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Original Research Original Research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/star.v4i4.14 ISSN: 2226-7522 (Print) and 2305 -3372 (Online) Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Oct-Dec 201 5, 4(4): 99-105 Journal Homepage: http://www.starjournal.org/ Original Research Ten Years Trend Analysis of Malaria Prevalence and its Correlation with Climatic Variables in Sibu Sire District, East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional state, Western Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study Temesgen Gemechu 1, Abdi Samuel 2* and Delensaw Yewhalaw 1 1Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, PO Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University , PO Box: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia Abstract Article Information Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases in the World and caused by a protozoan Article History: parasite of the genus Plasmodium. The disease remains one of the most important causes Received : 28-09-2015 of human morbidity and mortality with enormous medical, economic and emotional imp act in the world, and in most African countries including Ethiopia. The complexity of the Revised : 19-12-2015 disease control process, expensiveness of the control program, resistance of the parasite Accepted : 24-12-2015 to anti-malarial drugs and vectors to insecticides are some of the challenges. The aim of the study was to assess the ten years trend analysis o f malaria prevalence and its Keywords : association with climatic variables in the Sibu Sire district, Western Ethiopia. Ten years P. falciparum (2004-2013) malaria clinical and epidemiological data were collected from health facilities Malaria and climatic variables data from Ethiopian M eteorological agency. The data were analyzed using SPSS software package 16.0. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted to see Morbidity and mortality the correlation between plasmodium species and climatic variables. Within the last decade Climatic Variables (2004–2013) a total of 30,070 blood films were examined for malaria in Sire health center and of this 6036 (20.07%) microscopically confirmed malaria cases were reported in the Economic impact health center and P. falciparum becoming a predominant species. The result showed that Epidemiological data maximum temperature, mean temperature and average relative humidity showed significant association with malaria ( P<0.01).But minimum temperature (P=0.094) and *Corresponding Author: rainfall (P=0.729), were not significant. In addition, regression analysis suggested that minimum temperature, rainfall, an d average relative humidity ( P<0.001) were statistically Abdi Samuel significant but the mean temperature (P=0.706) was insignificant. In conclusion the trend of malaria in the study area had a reducing but a fluctuating pattern and some of the E-mail: metrological variables such as minimum temperature, rainfall, and average relative humidity were statistically significant . [email protected] Copyright@201 5 STAR Journal , Wollega University . All Rights Reserved. INTRODUCTION Malaria is one of the most devastating diseases in the is regarded as malarious (MoH, 2008). P. falciparum and World. There are ninety seven countries and territories P.vivax are the two predominant malaria parasites, with ongoing malaria transmission, and seven countries in distributed all over the country and accounting for 60% the prevention of reintroduction phase, making a total of and 40% of malaria cases, respectively (MoH, 2002). 104 countries and territories in which malaria is presently considered endemic. Globally, an estimated 3.4 billion Malaria transmission in Ethiopia is seasonal and people are at risk of malaria. WHO estimates that 207 unstable, depending mostly on altitude and rainfall million cases of malaria occurred globally in 2012 (WHO, (Deressa et al ., 2003). The two main seasons for 2013). The disease remains one of the most important transmission of malaria in Ethiopia are September to causes of human morbidity and mortality with enormous November, sometimes extended to December after heavy medical, economic and emotional impact in the world summer rains, and March to May, after the light rainy (WHO, 2011), with2-3million deaths occurring each year shower. Malaria epidemics are relatively frequent (Snow et al ., 2005). It is the leading cause of death in involving highland or highland fringe areas, mainly areas children under the age of 5 years and pregnant women in 1,000–2,000 meters above sea level, in which the developing countries (Martens, 2000; Lagerberg, 2008). population lacks immunity to malaria (Endeshaw et al ., 2008) . Meteoro logical factors have been considered as It is estimated that 68% of the population lives in important drivers of malaria transmission by affecting both malarious areas and three quarters of the t otal land mass malaria parasites and vectors directly or indirectly A Peer -reviewed Official International Journal of Wollega University, Ethiopia 99 Temesgen Gemechu et al ., Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J., Oct-Dec 2015, 4(4): 99-105 (Pemola and Jauhari, 2013). Besides this, other factors, Data Processing and Analysis such as any change in land use patterns and construction The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 of water control could have considerable effects on software package. Descriptive statistics was employed to malaria transmission (FMOH, 2007). present overall malaria prevalence, age and sex specific malaria, correlation with climatic variables. Average yearly Changes in temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity mean temperature, total rainfall and relative humidity due to climate change are expected to influence malaria (January through December for each year) were directly by modifying the behavior and geographical calculated. All data from meteorological and clinical distribution of malaria vectors and by changing the length records were checked for completeness and cleaned of of the life cycle of the parasite. Climate change is also any inconsistencies. To observe the correlation between expected to affect malaria indirectly by changing meteorological variables and malaria cases, the monthly ecological relationships that are important to the malaria cases were regarded as the dependent variables, organisms involved in malaria transmission (the vector, while meteorological variables such as monthly maximum, parasite, and host) (Abebe et al ., 2011). Because of those minimum and mean temperature, total monthly rainfall challenges malaria is one of the main public health and monthly relative humidity were independent variables. problems in the study area. Therefore, this study is Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted to examine initiated to analysis the ten years trend of malaria the type and strength of relationship between prevalence and to determine any patterns of correlation meteorological variables and malaria. Then to observe existing between meteorological factors and malaria over independent effect of each independent variable on the last decade in the study area. outcome, variable linear regression was fitted. Since there might be auto-correlation among independent variables MATERIALS AND METHODS over time, autocorrelation analysis was conducted. Study Area and Period The study was conducted in Sibu Sire district, East Ethical Considerations Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethical clearance was obtained from Jimma University Ethiopia from 2004-2013. It is one of the districts in east College of Natural Science and written consent was Wollega Zone and is located 281Km in West from Addis sought from the head of Sire district health office to Ababa and 50km East from Nekemte, the administration undertake the study. Individual information was kept town of East Wollega Zone. This district is bordered in the confidential and the names of individuals were removed East by Gobu Seyo, in the West by WayuTuka, in South from the data taken from health center and identified only by Wama Hagalo and Billo Boshe and on the North by by identification numbers and the results were Gudeya Bila and Guto Gida. This district has 22 kebeles communicated in an aggregated manner. from these 19 kebeles are rural and 3 municipals. The study area has a total population of 124,304 and from RESULTS these urban dwellers male6744 and female 6954, rural During the study period (2004–2013) a total of 30,070 dwellers male 54,920 female 55,686.Sibu sire district has blood films were requested for malaria diagnosis in Sire an estimated population density of 27.8 people per square health center and 6036 (20.07%) microscopically kilometer (SSDA, 2013). confirmed malaria cases were reported in the district with mean malaria cases of 603.6. A minimum (1.6%)number Topography and Climate of microscopically confirmed malaria cases being reported The altitude of the district ranges between 1360masl to in 2008 and the maximum (31.2%) microscopically 2500masl.There is three agro-ecological zones confirmed cases of malaria being reported in 2004.The represented in this district. The majority (74.3%) of the prevalence of malaria varies between sex and among district is classified as mid-land with lowland (18.27%) and place of residence, age ,month, season and year. In only 7.53% is considered as highland. The minimum, addition, the types of plasmodium species and the drug maximum and mean temperature of this area was 14.09 used within these years also varied. ºc, 27.30 ºc, and 22.55 ºc, respectively. The highest temperature occurs
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