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Evaluation of Vrml for Modeling Virtual Worlds

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Evaluation of Vrml for Modeling Virtual Worlds ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF VRML FOR MODELING VIRTUAL WORLDS By Chen Zhao The purpose of this study is to experience creating 3D virtual scenes in World Wide Web using Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), to explore the status of VRML development, and to research the applicability and potential of VRML. This thesis introduces the VRML language basics, reviews VRML development and supporting tools, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of VRML and its future. VRML allows the users to control the interactions between the user and a 3D graphic model. It can be used in applications such as recreating a historical site or constructing chemistry molecules. However a lack of wide spread efficient business use of VRML has slowed its development. At the present stage, more sophisticated authoring tools along with high-speed computer and high-speed network resources are needed before VRML will become more widely used on the Internet. EVALUATION OF VRML FOR MODELING VIRTUAL WORLDS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sciences Department of Computer Sciences and System Analysis by Chen Zhao Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2000 Advisor ______________________ Dr. Douglas Troy Reader ______________________ Dr. Stanley Toops Reader _______________________ Dr. Mike Zmuda Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions of VRML 1 1.2 Description of VRML 1 1.3 History of VRML 2 2. VRML Related Technologies 5 2.1 Requirements For Viewing a VRML World 6 2.2 Tools For Creating VRML Scenes 7 3. VRML Language Specifications 8 3.1 Major Features of VRML 97 8 3.2 VRML 97 Language Basic Structure 9 4. Project Constructions 16 4.1 Front Gate of A Famous Xinjiang Muslim Mosque – 17 FRONTGATE.wrl 4.2 Mean Building of The Mosque -- NewMain.wrl 18 4.3 A Tree Graphic -- Tree-Proto.wrl 20 4.4 A Modeling Temple -- ANItemple.wrl 21 4.5 Using VRML Authoring Tool V-Realm Builder 22 4.6 Improving the Worlds’ Performance 24 5. VRML Analysis 25 5.1 Expectations of VRML 26 5.2 The Potential of VRML 26 5.3 Limitations of VRML 28 5.4 Current VRML applications 29 5.5 Author’s Experience and Evaluation 31 5.6 The Future Improvements of VRML 32 6. Summary 33 References 35 ii 1. Introduction 1.1 Definitions of VRML The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is a file format for describing interactive 3-D objects and worlds. VRML is designed to be used on the Internet, intranets, and local client systems. VRML is also intended to be a universal interchange format for integrated 3-D graphics and multimedia. (VRML97 Specifications -- http://www.web3d.org/Specifications/ RML97/part1/ introduction.html) According to Silicon Graphic Inc. (SGI), VRML is pronounced vur'mel (Silicon Graphic, Linda Von Schweber and Erick Von Schweber). 1.2 Description of VRML VRML defines the layout and content of a 3-D world with links to more information. VRML is not a general purpose programming language like C++, a script language like JavaScript or a markup language like HTML. It is a modeling language (scene description language) that demonstrates the geometry and behavior of a 3-D scene. A VRML file does not have to be compiled from source code, linked into an object module, and then run. Instead, VRML files are parsed, rendered, and finally displayed by a Web browser (Walter Goralske, Matthew Poli and Peter Vogel, 1996; Jed Hartman, Josie Wernecke, 1996). A 3-D object created using the VRML format or a group of such objects is generally called a world or a scene. A VRML file is a plain ASCII text file. It can be created, viewed, and edited in any plain text editor. VRML files usually reside on a Web server. They are transferred to a browser for viewing via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) on the Web. VRML worlds usually end with the file extension .wrl. When a web user accesses a URL ("Uniform Resource Locator") which contains a VRML world, the ASCII text file containing the VRML codes is downloaded into the user’s Web browser. The MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) type for VRML documents is model/vrml. Alternatively, it can be x- 1 world/x-vrml (Floppy’s VRML Guide, http://www.vapourtech.com/vrmlguide/index.html). One must have a VRML browser or a plug-in to view the VRML worlds on the Web. When an VRML-enabled browser contacts the file extension of .wrl, it displays the world that is described by the file on the screen. On the server side, a VRML world may be distributed across different servers at different locations. Besides polygons and 3-D items, a VRML node can contain images or sound data. A VRML page can also include links (which are called anchors) to other VRML documents or HTML documents. A VRML object (or part of an object) can link to any other item on the Internet or in conjunction with many other languages and file formats (Udo Flohr, 1996). VRML files use a nested-object representation, sending the overall picture information first and the details later. The VRML scenes and objects are first displayed as a rectangle with the detail increasing as more information arrives. Therefore, the user can start navigating (read the text/go through the available links) while the browser is loading the details. When the object is completely loaded, a VRML world viewer can zoom close to the object, turn the object over, or explore the world from any angle he/she wants. 1.3 History of VRML Work on VRML began in 1994 and continues today. This section presents the history of VRML and the organizations that have promoted it. • First International Conference: In May 1994 in Geneva, Mark Pesce and Tony Parisi were invited by Web creator Tim Berners-Lee to present a paper at the First International Conference on the World Wide Web. They brought their ideas, a virtual-reality interface to the Web, to a scheduled Birds-of-a-Feather (BOF) session and found an enthusiastic audience. The BOF group decided to develop a scene- 2 description language that could be used in conjunction with the Web. The term VRML, determined at the BOF meeting, originally stood for “Virtual Reality Markup Language”. The word “Markup” was later changed to “Modeling” for accuracy (Jed Hartman and Josie Wernecke 1996, VRML Consortium). Mark Pesce’s book, VRML---- Browsing and Building Cyberspace (New Riders Publishing), was described as a “definitive book on the state of VRML today (David E. Y. Sarna and George J. Febish, 1996) and a ground-breaking book (Udo Flohr, 1996)”. • Electronic Mailing List: Mark Pesce and Brian Behlendorf of Wired magazine set up an electronic mailing list to facilitate discussion of the specification for VRML right after the conference. During its first week of life, the list grew to include over a thousand members. The list membership quickly agreed upon a set of requirements for VRML: platform independence; extensibility; and the ability to work over low- bandwidth (14.4 kBps modem) connections (Jed Hartman and Josie Wernecke 1996, VRML Consortium). • VRML 1.0: There was general agreement that adapting an existing modeling language would be easier than creating an entirely new one. Silicon Graphics’ proposal won the vote, which meant that VRML would be based on a modified subset of the Open Inventor 3-D Metafile format, with appropriate additions to handle networking. At the 2nd WWW conference in October 1994, the VRML 1.0 draft specification was unveiled. This version allowed a user to create static 3-D worlds. Objects in the world could be hyperlinked to other worlds, as well as the HTML documents (Jed Hartman and Josie Wernecke, 1996). • VRML Architecture Group: Some of the leading technical experts on the VRML mail list then formed the VRML Architecture Group (VAG)(http://vag.vrml.org/) around the summer of 1995. The VAG's goal was to continue the technical evolution of the specification according to the consensus-based requirements of the VRML community (Rikk Carey, George S. Carson and Richard F. Puk). 3 • SGI Moving Worlds Proposal: In December 1995, the VAG decided to issue a request-for-proposals for VRML 2.0. A number of proposals for VRML 2.0, including the Moving Worlds proposal from SGI, HoloWeb from Sun Microsystems, ActiveVRML from Microsoft, Out of This World from Apple, and others were reviewed by the VRML community. Moving Worlds from SGI had received over 70 percent of the votes in February. In March of 1996, the VAG decided that the Moving Worlds proposal would officially become the working document for VRML 2.0 (VRML Consortium, Jed Hartman and Josie Wernecke, 1996). • VRML 2.0: The release of the VRML 2.0 specification was announced at Siggraph ’96, the preeminent 3-D graphics technical conference, in New Orleans. This event marked the beginning of focusing on content rather than further improvements to the specification (Chris Marrin, Bruce Campbell, 1997). In this version, objects inside a world can move and can respond to both time-based and user-initiated events. New features included enhanced static worlds, interaction, animation and behavior scripting, and prototyping new VRML objects (Jed Hartman and Josie Wernecke, 1996). • VRML Consortium: The Consortium Working Group (CWG) was formed following the VRML Consortium meeting at Siggraph in August 1996. Thirty-five leading Internet companies formed the VRML Consortium, Inc. as a nonprofit corporation at the end of 1996. The VRML Consortium took over the responsibilities of promoting VRML technology from the VRML Architecture Group.
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