol. boiling, orange-red. or on warming, into glucose and Eubiadin. „ Ferric chloride (alcoholic), brownish-black coloration. KOTTLERIA. A. G. Perkin (Chem. Soc. Jnl., Aug., 180:!) finds for I'jr-l'Jl 5° flesh-coloured, tuberifeia. A. v. Planta and E. Scbnize {Berichle il. ROTTLEHIN (compare p. 87) M.P. ; pale slender STACHYS transparent needles (not yellow, as Anderson had found). d. Chem. GVs., 26, 'J.i'.l) have separated S7/(CWra/?//Vf, C^HuXO,. resembling Hetaine. transparent Soluble in ether readily, in chloroform, benzene, and toluene ; ; deliquescent crystals ; M.P. 210' (after losing water sparingly in carbon bisulphide and glacial acetic acid. at 100°) ; neutral reaction. BaillUre, Tiiulall and Coj\ Kin;/ Wdl/aiii Street, Strand, LondonCcH,CH:GH-CH:CHC0(C5Hi„X); as febrifuge.