Freshwater Crayfish (2016) -- Early View, Version of Record RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN: 2076-4324 (Print), 2076-4332 (Online) https://doi.org/10.5869/fc.2016.e226

The Crayfish of Tomlinson Run State Park, Hancock County, West Virginia, USA

David A. Foltz II,1,2,* Clarissa N. Damis,1 Nicole M. Sadecky,1 Cynthia L. Cyprych 2 and Zachary J. Loughman 1

1 Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia, USA. 26074 *Corresponding Author.— [email protected] 2 Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc., 333 Baldwin Road, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. 15205

ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO In 2015, a survey of Tomlinson Run State Park (TRSP) located in Hancock County, West Virginia Article History: Submitted: 23 AUG 2016 USA was completed. Thirty stations, each 100m long, were randomly selected using ArcGIS for both Accepted: 14 NOV 2016 intermittent and perennial stream reaches. Sites were sampled by performing ten seine hauls at each Published Online: 30 NOV 2016 randomly selected station and scored using an Ohio EPA Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) to Published Print: XX XXX XXXX obtain qualitative habitat data. Ponds and impoundments were trapped for crayfish using baited crayfish/ Keywords: minnow traps. Burrows found in wetlands and seeps were excavated to determine TRSP burrowing Cambarus; crayfish species composition. In total, 471 crayfish of four speciesCambarus ( carinirostris, Cambarus conservation; monongalensis, Cambarus robustus and Orconectes obscurus) were collected. A statistically significant natural history; Orconectes; correlation existed between QHEI score and CPUE for C. carinirostris on intermittent streams. Cambarus West Virginia; monongalensis was the sole burrowing species encountered while C. carinirostris was only collected from intermittent stations (CPUE = 0.12). O. obscurus was the most common species collected from perennial streams (CPUE = 0.95) while Cambarus robustus was the rarest species (CPUE = 0.09) encountered in Tomlinson Run State Park. The crayfish fauna of TRSP is typical for the Upper Ohio River Valley, and at the present time, all species appear stable.

Copyright © 2016 by The Author(s). Published by the International Association of Astacology. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

INTRODUCTION Tomlinson Run State Park is a 565.8 hectare (1,398 acre) state Crayfish are one of the most imperiled faunal groups both park, located in Hancock County, the northernmost county of West globally and in the United States (Taylor et al. 2007; NatureServe Virginia’s northern panhandle. Tomlinson Run contains two large 2010; Richman et al. 2015). Despite increasing awareness in third-order streams (Tomlinson Run and North Fork Tomlinson recent years, many crayfish knowledge gaps still exist, with the Run) along with many tributaries and multiple manmade distribution and habitat preference of many species remaining impoundments. The focus of this study was to determine crayfish unknown (Richman et al. 2015). Within West Virginia, recent species presence within the park, as well as determine crayfish efforts by Loughman and Welsh (2010; 2013) have provided densities and habitat preference. The study also served as a means statewide distributions and documentation for all 30 crayfish of determining if any invasive species of crayfish are present, since species occurring within the state. One main shortfall of their impounded waters within a park could serve as a vector of invasion efforts has been a lack of documentation of the crayfish fauna (Kilian et al. 2010; Loughman and Welsh 2010; Kilian et al. 2012) in West Virginia state parks, as not all state parks were sampled, Based on previous statewide and local surveys completed and none were extensively sampled. As such, this study focuses by Jezerinac et al. (1995), Loughman and Simon (2011), and on sampling crayfish within Tomlinson Run State Park (TRSP) in Loughman and Welsh (2010; 2013), the TRSP crayfish fauna was Hancock County, West Virginia. This is the first in a series of state predicted to be comprised of Cambarus carinirostris Hay, 1914, park bioassesments to augment Loughman and Welsh’s (2010; Cambarus monongalensis Ortmann, 1905, Cambarus robustus 2013) statewide collecting efforts. (Girard 1852), Cambarus thomai Jezerinac, 1993 and Orconectes 1 2 Freshwater Crayfish

Figure 1. Map depicting distribution of Cambarus carinirostris, Cambarus monongalensis, Cambarus robustus, and Orconectes obscurus at sampled reaches on streams throughout Tomlinson Run State Park, Hancock County, West Virginia, USA.

obscurus (Hagen 1870) . We also expected to encounter invasive Collection Methods and Field Data species, as heavy recreational fishing, like that exhibited within the park, is one of the main vectors for introductions of invasive Crayfish sampling crayfish likeOrconectes rusticus (Girard 1852), Orconectes virilis Crayfish were collected with 2.4 m x 1.5 m (8’ x 4’) minnow (Hagen 1870) and Procambarus clarkii (Girard 1852) (Kilian et al. seines. Ten seine hauls (1 seining effort = 1 seine haul) were executed 2010; Loughman and Welsh 2010; Kilian et al. 2012). at each 100m (328’) site. Hauls were equally distributed between riffle, run, and pool habitat types when site habitat availability MATERIALS AND METHODS allowed. At intermittent sites lacking flow, ten investigator minutes were substituted in place of ten seine hauls. All collected crayfish Site Selection were identified to species, sexed, measured for total carapace Sixty (30 perennial and 30 intermittent) non-weighted, length (TCL), and released. Each site was assigned a unique station randomly chosen stream reaches were selected through use of number that correlated site datasheets to the specimens extracted. ArcGIS following a preliminary habitat survey of waters within Stream morphology data was collected via QHEI (Quality Habitat TRSP. Sites were randomly selected to avoid researcher bias and Evaluation Index) for both intermittent and perennial stations. The to give a more comprehensive view of crayfish species throughout QHEI metric was developed by the Ohio EPA and consists of a six the park. All impoundments, ponds, and wetlands located within parameter scoring metric focusing on the categories of substrate, the park were sampled (Figure 1). instream cover, channel morphology, bank erosion and riparian 2016 Foltz et al. — Crayfish of Tomlinson Run State Park 3

Figure 2. Specimens of the species collected in Tomlinson Run State Park, Hancock County, West Virginia, USA. A, Cambarus carinrostris; B, Cambarus monongalensis; C, Cambarus robustus; D, Orconectes obscurus. zone, pool/glide and riffle/run quality, and gradient. QHEI scores sampled-1) at 66.6% of the sites sampled, with a significant were plotted against CPUE for each crayfish species to determine correlation between the CPUE and the QHEI score (r2 = 0.13; p = if any species within the park demonstrated preference towards or 0.05; Figure 3). Perennial streams yielded C. carinirostris (TCL required a specific habitat quality. = 20.1 mm; n = 118; SD ± 9.9; CPUE = 0.393 crayfish·seine Crayfish were also collected using baited traps and through haul-1) at 83.3% of the sites sampled. No significant correlation burrow excavation. Thirty traps baited with cat food were for C. carinirostris existed between the CPUE and QHEI score distributed throughout TRSP ponds and impoundments. Each trap (r2 = 0.07; p = 0.15). Cambarus robustus (TCL = 24.8mm; n = was assessed every 24 hours for two days for a total of 60 trap 26; SD ± 11.9; CPUE = 0.086 crayfish·seine haul-1) was found nights. Before being retrieved, all collected crayfish were identified at 36.6% of the sites sampled. No significant correlation for C. to species, sexed, measured for TCL, and released. Burrowing robustus existed between the CPUE and QHEI score (r2 = 0.00; p = crayfish were collected when burrow colonies were encountered. 0.92). Orconectes obscurus (TCL = 20.8 mm; n = 286; SD ± 6.3; Excavations were limited to no more than ten burrows per site to CPUE = 0.953 crayfish·seine haul-1) was found at 96.6% of the limit disturbance within the park. sites sampled. No significant correlation for O. obscurus existed between the CPUE and QHEI score (r2 = 0.10; p = 0.09). RESULTS Lentic Sampling and Burrowing Crayfish Sampling Tomlinson Run State Park Crayfish Species Composition Despite 60 trap nights of sampling, open water trapping had A total of 471 crayfish were captured in TRSP and consisted minimal success (CPUE = 0.016 crayfish·trapping night-1) and of the following four species: C. carinirostris, C. monongalensis, only captured a single male O. obscurus measuring 27.9 mm in a C. robustus and O. obscurus (Figure 2 A-D). man-made impoundment on the upper reaches of an intermittent Lotic Sampling stream. Burrow excavation yielded C. monongalensis (= 24.2 mm; Sampling of intermittent streams yielded only C. carinirostris n = 4; SD ± 2.6) in four separate wetlands and seeps. In order (TCL = 23.1 mm; n = 37; SD ± 5.8; CPUE = 0.123 crayfish·minute to comply with permits and keep disturbance to a minimum, no 4 Freshwater Crayfish

Figure 3. Linear regressions of the CPUE of crayfish found within the park and QHEI. A, Cambarus carinirostris at intermittent sites where it was collected. B, Cambarus carinirostris at perennial sites where it was collected. C, Cambarus robustus at perennial sites where it was collected. D, Orconectes obscurus at perennial sites where it was collected.

additional burrows were excavated after confirming which species Morphometrics of crayfish was present in a burrowing colony. The largest individual collected during the survey was a Form-I male with a 40.7 mm TCL. The largest female collected DISCUSSION had a TCL of 35.8 mm. Mean TCL for the species was 20.8 mm Species Accounts (n = 155, SE = 0.73). Morphometric data for C. carinirostris are presented in Table 1. The following section provides a breakdown for each of the species encountered during the survey and includes detailed notes Habitat and natural history on color-in-life, distribution, morphometrics, habitat and natural Cambarus carinirostris (Figure 2A) inhabits a wide variety of history. streams throughout its range and can be found from intermittent headwaters (Jezerinac et al. 1995; Thoma and Jezerinac 1999) th Cambarus (Cambarus) carinirostris Hay, 1914 to well-flowing 4 order streams. The species also utilizes bank Rock Crayfish burrows immediately adjacent to the stream (Jezerinac et al. 1995; Loughman et al. 2009). Cambarus carinirostris utilizes a variety Distribution of in-stream habitats including cobble, slab boulders, and leaf packs as cover, and can also occasionally be found under downed Cambarus carinirostris has a limited distribution and is woody debris within the streambank. confined to streams throughout the Allegheny, Upper Ohio and In intermittent streams, when the streambed begins to dry, C. Monongahela basins, which include central and northern West carinirostris burrows vertically (substrate permitting) in response Virginia, eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania (Thoma and to drawdown (Jezerinac et al. 1995; Loughman et al. 2009). Jezerinac 1999). Both Jezerinac et al. (1995) and Loughman and Cambarus carinirostris was collected from all orders and types of Simon (2011) collected C. carinirostris from all counties within streams within TRSP, and were the only crayfish collected from the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia. It is the most widely intermittent stream reaches. Possible competitive exclusion of C. encountered species of crayfish in TRSP (Figure 1). carinirostris by O. obscurus and C. robustus, which Loughman 2016 Foltz et al. — Crayfish of Tomlinson Run State Park 5

Table 1: Morphometrics presented for Cambarus carinirostris, Cambarus monongalensis, Cambarus robustus, and Orconectes obscurus collected within Tomlinson Run State Park, Hancock County, West Virginia, USA. Crayfish Species Morphometrics Cambarus carinirostris Cambarus monongalensis Cambarus robustus Orconectes obscurus N Mean TCL (mm) ± SE N Mean TCL (mm) ± SE N Mean TCL (mm) ± SE N Mean TCL (mm) ± SE Life Cycle Stage (Range) (Range) (Range) (Range) All 118 20.1 ± 0.9 (4.7 – 40.7) 4 24.2 ± 2.6 (21.7 – 27.4) 26 24.8 ± 2.3 (8.2 – 48.7) 286 20.8 ± 0.4 (9.7 – 42.6) Form I male 9 34.2 ± 1.3 (29.2 – 40.7) 1 27.4 3 40.7 ± 3.6 (33.5 – 44.4) 50 27.3 ± 0.7 (20.0 – 42.6) Form II male 47 20.9 ± 0.9 (7.8 – 39.8) 3 23.2 ± 1.8 (21.7 – 25.2) 12 22.0 ± 2.6 (15.2 – 43.4) 74 17.7 ± 0.6 (11.5 – 36.1) Female 39 24.8 ± 1.1 (14.0 – 35.8) – – 11 23.6 ± 4.0 (8.2 – 48.7) 162 20.2 ± 0.5 (9.7 –35.1) Juvenile 23 5.2 ± 0.1 (4.7 – 6.3) – – – – – – and Simon (2011) noted, was visible within Tomlinson Run and within a seep or wetland (DAF and ZJL, personal observation); North Fork of Tomlinson Run. In areas with bedrock or heavy however, collection of C. monongalensis typically requires cobble, O. obscurus was the dominate species and C. carinirostris physical excavation of its burrows, or collecting at night, when the could be found along the banks under slabs. When C. robustus species can frequently be observed resting at the entrances of their was present, C. carinirostris was typically found along the banks, burrows (ZJL, personal observation). however, there were multiple instances where both species were collected from under the same slab boulder. Cambarus (Puncticambarus) robustus (Girard, 1852) Big Water Crayfish Cambarus (Jugicambarus) monongalensis Ortmann, 1905 Blue Crawfish Distribution Cambarus robustus has a wide distribution that spans the Distribution northeastern portion of North America, from southern Ontario Cambarus monongalensis, as it’s currently understood south to North Carolina and westward to Illinois (Taylor and taxonomically, consists of two disjunct populations, with the Schuster 2004; Loughman and Simon 2011). It is understood that type population found in the Appalachian Plateau region of West C. robustus is a species complex in need of revision (Loughman Virginia and Pennsylvania, and a montane population found in et al. 2011). Populations present in TRSP are representatives of West Virginia and Virginia’s portion of the Allegheny Mountains the typical form of C. robustus (ZJL, unpublished data). Recent (Jezerinac et al. 1995; Loughman and Welsh 2013). Cambarus surveys by Loughman and Simon (2011) collected C. robustus monongalensis has been collected throughout the northern from both King’s Creek and Tomlinson Run in Hancock County, panhandle of West Virginia (Jezerinac et al., 1995) and is typically WV. Cambarus robustus was again collected from Tomlinson associated with forested, hillside seeps and perennial stream banks Run, as well as the North Fork Tomlinson Run during this study (Jezerinac et al. 1995; Loughman and Welsh 2013). Both of the (Figure 1). aforementioned habitats were utilized by C. monongalensis in TRSP (Figure 1). Morphometrics The largest individual collected during the study was a female Morphometrics with a 48.7 mm TCL. The largest male collected during the The largest individual collected during the study was a Form-I study was a Form-I with a TCL of 44.4 mm. Mean TCL for the male with a 27.4 mm TCL. No female C. monongalensis were species was 24.8 mm (n = 26, SE = 2.34). Morphometric data for collected. Mean TCL for the species was 24.2 mm (n = 4, SE = C. robustus are presented in Table 1. 1.3). Morphometric data for C. monongalensis are presented in Table 1. Habitat and natural history Cambarus robustus (Figure 2C) typically occur in 3rd – 5 th order Habitat and natural history streams within West Virginia (Hobbs 1989; Loughman and Simon Cambarus monongalensis (Figure 2B) preferred habitats 2011; Loughman and Welsh 2013). Within TRSP, C. robustus was include mesopyhtic seeps, ditches, and stream banks (Jezerinac collected from two streams, Tomlinson Run and North Fork of et al., 1995; Loughman and Simon, 2011). Burrows typically run Tomlinson Run, both 3rd – 4th order streams. Cambarus robustus vertically into the substrate and often traverse around large rocks was not collected from the intermittent streams sampled during or roots, making excavation difficult (ZJL, personal observation). the survey. Preferred microhabitats for larger individuals of the Even in areas with ground water at or near the surface, burrows species included large slab boulders within riffles and runs, while may continue downward for 1.0 m or more. Occasionally, C. smaller C. robustus utilized large cobbles and occasionally leaf or monongalensis can be found under large woody debris lying detrital packs. Cambarus robustus was never the dominant species 6 Freshwater Crayfish collected at any sampled stream reach and appeared to only be Status of Tomlinson Run State Park’s Crayfish Fauna localized to its preferred habitats. No invasive species were collected during this study; however, a single O. obscurus was collected from a man-made pond on the Orconectes (Crockerinus) obscurus (Hagen, 1870) uppermost reach on an intermittent stream. No other O. obscurus Allegheny Crayfish were detected in the three sampling stations on that stream, or in any other intermittent streams. Also, multiple bedrock waterfalls Distribution ranging from 1 – 3 meters exist on the lower reach of the stream. Orconectes obscurus ranges from western New York south While Loughman and Simon (2011) noted similar circumstances through West Virginia and eastern Ohio, and east to western when finding O. obscurus inhabiting a flowing headwater in Maryland, where it inhabits the Upper Ohio, Allegheny, Brooke County, we do not feel that collection of O. obscurus in Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers and their tributaries the pond within the park was by natural occurrence. The stream (Hobbs 1989; Loughman and Simon 2011). A disjunct population in question lacked plunge pools and had higher waterfalls. is known from Ontario, but is considered introduced (Crocker and Additionally, despite having three sampling stations located Barr 1968; Hobbs 1989; Taylor et al. 2007; Loughman and Simon on flowing sections between the waterfalls and the pond, no O. 2011). Within the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia, it occurs obscurus were collected during sampling at these stations. This in almost all flowing streams and is possibly our most abundant leads us to the conclusion that fisherman are utilizing crayfish crayfish species. Within TRSP, it was collected from almost all within the park as bait and moving them. Due to the densities of O. perennial stream stations on Tomlinson Run and North Fork Tomlinson Run (Figure 1). A single O. obscurus was also collected obscurus within the perennial stream stations, it stands to reason from one of the sampled fishing ponds within the park. that O. obscurus would be the easiest crayfish within the park to utilize as bait and therefore the most likely to be translocated. Morphometrics The low CPUE of O. obscurus within the lentic habitat and lack of any invasive crayfish such as O. rusticus and O. virilis which The largest individual collected during the study was a Form-I have become well established in other large, heavily fished male with a 42.6 mm TCL. The largest female collected during the study had a 35.1 mm TCL. Mean TCL for the species was 20.8 impoundments throughout the state of West Virginia (Jezerinac mm (n = 286, SE = 0.38). Morphometric data for O. obscurus are et al. 1995; Loughman and Welsh 2010) and other nearby states presented in Table 1. (Kilian et al. 2012) suggests that movement of crayfish within the park has been minimal. Habitat and natural history Despite almost no success with baited traps, low trap success Orconectes obscurus (Figure 2D) typically inhabits larger could be interpreted as favorable since no invasive species were streams (3rd – 5th order) (Loughman and Simon 2011). Loughman documented in anthropogenic habitats. When present in lentic and Simon (2011) noted healthy populations of O. obscurus waters, invasive crayfish often appear at high densities, despite from the lower reaches of Tomlinson Run and the Ohio River large numbers of predatory fish (Jezerinac et al. 1995; Loughman backwaters during their sampling, and our sampling concurs with and Welsh 2010). This, coupled with no invasive species found their findings. While Loughman and Simon (2011) noted that O. during lotic surveys, suggests that Tomlinson Run does not contain obscurus appeared to prefer slab boulders and leaf packs, we found invasive crayfish at this time. no apparent habitat preference and noted O. obscurus appeared in all available in-stream habitats, as long as flowing water was Our expectations of collecting C. carinirostris, present. Orconectes obscurus was the dominant crayfish in cobble C. monongalensis, C. robustus and O. obscurus based on previous substrates, with smaller size classes utilizing interstitial spaces, surveys by Jezarinic et al. (1995) and Loughman and Welsh while Cambarus species appeared to prefer slabs. At stations with (2013) were validated, as we collected all four species from long bedrock glides, we rarely found any Cambarus species, while multiple sites within the park. A previous survey by Loughman O. obscurus was often observed in the open. and Welsh (2010) collected Cambarus thomai approximately 2.5 km downstream of Tomlinson Run Park property along the Orconectes obscurus appears to be more tolerant of habitat backwaters of its confluence with the Ohio River, which indicated and physiochemical variation than other species encountered within TRSP. Tomlinson Run and North Fork Tomlinson Run the potential for collecting C. thomai; however, no C. thomai were share a confluence at Tomlinson Run dam, which creates detected during the study. This is most likely due to the nature of Tomlinson Run Lake. The lake itself is fairly large and is a top the streams and habitat located within the park boundaries being release dam, releasing warmer surface waters downstream over in contrast with those typically utilized by C. thomai (Loughman the impoundment wall. On the perennial station immediately and Simon, 2011). Cambarus thomai in northern West Virginia is downstream of the dam, water was noticeably much warmer to characteristically found along floodplains of low gradient streams the touch than upstream stations, but physiochemical data was not along the Ohio River (Loughman and Simon, 2011); however, the collected. Despite this, or perhaps in response to this, O. obscurus unimpounded portions of Tomlinson Run and its tributaries are obtained its greatest density at this station, with a species CPUE of all high gradient streams. Due to this, C. thomai is most likely 4.9 crayfish per seine haul; almost double that of the next highest restricted to the lowest reaches of Tomlinson Run along the Ohio station for the species. River outside the TRSP boundary. 2016 Foltz et al. — Crayfish of Tomlinson Run State Park 7

Densities for each crayfish species within the park varied. While as repositories for regional biodiversity. Mammals and birds often C. carinirostris was the only species found in both intermittent receive a majority of the attention, while smaller, less appealing and perennial streams, giving it the widest range throughout the animals, particularly invertebrates, receive little to none (Metrick park, O. obscurus was the most abundant at sites where it was and Weitzman, 1996). Sampling events of this scale for lesser encountered. With a CPUE of 0.953 on perennial streams, it more known organisms are equally important, contributing towards than doubles the CPUE of C. carinirostris (0.393) at the same the understanding of biodiversity and when coupled with citizen sampling locations. Additionally, the total number of O. obscurus science, exposes underappreciated species to the general public. collected (n=286) from perennial stations was roughly double that of C. carinirostris from both intermittent and perennial stations ACKNOWLEDGMENTS combined (n=155). Cambarus robustus occurred in the lowest We extend a special thanks to John Damis, Justin Damis, density within the park (CPUE = 0.087), however, it did appear at Emily Delekta, Emily DeTemple, Ethan Estes, Katelyn Haspel, sites which lacked bedrock glides and had an availability of large Seth Klar, Greg Myers, and Katie Scott for their assistance in the slab boulders overlaying cobble. One of the flaws of our study field. Additionally, we extend thanks to Stuart Welsh for his aid in is that our sampling of burrowing crayfish does not adequately the creation of the photo plate for the crayfish of the park. represent the density of C. monongalensis within the park as we had an agreement to keep disturbance to a minimum coupled with LITERATURE CITED the typical confounding factors of digging for burrowers in the surrounding geographic region (heavy roots, rocky soils, etc.). Crocker DW and Barr DW (1968). The crayfishes of Ontario. In truth, burrows, when found, were often abundant within the University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, 158 pp. wetlands and seeps we surveyed. Girard C (1852). A revision of the North American Astaci, with Our results comparing habitat to CPUE were not what we observations on their habits and geographic distribution. expected. 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