UNHCR BACKGROUND REPORT
PAKTIA PROVINCE
Prepared by the Data Collection for Afghan Repatriation Project 1 September 1989. PREFACE
'lhe following report is one in a series of 14 provincial profiles prepared for the United Nations.High Ccmnissioner for Refugees by the Data Colloc: tion for Afghan Repatriation Projoc:t. 'lhe objoc:t of these reports is to provide detailed information on the conditions affoc:ting the repatriation. of Afghan refugees in each province so that UNHCRand its inplementing partners may be better able to plan and target progrannnes of relief and rehabilitation assistance. Each of the provinces featured in this series is estimated to have at least 35 percent of its pre-1978 pc::>J;Xllationliving as refugees. Together, these 14 provinces - Baghlan, Farah, Ghazni, Helmand, Herat, Kandahar, Kunar, Iaghman, u:,gar, Nargarhar, Nimroz, Paktia, Paktika and Zab..11-- acx::ount for ninety percent of the Afghan refugee population settled in Iran and Pakistan.
'!he Data Colloc:tion for Afghan Repatriation Projoc:t (DCAR)was :fumed by UNHCRto develop a database of information on Afghanistan that would serve as a resource for repatriation planning. Projoc:t staff based in Peshawar and Quetta have corxlucted interviews and surveys in refugee camps through out NWFP,Baluchistan and Punjab provinces in Pakistan to carpile data on refugee origins, ethnic and tribal affiliation and likely routes of refugee return to Afghanistan. In addition, the projoc:t field staff undertake frequent missions into Afghanistan to gather specific infonn ation on road conditions, the availability of storage facilities, trans portation and fuel, the level of destruction of housing, irrigation systems and fannland, the location of landmines and the political and military situation at the district (woleswali)and sub-district (alaqadari) levels in those provinces of priority concern to UNHCR.
Where possible, written sources, including the Afghanistan gazetteers edited by L. Adamec, NGOfield reports and bilateral/multilateral agency reports have been consulted to corroborate field data. Projoc:t staff also interview Afghan resistance leaders, journalists and ot;her non-Afghan visitors to the region as sources for information arrl corroboration of information gathered in the field. All survey data and other related information has been stored in the DCARdatabase. Only sununary infor mation has been included in this report. More specific information can be obtained from the DCARmain office at the UNHCRSUb--Office Peshawar.
Where locations are known, the activities of different NGOs have also~ identified. 'lhis information has been provided in order to irdicate the types of resources existing in a particular area, and to identify sources of potentially far nore detailed information than this report can offer. However, NGOactivities in Afghanistan are rapidly evolving. A nore current profile of activities can be obtained frcm the offices of the two NGOcoordinating conunittees, ACBARin Peshawar arrl &'WABACµi Quetta. Both maintain a database on the geogra:Eilic coverage arrl ~ral activities of their member agencies. ·
UNHCR/PA!cr'IABACl 'Ihese provincial :r:~ do not claim to be exhaustive. Ra:ther, they are interned as a reference fc::irthe targeting Of assistance programmesI arrl as guides for those agencies that require general backgrourrl infonnation on target areas, includirg the major ol:stacles that may be encamtered to the planning arrl i.nplementation of assistance projects in those areas. Much of the IOOSt timely arrl relevant infonnation is derived fran eyewitness accounts, which often defy the nnst painstaking efforts to rerx:ier them consistent with existing knowledge. Nanes of villages, evaluation of road con:litions arrl travel distances, arrl the identification of influential in1ividuals take on a remarkably subjective character when :mre than one Afghan source is consulted. '1hese reports, then, cannot sul:stitute for first-ham investigation of local oon:litions. Ten years of war am social 1.ll;i"leavalhave led to the dramatic deterior ation of imividual security arrl piysical subsistence throughout Afghan istan. 'lhe rapidly evolving political corxlitions that will affect the return of refugee am internally displaced pcpll.ations, as well as the effectiveness of international assistance efforts, are beyon:i the capacity of even the IOOSt experienced oooervers to predict. 'Ihese backgrourrl reports represent UNHCR'sattenpt to develop a cdlerent response to these potentially chaotic oon:litions. ii 640 36° '- n c:-··. ~ ,....'.) ~le:.• ...... c:iT \ . Islamabad Ia~mu -..-c"'+ ) · apd \ K~shmir \ ·.. ·: ~---'--==Ji / ./'./. AFGHANIS'FAN'"· Cielaram 32° -·-·-· ·-i International boundary Dasht-e Khash Province boundary /< .\o - 0 National capital . .·z Kadesh 0 Province capital ) - Dasht-e.;Mtirgow ·~ 0 Town, village .. . HELMAND Main road Secondary road The boundar~s and names shown on rhis map do not imply Railroad official tmdorst!mant or accaptanctJ by thtJ UnittJd Nations. + Airport Dotted lintJ fflprt!sents approKimarelythe lint! of Control in Jammu and Kashmir ag~ed upon by India and PBkistan. ThtJ 0 50 100 150 200 250km final status of Jammu and Kashmir ha1 not yet betm tJg~tJd 0 50 100 150 mi upon by tht! pa,t;es. 720 I MAP NO 3400 UNtlED NATIONS NOVEMBER 1986 TABLE OF CDNTENl'S Page Pref ace ...... • ...... • . • . . . . ~ ...... • . . . . . i Backgrourrl & SUmmary 1 Note on Population statistics 5 Woleswali & Alaqadari Profiles Bak •••••• ...... 6 Cllamkani ...... -...... 8 Dan:1-wa-Patan 10 Ga.rdez •••••••••••••• 12 Gurboz 14 lia.ssan l AnneX A/Glossary of Tenns am Acron~ ...... A-1 AnneX B/Selected Population statistics for Paktia •••••••••••••••••••• B-1 AnneX C/I.ocation of SUrveyed Refugees from Paktia in Pakistan •••••••• C-1 AnneX D/Paktia Administrative District Population Cc:lrp3risons •••••••• D-1 UNHCR/PAKTIA BACKGROUNDREPORI' iii MAPS Paktia Province ...... folla,/irg preface Map Shc:MirgDistrict Pop.11.ation Density/1978 follOW'irg page 5 Map Shc:MirgProjected Repatriation Density by District follOW'i.n;Jpage 5 Note: '!he districts Dara-i-Darang, Orma, Saroti, Shamal an:i Shawak are not considered in this report because of the relatively small size of their pq::ulation. 'Ihe reader seeking details on these districts can obtain them fran the DCARproject office in Peshawar. UNHCR/P~ BACKGOOUNDREJ?ORr iv BACKGROUND& SGMARY Paktia is a predaninantly rrountainous province ~ituated in east--c.entral Afghanistan. It shares a nearly 200km border with the KUrram arrl North Waziristan tribal agencies of Pakistan's North West Frontier Province. Paktia is bourrled on the south by Paktika, in the west by Ghazni arrl Logar provinces. 'lhe 1979 census of Afghanistan emnnerated 484,000 people living in 23 woleswali arrl alaqadari covering an area of nearly 10,000 sq miles. In the 1970s, the Daoud goverrnnent annexed eight of Paktia's southern districts (Sar Rawza, Neka, Zelul, Gayan, Urgun Bantlal, Sarobi arrl Ganal) to create Paktika Province. Much of the senior leadership of Afghanistan's ruling People's Den¥X::ratic Party (POPA)trace their origins to Paktia. For this reason, there are pockets of strong goverrnnent supportthroughout the province, arrl the goverrnnent has fought ruthlessly to maintain its hold on Paktia. 'lhe major towns of I Paktia is inhabited predaninantly by Ghilzai Pushtuns. In the sooth arrl west are fourd the rival tribes of Jadran arrl Zonnat. In the east, the Jaji, Mangal (also traditional rivals), Tani arrl Waziri tribes predaninate as do the Mangals in the northern parts of the province. Paktia has tradi tionally been a major grazing area for Ghilzai nanads enroute to their winter pastures in the Imus Valley. Like the tribal IX)pJlations on the Pakistan side of the D.lrrarrl Line, the inhabitants of Paktia are deeply traditional in their ways, adhering strictly to the tribal cxxie of of Pushtunwali arrl finnly resisting outside interference in their affairs. Reports from a number of sources irrlicate that a large aIOOUntof housing constniction arrl agricultural rehabilitation has been un:ierway in Paktia, especially in the northern districts, since the winter of 1988. '!here is UNHCR/P.Aicr'IABACKGROUND REroRr 1 no clear irxlication whether families engaged in this activity will rerrain in the area during the winter Il'Oilths. · EXDNCMY Agriculture is the econanic mainstay of the pop.ll.ation. '!he principle crops are wheat, maize, barley an:l rice. Maize an:l rice are generally grown in rotation with an irrigated wheat crop. I.am holdings are typically small. Agriculture is supplenmted with animal husbamry an:l timber harvesting. Many nanads provide seasonal labour both for harvesting an:l ha.Jse construction. roLITICAL SI'IUATION Many of the ccmnunist leaders of the Katul government are native to Paktia including President Najil:w.lah, Interior Minister Mhd. Aslam Watanjar, fo:aner Interior Minister Sayed Mhd. Gulabzoi an:l Defence Minister Gen. Shahnaqaz Tani, anxn;J others. '!he government is reportedly working hard to win the supJX>rt of the tribes in the eastern part of the province by holding jirgas with tribal elders an:l offerin;J certain concession in exdlarqe for local cxx:>peration. At the en:i of 1988 for exanple, the governor of the province held j irgas with Ma.1')3'alelders at Gardez, an:l with elders of the .Ahmadzai tribes, representatives of various nanadic groups an:l Sikhs fran Gardez an:l Chamkani. '!he government has been claim ing success with this policy an:l points to Paktia as one of the ~eas to which refugees have been encouraged to return. '!he government is also reported to be developin;J econanic resources in the region. For exanple, a biturnin factocy was constructed in Gardez an:l opened in JUly 1988. '!he major nujahideen ccmnarrlers participate in a provincial militacy shura. AnDrg the nost well kna.vn of its participants are: Mowlawi Jalaludin Haqani (HIK), ~ineer Faiz :t-klhammad(HIG), Mowlawi Pir Mhd. (SYF) , Gul Abas l(han (NIFA) , Sayed Noor Mhd. Shah (ANLF), capt. · Amanullah (JIA), Malik l(han (HIIA). Jalaludin Haqani, a member of the Jadran tribe, is one of the few ccmnarrlers in eastern Afghanistan to have exten:ied his influence beyoni his tribe an:l he has received considerable foreign supp::>rt for his activities. '!he Jadrans are generally loyal to Mowlawi IDlales~ Another influential canmarrler, Mowlawi Nasrullah Haqani of the Zonnat tribe, lost his foreign backing after splitting with HIIA. He has since been seeking supJX>rt fran Iran. '!he Jaji, Margal, Tani an:l Waziri tribes have given their supp::>rt to Pir Gailani or have rerrained irxlif ferent to political influences. Sections of each tribe have rerrained loyal to the government. ARFASOF NGOACl'IVITIES At least 13 NGOs are working in 12 of Paktia's 26 districts -· four of them with UNHCR:fun:iing - in the following sectors: UNHCR/PAicr'IABACKGROUND REPORI' 2· Health (support for medical trainees am vaa::inators with salaries, medicine am vaa::ine; support for health centres): SCA, Freedom Medicine, AVICFN/IRC, MSH, AMI, NCA. Rural Works (rehabilitation of roads, storage facilities am other basic infrastructure) : SNI, World Vision. Irrigation Rehabilitation (repair of channels; cleaning of karez): NCA, IRC, World Vision. Field Crops (inproved seed; fertilizer; pesticides; fann power, e.g., tractors am oxen; tools): GAF, ASA, IRC, World Vision, NCA. E::iucation: ISRA, UNO. Veterinary Care: GAF. (see glossary of acronyms, Annex A) ASSISTANCEPRIORITIES Because of the extent of migration from the province during the war, assistance in the restoration of irrigation works, agricultural inputs am basic infrastnictural rehabilitation is a priority. In addition, because Paktia has been so tightly held by the government during the war, the prevalence of mines is quite high. 'lhe clearance of mines will remain an assistance priority for many years to cane. Medical facilities with rudi mentary surgical capacity in addition to basic health services will be vital to the survival of the returning population. 'lhe majority of Paktia's refugees are settled close to the border in Pakistan. For this reason, few will reequire any special transport assis tance to reach their hanes. 'lhe proximity of Paktia to Pakistan am the existance of a reasonably good road network will also affect the continued availability of food throughout the province. such factors must be consid ered before any programme of food assistance is plarmed or inplemented for the population of Paktia. Given the prevalence of nomads in the province, veterinary am stock breeding assistance would be of relevance. Because of their nobility, nomads tern to be overlooked by aid programmes that target rural agricul tural pornlations. Yet nomads represent a vital canponent of the entire agricultural economy of Afghanistan. Timber harvesting has been an .inp:>rtant suwlement to the agricultural production of Paktia's pornlation. Harvesting has gone unchecked during the war with the result that large areas of the province have becane deforested. While reafforestation projects constitute medium am long tenn developoont goals, the erosion, flooding am siltation of water sources that result from deforestation have direct effects on levels of agriculural production. For this reason, reafforestation projects should be a carg;x>nent of any comprehensive agricultural rehabilitation scheme. UNHCR/PAlcr'IABACKGROUND REroRr 3 Tribal divisions in Pakt:i,.a are strorg am they have prevented any tnily regional administrative body fran emergirg durirg the war, aside fran the provincial military shura. A few of the NGOs workinJ in the province, such as IRC am World Vision have had extensive experience in dealirg with local shuras. '!heir experiences should be considered in any future planning of assistance activities in Paktia. UNHCR/PAicr'IABACKGROUND REPORr 4 NOrE ON POPUIATION STATISTICS USED IN '!HIS RER)RI' '!he questionable reliability and quality of p::,pulation data for Afghan istan continues to frustrate assistance planning. A furoame:ntal concern of UNHCR'sdata gathering efforts has been to pinpoint the origins of the refugee population in order to better calculate regional and sub-regional assistance requirements. Factors such as p::,pulation density in the provinces am districts of origin, and the likely routes of return to those locations, will dictate the parameters for a distrihrtion network, the location of distrihrtion am health facilities, the positionin;J of staff and the intensity of nonitoring requirements. Much of the baseline p::,pulation data used by UNHCR's data gatherin:J project is taken from the First Afghan Population Census urrlertaken in the summer of 1979. Popular unrest following on the refonns initiated by the Taraki regime prevented the completion of the census. 'As a result, less than 60 percent of the C01.IDtry's population was estimated to have been enumarated. '!he central statistics Office sut:sequently derived estimates from the settled population (i.e., exclusive of the nanadic p::,pulation) in areas that remained uncovered during enumeration. Although the results of the Census cannot be relied upon for their accuracy, they are the IIOSt up-to-date am reliable data available. '!he Census also provides the only comprehensive population data disaggregated to the district and sub-district levels. Since the time of the Census, the goverrunent has redrawn the boun::laries of a number of districts and sub-districts to create new administrative units within the provinces. Population estimates for these new districts and sub-districts are taken from L. Adamec' s Gazetteer of Afghanistan and, wherever possible, corroborated by DCARfield staff. Population data on Afghan refugees settled in Pakistan is largely based on on the refugee camp surveys corrlucted by DCARstaff from September 1988 to June 1989. '!his information has been supplemented. and corroborated with the assistance of the UNHCRfield staff in Pakistan, to 'Which the DCAR project exterx3s grateful acJmowledgement. 'lhe results of these activities have been presented in a UNHCRreport entitled "Report on Refugee Origins: Part 1: Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." 'Ihe followin.} maps, taken from this origins report, in::licate: 1) the esti mated pre-war population density in each district and sub-district of the province for 'Which there is available census data; and 2) the estimated "repatriation density" of each district and sub-district derived from the DCARcamp surveys. 'Ihe actual population figures used to make these maps are attached as Annex B. 'lhe refugee figures may irrleed exceed known pre war population figures for a given district inasmuch as they are derived from interviews with refugee leaders, who are often inclined to exaggerate the strength of their constituencies. '!he figures, and their graphic representation, are interrled as benchmarks for planning purposes only. UNHCR/PAKI'IA BACKGROUNDRER)RI' 5 PAKTIAPROVINCE POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION POPULJ..TION{Total: 484.000) L~ss than 15,000 -- 15.000 to 40.000 40,000 to 70,000 70.000 to 100,000 • Prnvin<:;eCapital 100 000 and over 1 ., District Centre {SOURCE:GOA '78-'79 Census) (UNHCR B/89) ORIGIN OF REFUGEESIN PAKISTANFROM PAKTIA {B'r' PERCENTOF 1979 DISTRICTPOPULATION) J\lq-1 Pol't-J Or 1979 GOA Census: 484,000 Refugees: 433, 159to PERCENT. Less than 25 __ 2s to 50 50 to 75 • Pr¢vin<;eCapitol 75 and over ., District Centre *{DCARRefugee Origins Survey) (UNHCR 8/89) BAK Bak is an alaqadari in eastern Paktia comprising an area of 175 sq km. To the west is Jani I POPUIATION& DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, Bak was estimated to have a population of 6800 people living in 25 villages. DCARestimates that nore than 5000 have settled in Pakistan as refugees. 'lhe Pushtun Babarkhel tribe predominates in the .area, alorg with M.an;Jal arrl Niazi. Refugees from these tribes are settled for the most part in the Bagzai canps in Kurram Agency. EXX>NCMY' Agriculture is the main occupation of Bak followed by animal husl:arrlry arrl rope-making. One-third of the agricultural larrl is irrigated by karez arrl streams, arrl the remainder is rain-fed lalmi fannlarrl. Irrigated larrl yields two crops per year. '!he principal crops are wheat, maize, barley arrl rice. Two irrigation headworks at Olinargai arrl Bedak have been destroyed during the war. Except in governrrent controlled areas, much of the agricultural larrl lies fallow for lack of manpower to till the soil. BAZAARS 'lhe bazaar at Bak markaz was destroyed during the war arrl has not been reruilt. SIORAGE No adequate storage facilities reported. ROADS - '!here is an unpaved road linking Bak arrl Jaji Maidan that has been heavily mined arrl is not used. - 'lhe Bak-Trayzai road is also not used because of fear that it is mined. - '!he Bak-I PIDPLE OF INFLUENCE In eastern Paktia, there is a shura incorporating members of Bak, Saroti, UNHCR/PAicr'IA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 6 Trayzai, Jaji Maidan arrl I MEDICALRESOURCES '!here is a goverrnoont hospital wilding in Bak markaz rut is reprted to be destroyed. No other facilities reported. OilIER NGO ACTIVITIES None rep:>rted. UNHCR/PAicr'IABACKGROUND REPORI' 7 Charnkani is a woleswali in north-central Paktia that covers an area of 264 sq km. To the west is Hasan Khel an:l I.ajmangal, in the south Jani Khel, in the east Darrl-wa-Patan an:l Dara-e-Darang, an:l in the north Jaji. Charnkani divided into two river valleys fanned by the SUlaiman Khel River, which flows southward to the woleswali of Jani Khel, and the I.aza River, which flows into the Kurrurn River in Pakistan. 'Ihese two rivers converge at Shar-i-Nau, the markaz of Charnkani. Shar-i-Nau is sane 27km west of the Pakistan border, an:l is one of the major transit points for cross border traffic destined for Khost to the south am Gardez to the west. Shar-i-Nau, formerly a major garrison, was controlled by the Kab.11 govern ment until mid-1988. SUbsequent to the withdrawal of goverrnnent troops, the garrison ruildings, as well as the government office hlildings, the hospital am the school have suffered extensive damage at the hams of the mujahideen who ocx::upied the ta.m. '!he mujahideen have begun rel:uilding the town. 'Ihe bazaars at sultan Gai am Nanozai were also destroyed. POPUIATION AND DISPIACEMENI' '!he Pushtun Cllamkani am Mangal tribes inhabit the woleswali. In 1979, the population of Cllamkani was estimated at 17,000 people living in 90 villages. '!he majority of these people are thought to have fled to Pakistan, especially the refugee camps of Hangu in Kabat District. Ex patriates working in the area estimate that 4000-5000 people have returned to the area within the last six nonths am are rel:uilding their hanes am cultivating their fields. EXX>N01Y 'Ihe lam in Cllamkani yields two crops a year of wheat, maize, rice, gram, beans, am sane vegetables. Most fanners are familiar with, an:l use irrproved seeds (Maxipack) imported from Pakistan. Before 1979, there was an agricultural developnent project operating with assistance from the West Gennan government. Most of the lam is irrigated with river water that is diverted by small earthen dams rut sane villages rely on karez. '!he timber trade has been an important source of i.ncxJioofor the population of Cllamkani. During the last decade, however, timber harvesting has been almost totally uncontrolled arrl large areas of the district are reported to have been deforested. As a result, flooding am siltation are said to be nore c::onnronin the Clla:mkaniValley than in the past. BAZAARS '!he bazaar at Shar-i-Nau has been partially reruilt arrl 47 shops are now functioning. A variety of goods are available including essentials like tea, sugar am foodstuffs, plus diesel (by the barrel) am keroSene. UNHCR/P.Alcr'IABACKGROUND REPORI' 8 S'IDRAGE - 'Ihere is a reinforced concrete god.ownwith a capacity of 100-120 metric tonnes in Chamkani. World Vision is using it for storage arrl the distril::ution of fertilizer arrl tree seedlings. - 'Ihe gove.rrnnent god.ownarrl that of a textile factory established urner the West Gennan project have been destroyed. ROADS 'lhe road connecting Cha:rnkaniwith Da.rxi-wa-Patan arrl Hasan I MINES - 'Ihere are mines planted by the goverrnnent forces along the hills fran Nangyar Khela to Nargasai arrl Halim Galai. - In the area of ShareenJorha Khela, I.agada, Marjani An:lar, Kata Khela arrl Ma.tor Khela, where there were government posts, there are anti-personnel mines. - On the road connecting Olarnkani with the Pakistan border, there are two places that have been mined: Matwarkh to Kangeena, for a distance of about 1km; arrl Mathani to Kunjak, for a distance of about 1.2km. 'lhe nrujahideen have b.lilt a new road nearby to detour these two areas. PIDPLE OF INFllJENCE 'Ihere are two shuras in this district, a military shura made up of ccmnarrlers arrl another comprised of local tribal leaders. 'lhe names of the significant members of these shuras can.be obtained fran the DCAR office in Peshawar. MEDICALRESOURCES - HIG q,erates a hospital at Olamkaniwith the suwart of the Saudi Red Crescent Society. It is staffed by two doctors, two nurses arrl one piarmacist. - SCAsupports one clinic, which has one doctor arrl two nurses. - Freedom Medicine supports a number of their paramedics in Cha:rnkani OIHER NGO ACI'IVITIES - World Vision has established a number of related projects in Cha:rnkani including karez repair, the provision of agricultural am horticultural inputs, agriculture extension training, construction training arrl ware house construction. World Vision also has a team of eighteen people that are clearing larrl mines. '!hey have already cleared several kilaretres of road including that between Shar-i-Nau arrl SUlai.man I - GAFsupports a veterinary extension progranune in Chamk.ani. UNHCR/PAKTIABACK~ REPORI' 9 DAND-WA-PATAN Darxi-wa-Patan is a woleswali in northeastern Paktia that covers an area of sate 163 sq km. To the west is Cllarnkani, in the south Jani I POPUIATION& DISPIACEMENI' 'lhe Pushtun Man:_:Jaltribe predaninates in Darxi-wa-Patan. In 1979, the population was estimated at 10,000 people living 46 villages. Only a very small rnnnber of the population is thought to be living as refugees in Pakistan. EXX>NCMY Darxi-wa-Patan is knovm for its rice prcxruction. Wheat, corn and sate vegetables are also grown. La:rrl is irrigated by means of small dams and open canals (joi) . '!he population supplements agricultural prcxruction with trade in timber and pine nuts (.ifilghoza), and with seasonal employ ment in Pakistan. BAZAARS Chapari bazaar in Darxi-wa-Patan markaz, once thought to have' 60 shops, has been caipletely destroyed during the war. 'lhe bazaar at Ban;Jash, between the markaz and Cl1arnkanihad 37 shops, only seven of which are now active. SIORAGEFACILITIES No adequate storage facilities have been reported. ROADS - A road frc:an Barakai on the border with Pakistan connects Darxi-wa-Patan with Olamkani and the regions of I - '!here is a shingled road frc:an Darxi-wa-Patan to Jaji Maidan that passes through Bak and Trayzai and on to I UNHCR/PAicr'IA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 10 MINES other than those mentioned above, no specific locations have been reported. PIDPLEOF INFLUENCE '!here is a shura for Darrl-wa-Patan am Dara-i-Dararg. Eadl of the four tribes in this area (Marga!, Jaji, Maqbal am Rharoti) participate. MEDICAL.RESOURCES - SCA support 3 health ~kers am 1 clinic in Darrl-wa-Patan OIHER HD ACI'IVITIES me is inplementirg an agricultural suwcrt project in Dani-wa-Patan am suwcrtirg karez repair. UNHCR/PAicr'IABAC1 Gardez is the third largest woleswali in Paktia (after Zo:rmat arrl Sayed Karam) located in the western part of the province arrl comprising an area of 653 sq km. Gardez is the traditional seat of the Ghilzai Pushtuns. 'lb the southwest is Zo:rmat, in the northwest arrl north, Charkh arrl Pul-i-Alam (I..ogar), in the east Sayed Karam arrl in the south Shawak. Gardez town, which remains under goverrnnent control is situated at the junction of the i.nportant routes leading from the KUITamvalley in Pakistan to Kal:ul arrl Ghazni. 'lhe Gardez plain runs on a northeast/southwest axis, arrl is surrourrled by mountains. 'lhose to the east divide it from the plain of Khost, arrl are crossed by the fam:>USSetuk.arrla.., Pass, scene of much fighting during the war. 'lhe mountains to the west divide it from the plains of Ghazni arrl I..ogar. To the north, the plain narra..,s to a valley giving ac:x::essto 01amkani arrl finally Parachinar in Pakistan. POPULATION & DISPIACEMENI' 'lhe population of Gardez was estimated at nore than 44, 000 in 1979. More than 20 percent of this p:>pUlation was estimated to be living in Gardez town arrl the rest settled in sane 42 villages. '!he majority of the inhab itants of Gardez are Ahmadzai Pushtuns with settlements of Pushtu speaking Tajiks. Nearly 82 percent of the pre-war population is estimated to have migrated to Pakistan as refugees. 'lhe population of .Gardez town has supported the government during the war has remained largely in situ. For this reason, the town's p:>pulation has exparrled with people displaced by fighting in other parts of the province. outside of Gardez town, there has been severe destruction of villages under mujahideen control. EXX.>N01Y 'lhe Gardez plain supported an intensive irrigated cultivation of wheat double cropped with corn arrl alfalfa. Horticulture was also c::o.mron, particularly the cultivation of peaches, apples arrl walnuts. Wide-scale aban:lornnent of fannlarrl arrl the deterioration of agricultural infrastruc ture has brought about a drastic decline of the provinces's agricultural production. BAZAARS Gardez is said to have a large functioning bazaar l:::ut ac:x::essto it is limited by a security perbreter maintained by goverrnnent troops. SIORAGE '!here is rep:>rted to be a godCMnin Gardez town with a capacity of 2000 metric tonnes. UNHCR/PAKTIABACKGROUND RER:>Rr 12 ROADS 'lhe main paved road from Karul to ! MINES Gardez is surroun::led by military posts, eacil one of which has two to three security perbooters of anti-personnel mines: - 'lbere were ten posts at Tirah Pass on the Karul-Gardez road 10 kms north of Gardez town. - At Kdl-e-Melan, 7km east of the city, there were government :(X)Sts on the nountain top which controlled access to Gardez arrl sayed Karam. - Outside of Gardez town is the headquarters for the government troops. Mines are planted 2km west of the headquarters at Ghorrl 192 arrl Qita-e-Kashf, 3km west of the headquarters at Ghorxi 14 Topchi arrl at I PEDPLEOF INFllJENCE - 'Ihe current wali of Gardez in Anwar fran Bala Deh. - camnarrler Alozai (NIFA) of the Isakhel sub-section of the Ahmadzai tribe. - canmarrler Haji Shalai (NIFA) of the Aladin I MEDICALRESOURCES 'lbere is reported to be a mujahideen first aid centre in the Tarah area. No information of goverrunent facilities in Gardez town is available. OIHER NGO ACTIVITIES None reported. UNHCR/PAKTIA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 13 GURBOZ Gurboz is an alaqadari in southwest Paktia, covering an area of 385 sq km. To the southwest is Tani, in the northwest Marrlozai, in the north east ! POPUIATION& DISPIACEMENI' Gurboz had an estimated population of over 9000 :people in 1979 living in some 32 villages. 'lhe Pushtun sul:rtribe of Gurboz Wazirs predaninates throughout the alaqadari. Few of Gurboz' s inhabitants have migrated to Pakistan as refugees but some of the population has ll'OVed to I EXX>NCMY CUltivable lam is scarce in Gurboz. On irrigated lams wheat, corn am barley are grown. FanneJ:'S purchase seeds in Miramshah bazaar across the border in Pakistan. 'lhe deterioration of irrigation systems due to war damage or lack of maintenance has drastically reduced agricultural pro duction in the area. ~ternative occupations for the :people of this area are animal husbarrlry, mat making am timber harvesting trade. BAZAARS '!here are no bazaars in the alaqadari. '!here are two tea stalls with aocanm::rlations in the village of Akbar Khan. SI'ORAGE '!here are no adequate storage facilities in Gurboz. ROADS - A shingled road runs from ! UNHCR/PAKTIABACKGOOUND REPORI' 14 village) it is 16km to Mirarn.shah on a paved road. - 'Ihe mujahideen have constnlcted a new road from the Jihad Wal garrison of lUG at Borikhel tcMards Jawara, the urrlergramj mujahideen fortress in eastern Rhost. '!his road is only used by mujahideen am civilians are not allowed on it. Fram Jawara to the border village of Saidgi in North Waziristan is 8km. '!his road is unpaved tut passable for all vehicles. Fram Saidgi to Miramshah is 15km. MINES Aside from those sites mentioned above, mines are located in the following areas: - At Barea village, the area arourrl the fo:rmer nujahideen check post has been carpeted with anti-personnel arrl pressure mines. - At Borikhel village, pressure mines are reported to be fourrl.on the surrourrling agricultural larrl. - At Bugikhel village. - On the road between Tani arrl Gurboz. - On road between Gurboz arrl Borikhel. MEDICALRESOURCES '!here are two mujahideen-supported clinics in Gurboz, one urrler the control of Mowlawi Jalaludin Haqani ard the secon1 urrler Faiz loktlarmnad, both of lUG. 01.flER NGO ACTIVITIES None reported. 15 HASANKHEL (AHMADKHEL) Hasan I POPUIATION & DISPIACEMENT '!here are no population estimates for Hasan I Ex:DNCMY About 70 percent of the agricultural land in Hasan I BAZAARS - Mushki Bazar, is active with 43 shops ard two timber centres. Diesel is available by the barrel at Afs 90/litre. - Seti Bazar, active with 30 shops, two sarai, arrl two timber centres. SIORAGE 'Any facilities or godowns here.that could be used for storage have been destroyed. ROADS In the 1970s, the West Gennan goverrnnent supported a road construction project in Hasan I - A shingled road runs through to Gardez, via Sayed Karam to Hasan I UNHCR/PAlcr'IA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 16 Jaji, am on to Parachinar in Pakistan. Between Sayed Karam am Hasan Rhel, 3.4km fran the latter, the road has been destroyed by avalanches am vehicles detour via the riverbed. Mujahideen have placed anti-tank mines on the road 1. 2km from Hasan Rhel to;..rards Jaji. - Soon after Hasan Rhel another road turns off to Cllairucani am then to the border. 'Ihis road has been heavily damaged by flooding at several points there are detoors through the riverbed. Both of these roads in the Hasan Rhel area are closed for three ioonths in the spring when the rivers are high am it is inp:)ssible to cross the riverbeds. MINES - Aroum Narai Ghurxi (garrison) at a distance of 2km, anti-personnel mines have been planted by the goverrnnent. - Arourrl Bannanki security post, anti-personnel mines have been planted by the government at a distance of 250m. - Arourrl Marsen, anti-personnel mines have been planted by both the government am mujahideen at a distance of 500m. - In Darwaze Kamow, the fo:1'.'JOOrsite of a government post, anti-personnel mines have been planted within a 600m circumference. - In Mir Gati Sar, the fo:1'.'JOOrsite of a governrnent post, anti-personnel mines have been planted within a circumference of 400m. - In Masel Sar, anti-personnel mines have been planted within a circumference of 700m. - Mujahideen have planted anti-tank mines 1. 2km from Hasan Rhel on the road to Jaji. PEOPLE OF INFI.IJENCE '!here is no in::lepenient shura in Hasan Rhel, wt sane cammanders from the district participate in the party-based shura of Jaji. '!his shura controls both Jaji am Hasan Rhel. Arrong the prominent leaders in the area are: - Azizullah s/o Mahb.Jb, Amir-i-Qnumi. for HIG. from the Jaji tribe, ~tla village. - Mowlawi Rhair Mohammad, a canrnarxier for HIG from Mama Rhel sub-tribe of the Jajis am Mama Rhel village. - Agel Khan s/o Olargul, cammander for HIK, from the Badam Rhel sub-tribe of the Jajis, Meshra Rhwela village. - A. Ghani s/o I.aji, cammander for HIK, from the Hasan Rhel sub-tribe of the Jajis, Makhi village. - Bahram Jan s/o Salar, cammander for NIFA of the Badam Rhel sub-tribe of the Jajis, Makhi village. - Maeen Khan s/o Nangarki, cammander for Sayaf, of the Badam Rhel sub- tribe of the Jajis, Shawat village. · UNHCR/P.Alcr'IA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 17 MEDICALRESOURCES Recently a clinic was established by MI'A in Mushki bazaar. A French doctor an:l an Afghan nurse work in this clinic. '!here are reportedly SOIOO problems with the suwly of medicine. MI'Aan:l SCA also ~rt a medical training progranuoo at this clinic. NGO AcrIVITY Apart from an IRC survey in the area, none reported. UNHffi/PAfcr'IA BACKGOOUNDREPORI' 18 JADRAN (WAZE JADRAN) Jadran is a woleswali carpri.ses 427 sq km situated in south central Paktia. To the west is 0rma,· in the north Shawak, Musa Khel arrl Qalan:lar, in the east Nader Shah Kot arrl Shamal arrl in the south Sperah, am Zeluk am Neka (Paktika ) • 'lhe valley of Setukan:iow is perhaps the best known larrlrnark for this area of Paktia. It has been the scene of intense fighting since the beginning of the war because it controls access fran Gardez to I 'lhe name of the woleswali is derived fran the Jadran tribe, which is the area's predaninant population. 'lhe centre of their territory incorporates the valley of Sperah, arrl further west, the Setukarrlow pass, an area that is alm:>st totally mountainous am interspersed by river valleys. '!he valley of Setukarrlow is deep with a fast flowing riverfran which water is drawn for irrigation. 'lhe mountain slopes are covered with thick forests. Up till n<:M, there has been no major deforestation in these areas. Before the war this was an important area for the timber trade, as well as for animal husbandry. 'lhe villages close to the main road connecting I POPUIATION& DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the population of Jadran was estimated at 15,000 people living in 44 villages. A large majority of this population has settled in Pakistan as refugees. 'lhe predominant Jadran tribe has two branches, the Mirzai (the larger of the two) am the Dirkhel. 'lhe Dirkhel are fourrl in the east of the Jadran area at Nader Shah Kot where it touches the plain of ! EXX>NCMY Jadran is a mountainous area with only one deep valley, so there is little lard for cultivation. Agriculture is nore of a supplement to the main occupation of animal husbandry. Fanners cultivate a single crop of wheat, maize (cash crop) am potatoes on lams irrigated by springs arrl karez. '!here is also some diversion of river water l:::ut seasonal floods have destroyed many of the irrigation channels. UNHCR/P.Alcr'IA BAa SIORAGE '!here are no adequate storage facilities in Jadran. ROADS '!he IOOSt important road in the re:Jion is that through Setukarrlow pass, which connects I MINES When the goverrunent arrl Soviet troops invaded the area in 1987, they planted mines in the following mujahideen controlled areas: Ghelzai, Shawak, Palangi arrl Serana. Mines were also planted in Sari I PIDPLE OF INFllJENCE - Jalaludin Haqani (HIK) , a Jadrani him.self, is powerful here. - Haji Alxlul. Rahman Babrakzai (NIFA), a wealthy tribal leader. - Babrakzai Tana s/o Babrak Khan, is important within the tribe. - Ccmnarxier Matiullah (HIK) , who is related to Jalaludin Haqani, has sane influence here, rut m:>re in the area arourrl Zeruk arrl the border between Paktia arrl Paktika. MEDICALRESOURCES None reported. '!he nearest IOOdical facility is that operated by GAF in the vicinity of I OIHER NGO ACI'IVITIES None reported. UNHCR/PA!cr'IA BACKGOOUNDREPORI' 20 JAJI (ALI KHEL) Jaji is a woleswali in northerrnoost Paktia, cx::arprising an area of 617 sq km. Jaji is bouooed in the west and north by Azro (I.oga.r), in the north east by Sherzad (Nan:Jarhar), in the east by the Kurram tribal agency of Pakistan and in the south by Dara-i-Dararq, Chamkani., Hasan I '!he woleswali markaz, along with other government military installations located in Olawni, fell to the mujahideen after the evacuation of the goverrnnent troops in 1988. All the l::uildings a.rrl military installations have been caapletely destroyed by the mujahideen. Goods valued at Afs 35 million were abarrloned by the evacuating troops and the mujahideen'estab lished a temporary shura to divide the spoils according to the strexgth of each resistance party in the area. However, local tribal leaders inter vened a.rrl urged that the spoils be divided along tribal lines. After sane negotiation, the objections of the tribal leaders were overcane. 'lhe West Gennan goverrnnent supported a forestry and an agriculture project at Ali Khel before the war. A,11 the project ruildings, including the godowns were destroyed during the war as well as 25, ooo jeril:s of forest. Olawni and Srai bazaars have been caapletely destroyed as well as all four primary and medium schools in this woleswali. Oiawni high school is said to be partially destroyed. POPUIATION & DISPI.ACEMENI' In 1979, Jaji had an estimated population of over 30,000 people living in sane 47 villages. 'Ibis area has been heavily affected by the war and al.m::>stall the people are living as refugees in Pakistan. '!here are reports of people returning to their homes, rut the widespread presence of mines, the extent of the destruction of the villages and an unpredictable political situation still discourages the majority from leaving the refugee camps. EX:ONCJ.1Y Agriculture production in Jaji has declined dramatically during the war. 'lhe majority of the la.rrl remains uncultivated because of the presence of land mines and the lack of lt'al1p0Werto maintain irrigation channels and till the soil. 'lhe fanners grow barley, maize, and wheat by using local seed plus sane improved seeds. 'Ibey also grow sane vegetables. '!here is only one karez in the area and the majority of the land is irrigated with river water. Timber harvesting and trade to Pakistan is an irrportant suwlexnent to the agricultural incane of Jaji's inhabitants. IAlring the war, however, harvesting has gone unchecked resulting in severe deforestation of the nx:,untains. UNHCR/PA!crIABAa SIORAGE All storage facilities in this woleswali are reported to have been destroyed. ROADS '!he main shingled road from Gardez passes through Jaji arrl links up with the road to Parachinar in Pakistan. '!he distance across the woleswali by this road is 36km. From Olawni markaz to the border (Gawai) is 18km, arrl from Gawai to Parachinar 30km. '!he road has been damaged by mines arrl flooding. Four bridges have been destroyed by mines arrl eight culverts are broken. '!here are detours in several villages due to mines. MINES - In the vicinity of Olawni, anti-personnel mines have been planted at a distance of about 800m. - In Zazi Khak area, 300m fram Jaji markaz, anti-personnel mines have been planted in an area of 300 sq matres. - Anti-personnel mines have been planted in Badal village in the north of the woleswali. - Anti-personnel mines have been planted on the hill top at Toorwoot. - In Sayed Khan Tangi there are anti-personnel mines. - Anti-personnel mines have been planted on the hill tops at Eistia in the south east of the woleswali. - Fram Mahram village up to Shadal, for a distance of 6km, anti-personnel mines have been planted by the goverrnrent. - In Khwazi Khel, within a 1km circumference, anti-personnel mines have been planted in fannlarrl am.on the hilltops. - In the area surrouniing Ahmad Khel village, anti-personnel mines have been planted at a distance of 1,500m by the govenunent. - Arourrl Bayan Khel village, were there were two govenunent posts, anti personnel mines have been planted for a distance of 2km. - Anti-personnel mines can be fourrl arourrl Ali Sargi village. - Arourrl Sher Khatal village, were there was a govenunent post in the forest, there are anti-personnel mines. - On Dar Saroona hilltop, overlooking Peta village there are a mines. - Garrison No 66 was situated behi.m Zadran village arrl was occupied by the mujahideen in 1982. '!he chief of the garrison who was captured alive UNHCR/P.Aicr'IABACKGROUND REPORr 22 clainro that there were same 500,000 .anti-personnel mines planted around the garrison arrl in parts of the surrourrling IOOUntains. - Anti-personnel arrl anti-tank mines have been planted arourrl Kotkai village, arrl in a fann 1km to the west of Kotkai village. - In the larrl arrl hills arourrl Khennana village, anti-personnel arrl anti-tank mines can be fourrl. 'Ihe village is in the west of the woleswali. - In the larrl belonging to Sekarrlar Khel village arrl on the road which passes through it, anti-personnel arrl anti-tank mines have been planted. 'lhis village is in the west of the woleswali. - Anti-personnel arrl anti-tank mines can be fourrl on the hills, fannlarrl arrl road between Sheeshta village an:i Hasan Khel. MEDICALRE.SOURCES - 'Ihere are rep::>rted to be 25 Peshawar-trained health workers in Jaji supp:>rted by SCA, Freedom Medicine arrl MSlI through the Ministry of Health (IGA)• . - NCA supports two AVICEN-trained vaccinators in the woleswali. - In Teshnak there is a primary health clinic with 7 health workers rut no doctor. - 'Ihere is a mujahideen medical centre in the Fazel Rahman area. - '!here is a basic health care team in Jadrano Killay. OIHER NGO ACTIVITIES - NCA supports an agricultural arrl karez cleaning programme in Jaji. - IRC has begun an agricultural support project in Jaji with partial fun1ing from UNHCR. UNHCR/PAKTIABAa Jaji Maidan is a woleswali in eastern Paktia canprising an area of 395 sq km. To the west is Darrl-wa-Patan am Jani Khel, in the south, Bak am in the east arrl north, the Kurram tribal agency of Pakistan. 'lhe woleswali markaz is u:rrler the control of the government arrl the surrourrling areas controlled by the mujahideen. 'lhe markaz was taken by the mujahideen in 1979 rut recaptured by the government militia in the same year. '!here has been considerable destniction in arrl arourrl Jaji Maidan markaz. POPUIATION & DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the population of Jaji Maidan was estimated at Il'Ore that 12,000 people living in 74 villages. 'lhe predominant tribes are the Aka Khel, Jaji am Khosti Pushtuns. Nearly 70 percent of the population is estimated to be living as refugees in the ca:rrps of Kurram am Kohat •. 'Ihose that have remained generally live in mujahideen controlled areas. EXX>Na1Y In comparison with other regions of Paktia, Jaji Maidan is well watered am fertile, yielding two crops per year. Principal crops are maize, rice am wheat. DCARsources estimate that only 40 percent of Jaji Maidan's farmlam is u:rrler cultivation due to lack of manpower to till the soil am to repair arrl maintain irrigation works. BAZAARS Jaji Maidan bazaar has 30 shops, some of which were destroyed in 1979. 'lhe shops are stocked with goods procured in Pakistan • SIORAGE • No adequate storage facilities have been identified in Jaji Maidan. ROADS '!here is a shingled road which connects Jaji Maidan to Darrl-wa-Patan arrl Chamkani to the north. It is in-passable at Narai Pass because of mines am lack of maintenance. A shingled road to the south linking Jaji Maidan to Bak am Khost is not used due to mines planted by the mujahideen. MINES Aside from those sites mentioned above, mines are reported prevalent throughout the areas of government control. UNHffi/PAKTIA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 24 PIDPLE OF INFllJENCE A nrujahideen militacy shura was set up a year ago comprising of connnarrlers fran Jaji Maidan, Trayzai, Bak arrl Yaqubi. '!his is based in Trayzai - see Trayzai (People of Influence) for a list of members. 'Ibis shura appoints nrujahideen to take care of the security of Jaji Maidan the area. other notable in:lividuals are: - Amir Engineer Arman Mughul I MEDICALRESOURCES Prior to the war, there was a hospital at the woleswali markaz. '!he wilding was destroyed in 1979. Inhabitants rely on a government clinic arrl those in the nrujahideen controlled areas travel to Pakistan for treatment. CYlHERNGO AcrrvrrIFS None reported. UNHCR/PAicr'IABAO Jani Khel is a woleswali in central Paktia comprised of 294 sq km. To the west is I.ajrnangal, in the north Olarnkani arrl Darrl-wa-Patan, in the east Jaji Maidan arrl in the south, Bak, Saroti arrl Musa Khel. '!he woleswali is surrourrled by 11X>UI1tainsarxi cultivable larxi is scarce. Prior to the war Jani Khel had a military garrison, a hospital, a school, godowns arxi a bazaar. 'Ihese, arxi the woleswali administration wildings, have been completely destroyed. After it cane un:ier the control of the mujahideen in 1980, Jani Khel remained fairly safe in comparison to the other districts of Paktia, arxi has experienced only one ergcigement between the goverrnnent arxi the mujahideen since that time. Goverrnnent schools (seven) were never well atterrled wt a madrassa set up four years ago with support from canmarrler Jalaludin Haqani of RIK has four classes arxi three teachers. POPUI.ATION & DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the population of Jani Khel was estimated at Il'Ore than 12,000 people living in 87 villages. According to OCARfindings, nearly the entire population of the woleswali is settled in Pakistan as refugees. '!he main tribes in the woleswali are the Musakhel arxi the Yarukhel arxi Mia Khel sub-sections of the Jani Khel tribe. '!here traditiolM;llly have been conflicts between the Musakhel arxi Jani Khel tribes. '!here are rep::,rts of refugees returning to the area to repair their houses arxi agricultural larxis. EXX>N01Y 'Ihe main oco.1pation of Jani Khel's inhabitants is timber harvesting arxi export to Pakistan. Pine nuts (jalghoza) are also collected for export. Agricultural larxis in Jani Khel have rep::,rtedly remained un:ier cultivation throughout the war years, which indicates that Jani Khel refugees in Pakistan have been maintaining their larxis during their exile. '!here are two crops each year of which 50 percent is maize arxi the remainder is wheat, beans, p::,tatoes arxi clover for animal feed. '!here is also some cultivation of apples arxi walnuts, Animal husbardry is not significant in the woleswali although each family typically owns one CCM for dairy products. '!he typical diet is maize bread with'. milk arxi yoghurt. Fanoors generally use animal manure for fertilizer although those who can afford it will use chemical fertilizer. 'Ihe lack of agro-chemicals is given as a major reason for low yields. labour can be fourrl at prices which vary according to the season. During the sowing arxi harvest times daily wages increase arxi labour is sometimes difficult to find. 'Ihe usual daily wage of skilled labour is Afs 1,400 arxi Afs 1,000 for unskilled. Nearly three quarters of the water sources are from diversion dams arxi the rest from karez arxi springs. 'Ihe creeks are seasonal, with sufficient water for cultivation in the spring arxi early summer, wt becan:ing dry in UNHCR/PAicr'IA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 26 the autumn. Each village has one or two darn.s and a karez. All the dams are functioning rut the karez are in poor repair due principally to lack of maintenance during 10 years of war. Shortage of water is canmon in summer. '!here was, tmtil th~ start of the war, an extension of the West Genran agriculture and forestry project in Jaji (near I.Dwari village). BAZAARS '!here was a major bazaar called Maidan Khule, located near the woleswali markaz. '!he inhabitants of both Musa Khel and Jani Khel woleswalis used this as their bazaar. It was supplied fran Pakistan and Gardez, and had 80 shops. All these shops were destroyed during the war. However this bazaar has begun to be rel:uilt and 14 shops are I10il active. Another bazaar at I.Dwari, 6km to the south west of the woleswali markaz, is bein;J developed. At this writin;J, there are 12 shops arrl the prices for selected goods are the following: sugar Afs 150 per ·kg; black tea Afs 1,200 per kg and edible oil Afs 420 per kg. SIORAGE '!here is reportedly a governroont god.own at Jani Khel markaz that is still intact. '!he capacity of the godown has not been reported. ROADS - '!he shingled road linking Jani Khel and Olamkani. is negotiable for both two-wheel and four-wheel drive vehicles. '!here is a pass at I.Dwari, the border between these two woleswalis. - '!here is a road in poor corrlition linking Jani Khel to Musa Khel. - '!he road between Jani Khel and Jadran has been closed by a larrlslide. - 'lhe road fran Jani Khel to Bak is not easy to pass as it crosses into a government-controlled area. MINES '!here are no mines reported in Jani Khel. PEOPLE OF INFllJENCE A tribal shura was established in Jani Khel eight months ago. Before this a five member military shura existed to deal with the military arrl judi cial affairs of Jani Khel and neighbouring Musa Khel. '!he military shura was dissolved in early 1988, and has been replaced by the tribal shura. Apart fran a fEM security posts, most of the comnmrlers and mujahideen are active in other woleswalis. Well known cxmnarrlers fran this woleswali include Al:xiul Bas (NIFA), fran Rabat village; Hanif Jan (HIK), also fran Rabat village; Taj Mhd. (lfiG), fran Dri Kola village; ard onar Khan (SYF), fran ster Killay village. More information on the members of the tribal UNHCR/PAicr'IA BACKGROUNDREFORI' 27 shura arrl other C01'11l1'1amerScan be obtained from DCAR in Peshawar. MEDICALRESOURCES At present there is no clinic'or hospital in this area arrl people .go to Pakistan for medical treatment. A oc:::moondisease especially mrK>n:J children is bronchitis ("syah surfa"). - me supports an AVICENtrained vaa::inator in Jani I OIHER NGO AcrIVITIES me supports a karez cleaning project in Jani I UNHCR/PA!cr'IA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 28 KHOST I I POPUIATION & DISPIACEMENI.' I Because of the protracted fighting in the woleswali between the goverrnnent am the mujahideen, nearly the entire population has fled as refugees to camps in North Waziristan, Bannu am Kurram as well as to Peshawar am Gulistan district in Baluchistan. EXX>NCMY 'lhe limited agriculture carri~ on in ! UNHffi/PAKTIA BACKGOOUNDREPORI' 29 BAZAARS 'lhere is a bazaar at Khost rut the remaining inhabitants of the mujahideen controlled areas travel to Miram.shah for their suwlies. SIORAGE 'lhere is a government maintained goo.own in Khost with a capacity of 2000 metric tonnes. ROADS - 'lhere is a paved road from Khost to Jadran 'Whidl. links the rnarkaz to Gardez arrl, eventually, Kal:::ul. - A shingled road runs from Khost to Trayzai, Bak arrl Jaji Maidan. Within Khost woleswali mujahideen planted mines across the road arrl into the agricultural larrl on either side. - A dirt road connects Khost with Musa Khel to the north rut this is heavily mined. - 'lhe road south to Gurboz arrl Tani is shingled.led arrl in good condition, rut it is government held arrl often attacked by the mujahideen. - A dirt track runs eastwards .from Khost to saidgi arrl onto Miram.shah. MINES - 'lhere are reportedly three mined security perimeters arourrl Khost town. - Around Khost town, there are many military posts, sane of 'Whim are still held by the government. All have had mines planted around them. - Likewise for the government post at Turagara, on the border with Gurboz. - 'lhere are mines on arrl along the road between Khost arrl Trayzai. - 'lhe road to Musa Khel is mined from Khost to Galang in Musa Khel woleswali. PIDPLEOF INFIIJENCE. 'lhe current governor of Khost is sadat Gul Ahangar, from the Sabari section of the Krara tribe. He has been in Khost for three years. He is· a member of the Khalq faction of the POPAwho, four to five years ago was the governor of Kunar arrl who previously worked with the Afghan Construc tion Unit as an administrator. Politics in this area depend very mudl. on the tribal structure, 'Whidl. is reported to be gaining in importance at the e,q:>eilSe of the mujahideen political parties. It is said that many of the elders of this area, like Muktador, are rKM working with the government. Other tribal leaders include: - Haji Al:xiul Rahman Babrakzai (NIFA), Dirkhel sub-tribe of the Jadrans. - Wakil Wazir Mohd (NIFA) Firozkhel sub-tribe. - Bacha Khan (HIIA) Dirkhel sub-tribe. UNHCRJPAKTIABAa OIHER NGO ACI'IVITIES None reported. UNHCR/PAirnA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 31 I.AJMANGAL IajIDar¥3al is an alaqadari in north central Paktia comprising an area of 258 sq km. To the west is Sayed Karam, in the south Musa I POPUI.ATION & DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the IX>J?Ulationof IajIDar¥3al was estimated at m::>rethan 16,000 :people living in 19 villages. Despite the fact that the area has been controlled by the mujahideen, the majority of the population has been reported living as refugees in Pakistan. 'Ihe predominant tribes of the woleswali, the Jaji arrl Muqbel have members settled in the Gawaki, Matp. Sangar arrl Shasu canps of Kurram Agerv::;y arrl at Aza I EXX>NCMY IajIDar¥3al is a sniall valley without significant lam for cultivation. On both sides of the valley are heavily wooded m:>U11tains. In the valley bottom, the irrigated larrl yields two crops per year. Wheat, corn arrl barley are the principal crops. Streams, sniall dams am karez provide irrigation for fannlarrl. BAZAARS 'Ihere was a bazaar at Ma before the war rut it has since been abarrloned. 'Ihere are a few shops in scattered villages, rut the inhabitants of Iaj~l typically buy their provisions from bazaars at Cl1amkani arrl AhmadI SIORAGE 'Ihere is no adequate storage facility in this alaqadari. OOADS IajIDar¥3al is located on.the AhmadI MINES No significant sites reported. UNHCR/PA!cr'IA.BACKGROUND REroRl' 32 PEOPLE OF INFllJENCE '!here is no shura in this alaqadari. MIDICALRESOURCE'S Iajmargal has no health facilities. Before the war, the inhabitants travelled to Olamkani or Gardez for medical care. OIHER NGO ACI'IVITIES None reported. UNHCR/PAm'IABAO Maro.ozai is an alaqadari in south central Paktia canprisirq 112 sq kms. It is the IOC)Stdensely populated district in the province. To the 'W'eSt arrl northwest are Nader Shah Kot, in the south Tani, in the south"W"eSt Gurboz arrl in the east I POPUIATION& DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, Mamozai had an estimated population of 23,000 livin:J in 36 villages. 'lhe predaninant tribes of the area are the Maro.ozai arrl F.smail I EXX)N(!,1Y Agricultural larrl is irrigated by channels that carry the run off of the Sharnal IOC>UI1tainsl::ut this system is reported to have fallen into dis repair. Irrigated larrl supports two crops· per year, the chief crops bein:J wheat, barley, corn arrl rice. Fanners were acx::ustomed to usin:J chemical fertilizer. BAZAARS '!here are no bazaars in Maro.ozai. 'lhe inhabitants travel to I SIORAGE '!here are no adequate storage facilities in the alaqadari. OOADS 'lhe road between Mamozai arrl I MINES No other sites reported aside fran the Maro.ozai-I PEOPLE OF INF'llJENCE '!here is no irrleperrlent shura in Mamozai. Rather it corres urder the influence of the canman:iers of I UNHCR/P.Alcr.IA BAa OIHER NGO ACl'IVITIE.S None reported. UNHCR/PAicr'IABACKGOOUND REPORr 35 MUSA KHEL ( ZURKar) Musa Khel is a woleswali in central Paktia that enc::arpasses an area of 410 sq km. To the west is Sayed Karam, in the south Qalarrlar, in the south east is Khost and Nader Shah Kot, in the east is Saroti and in the north Jani Khel and I.ajrrangal. '!he northern part of this woleswali is called Zurkot and the south is Gaber valley, one of the na;t well known valleys in Paktia. '!he gove.nment' s battalion headquarters and the school in this valley have been destroyed. '!his woleswali was taken over by the mujahideen in 1980. IOPUIATION& DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the population of Musa Khel was estimated at nearly 19,000 people living in 72 villages. '!he DCARsurvey of refugee camps acx::ounts for sixty-six percent of the population living in Pakistan as refugees. m:,...r ever, this figure has been contradicted by field reports which irrlicate that IIDSt of the Musa Khel's inhabitants stayed in this area fran the beginning of the war. Field reports also irrlicate that the renaining 20-25 percent who migrated have already started to return. EXl.)NCMY '!he main oocupation of the people here is the timber harvesting and export which provides a good wage to labourers. Pine nuts are also exported. Mountains predominate in this area, 1:::utthe little land there is for cultivation, is good. Almost all the agricultural land is culti vated in Musa Khel except that which is owned by refugees in Pakistan. Irrigated land is double cropped. '!he main crops are maize, wheat and beans. Fanners use animal manure as fertilizer although sane of the better off fanners use chemical fertilizer for wheat and maize. '!he majority of water used for irrigation cxnes fran local danming of streams, the renainder fran karez and springs. Presently all of the karez are functioning. Each village has one or two dams and there is one karez to every three villages. Water rights are apportioned to each household. Usually during sowing and harvesting season, fanners work on their own land. At other times they often work for timber merchants in the :rram tains. For this reason the price of lal::our is higher here than in other districts. '!he daily wage of a skilled lal::ourer is Afs 1,800 and for an unskilled Afs 1,000-1,200. BAZAARS '!here were no bazaars in Musa Khel before the war. People went to Maidan Khule in Jani Khel to purchase provisions. IXJring the war, two new bazaars were established at Kusin Khel and I.adar Khule. '!hey are 5UR>lied with inventories purchased in Pakistan. · UNHCR/PAicr'IA BACKGROUND REPORI' 36 SIDRAGE No adequate storage facilities have been reported. ROADS - Fram Musa I MINES - Mines on the road between Galang am I PEOPLE OF INFllJENCE Although there are no tribal differences in this area, there is a major regional divide am this has led to the creation of two tribal shuras, one fran Qalaooar alaqadari am Zurkot, am the other in Gaber valley. A list of the members of these shuras is available from DCARin Peshawar. Sane leading ccmnarrlers are: - Mohammad Jan, Amir of Qarabagh for HIG, of the Mir Ali I MEDICALRESOURCES '!here was no medical facility in Musa I UNHCR/PAKTIABACKGOOUND REPORI' 37 - Avicen supports one vaa::inator in the area. - SCA supports a number of health workers in Musa I NGOACI'IVITY IRC has begun a karez cleanin:J arrl agricultural rehabilitation project in Musa I UNHCR/PAicr'IA811.CKGROUND REPORI' 38 NADER SHAH Kar (BAT! Kar) Nader Shah Kot is an alaqadari in south centra.l Paktia encacpassing sane 405 sq km. To the west is Jadran am Shamal, in the south Sperah am Tani, in the southeast Marxiozi, in the east Khost am in the north Musa Khel am Qalarrlar. Nader Shah Kot is situated at the errl of the Khost plain am provides access both to the Setukan:low pass via Shamal valley (Khost to Gardez road) as well as to Sperah arrl Neka woleswalis. For this reason, the area is of strategic inp:,rtance, am the principal part has remained un:ier government control. Nader Shah Kot has been the scene of much fighting as is it borders the territory controlled by the mujahideen am the government. '!he villages in the plain generally support the government am fall urxier the control of the government ccmnanjers. Villages in the foothills are in territory that is subject to frequent military engagements am so, in sane cases,· have suffered from severe destniction. Destniction has been severe in the areas near the Khost/Gardez road as well. Further up in the IOC>Untains, the villagers have been more protected. roPUIATION& DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the population of Nader Shah Kot was estimated at m:>re than 11,000 people living in sane 38 villages. '!he predominant tribes are the Mirzai am Dirkhel sub-sections of the Jadran. Only a very small number of these people are known to be living as refugees in Pakistan. '!hose that did leave, especially from those areas that have suffered the heaviest destnlction, have settled in the camps near Miram.shah. EO::>Na4Y '!here is a lack of water for irrigation in the plain of Khost am so there are large areas of dasht. But along either side of the Shamal river which runs from west to east, the inhabitants have constnicted diversion canals to irrigate their fields. For this reason IrOSt of the agriculture runs along a line following the river. In other places it clings to the IOC>Untainside where fanners have made terraces am there are sane karez. Wheat, rice, beans (including mung beans), barley, maize, arrl sane vegetables are cultivated. Whi,le the government holds Nader Shah Kot am its environs, IrOSt of the agricultural lam nearby that is not urxier government control is largely deserted. BAZAARS It is not possible for those living outside the area of government control to go to the bazaar at Nader Shah Kot. Provisions are obtained from Pakistan. UNHCR/PA!cr'IABACKGOOlJND REPORI' 39 SIORAGE No adequate storage facilities reported. ROADS 'lhe metalled road fran ! MINES '!here are mines planted arourrl the military posts which surrourxl Nader Shah Kot. '!here are fears that many mines have, therefore, been planted in agricultural larrl. PEDPLE OF.INF.WENCE - Babrakzai Tani, NIFA, s/o Babrak ! MEDICALRESOURCES None reported. OIHER NGO ACTIVITIES None reported. UNH~/PAKTIA BACKGRXJNDREPORr 40 Qalarxlar is an alaqadari in central Paktia cc:riprising an area of 151 sq km. To the north, west arrl east is Musa Khel, arrl in the south, Jadran arrl Nader Shah Kot. Qalarnar encanpasses two valleys called Meshta arrl Qalarxlar. It was taken by the mujahideen in early 1980. 'lhe "'10leswali b.lilding has been partially destroyed. POPULATION& DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the popllation of Qalarxlar was estimated at over 4000 living in 22 villages. Most of the inhabitants are members of the Marqal tribe. More than 50 percent of the population is estimated to be settled as refugees in the camps of Kurram 'Agenc'f. EXX>NCMY '!he people of Qalarrlar counted as some of the poorest am IOOSturxieveloped in Paktia. '!his district has a higher percentage of labourers than other areas, with many men working for timber nerchants in the rramtains. Skil led labour ex>sts Afs 1,200 per day arrl unskilled Afs 800. About 80-90 percent of the agricultural larrl in the alaqadari is currently culti vated. 'lhe main crops are wheat, maize, barley, potatoes arrl beans. 'lhe farners use animal manure arrl irrigate their fields by damming springs in the rramtains. '!here are two karez in the entire alaqadari, neither are functioning. BAZAARS '!here are no bazaars. Inhabitants bJy their gocxls fran Oiamkani am Pakistan. SIORAGE '!here were no godowns in this area before the war. In 1979 the goverrnnent planned to l:uild a godown to store fertilizer l:ut the plan was rejected by the tribal elders. ROADS 'lhe road between Qalarxlar arrl Musa Khel is so bad (flood damage am lack of maintenance) t.hat only tractors can use it. 'lhe mujahideen proposed to b.lild a road in another part of the district b.lt this was rejected by the local people. MINES It seem; that there is no dan:]er from mines in this district. UNHrn/PA!cr'IA BACKGROUNDREPORr 41 PIDPLE OF INFI.IJENCE Qalazmr does not have an indeperrlent shura. '!here are three people who currently atten::l the Musa I Some of the nore well known cammarrlers are: - saheb Din, NIFA, s/o Nia Mar Gul, Mugai tribe, Dal:weshai village. - Dar I All of these ccmnarxlers have markaz in the Ghlank area. MEDICALRESOURCES '!here was no clinic or hospital in Qalazmr before the war. Inhabitants used local medicine (unani), am nore serious cases were brought to I '!he nearest medical facility is the clinic supported by the Islamic Relief Cormnittee at Kusin Rhule in Musa I OilIER NGO ACI'IVITIES None reported. UNHCR/PAlcr'IABACKGROUND REroRI' 42 SAYED KARAM Sayed Karam is a 'WOleswali in northwest Paktia with an area estimated at 938 sq km. It is Paktia's secorrl largest arrl secorrl nost pop.uous district after Zormat. To the west is I.agar Province, in the southwest is Gardez, in the south Shawak, in the southeast is Musa I Because this district is close to Gardez, many of its inhabitants supported the goverrnnent during the war. For this reason some areas of Sayed Karam have not been badly affected by the war. '!he further away from the woleswali markaz, the more serious the damage, the nost severe reportedly 30% to 40%. '!he markaz of Sayed Karam, also partially destroyed, has been captured by the mujahideen three times arrl renains in the harrls of the goverrnnent. OOPUIATION& DISPIACEMEN1' In 1979, the population of Sayed Karam was estimated at more than 52,000 people living in some 115 villages. '!his area is populated by the Alunadkhel tribe which, sometime during the war, allied itself with the goverrnnent militia due to a local dispute with the Mangals concerning t.i.mber arrl larrl rights. When the mujahideen took Hasan I EXX>NCMY '!he topography of the woleswali is flat an:i all""1B for large agricultural fields. Wheat, rice, corn arrl some poppy are cultivated. Most of the agricultural lan:i is laimi yielding a single crop each year, although wherever irrigation is p:)SSible, especially near to the "WOleswali markaz, the larrl can be double-cropped. BAZAARS Sayed Karam has a few shops rut the inhabitants travel to Gardez town to purchase provisions. SIDRAGE No adequate storage facilities have been reported. UNHCR/PAicr!ABACKGROUND REPORr 43 ROADS Sayed Karam is connected by shingled road to Gardez in the west and Hasan Khel in the east. '!bat to the east is blocked by laooslides near Hasan Khel. '!here is also a road to Jadran rut this is blocked at a pass at Perai just before Jadran district. MINES 'Ihere are several military posts near to Sayed Karam markaz ard each is surroumed by two to three security perilooters of anti-personnel mines. '!here are reports of many mines scattered in two villages (Hebi and An::lwam) in the Mirzaka area. PIDPLE OF INFIIJENCE '!here are two important leaders of the Ahmadkhel tribe, Khanakay and Qaooari. Both are supporters of the Khalq faction of the ruling POPA party, and both presently reside in Gardez. '!he nrujahideen cc:mnamer for this area is rep:>rted to be Bahram Jan and the nrujahideen in Hasan Khel have influence in the woleswali as well. MEDICALRESOURCES - '!here are three vaa::inators who were trained by Avicen working in Sayed Karam. - '!here is a nrujahideen first aid post at Machalgho. OIHER NGO ACTIVITIES !RC is supporting agricultural rehabilitation in Sayed Karam with fun:tiDJ from UNHCR. · UNHCR/PAKTIA BACKGROUNDREPORI' 44 SPERAH Sperah is a woleswali in southern Paktia carprising and area of 513 sq km. To the west is Zeluk (Paktika), in the southwest tJrgun (Paktika), in the south Gayan (Paktika), in the east Tani and the North waziristan tribal agency of Pakistan, am in the north Nader Shah Kot and Sharnal. 'lhe principal area of Sperah is taken up with a long valley which reaches· in the north to Nader Shah Kot arxi in the south to the district of Neka in the province of Paktika. '!he district is heavily forested. Government attacks on the area south of Nader Shah Kot and the Khost to the Gardez effected much of the northern part of this woleswali. Sperah valley suffered heavy bombardment in early 1988. Most of the villages between Sperah arxi Doamande have been totally destroyed. FOPUIATION & DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the population of Sperah was estimated at over 10,000 people living in 43 villages. 'Ihe district is alnost exclusively the dcanain of the Jadran tribe. 'Ihe majority of the population is settled as refugees in Pakistan rut those who remained have relocated to the southern erxl of the valley. EXX)N(MY 'Ihe :people here usually grCM a single crop of wheat, corn arxi potatoes as there is little larxi for cultivation arxi problems with irrigation~ Most of the villages have small dams across the rivers and streams with which they make di version canals. Ploughing is done by oxen rather than by tractor. Timber harvesting and export is an ilrportant suwlement to the agricultural livelihood as is animal husbamry. BAZAARS None reported. STORAGE No adequate storage facilities reported. OOADS 'Ihere is a shingled road fran Nader Shah Kot, through Sperah to Ziruk in Paktika that passes through Sperah. It is difficult to negotiate in the rainy season rut it is reportedly free of mines. MINES No sites reported. UNHCR/PAicr'IA BAa MEDICAL RESOURCES None reported. OIHER NGO ACI'IVITIES None reported. UNHCR/P.Alcr'IA BACKGOOUNDREPORI' 46 TANI (TAYOU, DARAGI) Tani is a woleswali in southern Pak.tia. It ccrrprises an area of 439 sq km. To the west is Sperah am Nader Shah Kot, in the north Man:lozai, in the east Gurblz am in the south the North Waziristan tribal agency of Pakistan. '!here are high mountains to the west, south am east of this district am to the centre am northeast is a wide, flat plain, with the village of Tani in the centre. '!he mountains are covered with forests, although the lack of any central authority in the area has led to much devastation am denuding of the mountains. 'Ihe government controls the plains am the mujahideen the mountains, especially the area arourrl SUr Kot in the far south west of the woleswali close to Pakistan. '!he b.rffer zone between the SUr Kot area am the mountains between Tani am Miramshah (Pakistan) is the area arourrl Sre Killay am. sabokhel villages. Both these villages have been destroyed. It is said that much of the destruction at sabokhel was caused by the construction of government posts there. Destruction in the rest of the woleswali varies. Same of the villages in the SUr Kot area shcM signs of destruction rut the inhabitants have remained am cultivation continues. POPUIATION & DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the J;X)plllation of Tani was estimated at over 23,000 people living in 49 villages. 'lbe district is the domain of the Pushtun Tani tribe. Much of the J;X)plllation is settled in Pakistan as refugees rut the inhab itants of areas held by the mujahideen have not migrated. EXDNCMY '!he flat lam arourrl Tani am the lower mountain slopes supports irrigated cultivation (40% of the lam) whereas the lam on lJFPer fringes of the plain is lalmi. Agriculture on the mountainous larxi is limited to small terraces fed by karez or mountain springs. '!here are much greater areas of cultivation in the valley where mechanized cultivation is IIX>re feasible. '!he principle crops are wheat, corn am barley. Same tobacco is also grown. CUrrently cultivation in some areas has been affected by the lack of water due to· the deterioration of the karez. F\.Jrther into the valley of I BAZAARS '!here are a few shops in SUr Kot village, where the inventories come from Miramshah. Brum I UNHCR/PA!cr'IABAa ROADS All the roads in this woleswali are under goverrment control. 'lhere is a shirgled road from I MINES - Arourrl Sre Killay village, the lam. is carpeted with anti-personnel am. pressure mines. - At Salx>khel, there were goverrnnent am. militia posts. 'lhe surrourrlirg areas have been carpeted with anti-personnel am. pressure mines, which make access to the village difficult. PIDPLE OF INFil.JENCE Tribal problems in non-goverrnnent held areas are resolved by a Tani tribal shura. 'lhen there is a military shura, with representatives from the Seven Party Alliance, for the areas controlled by the mujahideen. '!he members of the military shura are said to be: - Gul Abas I MEDICALRFSOURCES - NCAsupport an Avicen-trained vaccinator in Tani. - In Sur Kot village there is a doctor employed by HIK for the treatment of mujahideen. He deals with the local people in his spare time. '!here is also a private phannacy, which purchases medicine from Miram.shah. OIHER NGO ACTIVITIES - ARCprovides some agricultural assistance to the people of Tani. - GAChave distril::uted some sheep. After one year the recipient has to return a portion of the value. - NCAsupport agricultural arrl irrigation programmes in Tani. - Hassan Gul, an Afghan workirg independently, supports an irrigation project here. UNHCR/PAKTIABACKGROUND REPORI' 48 TRAYZAI (TERIZAI, ALI SHER) Trayzai is an alaqadari in far eastern Paktia covering an area of 484 sq km. To the west is I POPUIATION & DISPIACEMENI' In 1989, Trayzai had a population of nearly 20,000 people living in 42 villages. 'lhe inhabitants of this alaqadari are made up from members of the Trayzai, Ali Sher, Niazi ai:x:J.Mangal tribes - the Trayzai and Ali Sher predominating. 'lhe Niazi and Mangals are comparatively recent arrivals in this area. Nearly half of the population is estimated to be settled in Pakistan as refugees. '!he only inhabitants who remained in this area while it was urrler goverrnnent control were a few of the Ali Sher tribe enployed by the militia. '!here have been no reports of refugee return to the area. EXX.>Na1Y Agriculture in this area has been greatly affected by the war. When Trayzai was urrler the control of the goverrnnent, al.rrost half of the land was cultivated. 'lhe main crops are wheat, rice, maize, and barley. Fanners used chemical and animal fertilizers. About one fifth of the land was lalmi. '!here are reportedly mines in much of the agricultural land. 'lhe fann.s are irrigated by creeks and dams. '!here is an average of one karez every four villages though each village typically has one dam. water rights are divided between households. over a quarter of the irrigation systems have been q.estroyed. Besides fanning, the local economy includes forestry and tracli.rq pine nuts. BAZAARS Ali Sher bazaar, the main bazaar, has been destroyed. Sl'ORAGE Some roans in a local goverrnnent wilding at Trayzai were used as a gcxiown before the war. 'lhe capacity and quality of the wilding is .very good rut same repairs will be needed. It is wilt of stone, cement and concrete slabs. UNHrn/PAKTIABAa MINES - Mines are reported to be widespread throughout agricultural larrl. - 'Ihe mujahideen planted mines between Trayzai arrl Khost to prevent the goverrnnent militia from advancing. '!here are nore mines on the road to Bak, 5km north of the rnarkaz. - 300rn2 on the hill called Khushboy Ghundai 1km north of the rnarkaz is mined. 'Ibis was a security post. - A goverrnnent post was situated on a hill, Shuwanu Ghundai, 2km north east of the rnarkaz. Mines have been planted arourrl the post for a distance of 150-200m. - 3km east of the rnarkaz is an area called sin Zai where a mujahideen path has been mined. - 'Ihe area arourrl Margha Zala post, 1km to the west of the alaqadari is mined. - Mines have been planted arourrl Bakhani Ghar post 3.5km of the south of the rnarkaz. - Mines have been planted in Jar Ghurrli area, some 8km east of the rnarkaz where there was a goverrnnent post. - Mines have been planted at Spar Loozi Sar, some 7km north east of the rnarkaz to protect it from the mujahideen. - Some 2km north of the rnarkaz up to Jum Ghundai a stream has been mined for about 4km. - 'Ihe first part of the road from Trayzai to the Pakistan border has been mined arrl the mujahideen have constnicted a detour. PEOPLE OF INFllJENCE A mujahideen military shura has existed in the area since 1988. It corrprises of cammarrlers from Jaji Maidan woleswali, arrl the alaqadaris of Trayzai, Bak arrl Yaqubi~ 'Ibis shura appoints mujahideen to take care of the security of the area. Shura participants have included: - Dr. Belal, SYF, Kurrli tribe., from Mangas village. - Haji Sherin, ANLF, s/o Gul Mhd., Trayzai tribe, Matani village. - A. Rahman, NIFA, s/o Haji Habirulah, Trayzai tribe, Manz Trayzai village. - Haji Akbar Din, HIK, s/o Khyal Din, Yakubi, Muli village. - Maw Sharif, HIG, s/o Mir Gul, Baker Khel, Omar Khan village. - Annan, HIG, Jaji tribe, Mughul Khel village. - Maw Gulab Shah, HJM, Kurrli tribe, Mangas village. UNHCR/PAKTIABAa MEDICALRESOURCES - 'Ihere was an hospital at Trayzai markaz before the war, rut the 1:uildi.rq has been partially destroyed. - NIFA has operated a clinic here with one doctor arrl three nurses. 'Ihis is in Spena Pla arrl used by both the mujahideen arrl the civilians. Patients with serious ailmEmts are currently taken to Pakistan by amb.llance. OIHER NGO ACTIVITIES None reported. UNHCR/PA!cr'IABACKGroUND REK>Rl' 51 ZORMAT ( ZURMAT) Zormat is a woleswali in far western Paktia carrprising an area of 917 sq km. It is Paktia's largest and most populous district. To the south is Mata Khan (Paktika) and Orma, in the east Shawak, in the northeast Gardez, in the nQrtjl Cbarkh (IDgar), and in the west Zena Khan and Deh 1Yak (Ghazni). Zormat is essentially a plain surroun::led by nountains. It is separated from IDgar by the southwestern branch of the Sa.fed Koh nountain range (crossed by the Altimur pass). Its bourrlary with Shawak, in the east, is the Jadran hills. Zormat markaz is a strata;Jic crossroads. Fran here it is possible to reach Kab.11 via the Altimur pass; Kurram Agercy in Pakistan via the Olamkani Valley; Ghazni via Kalalgu; and Mokur {Paktika) via Sharan. '!be principal tCMn in the vicinity of Zormat is Gardez. Al:x:>uttwo-thirds of the land in the woleswali has been either destroyed or abarrloned as well as a large part of Zormat markaz. Because of its open arrl flat terrain, goverrnnent aircraft have been able to spot and attack any roujahideen movement in the woleswali. 'Ibis has resulted in considerable destniction in a number of areas. 'lhe roujahideen have captured the Zormat markaz three times. F.ach time there has been excessive destniction of the tCMn as the goverrnnent fought to take it back. At this writing, the markaz remains in the hands of the government. POPUIATION & DISPIACEMENI' In 1979, the population of Zormat was estirna.ted at m::>rethan 65,000 people living in 129 villages. 'lhe Ghilzai Pushtuns predominate, especially the Andar (Sahak, Uriah Khel, Shulmulzai, arrl Kotakhel sub-sections) and SUlairnan Khel tribes (Mamozai and Khotakhel sub-sections) 'lhere are also some Tajiks and Pushtun Kharotis. For most of the war, apart from the roujahideen, very few people remained in the woleswali arrl nearly the entire population is estirna.ted to be living as refugees in Pakistan. People from the villages of Rabat, Tsang, Ramak, Shi tam arrl Mustafi have remained in the district rut have relocated to escape the threat of lxmlbardment of their lands. Before the war, the Ahmadzai Kuc.his pastured their flocks during the summer in Zormat and Gardez. '!here are reports of members of the Sahak sub-tribe returning to the area to begin cultivation. EXDNC!'1Y' Zormat was an important area of rain-fed (lalmi) agricultural especially in the area close to Gardez. Much wheat was grown, along with barley arrl clover (fodder) • It is a wide flat plain, and where there is irrigation, the land can be double cropped. Because of the flat topography, tractors are favoured over oxen for ploughing. 'lhe land is principally irrigated through karez, although there are also some springs. 'Ihe karez are in poor condition due to lack of maintenance. UNHCR/P~ BAa SIORAGE No adequate storage facility reported. ROADS Both main roads in Zorniat have deteriorated oonsiderably during the war because of lack of maintenance, l:ut they are reportedly not mined. '!he main shin:Jled road linking Gardez to Sharan arxi Moqur passes through Zorniat. '!he junction of the shingled road to Ghazni from Gardez is near Zorniat markaz. MINES '!here have been reports of mines planted arourd govermnent posts arxi near to the Gardez-Rhost road fut there are no specific details available. PIDPLE OF INFilJENCE Mc::MlawiNasrullah Mansoor is the leader of the Arrlar tribe in Zonnat. He originally supported Mc:MlawiMohanunad Nabi (H[!A), l:ut later formed his own party, Harakat-i-Mansoor. Jalaludin Haqani maintains four to five mujahideen markaz in the Zonnat area. '!he leader of the SUlaiman I MEDICALRESOURCES GAFhas operated a clinic in Zonnat about 15km from Gardez since 1986. OIHER NGO ACI'IVITIES GAFhas a project for the distril:ution of seeds, fertilizer arrl agro chemicals in this region that is funded by UNHCR. '!hey also plan to rehabilitate the lard ard repair irrigation systems. UNHCR/P~ Jil\CKGROUNDREPORr 53 ANNEXES UNHCR/PA!cr'IABAa GIDSSARY OF TERMS & ACRONYMS TERMS abi irrigated agria..iltural land alaqadari administrative unit (sub-district) amir-e-omomi area-wide commander-in-chief for a specific tanzim arhad a deep open surface well barxl mountain pass, dam dasht dry plain with limited vegetation deh village jareeb land measurement equal to 0.2 hectares/0.5 acres joi open irrigation channel karez· network of shallow wells connected by a sub-surface channel khwar dry river bed killay village koh mountain kot mountain pass lalmi rain-fed,agria..iltural land markaz centre, town nid river, river basin seer weight measurement equal to 7 kgs/15.6 lbs tanzim Afghan resistance political party woleswali administrative unit (district) walayat administrative unit (province) UNHCR/PAI ANLF Afghan National Liberation FrontjMojadiddi HIIA Harakat-i-IIXIilab-i Islami Afghanistan/Nabi Mohammadi HIG Hezb-i-Islami/Gulbadin HIK Hezb-i-Islami/Khalis HIM Harakat-i-Islami/Mohseni JIA Jamiat-i-Islami/Rabbani NIFA Mahaz-i-Milli/Pir Gilani SYF Etihad-i-Islami/Sayyaf NGOs AEX:: Afghanistan Education Connnittee (swedish Connnittee) AFRANE Amitie Franco-Afghan AHSAO Afghan Health and Social Assistance Organization AMA Afghan Medical Aid AVICEN Afghanistan Vaocination and Inununization.centre ARC Austrian Relief Connnittee ASA Agricultural survey of Afghanistan BIA Bureau 0ternationale d'Afghanistan DACMR Danish Committee for Assistance to Afghan Refugees OCA Dutch Connnittee for Afghanistan F..SAR Engineering Services for Afghan Reconstruction (SNI) GAC Gennan Afghanistan Connnittee GAF German-Afghanistan Foundation HCI Human Concern International UNHCR/PA!cr'IABACKGROUND REPORr ANNEX A-2 I.AHC Islamic Aid Health Centre IMC International Medical Corps INIXX>RS International Donors Organization for Relief and Services IRC International Rescue Conunittee ISRA Islamic Relief Age:rcy MADERA Missions d'Aide au Developpernent des F.conomies Rurales en Afghanistan MCI Mercy Corps International M'SF Medecins sans Frontiers MSH Management Sciences for Health MI'A Medical Training for Afghans NCA Norwegian Committee for Afghanistan SCA SWedish Committee for Afghanistan SCF/US save the Children Federation SNI Shelter Now International UNO University of Nebraska, omaha VITA Volunteers in Technical Assistance DCAR Data Coliection for Afghan Repatriation Project; (UNHCR) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IGA Interim Goverernnent of Afghanistan Millat Afghan/Pushtun Nationalist llK:>vement RAFA Reconstruction Age:rcy for Afghanistan UNHCR/PAm'IABACKGROUND REroRI' ANNEX A-3 (HCR/P1) 07/?6/89 ANt~EX B POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR PAKTIA (Source: GOA Census '78 - '79) -----" ------AREA IN PROVINCE WOLISWALI TOTAL URBAN ------RURAL------SQ. KM. ------DENSITY PAKTIA BAK 6819 0.0% 100.0% 154 44 CHAMKANI 17332 0.0% 10010~ 263 66 DANO WA PATAN 10081 0.0% 100.o~ 162 62 GARDEZ 44292 21. 6% 78.4~ 660 68 GURBOZ 9376 0.0% 100.o~ 382 25 JADRAN 15026 0.0% 100.0" 481 31 JAJI 30812 0.0% 100.0" 803 38 JAJI MAIDAN 12150 0.0% 100.0" 386 31 JANI KHIL 12517 0.0% 100.0" ~90 43 KHOST -49106 3.8% 96.2" 418 117 LAJMANGAL/H.K 16369 o.o" 100.0~ 262 62 MANDOZAI 23109 0.0% 100.0" 110 210 MOUSA KHIL 18932 0.0% 100.0" 405 47 NADER SHAHKOT 11554 0.0% 100.0" 398 29 QALANDAR 4150 o.ox 100.0" 154 27 SAROBI 20917 0.0% 100.0" 290 43 SAYED KARAM 52435 0.0% 100.0" 929 56 SHAMAL 5853 0.0% 100.0% 154 38 SHAWAK 5016 0.0% 100.0% 128 39 SPERAH 10592 0.0% 100.0" 512 21 TANI 23109 0.0% 100.0% 434 53 TRIZAI 19257 0.0% 100.0" 367 52 ZORMAT/ORMA 65219 0~0% 100.0" 1428 46 TOTAL: PAKTIA 484023 2.4% 9 7 . 6" 9560 UNHCR/PAIIT.[A.BACl DISTRICT TOTAL: BANNU BAKA KHEL 994 BIZZAN KHEL 827 GAHBILA 1280 GANDI 692 KURRAMGHARI 723 NOWRANG 590 DISTRICT TOTAL: D.I.KHAN DARABAN 10 GIRSAL 268 KURA! 867 PUSHA PUL 519 RAKHZANDANI 392 RATA KULACHI 60 TANI<..1 461 TANl<..2 11 7 TANK.3 103 DISTRICT TOTAL: 'll.ll GULISTAN PIR ABAD 5 PIRALIZAI 2 40 DISIRICT TOTA!..; KOHAT CH!CHANA 110 DARASAMAND2 1132 DOABA 3710 GAMKOL1 160 GAMKOL2 300 GAMKOL3 1160 GHULAMBANDA 399 JAR MA 1248 KAH! 1 145 KAHI 2 1332 KATA KANRI 320 KOTKAI 1091 LAKHTI BAtmA ·120 THAL 1 833 UNHffi/PAKTIABACl DISTRICT C~~_[>_!!AME , :NUMBEBLE~MlL:1 EQ THAL 2 1466 Q_ISTRJ9T TOTAL; 1•126 KURRAM AHMADIGHAMA 632 ARAWALI 15 ASHGARO 2665 BASSU 1381 DURANI 971 GARZAtWAllI 2325 GAWAKAI 2063 GHUZGARI 80 KHAPYANGA1 985 KHAPYANGA2 722 KHAPYANGA3 1612 KHAPYANGA4 588 MUZAFARKOT - 690 NEW BAGZAI 491 NEW BAGZAI 1 166 NEW BAGZAI 2 1090 NEW BAGZAI 3 533 OLD BAGZAI 1859 PARACHINAR1 176 PARACHINAR2 1662 SABARI 38 SATII~ 1 35 SATIN 2 545 SHABAK 474 SHASHU 979 SRA/CHANDA 250 TINDO 2 544 DISTRICT TOTAL,: 23571 LORALAI GHAZGAI TAK 158 KATWA I 1 141 SPAIOAR 2 48 ZAR KAREZ 2 65 DISTRICT TOTAL: 412 MALAKAND PALAI 1 110 ZAtWAL PATA! 26 DISTRIQT TOTAL; .:ill MANSHERA HARI MERA 475 KHAKI 2802 NEELOR 85 OCHRW 182 RATTADEPUR 435 UNHffi/PAicr'IA BACKGROUNDREI-ORI' ANNEXC-2 - ·. '<:':tu1AANNEXC (HCR/PKO) ~ '.'t\H:-.>H, 08/07/89 ''.,\ ·;-:;,,,i,t,,l;iOOAT}eN,::Qf1:~AKTIA REFUGEES.IN PAKISTAN· d\',•,AOO DISTRICT CAMPNAME NUMBER/FAMILIES DISTRICT TOTAL: MARDAN ~ BAGHICHA1 259 BAGHICHA2 10 BARAK! 10 8 BARAKI 3 635 GANOAF 30 JALALA 1 72 JALALA 2 210 DISTRICT TOTAL: 1.22..4 MIANWALI RTV 01 . 388 RTV 02 77 RTV 03 190 RTV 04 133 RTV 05 48 RTV 06 72 RTV 07 53 RTV 08 78 RTV 09 87 RTV 10 38 RTV 11 48 RTV 13 6 RTV 14 1 RTV 1 5 32 RTV 16 9 DISTRICT TOTAL; ll§Q N.WAZIRISTAN BADOZIARAT 495 BANGIDAR 729 BHATTI 1310 CHASHHA 952 DARGAMANDI 550 DARPA KHEL 369 GODI WALA 369 HAMZONI 178 MATCHFACTORY 635 MIRALI 868 MIRANSHAHVL 635 MOHAHHADKHEL 328 QUTUBKHEL 304 SHER KHEL, 800 STANYE 751 TABBAI 1021 DISTRICT TOTAL; 10294 ORAKZAI GHALJO 1 608 GHALJO 2 766 UNHCR/PAicr'IA BACK~ REPORI' ANNEX C-3 , : . (HCR/PKO) < .• 08/07/89 LOCATION-OF 'PAKTIAA~E~0G~~Aftij0~AKISTAN' ·DISTRICT CAMPNAME . I.~: flNUMBER/FAMILIES DISTRICT TOTAL; ~ PESH 1 BADABER2 81 BADABER4 74 BADABER5 400 KABABIAN2 110 MICHINI 3 MUNDA6 2057 DISTRICT TOTAL; ~ PESH 2 AZAKHEL2 23 AZAKHEL3 225 DAG BEHSUD 1 22 DAG BEHSUD2 112 JALOZAI 2 230 JALOZAI 4 62 JALOZA I 5 632 JALOZAI 6 3 MERAKACHORI1 228 UTMANZAI 41 DISTRICT TOTAL; ~ S.WAZIRSTAN AZAMWARSAK 227 BAGHAR 130 SARA KANDA 550 ZARINOOR 55 DISTRICT TOTAL: jll SWAT KOGA 1 212 KOGA2 170 DISTRICT TOTAL: ~ ZHOB MALGAGAI2 30 DISTRICT TOTAL: ~ GRAtm TOTA!..; 72193 - . - · , : ; . ~CR/PAicr'IA BACKGROUNDREEURI' ANNEXC-4 i---·----. ---.------ 1 PAKTIA ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT-S REFUGEES SURVEYED AND PROJECTED '89 POP. (Thousands) _l______- --~--- r- . -- . ___; . -~ ' . i Mandoza1 .. - - ~ ---~------. Shawak Sham al G urboz ~--,.,-~ Dand-wa-Patan -~--:~:; Nacer Shah Kot Saro ti ~~~ __ -, Qaland ar Bak 1':ayzai .. --- ______.:..::-.:-:-:.-:::-= ..:.., 1-· 0 Sperah ! - Refugees Surveyed JaJi Ma1dan Musa !Chel f------=:;::::--c-,, I ['}J~ ProJec4ed '89 Pop. j L______J Chamkani P------Jadran ~-F______; Jani Khel f_____ ' Lajmangal I Hassan !Ch l 'l'an i Gardez Jaji IChost Sayed Karam Zormat/Orma I I 0 20 40 60 80 100 DCAR Refugees Origins Survey(UNHC~ 8/89) (Projected population based upon g ,owth I rate 01 2.2% using '79 GOA Census dc..rta) \ I .2.J?_6q_7._ UNH 5g Pictorial Printers (Pvt) Ltd., Islamabad Phones : 122692 -- 822696