RESOURCE BOOK Multiscale Integrated River Basin Management From a Hindu Kush Himalayan perspective RESOURCE BOOK Published by Multiscale International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal Integrated River ISBN 978 92 9115 6818 (printed) Copyright © 2019 978 92 9115 6825 (online) Basin Management International Centre for Integrated Mountain Production team Development (ICIMOD) A Beatrice Murray (Consultant editor) From a Hindu Kush Himalayan This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Samuel Thomas (Senior editor) perspective Attribution Non-Commercial, No Derivatives 4.0 Rachana Chettri (Editor) International License Kundan Shrestha (Editor) Mohd Abdul Fahad (Graphic designer) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Anil Kumar Jha (Editorial assistance) Editors Note Photos: This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part Santosh Nepal, Arun B Shrestha, Chanda G Goodrich, Alex Treadway: pp iii, iv-v, vii, viii-ix, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 25, 30-31, and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes Arabinda Mishra, Anjal Prakash, Sanjeev Bhuchar, 32-33, 44-45, 46-47, 48, 50-51, 52-53, 54-55, 56-57, 58-59, 63, without special permission from the copyright holder, Laurie A Vasily, Vijay Khadgi, Neera S Pradhan provided acknowledgement of the source is made. 68-69, 70-71, 73, 74, 77, 81, 84-85, 94-95, 96-97, 98-99, 101, ICIMOD would appreciate receiving a copy of any 111, 113, 117, 136, 148, 157, 165, 169, 186-187; publication that uses this publication as a source. No ICIMOD archive: pp 123, 132-133, 135, 139, 170; use of this publication may be made for resale or for any Jalal Naser Faqiryar: Cover, pp 18-19, 29, 86-87, 90-91, 126- other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior 127, 128-129, 140-141; permission in writing from ICIMOD. Jitendra Bhajracharya: pp v, 114-115, 119; The views and interpretations in this publication are Kabi Raj Khatiwada: pp 124-125, 167(a); those of the author(s). They are not attributable to Kesar Man Sthapit: p 153; ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city Nagdev Yadav: p 179; or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation Santosh Nepal: pp 167(b), 183, 184; of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product. Printed and bound in Nepal by Quality Printers Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal This publication is available in electronic form at www.icimod.org/himaldoc Citation Nepal, S., Shrestha, A. B., Goodrich, C. G., Mishra, A., Prakash, A., Bhuchar, S., Vasily, L. A., Khadgi, V. & Pradhan, N. S. (eds.) (2019). Multiscale Integrated River Basin Management from a Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective, Supported by Resource Book, ICIMOD, Kathmandu Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative, ICIMOD 2 RESOURCE BOOK MULTISCALE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT i MODULE 3 | PAGE 52 – 67 Contents Gendered vulnerabilities and Acronyms and socioeconomic drivers of change abbreviations Integrating gender and social aspects into IRBM could help reduce gender gaps, social inequality, and PAGE iii vulnerability of specific gender and social groups. Acronyms and abbreviations AMD Afghanistan Meteorological Department MODULE 4 | PAGE 68 – 83 PAGE iv – v ANDMA Afghanistan National Disaster Governance, policy, and institutional Management Authority Foreword framework CBFEWS Community-Based Flood Early Warning Developing institutional interfaces allow for smooth, System PAGE vi – vii transparent, conflict-free interactions among key Preface stakeholders for IRBM. CDAFN Community Development and Advocacy Forum Nepal PAGE viii MODULE 5 | PAGE 84 – 93 CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Acknowledgements Water diplomacy and transboundary Research Organization cooperation DHM Department of Hydrology and PAGE ix Tools to understand how peaceful negotiations can Meteorology About SWaRMA be conducted and agreement reached within the DPSIR Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework of conflict management and regional PAGE 1 – 5 cooperation. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Introduction GAM Gender Analysis Matrix Development MODULE 6 | PAGE 94 – 111 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) takes into GCMs General Circulation Models NEPA National Environment Protection Agency account sustainable use of water and land resources Operational aspects of water and land NGO Non-governmental Organization for livelihoods, the related ecosystems, and disaster management GWP Global Water Partnership OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation risk reduction, all from a gender and socio-economic There is high potential for water development if planned GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood perspective. and Development and managed in a basin-wide approach and through HKH-HYCOS Establishment of a Regional Flood regional cooperation. Information System in the HKH OLI Operational Land Imager MODULE 1 | PAGE 6 – 29 IBT Inter-basin Water Transfer PGN Practical Gender Need Conceptual understanding of river basin MODULE 7 | PAGE 112 – 125 drivers and their implications for IRBM ICT Information and Communication PMIS Participatory management of the irrigation Knowledge management and system Better understanding of river systems and interactive communication Technology RCP Representative Concentration Pathway biophysical and socio-economic components is crucial The importance of IRBM, especially in an era of climate IFM Integrated Flood Management for effective planning and management. variability and change, has to be communicated clearly IRBM Integrated River Basin Management RDS Regional Database System and effectively. RFIS Regional Flood Information System MODULE 2 | PAGE 30 – 51 IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management RMV Resilient Mountain Village Tools and approaches for understanding MODULE 8 | PAGE 126 – 139 KM Knowledge Management biophysical changes Learning from the field: Linking IRBM KPU Kabul Polytechnic University SDG Sustainable Development Goal Understanding and analysing the biophysical theory to practice KU Kabul University SPIP Solar Powered Irrigation Pumps processes in river basins can aid effective planning and The best way to comprehend a river basin system is to TBRM Transboundary River Basin Management management. take a physical journey along a river from upstream to LDOF Landslide Dam Outburst Flood downstream. MAIL Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & VDC Village Development Committee Livestock, Afghanistan WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat PAGE 140 – 185 MEW Ministry of Energy and Water WMO World Meteorological Organization Annexes MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Afghanistan WUMP Water Use Master Plan ii RESOURCE BOOK MULTISCALE INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT iii Foreword Managing water resources is a critical challenge in the mountain and hill regions of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH). Not only is demand increasing – for domestic use, irrigation, industry, and energy – the effects of climate change are now being seen in river basins in the form of changes in the hydrological regime and less predictable hydrological cycles. Extreme events such as ICIMOD’s approach in floods and droughts are becoming more common its work across river and affecting communities and their livelihood activities across the region. There is an urgent need basins is holistic, to manage the water resources in a more effective and equitable way that takes into account the water flexible, and inclusive, needs for all stakeholders and sectors. transcending scales, The International Centre for Integrated Mountain administrative Development (ICIMOD) has been promoting integrated approaches to mountain development boundaries, modalities, focused on landscapes and river basins for many years. The limitations of sectoral approaches, and disciplines in its in which interventions in one sector can have research and pilots. negative impacts on another leading to rejection of measures, increases in conflicts, and poor social This approach promotes and environmental outcomes, can be seen across the region. ICIMOD’s approach in its work across “Multiscale Integrated River Basin Management Integrated River river basins is holistic, flexible, and inclusive, from a Himalayan Perspective” under the Basin Management transcending scales, administrative boundaries, Strengthening Water Resources Management in modalities, and disciplines in its research and pilots. Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative for participants (IRBM) with a focus This approach promotes Integrated River Basin from Afghanistan. The training focused on a Management (IRBM) with a focus on mountain multiscale framework using both natural and on mountain specific specific issues as a means of developing solutions social sciences to foster understanding of issues, issues to address the that address the needs of all the different users impacts, and related responses for sustainable of basin water, both upstream and downstream, water resources management at the river basin needs of all the different including the environment itself as well as the scale with a focus on mountain specific issues. different drivers of change. Examples include IRBM is of increasing importance in all the HKH users of basin water, using the perspective of upstream-downstream countries, and there is a widespread need to build both upstream and linkages in resources management and provision the knowledge and capacity of planners and other of incentives for providing ecosystem