The Church in the Age of Constantine

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Church in the Age of Constantine The Church in the Age of Constantine In the Age of Constantine, Christians experienced for the first time official recognition and support. The Roman Empire used religion not only as cement to unite its different populations, but as a means to win divine favour as well. When this mechanism was threatened by doctrinal dissensions or regional rivalries, the Emperor would intervene, contributing to the supremacy of one persuasion. In the twentieth century, European Christianity lost its dominant position. Critics, seeing dominance as foreign to the Gospel’s nature, blame the Constantinian Age as a time of error and fall. However, African and Asian Christians are fascinated by its successful inculturation. Such discussions demand examination, and in The Church in the Age of Constantine, Johannes Roldanus provides a refined theological screening of the doctrinal and ethical thinking during the fourth century. Roldanus uses the concept of ‘contextualisation’ to appreciate this process. He makes clear that, however much the winning positions were dependent on the interfering of the State, the theological reflection nevertheless followed its proper course, conditioned as it was by various understandings of Salvation in Christ. There was a natural concern to relate salvation to the most important elements of the existing culture. This study aims to help students and interested lay-people to focus on the essentials and to form an unprejudiced opinion on this crucial period of history. Johannes Roldanus is Professor Emeritus at the University of Groningen. The Church in the Age of Constantine The theological challenges Johannes Roldanus First published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2006 Johannes Roldanus This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN10: 0–415–40903–9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–40904–7 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–96833–6 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40903–2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–40904–9 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–96833–8 (ebk) A Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Karának, hálám jeléül a 2000-ban adományozott doktori címemért. Contents List of abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Map showing the spread of Christianity over the antique world xiv–xv Introduction 1 The Great Turn 1 The chronological frame 2 Contextualisation 3 The agents of contextualisation 8 1 Earlier contextualisation 11 The Christians and the Roman Empire and society 11 Ethical standards and group morality 16 Connecting with philosophical themes 19 Responding to religious feelings and needs 22 2 Crisis and recognition 26 Introduction 26 The reform by the last pagan emperors and its failure 27 Politics and religion in Constantine 34 The Christianisation of public life 41 3 The Church Fathers assess the change 45 Introduction: three voices 45 Lactantius 48 Eusebius of Caesarea 52 Athanasius of Alexandria 63 Conclusions 67 viii Contents 4 Defining Christ’s relation to God 69 Introduction: two tracks of investigation 69 The critical theological situation in the east and its causes 71 The Council of Nicaea and its aftermath (324–40) 79 Development of Christological reflection (341–53) 86 Breakdown and resurgence of the Nicene Party (353–63) 96 Retrospective view on the period 342–63: evidences of contextualisation 106 5 Christianity matures 114 Introduction to the last decades and the emperors (364–97) 114 The final phase of the Arian struggle; external events (364–82) 117 The final phase of the Arian struggle; doctrinal results 123 The reception of the Creed of Nicaea-Constantinople; its ecumenical status 138 New trends in the relationship between the Church and the Emperor 142 6 External and internal repercussions 152 Introduction: repercussions of the Imperial and Romanised Church 152 Christianity beyond the Roman borders 152 The prime of ascetic and monastic life 159 Liturgical life and Christian commitment 165 Epilogue 179 Notes 184 Selected bibliography 214 Index of notions, persons and places 217 Index of patristic references 225 List of abbreviations Ambr. Ambrose Ep. Epistulae Fid. De Fide ad Gratianum Athan. Athanasius of Alexandria ApolConst. Apologia ad Constantium ApolFug. Apologia de Fuga Sua EpFest. Epistula Festivalis Gent. Oratio contra Gentes HistAr. Historia Arianorum ad Monachos Inc. Oratio de Incarnatione Verbi OrCAr. Orationes tres Contra Arianos Ser. Epistulae ad Serapionem VitAnt. Vita S. Antonii ClAl. Clement of Alexandria Paed. Paedagogus Protr. Protrepticus Cypr. Cyprian CathEc. De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate Cyr. Cyril of Jerusalem Cat. Mystagogical Catecheses Diogn. Epistula ad Diognetum Eus. Eusebius of Caesarea DE Demonstratio Evangelica HE Historia Ecclesiastica LausCons. Laus Constantini MP De Martyribus Palestiniae PE Praeparatio Evangelica VitCons. Vita Constantini GrNaz. Gregory of Nazianzum Ep. Epistulae Or. Orationes x List of abbreviations GrNyss. Gregory of Nyssa Apoll. Adversus Apollinatem Ep. Epistulae OrCatech. Oratio Catechetica Just. Justin Martyr Apol. Apologiae Dial. Dialogus cum Tryphone Judaeo Lact. Lactantius IrD. De Ira Dei MortP. De Mortibus Persecutorum Or. Origen Cels. Contra Celsum Hom. in Nm. Homiliae in Numeros Hom. in Ezk. Homiliae in Ezechielem Orat. De Oratione Tat. Tatian of Syria OrGr. Oratio ad Graecos Tert. Tertullian Apol. Apologeticum Iud. Adversus Iudaeos Orat. De Oratione ResCar. De Resurrectione Carnis Theod. Theodore of Mopsuestia Hom. Cat. Homiliae Catecheticae Acknowledgements The stimulus to write a study of Christianity’s turbulent course throughout the fourth century from the viewpoint of ‘contextualisation’ came to me from Africa. It is the result of lecturing in Cameroon and South Africa and, in a wider sense, of an experience of years as tutor of Church History in the Protestant Theological Seminary of Ndoungué, Cameroon. I observed that when engaged believers, both in Africa and in Europe, reflect on today’s position of the Church in society they often refer to the Age of Constantine as a period and a cause of corruption of the values for which Christianity was originally standing. On the other hand, from a modern missiological view- point, there is a positive interest in early Christianity’s ability to express its message in culturally understandable thought forms and actions, and in its readiness to assume co-responsibility for the public domain. I felt it a chal- lenge to evaluate the crucial and determining ‘Age of Constantine’ from the angle of ‘challenge and response’, both terms being involved in the concept of ‘contextualisation’. Therefore, my first acknowledgement concerns the col- leagues, students and church leaders who had to get along with me in those intensive African years. By virtue of her own great commitment to African people and to the call for solidarity with the underprivileged, my wife has been an inspiring com- panion all along my work for church, mission and university. I thank her warmly for encouraging me to undertake and achieve the present study. Various encouragements and good advice were received from my son Ulric and from colleagues and friends: Dr H.S. Benjamins, Revd A.H. Blom (Cape Town), Prof. Dr G.D.J. Dingemans and Prof. Dr C.J. Labuschagne. My special and deep thanks go to Dr P.J. Lalleman, Lecturer of New Testament and Academic Dean of Spurgeon’s College (London), who once took his doctor’s degree under my supervision. In his very kind and efficient way he has been of immense help, both in improving my imperfect English and in making the first contacts with the publisher. Central Europe’s ‘Great Turn’ of 1989 opened the door for scientific cooperation of the University of Groningen and its Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies with several homogeneous institutions in those countries. It is a great pleasure for me, as one of the inaugurators, that this cooperation is xii Acknowledgements still going on. I dedicate this book to the Theological Faculty of the Reformed Károli Gáspár University, Budapest, in gratitude to the colleagues there for the friendly contacts and for the awarding to me of a honorary doctorate. In compiling the indexes, I received valuable assistance from Dr Tomásˇ Novák (Diemen). Just after the completion of the text for this book, I learnt of the passing away of Prof. Gilles Quispel of Utrecht University, who led my first steps in the field of patristics. He was a great and penetrating scholar, whom I remember with thankfulness. The spread of Christianity over the antique world Introduction The Great Turn This is a study of the fourth century of the Christian era. It was a century of radical changes and much confusion for the adherents of the Christian faith and for their organisation, the Church. These changes and confusion in the first place affected those who lived in the Roman Empire, and they were the majority of all Christians.1 The remaining Christians found themselves in eastern neighbour states such as Persia and Armenia, or among the Visigoths, who settled on the northern defence lines (see Chapter 6, pp. 155–7). Shortly after 300, the Christians in the Roman Empire suffered a general persecution, ordered by the emperors, which was not equally severe in every place.
Recommended publications
  • AMBROSE and JOHN CHRYSOSTOM This Page Intentionally Left Blank Ambrose and John Chrysostom Clerics Between Desert and Empire
    AMBROSE AND JOHN CHRYSOSTOM This page intentionally left blank Ambrose and John Chrysostom Clerics between Desert and Empire J. H. W. G. LIEBESCHUETZ 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz 2011 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Hagiography As an Evolved Rhetorical Genre in Late Antiquity
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications Summer 2021 Chreia and Lives of Saints: A Study of Hagiography as an Evolved Rhetorical Genre in Late Antiquity Seth Fisher Eastern Illinois University Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses Part of the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Fisher, Seth, "Chreia and Lives of Saints: A Study of Hagiography as an Evolved Rhetorical Genre in Late Antiquity" (2021). Masters Theses. 4873. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/4873 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Eastern Illinois University Chreia and Lives of Saints: A study of hagiography as an evolved rhetorical genre in Late Antiquity A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Humanities In Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History By Seth Fisher Charleston, Illinois May 2021 2 Abstract: Hagiography has often confused historians over what practical application this genre of Christian literature has when read as primary sources. In this project I will show that hagiography can read as an evolution of an earlier pagan style rooted in the paideia of ancient scholars. Chreia exercises were performed by students of paideia in order to instruct them on how to write about figures worth emulating such as Diogenes or Alexander the Great. Christian authors did not participate in a hermetically sealed education system but took part in the same schooling as their pagan peers.
    [Show full text]
  • Sketches of Church History, from AD 33 to the Reformation
    Sketches of Church History, from AD 33 to the Reformation Author(s): Roberston, J. C. Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: This very brief overview of Christian history is a condensation of Robertson©s multi- volume series on the same subject, The History of the Christian Church from the Apostolic Age to the Reformation. Though not possessing the same depth of the larger work, Sketches is masterfully written and struc- tured in its breadth of information, making it perfectly access- ible for interested laypersons and students looking to review. As a scholar of Christian history, Robertson selects informa- tion carefully and strategically as to maximize his readers© understanding without overwhelming them with copious amounts of detail. Kathleen O©Bannon CCEL Staff Subjects: Christianity History By period Early and medieval i Contents Title Page 1 Part I 2 Chapter 1. The Age of the Apostles (A.D. 33–100) 3 Chapter 2. St. Ignatius (AD 116 6 Chapter 3. St. Justin Martyr (AD 166) 9 Chapter 4. St. Polycarp (AD 166) 12 Chapter 5. The Martyrs of Lyons and Vienne (AD 177) 14 Chapter 6. Tertullian; Perpetua and Companions (AD 181–206 16 Chapter 7. Origen (AD 185–254) 19 Chapter 8. St. Cyprian, Part I (AD 200–253) 22 Chapter 9. From Gallienus to the End of the Last Persecution (AD 261–313) 27 Chapter 10. Constantine the Great (AD 313–337) 32 Chapter 11. The Council of Nicaea (AD 325) 36 Chapter 12. St. Athanasius 39 Chapter 13. The Monks. 47 Chapter 14. St. Basil and St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Portrayal of Christian Heroism in the Psychomachia of Prudentius
    THE PORTRAYAL OF CHRISTIAN HEROISM IN THE PSYCHOMACHIA OF PRUDENTIUS ANGELA JOAN FLINT 2017 UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL PIETERMARITZBURG, SOUTH AFRICA Submitted in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa ABSTRACT This study addresses a neglected area in Late Ancient literary scholarship, namely, the portrayal of Christian heroism in Prudentius’ Psychomachia. The research question advanced in this study investigates whether Prudentius’ didactic, literary portrayal of Christian heroism in the Psychomachia strengthened Christians’ requirement for a socially appropriate modality of heroic identity pertaining to the circumstances of their post-martyrdom context, in the early fifth century. This research has prioritised close reading of the text of the Psychomachia alongside consideration of relevant primary texts and the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach involving the disciplines of theology, classics and anthropology. The most significant conclusion of this study is that Prudentius’ portrayal of early fifth-century Christian heroism in the Psychomachia specifically responded to the socio-religious needs of early fifth-century Christian society regarding heroic identity, because this poet’s portrayal of Christian heroism in this epic poem negated the lingering social power existing in early fifth- century Roman Christianity regarding the heroic function of the body and the soul in a post- martyrdom context. More explicitly, this study finds that through the interiorization of early fifth-century Christian heroism in the Psychomachia, Prudentius sought to counteract enduring social perceptions that the epitome of Christian heroism and the locus of sanctity was embodied in the tortured body of the Christian martyr.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The impact of the populace on government of the city of Rome in the fourth century A.D May, M. R. How to cite: May, M. R. (1986) The impact of the populace on government of the city of Rome in the fourth century A.D, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6859/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Abstract of The Impact of the populace on government of the City of Rome in the Fourth Century A.D. by M. R. May The purpose of this study is to show how popular rioting and fear of popular rioting and unrest came to be such a major concern of the Prefect of the City and his subordinates during the fourth century, a period when Emperors no longer lived at Rome (and so did net have to fear for their personal safety, when Plebeians were rioting in Rome), and in the early years of which the Praetorian Guard, the only force in Rome capable of crushing popular riots by brute force, was disbanded.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial Ideology
    Imperial Ideology http://www.lurj.org/article.php/vol3n1/ideology.xml Home | Current Issue | Editorial Board | Instructions for Authors | Contact Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal ISSN 1718-8482 Imperial Ideology: The Idea of the Universal Christian Empire in Late Antiquity Christopher Records University of California, Riverside Riverside, California, USA Citation: Christopher Records: Imperial Ideology:The Idea of the Universal Christian Empire in Late Antiquity. Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal. 2008. Volume 3 Number 1. Table of Contents Abstract Origins The problem of Christian communities outside the Empire The new Eusebian-Constantinian role for the emperor within the Church Initial Christian resistance to universal Christian Empire: Salvian, Augustine, and Ambrose The reign of Theodosius as the realization of Christian Empire The effects of imperial division after 395 on the ideology The maintenance of imperial unity after 476 The reign of Justinian: high tide for the Oikoumene The problem of imperial decline: the 7 th and 8 th centuries Breaking point between theory and reality: the splintering of Latin Christendom EndnotesReferences Abstract This paper examines the evolution of Christian universalist ideologies from the year 300 AD to about 800 AD, with a focus on their development in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. It traces how the interaction of ideology with political reality- imperial decline, internal ideological and ecclesiastical disunity, and other challenges- resulted in the eventual development of other universalist ideologies at the dawn of the medieval period, among them the idea of Latin Christendom and the Byzantine commonwealth idea. The ideology of the universal Christian Empire was an important force in the political, military, and religious affairs and thought of late Rome and early Byzantium.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    1 “The Laws of Countries”: Prologue and Overview One World, Two Empires To ensure that we see the history of western Europe in its true perspective, we should begin our account in a city far away from modern Europe. Edessa (modern Urfa) now lies in the southeastern corner of Turkey, near the Syrian border. In the year a.d . 200, also, it was a frontier town, positioned between the Roman and the Persian empires. It lay at the center of a very ancient world, to which western Europe seemed peripheral and very distant. Edessa was situated at the top of the Fertile Crescent, the band of settled land which stretched, in a great arch, to join Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean coast. It lay in a landscape already settled for millennia. Tels – the hill-like ruins of ancient cities dating back to the third millennium b.c . – dot the plain around it. Abraham was believed to have resided in Harran, a city a little to the south of Edessa, and to have passed through Edessa, as he made his way westward from Ur of the Chaldees in Mesopotamia, to seek his Promised Land on the Mediterranean side of the Fertile Crescent. To the west of Edessa, an easy journey of 15 days led to Antioch and to the eastern Mediterranean,COPYRIGHTED the sea which formed MATERIAL the heart of the Roman empire. To the southeast, another journey of 15 days led to the heart of Mesopotamia, where the Tigris and the Euphrates came closest. This was a The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Theodoret of Cyrus ~ 455 AD the ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY :Index
    Theodoret of Cyrus ~ 455 AD THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY :Index. Theodoret of Cyrus ~ 455 AD THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY General Index ■ BOOK I ■ BOOK II ■ BOOK III ■ BOOK IV ■ BOOK V file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Provvi...Library/001%20-Da%20Fare/04/0-TheodoretChurchHistory.htm2006-06-03 11:40:18 THEODORETCHURCHHISTORY: BOOK I , Index. BOOK I Index PROLOGUE. Design of the History. CHAPTER I. Origin of the Arian Heresy. CHAPTER II. List of the principal Bishops. CHAPTER III. The Epistle of Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria to Alexander, Bishop of Constantinople. "To his most revered and likeminded brother Alexander, Alexander sendeth greeting in the Lord. CHAPTER IV. The Letter of Arius to Eusebius, Bishop of Nicomedia. CHAPTER V. The Letter of Eusebius, Bishop of Nicomedia, to Paulinus, Bishop of Tyre. CHAPTER VI. General Council of Nicoea. CHAPTER VII. Confutation of Arianism deduced from the Writings of Eustathius and Athanasius. CHAPTER VIII. Facts relating to Meletius the Egyptian, from whom originated the Meletian schism, which remains to this day. Synodical Epistle respecting him. CHAPTER IX. The Epistle of the Emperor Constantine, concerning the matters transacted at the Council, addressed to those Bishops who were not present. file:///D|/Documenta%20Chatolica%20Omnia/99%20-%20Pro...ary/001%20-Da%20Fare/04/1-TheodoretChurchHistory0.htm (1 of 3)2006-06-03 11:40:18 THEODORETCHURCHHISTORY: BOOK I , Index. CHAPTER X. The daily wants of the Church supplied by the Emperor, and an account of his other virtues. CHAPTER XI. Letter respecting the faith, written by Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea. CHAPTER XII. Confutation of the blasphemies of the Arians of our time, from the writings of Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea.
    [Show full text]
  • Rita Lizzi First of All, Let Me Thank Thank Prof. Robert Grant and Prof
    Rita Lizzi FROM MILAN TO THE WORLD: AMBROSE AND THE CREATION OF A CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY First of all, let me thank thank Prof. Robert Grant and Prof. Ethan Gannaway for inviting me to give a Keynote Address to this unique International Conference that the Academy for the Study of St. Ambrose of Milan has organized at St. Ambrose University, the only Roman Catholic University in the world named after the saint. Feeling the weight of a great responsibility in doing this, I sought help from Paulinus of Milan, his secretary and, later, biographer. Three passages in particular from his Life of St Ambrose vividly show what kind of bishop, famous throughout the world, Ambrose was after around fifteen years in this role. I. FROM MILAN TO THE WORLD 1. Ambrose and the Persians «At the same time two of the most powerful and wisest men of the Persians, because of the fame of the bishop, came to Milan, bringing with them many questions that thereby they might make trial of wisdom of the great man, and with him they argued through an interpreter from the first hour of the day until the third hour of the night, and they went away full of wonder. And to show that they had come for no other reason than really to get better acquainted with the map of whom they had heard of by report, on the next day bidding farewell to the emperor they set out for the city of Rome, wishing there to become acquainted with the power of the illustrious man Probus; and when they had become acquainted with it they returned to their own home» (transl.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4 [1776]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 [1776] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Volume X) by Edward Gibbon, Esq
    History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire (Volume X) by Edward Gibbon, Esq. 图书在版编目(CIP)数据 (Volume X)/杨丹主编 飞天电子音像出版社 2004 ISBN 7-900363-43-2 监 王 出版发行 飞天电子音像出版社 责任编辑 杨丹 经销 全国各地新华书店 印刷 北京施园印刷厂 版次 2004年6月第1版 书号 ISBN 7-900363-43-2 CONTENTS Volume III...............................................................................................1 Chapter XXVII: Civil Wars, Reign Of Theodosius................................1 Part I.................................................................................................1 Part II. ............................................................................................ 19 Part III............................................................................................44 Part IV............................................................................................63 Part V.............................................................................................. 88 Chapter XXVIII: Destruction Of Paganism. ......................................109 Part I.............................................................................................109 Part II. .......................................................................................... 122 Part III..........................................................................................139 Chapter XXIX: Division Of Roman Empire Between Sons Of Theodosius..................................................................................... 160 Part I.............................................................................................160
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Roman Empire
    THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE VOL. v THE WORKS OF EDWARD GIBBON HISTORY OF ROME VOLUME V NEW YORK FRED DEFAU & COMPANY PUBLISHERS THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALLOF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY EDWARD GIBBON EDITED BY J. B. BURY, M.A. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THE RT. HON. W. E. H. LECKY VOL. v NEW YORK FRED DE FAU & COMPANY PUBLISHERS COPYRICKT, 1907, FRED DE FAU & COMPANY. CONTENTS OF THE FIFTH VOLUME PAGE LET OF ILLUSTRATIONS . Xi CHAPTERXXVII Death of Grdian - Ruin of Arianism - St. Ambrose -First Civil War, against Maximus - Character, Administration, and Penance of Tho- dosius - Dedh of Valrntiniun II. - Second Civil War, against Euge- nius - Death of Theodosius. A.D 361383 Characterand Conduct of theEmperor Gratian . .I His Defects . ...... 2 383 Discontent of the RomanTroops . .4 Revolt of Maximus in Britain . .5 383 Flightand Death of Gratian . .. .6 383-387 Treaty of Peace between Maximus and Theodosius . 380 Baptismand orthodox Edicts of Theodosius . 340-380 Arianism of Constantinople . 378 Gregory Nazianzen acceptsthe Mission of Constantinople 380 Ruin of Arianism at Constantinople . 381 " " in the East . The Council of Constantinople . Retreat of Gregory Nazianzen . 38-394 Edicts of Theodosius againstthe Heretics . 385 Execution of Priscillian andhis Associates . 375-397 Ambrose,Archbishop of Milan . 385 His successful Opposition tothe Empress Justina . 387 MaximusinvadesItaly . 37 Flight of Valentinian ..... ' 38 Theodosiustakes Arms in;he Cause of Valentinian . 388 Defeat andDeath of MaKimus . Virtues of Theodosius . Faults of Theodosius . 387 The Sedition of Antioch . Clemency of Theodosius . 390 Sedition and Massacre of Thessalonica . 388 Influence and Conduct of Ambrose .
    [Show full text]