Die Werbeselbstregulierung Der Britischen Advertising Standards Authority

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Die Werbeselbstregulierung Der Britischen Advertising Standards Authority Die Werbeselbstregulierung der britischen Advertising Standards Authority. Ein Vergleich mit deutschem Wettbewerbsrecht Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades des Fachbereichs Rechtswissenschaften der Universität Osnabrück vorgelegt von Richard Mayer-Uellner aus Aachen Osnabrück, 2006 Inhaltsübersicht Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 9 Einführung und Gang der Darstellung 13 A. Eingrenzung des Untersuchungsgegenstands 13 B. Das Marketinginstrument der Werbung im Spannungsfeld von Anbieter-, Verbraucher- und Allgemeininteressen 15 C. Die Bedeutung des Themas unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der europäischen Rechtsvereinheitlichung 16 D. Gang der Darstellung 18 Teil 1: Die Systeme der Werberegulierung 19 A. Das britische System 19 B. Vergleich mit der Kontrolle von Werbung in Deutschland 65 Teil 2: Die Entscheidungspraxis 85 A. Einleitung und Gang der Darstellung 85 B. Irreführende Werbung 85 C. Rechtsbruch 137 D. Public Policy 139 E. Schutz der Privatsphäre 156 F. Belästigende Werbung 159 G. Vergleichende Werbung 162 H. Wettbewerbsrechtlicher Leistungsschutz 174 I. Tarnung von Werbung 181 J. Verkaufsförderung 188 K. Preisausschreiben und Gewinnspiele 199 L. Ungeregelte Bereiche 202 M. Zusammenfassende Bewertung des zweiten Teils 205 Schlussbetrachtung 210 A. Schutzsubjekte 210 B. Die europäische Rechtsvereinheitlichung 213 C. Zusammenfassung 215 1 Anhang: The British Code of Advertising, Sales Promotion and Direct Marketing (11. Auflage) 217 Literaturverzeichnis I 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einführung und Gang der Darstellung 13 A. Eingrenzung des Untersuchungsgegenstands 13 B. Das Marketinginstrument der Werbung im Spannungsfeld von Anbieter-, Verbraucher- und Allgemeininteressen 15 C. Die Bedeutung des Themas unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der europäischen Rechtsvereinheitlichung 16 D. Gang der Darstellung 18 Teil 1: Die Systeme der Werberegulierung 19 A. Das britische System 19 I. Einleitung: Die werberegulierenden Rechtsmassen und ihre Schutzzwecke 19 II. Die Werbeselbstkontrolle 21 1. Historische Entwicklung 21 2. Der CAP-Code 22 a. Struktur des Regelwerks 22 b. Auslegungsgrundsätze 23 c. Die Anwendungsvoraussetzungen 24 d. Die allgemeinen Vorschriften 28 aa. Grundlagen: Systematik, Grundprinzipien und Verantwortlichkeit 28 bb. Die Verhaltensregeln 29 e. Die Verkaufsförderungsvorschriften 29 aa. Prinzipien und Anwendungsbereich 29 bb. Die Verhaltensregeln 30 f. Die Direktmarketingvorschriften 31 g. Die speziellen Vorschriften 31 3. Struktur der freiwilligen Selbstkontrolle 32 a. Dreistufiger Aufbau: Zentralinstitutionen, Verbände und Einzelunternehmen 32 b. Die zentralen Institutionen 34 aa. Das Committee of Advertising Practice 34 (1) Aufgabenbereiche 34 (2) Mitgliedschaft, CAP-Komitee und Verfahrensfragen 34 (3) Ausschüsse, Arbeits- und Lenkungsgruppen 35 bb. Die Advertising Standards Authority 36 3 (1) Aufgabenbereiche 36 (2) Rechtsnatur und Mitgliedschaft 37 (3) Der ASA-Rat 39 cc. Die Exekutive 39 dd. Das Advertising Standards Board of Finance 40 4. Überwachung der Werbungtreibenden und Durchsetzung der freiwilligen Verhaltensvorschriften 41 a. Überblick über die zu Gebote stehenden Maßnahmen 41 b. Überprüfung der Einhaltung des CAP-Code 42 c. Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 42 d. Vorkontrolle 43 aa. Allgemeine Bedeutung und Grenzen 43 bb. Obligatorische Vorkontrolle 44 cc. Entwurfsberatung 44 e. Überwachung der Presselandschaft 45 f. Beschwerdeverfahren 46 aa. Überblick 46 bb. Einleitung des Verfahrens 46 cc. Weiterer Verfahrensablauf 47 dd. Entscheidung des ASA-Rats 49 ee. Darlegungs- und Beweislast 50 ff. Systeminterne Überprüfungsmöglichkeit 53 gg. Richterliche Nachprüfung von ASA-Entscheidungen 54 g. Sanktionen 56 aa. Überblick 56 bb. Verweigerung weiterer Werbeplätze 56 cc. Negativpresse 58 dd. Entzug von Geschäftsprivilegien u.ä. 58 ee. Anordnung der obligatorischen Vorkontrolle 58 ff. Beschreitung des Klagewegs über den Verweis an den Director General of Fair Trading 59 III. Die zivilrechtlichen Anspruchsgrundlagen des common law 61 1. Passing off 62 2. Injurious falsehood und defamation 62 IV. Straf- und verwaltungsrechtliche Vorschriften 63 1. Trade Descriptions Act 1968 63 2. Consumer Protection Act 1987 64 4 3. Weitere Rechtsnormen 64 B. Vergleich mit der Kontrolle von Werbung in Deutschland 65 I. Einleitung und Gang der Darstellung 65 II. Die deutsche Werbeselbstkontrolle 65 III. Britische Werbeselbstkontrolle und deutsches Wettbewerbsrecht 66 1. Schutzzwecke und Anwendungsvoraussetzungen 66 2. Regulierungsvorschriften 69 a. Flexibilität in der Reaktion auf neuartige Entwicklungen 69 b. Normcharakter 70 c. Regelungsnähe 71 d. Bindungswirkung 72 3. Durchsetzung der Regulierungsvorschriften 73 a. Ausgangsfragen 73 b. Sanktionen 75 aa. Sanktionsarten und ihre Wirkungsweise 75 bb. Passivlegitimation 77 cc. Verjährung und Missbrauch 78 c. Verfahrensfragen 78 aa. Darlegungs- und Beweislast 78 bb. Einstweilige Verfügung und Mahnverfahren 79 cc. Weitere Verfahrensfragen 80 4. Betriebs- und gesamtwirtschaftliche Kosten 81 IV. Zusammenfassende Bewertung 82 Teil 2: Die Entscheidungspraxis 85 A. Einleitung und Gang der Darstellung 85 B. Irreführende Werbung 85 I. Überblick 85 II. Äußerung des Werbungtreibenden: Beweisbare Tatsachenbehauptung 86 1. Aussagegehalt, Beweisbarkeit und Ausdrucksform 86 2. Meinungsäußerungen 88 3. Offensichtliche Unrichtigkeit 91 III. Irreführung 94 1. Einführung: Begriff und Bedeutung 94 2. Kriterien der Verkehrsauffassung 96 a. Bestimmung der Verkehrskreise 96 5 b. Durchschnittsverbraucher 97 c. Besondere Schutzbedürftigkeit der Verbraucher 98 d. Gesamteindruck 100 3. Modalitäten der Irreführung 102 a. Objektiv richtige Behauptungen 102 b. Mehrdeutige und widersprüchliche Behauptungen 103 c. Aufklärungspflichten 103 d. Äußerungen Dritter 105 4. Bezugspunkt der Irreführung 109 a. Einführung 109 b. Produktbezogene Irreführung 110 aa. Verschiedene Produktarten 110 (1) Gesundheitsprodukte 110 (2) Kosmetika 113 (3) Schlankheitsprodukte 114 (4) Finanzprodukte 115 bb. Umweltbezogene Werbung 115 cc. Wohltätige Zwecke 118 dd. Garantien 120 ee. Lieferfähigkeit 121 c. Preiswerbung 124 aa. Einführung 124 bb. Klarheitsgebot und Lockvogelwerbung 124 cc. Einbeziehung obligatorischer Preiselemente und Endpreisangabe 128 dd. Kopplungsangebote 129 ee. Preissenkungen 130 ff. Sonderveranstaltungen 130 gg. Unverbindliche Preisempfehlungen 131 d. Unternehmensverhältnisse des Werbungtreibenden 132 aa. Alleinstellungsbehauptungen 132 bb. Betriebsinhaber und Alterswerbung 134 e. Weitere Bezugspunkte der Irreführung 135 IV. Weitere Tatbestandsmerkmale 135 1. Wesentlichkeit der Irreführung 135 2. Interessenabwägung 137 C. Rechtsbruch 137 D. Public Policy 139 6 I. Verletzung sittlich-moralischer Wertmaßstäbe 139 II. Schockwerbung 143 III. Verursachung von Angst 146 IV. Ausnutzen der Unerfahrenheit 149 V. Förderung gefährlichen und unsozialen Verhaltens 150 1. Allgemein 150 2. Speziell geregelte Bereiche 153 a. Alkoholische Getränke 153 b. Werbung mit oder gegenüber Kindern 154 c. Wetten und Spiele 155 VI. Zusammenfassende Bewertung 155 E. Schutz der Privatsphäre 156 F. Belästigende Werbung 159 G. Vergleichende Werbung 162 I. Einführung 162 II. Verbotsvoraussetzungen identifizierender Werbevergleiche 166 III. Sonstige Werbevergleiche 170 IV. Herabsetzung 170 H. Wettbewerbsrechtlicher Leistungsschutz 174 I. Einführung 174 II. Kennzeichenschutz 175 III. Nachahmung fremder Werbung 179 I. Tarnung von Werbung 181 I. Erkennbarkeit von Werbemaßnahmen 182 II. Redaktionelle Werbung 185 J. Verkaufsförderung 188 I. Einführung 188 II. Irreführung 189 1. Verschiedene Fallgestaltungen 190 2. Die Bezeichnung als „gratis“ 190 III. Transparenzgebote 193 1. Preistransparenz 193 2. Bedingungstransparenz 195 3. Weitere Transparenzgebote 196 IV. Public Policy 196 V. Unsachliche Beeinflussung 197 VI. Zusammenfassung 198 7 K. Preisausschreiben und Gewinnspiele 199 I. Illegales Glücksspiel 199 II. Irreführungsverbot 200 III. Transparenzgebot 201 IV. Verkopplung mit dem Absatz 201 L. Ungeregelte Bereiche 202 I. Vom UWG nicht geregelte Bereiche 202 II. Vom CAP-Code nicht geregelte Bereiche 203 M. Zusammenfassende Bewertung des zweiten Teils 205 I. Schwerpunktsetzung in UWG und CAP-Code 205 II. Kritische Anmerkungen zur Entscheidungspraxis des ASA-Rats 208 Schlussbetrachtung 210 A. Schutzsubjekte 210 B. Die europäische Rechtsvereinheitlichung 213 C. Zusammenfassung 215 Anhang: The British Code of Advertising, Sales Promotion and Direct Marketing (11. Auflage) 217 8 Abkürzungsverzeichnis: AA Advertising Association ABl Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union Abs. Absatz All ER All England Reports AMG Arzneimittelgesetz AO Abgabenordnung ASA Advertising Standards Authority ASBOF Advertising Standards Board of Finance BB Der Betriebsberater BGB Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt BGH Bundesgerichtshof BGHSt Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Strafsachen BGHZ Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Zivilsachen BT-Drucks Bundestags-Drucksache BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht CAP Committee of Advertising Practice Cl. Clause CMA Regulations Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations CPA Consumer Protection Act 1987 CPAC Code of Practice for Traders on Price Indications DGFT Director General of Fair Trading EASA European Advertising Standards Alliance EIAA European Interactive Advertising Association EIPR European Intellectual Property Review EMLR Entertainment & Media Law Reports EMRK Europäische Menschenrechtskommission EuG Europäisches Gericht 1. Instanz EuGH Europäischer Gerichtshof EWG Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft
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