DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical Magazine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Volume 57 October 1974 Number 4 JOHN NICHOLSON AND THE PENNSYLVANIA POPULATION COMPANY Robert D. Arbuckle Nicholson, 1757-1800, was an early Pennsylvania land spec- Johnulator, financier, and entrepreneur. While serving as comptroller- general of the state, 1782-1794, he was a major factor inhelping Penn- sylvania achieve financial solvency after the revolutionary war. In this capacity Nicholson created political alliances with those who stressed state rather than national sovereignty, and in the 1790s he was instru- mental inhelping to form the Democratic-Republican party. Nicholson was a friend of many prominent national and state political figures, such as Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Mifflin,Robert Morris, Aaron Burr, and Edmund Randolph. Inaddition to his political activities, Nicholson engaged in many entrepreneurial promotions. He and his partners were the major pri- vate purchasers of building lots in the Federal District (Washington. D.C.) in its infancy; he was a flour merchant and an ironmonger, helping to establish with John Haydn the first iron furnace west of the Allegheny Mountains, near present-day Uniontown; owned many lead, copper, silver, and coal mines; promoted inventors like John Fitch, James Rumsey, and Oliver Evans; managed and spon- sored internal improvement projects, such as the Philadelphia-Lancas- ter Turnpike and the Delaware and Schuylkill Canal ;and participated in many humanitarian activities, such as helping blacks inPhiladelphia. However, Nicholson's primary activity was land speculation. He Dr. Arbuckle is associate director of academic affairs and is an assistant professor of history at the Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pa., campus. —Editor 354 ROBERT D. ARBUCKLE OCTOBER became the major land speculator of Pennsylvania and one of the major speculators of the nation. In order to meet the expenses of tax payments and of promoting sales of his vast holdings, he became en- tangled in many incorporated and unincorporated land companies which eventually helped to cause his ruin. His first stop on the road to disaster was the Pennsylvania Popu- lation Company, which was incorporated on May 4, 1792. 1 Pennsyl- vania was a fertile field for speculative endeavors in the 1790s. The population was increasing every year; for example, in 1787 it was estimated at 360,000, and by 1791 it had grown to 434,713. 2 Thus, speculators had an increasing number of settlers to purchase their lands. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, who later invested in lands in Pennsylvania, calculated that if a speculator bought lands in the state at four dollars per acre in 1794, he could expect to sell those lands twelve years later at 13% dollars per acre and realize a profit of 233 percent. 3 Little wonder then that Nicholson was so enthusiastic about this avenue of investment. The lands which formed the basis for the Population Company's operations were chiefly Nicholson's and were located primarily in the Erie Triangle. The boundary line between the states of New York and Pennsylvania had been drawn at the forty-second parallel by James Clinton and Simon DeWitt for New York, and David and Andrew Ellicott for Pennsylvania, the latter both friends of Nichol- son's, in 1788-1789. By the Fort Harmar treaty of January 9, 1789, the Iroquois Nation sold the Erie Triangle to the United States, which in turn sold it to the state of Pennsylvania. Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chief, denounced the sale by Cornplanter and Little Billy at Canandaigua, New York, in October of 1794; for acting without au- thority ;and for receiving only the paltry sum of $4,000. 4 This led to Indian resistance which helped to thwart the operation of the Popula- tion Company and brought pleas for assistance from Nicholson to Governor Thomas Mifflin. 1 For an account of the company see Robert Hale, "The Pennsylvania Popu- lation Company" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1950). This article is an attempt to highlight Nicholson's connection with the company. 2 Gazette of the United States, Apr. 15, 1789. 3 Hans Huth and Wilma Pugh, eds., Talleyrand in America as a Financial Promoter ... (Washington, 1897), 161-62. 4 Sherman Day, ed., Historical Collections of Pennsylvania— (Philadelphia, 1843), 315-16; Northern Boundary of Pennsylvania Middle of Lake Erie, pamphlet of the Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs, Bul- letin 2 (no. 11) :17-19. 1974 JOHN NICHOLSON AND THE POPULATION COMPANY 355 Contributing factors to the purchase of the triangle by the state had been the efforts of General William Irvine (another friend of Nicholson's and a stockholder in the Population Company) who saw the need for Pennsylvania to secure an outlet on the Great Lakes. 5 Governor Mifflinobligingly appointed John Nicholson to handle the financial transactions for the state; he negotiated the purchase in 1792, with Joseph Nourse acting on behalf of the national government. The Erie Triangle consisted of 202,187 acres and cost the state $151,640.25, or seventy-five cents per acre. 6 In what was probably the best example of Nicholson using his state office of comptroller-general for personal gain, he brashly pre- empted the entire area, with the exception of a few tracts retained by the state for future public use, as soon as the land was offered for sale. One might ponder how he was able to do this since under the Pennsylvania Land Act of 1792 only 400 acres could be granted to any one person. When one considers that Nicholson was a good friend and business partner of Governor Mifflin,coupled with the fact that the governor was to own at least 400 shares in the Population Company out of a total of 2,500, the mystery can be partly solved. 7 Furthermore, Daniel Brodhead in the surveyor-general's office, another friend and partner of Nicholson's, could be useful, because when fictitious names were used in the land offices to cover this large purchase, no questions were asked. Nicholson confessed that since only 400 acres could be taken out, "the necessity resulted of using bor- rowed names as was usual in the Land Office in cases where one per- son takes out more than the quantity aforesaid .. ." 8 Nicholson 5 For Irvine's efforts see C. W. Butterfield, ed., Washington-Irvine Corres- pondence (Madison, Wise, 1882), 69. New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts all claimed this area at one time. New York relinquished its claim to the national government on Mar. 1, 1781 ;Massachusetts on Apr. 19, 1785 ;and Connecticut on Sept. 3, 1786. 6 Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania, 2: 454-86 (hereafter cited as Pa. Statutes); Pennsylvania Archives, 4th ser., 3: 991-1012; ibid., 4: 225 (hereafter cited as Pa. Archives). For Mifflin's appointment of Nichol- son see Pa. Archives, 1st ser., 12: 91. 7 Diary of John Nicholson, Jan.-July 1792, entry for Apr. 16, 1792, box 3, Public Records Division, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commis- sion, Harrisburg (hereafter cited as Nicholson Diary, PRD). For the close association of Nicholson and Mifflin see Robert D. Arbuckle, "John Nicholson, 1757-1800, A Case Study of an Early American Land Speculator, Financier and Entrepreneur" (Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University, 1972), 73-85. 8 Entry for Feb. 21, 1795, Pennsylvania Population Company Minute Books, 1792-1815, Crawford County Historical Society Papers, Meadville, Pa. (hereafter cited as Population Co. Minute Books, CCHS). 356 ROBERT D. ARBUCKLE OCTOBER simply dispersed the various warrants among different land offices using borrowed names with Brodhead and Mifflinproviding a pro- tective shield. On April 3, 1792, the speculator made out 390 warrants of 400 acres each to cover the Erie Triangle. On April 16, 1792, just two weeks after Nicholson had taken out his warrants, Theophilus Cazenove, one of the major stockholders in Nicholson's Population Company, who represented Dutch financiers, made a call on Governor Mifflinand agreed to take 200 of the governor's shares in the com- pany. He also received names which could be used on warrants from Mifflinand turned these over to Nicholson. 9 Some of the more inter- esting names appearing on the list of warranties submitted by Nichol- son to cover the purchase included :John Donaldson, the register- general of the state who was supposed to watch Nicholson's ac- tivities ; Hannah Nicholson, John's wife; Joseph Nourse, register- general of the United States, who had negotiated the sale of the Erie tract with Nicholson ;Jonathan Mifflin,the governor's cousin ;Charles Pettit, one of the leading merchants and Republicans in the state ; John Nixon, president of the Bank of North America; and Edmund Randolph, attorney-general of the United States. 10 Nicholson not only used their names on warrants for the Erie tract, but he also applied these and other names to 250 additional warrants to cover 100,000 acres of land near Beaver and Shenango creeks where another settle- ment of the company was planned. On May 18, 1792, after the company was formally launched and all the subscriptions for stock filled, Nicholson made application for 500 more warrants to cover 200,000 additional acres west and north of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers in the donation district, including land along French Creek. 11 In1793, Nicholson was stillsending blank conveyances to his friends in the land office to be filled out in his name to cover these purchases. Edward Robinson, one of the Land Office clerks, was given seventy-five of these to be backdated to May 1, 1792. Nicholson conveyed 490 acres of Population Company lands to Robinson for "favors rendered." 12 And even after the surveys were 9 Nicholson Diary, PRD, entry for Apr. 16, 1792. 10 List of Warranties of the Pennsylvania Population Company, 1792, in the Pennsylvania Population Company Papers, Francis Spencer Estate Col- lection, Erie Public Museum Manuscript Collections, Erie, Pa.
Recommended publications
  • The Inventory of the Ralph Ingersoll Collection #113

    The Inventory of the Ralph Ingersoll Collection #113

    The Inventory of the Ralph Ingersoll Collection #113 Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center John Ingersoll 1625-1684 Bedfordshire, England Jonathan Ingersoll 1681-1760 Connecticut __________________________________________ Rev. Jonathan Ingersoll Jared Ingersoll 1713-1788 1722-1781 Ridgefield, Connecticut Stampmaster General for N.E Chaplain Colonial Troops Colonies under King George III French and Indian Wars, Champlain Admiralty Judge Grace Isaacs m. Jonathan Ingersoll Baron J.C. Van den Heuvel Jared Ingersoll, Jr. 1770-1823 1747-1823 1749-1822 Lt. Governor of Conn. Member Const. Convention, 1787 Judge Superior and Supreme Federalist nominee for V.P., 1812 Courts of Conn. Attorney General Presiding Judge, District Court, PA ___ _____________ Grace Ingersoll Charles Anthony Ingersoll Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll m. Margaret Jacob A. Charles Jared Ingersoll Joseph Reed Ingersoll Zadock Pratt 1806- 1796-1860 1789-1872 1790-1878 1782-1862 1786-1868 Married General Grellet State=s Attorney, Conn. State=s Attorney, Conn. Dist. Attorney, PA U.S. Minister to England, Court of Napoleon I, Judge, U.S. District Court U.S. Congress U.S. Congress 1850-1853 Dept. of Dedogne U.S. Minister to Russia nom. U.S. Minister to under Pres. Polk France Charles D. Ingersoll Charles Robert Ingersoll Colin Macrae Ingersoll m. Julia Helen Pratt George W. Pratt Judge Dist. Court 1821-1903 1819-1903 New York City Governor of Conn., Adjutant General, Conn., 1873-77 Charge d=Affaires, U.S. Legation, Russia, 1840-49 Theresa McAllister m. Colin Macrae Ingersoll, Jr. Mary E. Ingersoll George Pratt Ingersoll m. Alice Witherspoon (RI=s father) 1861-1933 1858-1948 U.S. Minister to Siam under Pres.
  • Lake Erie Watershed (Great Lakes Basin) Character Statement

    Lake Erie Watershed (Great Lakes Basin) Character Statement

    Lake Erie Watershed (Great Lakes Basin) Character Statement Lake Erie is the fourth largest of the Great Lakes in terms of water surface area (9,910 square miles) but the smallest by volume, containing only about 3% of the Great Lakes water. Lake Superior has over 50%, Lake Michigan has 21%, Lake Huron has 16%, and Lake Ontario has 9%. Water from the other Great Lakes reaches Lake Erie through the Detroit River and continues on to Lake Ontario through the Niagara River and Welland Canal. The total watershed is 30,140 square miles with only 511 square miles in Pennsylvania. Geology All of the Great Lakes experienced glaciation several times throughout the past. The force and power of these events led to the physical characteristics of the lakes including Lake Erie’s depth and size. Such events also defined the area’s geology and topography thus determining the groundwater resources. In PA, the Lake Erie watershed lies within two physiographic provinces. The area adjacent to the lake is located in the Eastern Lake Section of the Central Lowland Province and is situated over shale, sedimentary and sandstone bedrock. The upland area of the watershed is located in the Glaciated Pittsburgh Plateaus Section of the Appalachian Plateau Province. These provinces within the watershed are separated by an erosional scarp (a steep slope or cliff found at the margin of a flat or gently sloping area usually against the dip of the rocks) that is three to four miles from the lake and oriented in a southwest to northeast direction. Aquifers in both provinces benefit tremendously from the deposition of glacial drift – unconsolidated material from past glaciers.
  • Hello Pennsylvania

    Hello Pennsylvania

    Hello Pennsylvania A QUICK TOUR OF THE COMMONWEALTH There is much to be proud of in Pennsylvania. Magnificent land, steadfast citizens, lasting traditions, resilient spirit — and a system of government that has sustained Pennsylvania and the nation for over 300 years. Hello Pennsylvania is one of a series of booklets we at the House of Representatives have prepared to make our state and the everyday workings of our government more understandable to its citizens. As your representatives, this is both our responsibility and our pleasure. Copies of this booklet may be obtained from your State Representative or from: The Office of the Chief Clerk House of Representatives Room 129, Main Capitol Building Harrisburg, PA 17120-2220 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA • HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a hello Pennsylv marvelous mix A PENNSYLVANIA PROFILE A Quick Tour of the If you wanted to draw a 7 NORTHERN TIER Hunting, fishing, hardwood, Commonwealth picture of Pennsylvania and agriculture The largest open space in the Three hundred years ago, it Chances are you studied the you would need some facts. northeastern United States, this region houses the Little Like the size of the state Grand Canyon and more deer, was known as Penn’s Woods Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bear, and trout than people. and the kind of land and Counties: Bradford, Cameron, (Penn’s Sylvania) – and in a classroom years ago – or as Clinton, Elk, Forest, Lycoming, waterways that mark its McKean, Potter, Sullivan, William Penn owned it all! No recently as yesterday. But few Susquehanna, Tioga, Wyoming surface. You might want of us have Pennsylvania facts at 1 COLONIAL PENNSYLVANIA 4 ANTHRACITE AREA 8 STEEL KINGDOM commoner in history, before or to show major industries Historic attractions, high-tech, Recreation, manufacturing, Manufacturing, coal, high-tech, If you’ve got a good ear, education, and banking and coal and banking since, personally possessed our fingertips.
  • Charles Ingersoll: the ^Aristocrat As Copperhead

    Charles Ingersoll: the ^Aristocrat As Copperhead

    Charles Ingersoll: The ^Aristocrat as Copperhead HE INGERSOLL FAMILY is one of America's oldest. The first Ingersoll came to America in 1629, just nine years after the T^Mayflower. The first Philadelphia Ingersoll was Jared Inger- soll, who came to the city in 1771 as presiding judge of the King's vice-admiralty court. Previously, he had been the King's colonial agent and stamp master in Connecticut. During the Revolution, Jared remained loyal to the Crown. He stayed in Philadelphia for the first two years of the war, but in 1777, when he and other Tories were forced to leave, he returned to Connecticut, where he lived quietly until his death in 1781.1 Jared's son, Jared, Jr., was the first prominent Philadelphia Inger- soll. He came to Philadelphia with his father in 1771, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1778. Unlike his father, Jared, Jr., wholeheartedly supported the Revolution. Subsequently, he was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, a member of the city council, city solicitor, attorney general of Pennsylvania, and United States District Attorney. Politically, he was an ardent Fed- eralist, but politics and affairs of state were never his prime interest; his real interest was the law, and most of his time and energy was devoted to his legal practice.2 Jared, Jr.'s, son, Charles Jared Ingersoll, was probably the most interesting of the Philadelphia Ingersolls. Like his father, grand- father, and most of the succeeding generations of Ingersolls, Charles Jared was a lawyer. He began a practice in Philadelphia in 1802, but devoted much of his time to politics.
  • A History of Maryland's Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016

    A History of Maryland's Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016

    A History of Maryland’s Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016 A History of Maryland’s Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016 Published by: Maryland State Board of Elections Linda H. Lamone, Administrator Project Coordinator: Jared DeMarinis, Director Division of Candidacy and Campaign Finance Published: October 2016 Table of Contents Preface 5 The Electoral College – Introduction 7 Meeting of February 4, 1789 19 Meeting of December 5, 1792 22 Meeting of December 7, 1796 24 Meeting of December 3, 1800 27 Meeting of December 5, 1804 30 Meeting of December 7, 1808 31 Meeting of December 2, 1812 33 Meeting of December 4, 1816 35 Meeting of December 6, 1820 36 Meeting of December 1, 1824 39 Meeting of December 3, 1828 41 Meeting of December 5, 1832 43 Meeting of December 7, 1836 46 Meeting of December 2, 1840 49 Meeting of December 4, 1844 52 Meeting of December 6, 1848 53 Meeting of December 1, 1852 55 Meeting of December 3, 1856 57 Meeting of December 5, 1860 60 Meeting of December 7, 1864 62 Meeting of December 2, 1868 65 Meeting of December 4, 1872 66 Meeting of December 6, 1876 68 Meeting of December 1, 1880 70 Meeting of December 3, 1884 71 Page | 2 Meeting of January 14, 1889 74 Meeting of January 9, 1893 75 Meeting of January 11, 1897 77 Meeting of January 14, 1901 79 Meeting of January 9, 1905 80 Meeting of January 11, 1909 83 Meeting of January 13, 1913 85 Meeting of January 8, 1917 87 Meeting of January 10, 1921 88 Meeting of January 12, 1925 90 Meeting of January 2, 1929 91 Meeting of January 4, 1933 93 Meeting of December 14, 1936
  • Putting a Resiliency Plan in Place

    Putting a Resiliency Plan in Place

    2018 VOLUME 24, NUMBER 6 THE COMMISSIONER PLANNING TOOLS | HISTORY | BEST PRACTICES | LAW communities to reevaluate the existing infrastructure, land-use patterns, and public facilities that could be affected by a catastrophic event, particularly a repeat event. An important factor for local, state, and regional governments to consider is a disaster’s economic impact on a com- munity. The faster an area recovers from the damage, the sooner businesses can reopen and begin the recovery period. Frequent disruptions in economic activity stemming from recurring events may indicate the need for a careful study of the area’s vulnerabilities. Bayshore Boulevard in Tampa experienced some flooding during Hurricane Michael The commissioner’s role in October, despite being more than 300 miles from landfall in Florida’s Panhandle. Commissioners have multiple tools at their disposal to aid in resiliency plan- ning. These tools range from local mitiga- Putting a Resiliency Plan in Place tion strategies, which can reduce or even eliminate risks, to capital improvement ECENT EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS have alerted planning commissioners all over plans that can identify needed projects the U.S.—and the world—to the need for resilience, a term that is becoming a key and options for financing them. R element of the planning vocabulary. In the wake of Hurricane Michael, the state Perhaps the most important tools of Florida is particularly sensitive to the threat of hazards. Hillsborough County, where are comprehensive plans and long-range I am the executive director of the city-county planning commission, is continually transportation plans. In 2015, the state taking steps toward greater resiliency.
  • The Signers of the U.S. Constitution

    The Signers of the U.S. Constitution

    CONSTITUTIONFACTS.COM The U.S Constitution & Amendments: About the Signers (Continued) The Signers of the U.S. Constitution On September 17, 1787, the Constitutional Convention came to a close in the Assembly Room of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There were seventy individuals chosen to attend the meetings with the initial purpose of amending the Articles of Confederation. Rhode Island opted to not send any delegates. Fifty-five men attended most of the meetings, there were never more than forty-six present at any one time, and ultimately only thirty-nine delegates actually signed the Constitution. (William Jackson, who was the secretary of the convention, but not a delegate, also signed the Constitution. John Delaware was absent but had another delegate sign for him.) While offering incredible contributions, George Mason of Virginia, Edmund Randolph of Virginia, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts refused to sign the final document because of basic philosophical differences. Mainly, they were fearful of an all-powerful government and wanted a bill of rights added to protect the rights of the people. The following is a list of those individuals who signed the Constitution along with a brief bit of information concerning what happened to each person after 1787. Many of those who signed the Constitution went on to serve more years in public service under the new form of government. The states are listed in alphabetical order followed by each state’s signers. Connecticut William S. Johnson (1727-1819)—He became the president of Columbia College (formerly known as King’s College), and was then appointed as a United States Senator in 1789.
  • ELECTORAL VOTES for PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT Ø902¿ 69 77 50 69 34 132 132 Total Total 21 10 21 10 21 Va

    ELECTORAL VOTES for PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT Ø902¿ 69 77 50 69 34 132 132 Total Total 21 10 21 10 21 Va

    ¿901¿ ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT 901 ELECTION FOR THE FIRST TERM, 1789±1793 GEORGE WASHINGTON, President; JOHN ADAMS, Vice President Name of candidate Conn. Del. Ga. Md. Mass. N.H. N.J. Pa. S.C. Va. Total George Washington, Esq ................................................................................................... 7 3 5 6 10 5 6 10 7 10 69 John Adams, Esq ............................................................................................................... 5 ............ ............ ............ 10 5 1 8 ............ 5 34 Samuel Huntington, Esq ................................................................................................... 2 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 2 1027 John Jay, Esq ..................................................................................................................... ............ 3 ............ ............ ............ ............ 5 ............ ............ 1 9 John Hancock, Esq ............................................................................................................ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 2 1 1 4 Robert H. Harrison, Esq ................................................................................................... ............ ............ ............ 6 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ...........
  • BANKING on NATURE 2004: the Economic Benefits to Local Communities of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation

    BANKING on NATURE 2004: the Economic Benefits to Local Communities of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation

    BANKING ON NATURE 2004: The Economic Benefits to Local Communities of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation In a world where money counts, the land needs value to give it a voice. ─ Frances Cairncross, Costing the Earth James Caudill, Ph.D. and Erin Henderson Division of Economics U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, DC September 2005 Table of Contents Executive Summary......................................................................................................................... i Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Region 1.........................................................................................................................................13 Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge.............................................................................. 14 Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 18 Columbia National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................................................... 22 Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge...................................................................................... 27 Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................... 31 Guadalupe-Nipomo
  • Few Americans in the 1790S Would Have Predicted That the Subject Of

    Few Americans in the 1790S Would Have Predicted That the Subject Of

    AMERICAN NAVAL POLICY IN AN AGE OF ATLANTIC WARFARE: A CONSENSUS BROKEN AND REFORGED, 1783-1816 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jeffrey J. Seiken, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor John Guilmartin, Jr., Advisor Professor Margaret Newell _______________________ Professor Mark Grimsley Advisor History Graduate Program ABSTRACT In the 1780s, there was broad agreement among American revolutionaries like Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton about the need for a strong national navy. This consensus, however, collapsed as a result of the partisan strife of the 1790s. The Federalist Party embraced the strategic rationale laid out by naval boosters in the previous decade, namely that only a powerful, seagoing battle fleet offered a viable means of defending the nation's vulnerable ports and harbors. Federalists also believed a navy was necessary to protect America's burgeoning trade with overseas markets. Republicans did not dispute the desirability of the Federalist goals, but they disagreed sharply with their political opponents about the wisdom of depending on a navy to achieve these ends. In place of a navy, the Republicans with Jefferson and Madison at the lead championed an altogether different prescription for national security and commercial growth: economic coercion. The Federalists won most of the legislative confrontations of the 1790s. But their very success contributed to the party's decisive defeat in the election of 1800 and the abandonment of their plans to create a strong blue water navy.
  • The Legal Career of Peter Stephen Du Ponceau in Post-Revolutionary Philadelphia Jennifer Denise Henderson

    The Legal Career of Peter Stephen Du Ponceau in Post-Revolutionary Philadelphia Jennifer Denise Henderson

    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 "A Blaze of Reputation and the Echo of a Name": The Legal Career of Peter Stephen du Ponceau in Post-Revolutionary Philadelphia Jennifer Denise Henderson Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “A BLAZE OF REPUTATION AND THE ECHO OF A NAME”: THE LEGAL CAREER OF PETER STEPHEN DU PONCEAU IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY PHILADELPHIA By JENNIFER DENISE HENDERSON A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2004 Copyright © 2004 Jennifer Denise Henderson All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Jennifer Denise Henderson defended on 12 July 2004. Sally E. Hadden Professor Directing Thesis Neil Jumonville Committee Member Albrecht Koschnik Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Sally Hadden, without whom this project would still be on the shelf. Her support and advice (and her ability to read smoke signals from far, far away) have been and always will be welcome and appreciated. I am also grateful to the Colonial Dames of North Florida whose fellowship in 2002 enabled me to make my first fruitful trip to Philadelphia to rummage through du Ponceau’s papers. Thank you also to the Florida State University Kingsbury Fellowship Committee for 2003-4.
  • A History of Millburn Township Ebook

    A History of Millburn Township Ebook

    A History of Millburn Township eBook A History of Millburn Township »» by Marian Meisner Jointly published by the Millburn/Short Hills Historical Society and the Millburn Free Public Library. Copyright, July 5, 2002. file:///c|/ebook/main.htm9/3/2004 6:40:37 PM content TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Before the Beginning - Millburn in Geological Times II. The First Inhabitants of Millburn III. The Country Before Settlement IV. The First English Settlements in Jersey V. The Indian Deeds VI. The First Millburn Settlers and How They Lived VII. I See by the Papers VIII. The War Comes to Millburn IX. The War Leaves Millburn and Many Loose Ends are Gathered Up X. The Mills of Millburn XI. The Years Between the Revolution and the Coming of the Railroad XII. The Coming of the Railroad XIII. 1857-1870 XIV. The Short Hills and Wyoming Developments XV. The History of Millburn Public Schools XVI. A History of Independent Schools XVII. Millburn's Churches XVIII. Growing Up file:///c|/ebook/toc.htm (1 of 2)9/3/2004 6:40:37 PM content XIX. Changing Times XX. Millburn Township Becomes a Centenarian XXI. 1958-1976 file:///c|/ebook/toc.htm (2 of 2)9/3/2004 6:40:37 PM content Contents CHAPTER I. BEFORE THE BEGINNING Chpt. 1 MILLBURN IN GEOLOGICAL TIMES Chpt. 2 Chpt. 3 The twelve square miles of earth which were bound together on March 20, Chpt. 4 1857, by the Legislature of the State of New Jersey, to form a body politic, thenceforth to be known as the Township of Millburn, is a fractional part of the Chpt.