Winter 06: Public Transit and Transit Oriented Development in OTR and Uptown.

A failed ballot initiative of 2002 for improved public transit serves as the backdrop for several grassroots advocacy campaigns IRUOLJKWUDLODQGÀ[HGUDLOVWUHHWFDUV$QRQSURÀWLQWHUHVWJURXSWKH$OOLDQFHIRU5HJLRQDO7UDQVLWKDVEHHQDFWLYHVLQFHWKDWGDWH SURPRWLQJOLJKWUDLOWUDQVLWIRU&LQFLQQDWL$QRWKHUJURXSWKH%UHZHU\'LVWULFW'HYHORSPHQW*URXSFHQWHUHGLQ2YHUWKH5KLQH LVDGYDQFLQJWZRWUDQVLWLGHDVLQWHQGHGWRSURPRWHFRPPXQLW\DQGHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWDÀ[HGUDLOWUROOH\ORRSVHUYLQJWKH GRZQWRZQFRUHDQGDQLQFOLQHUDLOFRQQHFWLQJ275ZLWK8SWRZQUHVLGHQWLDOGLVWULFWV8UEDQ3ODQQLQJ$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG7UDQVSRUWD WLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ6WXGHQWVDQG)DFXOW\ZRUNHGFORVHO\ZLWKWKHVHJURXSVWRYLVXDOL]HQHZRSWLRQVIRUXUEDQWUDQVLWDQGDVVRFLDWHG ´WUDQVLWRULHQWHGGHYHORSPHQW·LQ2YHUWKH5KLQH8SWRZQDQGLQWKH&HQWUDO%XVLQHVV'LVWULFW

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2QDSDQHOZDVPRGHUDWHGE\IRUPHU&LQFLQQDWL&RXQFLOPDQ'DYLG3HSSHUWKDWLQFOXGHG&KDUOLH+DOHV7UDQVLW3ODQQHUZLWK DIRFXVRQOLYDEOHFRPPXQLWLHVWUDQVLWLQQRYDWLRQDQGSXEOLFSULYDWHSDUWQHUVKLSV+'5IRUPHU&LW\&RPPLVVLRQHURI7UDQVSRUWD WLRQ3DUNVDQG3ODQQLQJ&LW\RI3RUWODQG2UHJRQDQG:LOOLDP9LQFHQW$WWRUQH\DOWHUQDWLYHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQHQHUJ\UHVHDUFKHUDQG %XV5DSLG7UDQVLWDGYRFDWH%UHDNWKURXJK7HFKQRORJLHV,QVWLWXWH:DVKLQJWRQ'&IRUPHU2IÀFLDOZLWK86'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQV SRUWDWLRQ3UHVHQWDWLRQE\WKHDGYRFDWHVRIWKH,QFOLQH5DLODQG6WUHHWFDUSURSRVDOVSUHFHGHGWKHSDQHO,QDGGLWLRQWRVXEVWDQWLDO SXEOLFHGXFDWLRQWKHRXWFRPHVRIWKLVTXDUWHU·VVWXGLRLQFOXGHIDFLOLWDWLRQRIDFLW\IXQGHGVWXG\RQWKHIHDVLELOLWLHVRIVWUHHWFDUV IRUWKHGRZQWRZQDQG275GLVWULFWVWKDWZLOOEHFRQGXFWHGSURIHVVLRQDOO\LQ This topic proved to be very timely not only for these advocacy groups, but also for the general public whose attention was drawn to these transit initiatives, through news articles in the Cincinnati Post “Light rail dream is not dead” (2/6/06), Cincinnati Business Courier, “Streetcar Desire” (2/10/06), and CityBeat Weekly, “People, Not Cars: How to reshape Cincinnati into a city that works” (2/15/06).

'DYH 7RPEV _ $VKLP 6ULYDVWDYD _ &KULVWLQD .D\ _ -DQHOOH .HOSH _ 7RGG %D[WHU _ &\QWKLD 0F&R\ _ 'DQ +HLQW]HOPDQ _ 5RQDOG *UDKDP _ 6KDUDQ\D ,\HU _ Architect Mike Schuster describes his design for &LW\7UDIÀF(QJLQHHU0DUWKD.HOO\RXWOLQHGFLW\WUDIÀF Cyclist Chris Pohlar advocated for bikeways the government square bus terminal policy for the student

Steve Leeper shared 3CDC plans for the city Planning Professor Dr. Xinhao Wang presented &LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ3URIHVVRU'U+HQJ:HLGHVFULEHV his Bus Rapid Transit research IXQGHPHQWDOVRIWUDIÀFHQJLQHHULQJ

Former Councilman David Pepper discussed Metro’s Tim Reynolds described current regional Panel with David Pepper, Bill Vincent, and Char- past and future city development trends transportation systems OLH+DOHVGHEDWHWUDQVLWRSWLRQV

Streetcar advocate Mike Moose Industrial Design Professor Denny Dellinger promoted 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ Developer John Schneider of advised students So Chin Choi outlined vehicle hillside inclines for OTR’s Professor John Niehaus advised the Alliance for Regional Transit design Brewery District the studio championed Light Rail Transit

'DYH7RPEV_$VKLP6ULYDVWDYD_&KULVWLQD.D\_-DQHOOH.HOSH_7RGG%D[WHU_&\QWKLD0F&R\_'DQ+HLQW]HOPDQ_5RQDOG*UDKDP_Sharanya Iyer | CONCEPTS It has been proposed that Abstract Speed + Sound The machine is the single most defining entity of the was the central section of a narrative triptych twentieth century. Its role at the turn of the century suggesting the alteration of landscape by the passage was a central one: it was the dawn of the modern age of a car through the atmosphere. The related Abstract facilitated by the energy and productivity of the Speed and Abstract Speed-The Car Has Passed would machine. This shift in experience precipitated a new have been the flanking panels. Indications of sky and way of seeing the world. Through the window of a a single landscape are present in the three paintings; speeding train or from a vantage point in a building the interpretation of fragmented evocations of the towering above the land, new perspectives on the car's speed varies from panel to panel. The above world were made possible by the introduction of the work is distinguished by crisscross motifs, machine. representing sound, and a multiplication of the number of lines and planes.

From the waves swelling in the Atlantic, to the translation of people in the city, movement thrives. There exists a flow of information as well as transportation, distribution, culture, and knowledge in cities. The city node provides the membrane for which the motion happens. In an increasingly interconnected world, the shift from local environment to international market is a mere click of a mouse away. As the canvas that awaits these many influences, the twenty-first century city must skillfully support these vital economic, social, and idea exchanges at all levels.

Stuart Themudo

The picture speaks of movement in many ways. It is a public building where a horde of people are moving around in different directions. The more interesting meaning that strikes on the first glance at the picture, is the movement of the sun across the window that signifies changes. Changes that occur inside the building. Change in light. Change in weather. Change in shadows. These changes indicate Movement in the picture.

Ashim Srivastava CONCEPTS

This image looks at movement in many different dimensions. Starting with the obvious movement of a car down a winding road, this image takes into account the dimension of time as you actually see the path of the headlights blur over time as the car passes down the hill. This idea of movement over time is why I chose this image to represent movement.

Dave Toombs

The movements of things in the city are directly reliant on the movement of other objects. This is reflected in the picture since the plastic bag relies not only on the wind to move, but on the passing cars. The movement of people in the city are reliant not just on their ability to walk, but generally on cars, cabs, buses, trains, or other transportation vehicles to move around urban areas.

Elizabeth A. Wardlaw CONCEPTS The visible light spectrum is an inclusive way of representing movement in the city. Whether one is in a city familiar to them, or trying to navigate through an unfamiliar place, each color in the spectrum is used to make movement efficient. Our mind is trained to connect specific colors with meanings in regards to movement. It may not be as apparent in a city that one is very familiar with, but when traveling to new places we are relying on maps, signs, experience, and interpretations to move us to our destination. The following are a few examples: - The interstates have standard colors on their signage that we are all knowledgeable of and come to depend on for an efficient flow of traffic. What would happen if we all didn't know that the orange triangle meant caution? - It is universally understood that each subway line and routes is associated with one of the colors of the visible light spectrum. - The traffic signals and signs, either intended for automobiles or pedestrians, each related to a specific color in the visible light spectrum that we are taught to understand and follow the meaning of. Even if one does not understand the language to read the signs, the signs can be followed due to the understanding of the universal colors and their meanings. Each of these examples describe how the visible light spectrum is used in every aspect of creating efficient movement in the cities, as well as interstates moving people cross country or between countries. Each country does have a variation of each, but within a specific country there are standards set. The movement of people is largely dependent on this array of colors; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, otherwise known as the visible light spectrum.

Christina Kay

I see movement in the city as occuring on two levels, that of the vehicle and that of the pedestrian. I chose this image of the crosswalk in front of DAAP as an instance where the two levels are forced to interact. Even though the crosswalk is called out by hanging signs, the vehicular traffic dominates, and it is often dangerous to assume that a car will automatically stop for a pedestrian in the crosswalk.

Janelle Kelpe

B-Boying/Breakdancing: I find that this form of movement is very structured, from the different types of moves to the choreographed run one might perform at a competition or night club. In relation to traffic/transportation, I feel that transportation planning is structured and planned out similar to the choreography, but despite these efforts there are unpredictable patterns of movement or spontaneous direction. This freedom is similar to the change in the middle of a dance due to opposition or better direction in where it would help themselves (here we can relate this to a wreck or shutdown of a lane or entire route - drivers/travelers will then commit to a different route or way of approaching the issue). The relation I see is the freedom of movement and to make up your own "moves" as well as the choreography/structured approach one may have in a dance.

Brett Kordenbrock CONCEPTS

This is a grouping of images to display motion. Each of these images was taken within 3 blocks of the Niehoff studio space; displaying that many forms of transportation is used in such a small area. I have displayed personal transport (bike), walking, vehicular traffic and public transit. All of these modes are shown in motion, all working together in movement through this space. Sometimes the options of movement are hindered; as seen in the out of service bus. This is where the multiple options of transportation come in and facilitate the individual needing to get around. Cynthia McCoy

I have chose to present a "fraction of time," or "instantaneous speed." When we think of motion, we often think of it in terms of human capabilities; however, with the high- speed, high-tech world of 2006, everything has become increasingly closer to "instant" - everything we want is right at our fingertips and is made to be very convenient. With the evolution of "instantaneous speed" over the past century into what it is today, it is definitely a design consideration that we need to "catch up" in as a society.

Peter Nagel CONCEPTS

The humble bicycle has long been an invaluable means of transportation for many urban dwellers. This image captures movement in the active nature of the geometry of the drive mechanism and wheel.

Todd Baxter

Movement in the city for me is walking, a pace that allows me to experience multiple encounters because of the slow movement. The interpretation that I did focuses on sight. What do I look at while walking down the street? How long does each encounter last? What draws my attention to each of these things? While on my journey through the city, each time a new experience arises. I notice things I have never before but have walked by numerous times. Some encounters last for a few seconds, some only a fraction of a second. These encounters are interpreted as images. Some images are vivid, linger in the mind and provoke thought, others are merely a glimpse, a fraction of an idea or thought, while others become blurred, a slight recollection of a series of thoughts without exact placement. The study is a collection of the series of encounters that I experienced while traveling through the city. Each image represents an encounter, whether detailed, transparent, or blurred.

Nicole Cosbitt

MOVEMENT: 1. a series of actions or activities directed or tending toward a particular end. 2. take or cause to take action. The Image of Martin Luther King Jr. depicts a civil rights leader that fought for the rights of African Americans and people of all cultures. His thoughts and beliefs moved millions into action. He influenced a movement that bettered the rights and lives of many people. I believe our jobs as architects and planners are to move communities to a better place that improves people's lives. Ronald Graham CONCEPTS

Movement occurs everywhere we go in the world. It is all around us and cannot be avoided at any costs. Thus, it was challenging to narrow this assignment down to purely one image. I began to think of what movement means to me on a consistent basis. Action, speed, confusion, and blurry were all words that immediately came to mind when thinking about the term movement. Looking for appropriate related images soon followed and I was able to find a suitable picture of what I was looking for. This image speaks of all the terms that I listed previously and seems to typify a regular person?s movement throughout a busy day.

John Heineman

This picture that I created represents my vision of motion in a downtown city. Everywhere there is motion I highlighted. I thought it was important to distinguish between the sidewalk and the main road because they both represent different means of transportation. They also both move at different speeds. I believe this downtown motion is what keeps a city alive. I think the downtown area is one of the most important areas where energy and activity should be.

Dan Heintzelman

F R A C T A L A R T | The Tunnel This art piece for me represents 'Movement' in two ways: Movement as Transformation The image visually represents movement in multiple scales, through space and time.The diagram with its gradual change in scale and level of detail also represents evolution, and movement is a tool for evolution and change. Movement Amalgamation The diagram also represents the city as a social, cultural, physical, natural, historic and psychological amalgam. The fractals represent fragments that fit together to create higher meaning, which is comparable to movement which connects people beyond the physical, integrating communities at the higher level.

Sharanya Iyer PRECEDENTS pedestrian movement personal mobility

1700s The Dutch invented the rollerskate. 1817 - The first bicycle was invented by Baron van Dais. 1865 - The velocipede was created, which had pedals attached directly to the front wheel. 1870 - Transformation to the high wheel tricycle. 1920s The first real scooter was mass produced. 1946 - The new scooter craze, Vespas, were built. HISTORY 1950s Modern bikes were discovered. 1979 - Roller blades were invented. 2002 - The Segway was first manufactured.

Non-automated movement systems: - Personal mobility enable people to freely move around urban areas - Trails without having to wait or rely on other sources such as buses, trains, or - Sidewalks taxis. - Alleyways - One potential issue with some of these modes of transportation are MOBILITY - Subways / tunnels conflicts created within public places, such as banning skateboarding - Bridges/skywalks in public spaces. - Shared use & Automated movement systems: - Escalators ACCESS - Conveyers -Lift

edestrian movement is affordable for anyone, Ownership Costs: anytime, anywhere. Rollerblades - less than $100 Skateboards - less than $100 ECONOMIC Bicycles - $100 - $4,000 Scooters - $250 - $6,500 & Segways - $4,500 - Methods of personal mobility are affordable to everyone. FINANCIAL - The negative side of personal transportation is the extended amount of travel time.

- Pollution free - Lack of pollution, unlike pollutants caused by buses and cars. ENVIRONMENTAL - Conserves fuel and energy - Tremendously cuts down the traffic congestion in major cities. - Cuts down on traffic jams and congestion - Promotes exercise. & - Preserves oil. - Creates more human activity and social interaction on the street. ENERGY

- Change in surface materials. - Helmets should always be worn while riding! - Narrowing road width. - Wearing a helmet reduces the chance of brain injury by almost 88%. SAFETY - Curbs. - Bike riders should follow the rules of the road. - Mini-roundabouts. - Bicyclist should ride in a single file line. & - Trees along the sidewalks. - Bicycle riders should wear light colored or reflective clothing. - Barriers. - The average cost of helmet is $25.00, while bicycle related SECURITY - Pathway lights. head injuries can cost a patient $40,000. - Textured walkway surfaces.

Pedestrian movement is accessible to all: Personal mobility is available to: -Ramps - Anyone SOCIAL EQUITY - Elevators - Anytime - Sidewalks - Anywhere

- Green stripes along the pathways provide shade, fresh air, - Rent, Ride, and Return programs. and improves the quality of the urban environment. - Bike lockers at central locations for storage and showers for INTANGIBLES - Lighting provides visibility and safety, is aesthetically riders. pleasing, and keeps the city lively. - Designated lanes to show where cyclist will be crossing the street. - Provides amenities such as bus and light rail stops, - Interaction is created between citizens and the city. streetscapes, telephones, trash receptacles, drinking - Many cities have yellow bike projects, which allows people to fountains, and information kiosks. borrow donated bikes if they need to get somewhere.

- Walkways adjacent to parking lane. - Walkways against walls. SYSTEM - Walkways with planting strips. - Parking blocks reduce overhang of parked cars. REQUIREMENTS - Curb drops for sidewalks. - Ramps for accessibility. PRECEDENTS personal vehicles public buses

1920s Bureau of Public Roads (BPR). 1826 - The first public transit system, the omnibus originated in Nantes, France. 1921 - Federal Highway Act. 1829 - England adopted the model, soon followed by New York. 1941 - Focus turned toward military needs (WWII). 1831 - The omnibus was adopted by Philadelphia. Post WWII - Disrepair and congestion. 1835 - The model made its way to Boston. 1956 - Federal Aid Highway Act. 1844 - The omnibus model of public transportation was being used in Baltimore. - Interstate Program. - The automobile played a critical role in producing military vehicles Post World War II. - Every year cars became heavier, more powerful, and more expensive to purchase/operate. - Vehicles became the backbone of a new consumer good-oriented society. - Changed the architecture of the typical american dwelling. - Altered the composition of urban neighborhoods.

Capacity - The system can house a considerable number of people, but may lead to Capacity - 60 to 80 passengers (40' buses). congestion. - 100 to 120 passengers (60' specialized vehicles). - Personal vehicles can go just about anywhere. - Up to 260 passengers in new bi-articulated buses. - Structures for parking can be planned for optimal vehicular accessibility. - Stops are located in respect to major pedestrian generating land uses. - Convenient 'trip link' possibilities. - Drivers sightlines should be clear of trees, poles, etc. - Buses should not restrict visibility of traffic signals. - Bus stops should not be placed on curves, mid-block stops are preferable.

Operating Costs - Fuel, tires, and repairs. Operating Costs - $14,066 million Ownership Costs - Insurance, financing, and storage. Operating Costs/Passenger - $0.64 Parking Facility Construction Costs - Size per space, size and shape of site, Operating Costs/Passenger Trip - $2.40 number of levels, topography, financing, and design. Passenger Miles - 21,841 million Parking Facilty Operating Costs - Cleaning, lighting, repairs, security, periodic Unlinked Trips - 5,868 million resurfacing and repaving, fire control and elevators, and ventilation. Average Trip Length - 3.7 miles

- Creating surfaces for parking leads to loss of greenspace, landscaping, farmland, - New Hybrid engines use batteries to capture energy from braking for use in and habitat. acceleration, which vastly improves energy efficiency and reduces pollution. - Parking discourages infill development and increases sprawl and vehicle ownership. - In Sept 2000 NYC switched all diesel buses to ultra-low sulfur fuel and reduced - Pollutants released by vehicles add to smogand affects human health emissions greatly. - 642 buses have been re-powered with new technology diesel engines that are up to 94 percent cleaner burning. - Since 1998, NYC has added 325 Hybrid-Electric busses to its service.

Perceptions/Hazards - Avoid remoteness, remain in the public eye. - Perception of fear - Stay close to a public phone and public facility having extended hours. - Security cameras - Landscaping should consist of low shrubbery and trees. - Patrol - Adequate lighting should be used at the stop and adjacent areas. - Cracking foundations - Lighting should coordinate with adjacent uses and street lights. - Dilapidating structures - Restrictions for bus parking. - Stops should take place at mid-block.

- Access to personal vehicles are to those that have a Buses bring together different people across all divides. means to afford transportation. Disabled Considerations: - Benefits go to middle class citizens and continue up - Inbuilt systems. the socio-economic ladder; there is increased opportunity outside of city (sprawl). - Waiting pad 2.5mx2.5m minimum must be provided. - Waiting pad must have 1.2m wide ramps on either side with slope of 12:1. - Visual and tactile cues including signage on devices. - Lifts, Ramps etc. that are not permanently installed. - Special Bus design to provide adequate space for wheelchairs.

- Convenience / Opportunity Costs Ensures connectivity with the street. - Luxury Increases possibilities for economic development. - Availability of Personal Space Promotes social improvement in the locality. - Environmental Impacts - Time

- Parking space dimensions. High Floor 40' - Length = 12.3 / Width = 2.5 / Height = 3.05 - Angular parking/parking arrangements and types. Low Floor 40' - Length = 12.4 / Width = 2.57 / Height = 3.1 - Land-use and Zoning. - Display height vs. Viewing heights. Double Decker - Length = 12 / Width = 2.5 / Height = 4.3 - Disabilities Act (equality on the streets and within services). 35' Dart - Length = 10.9 / Width = 2.41 / Height = 3.18 - Lane widths, pavement types, markings, colors. PRECEDENTS transit streetcars aerial tram & incline railway 1827 - The first mass transit system was the horse drawn omnibus, 1855 - Fleeming Jenkins invented the telpherage (aerial tram). which the street car was developed after. 1916 - Aero Car Niagara Falls, Canada opened. 1873 - The cable car was introduced in San Francisco to replace 1929 - Table Mountain Cable Car Cape Town, South Africa. the horses. 1966 - Sandia Peak Tramway Albuquerque, New Mexico opened. 1890 - Most American cities had one or more cable lines. 1976 - Roosevelt Island Tramway opened, only commuter tramway in USA 1888 - The first electric streetcar was invented by Frank Sprague. 1997 - Table Mountain Cable Car Reopened. 1950s Many streetcar lines were replaced by buses, streetcars in 2006 - Portland Aerial Tram expected opening date. HISTORY America became known as trolley cars or trolleys. - Streetcars managed to survive in San Francisco and Boston. - Presently, many cities have reconsidered the streetcar as a means of transit. Capacity - depends on the size and style used. Capacity - Ranges from 25 to 125 passengers. MOBILITY - Portland: New skoda vehicles can carry 140 passengers max. Speed - Ranges from 500 ft/min to 16 mph. - Most streetcar systems run on average every 10-15 minutes. - Cars can travel of heights up to 2509 feet. & - Streetcars are meant for local movement and stop at each block - They have been used for public transportation as well as tourism, up - Route lengths are generally less than 10 miles. mountainsides, across rivers, and over cities. ACCESS - Tracks are laid in existing streets. - The Aero Car in Niagara Falls travels 1800 feet across the Niagara - Maximum grade on which a streetcar can operate is 9%. River. - The Table Mountain Cable Car travels to the summit of Table Mountain at 3563 feet. - The Sandia Peak Tramway travels at diagonal distance of 14657 feet Construction Costs: Construction Costs: - Choice of car - In 1915, the Niagara Aero costs $120,000 to build. - Station design Operating Costs: ECONOMIC - Type of track (if designed to accommodate future light - Operating costs are variable according to size of system. rail, the cost will be higher). - Infrastructure upkeep, mechanical maintenance, and labor costs would & Operating Costs - Can easily be less than $10 million/mile. be comparable or below light rail costs. Economic Benefits: - In 1976, the Roosevelt Island Tramway was built for $5 million, where FINANCIAL - Streetcars bring development and channel it where it is wanted. today it would cost $20 million. - They can help bring tourists to an area. - Currently, there is a project being construction in Portland, Oregon which - Tracks are permanent and indicate to developers that the is estimated at $28.5 million. neighborhood is here to stay - Unlike buses, streetcars give off no emissions at the point of use. - The aerial tram has minimal disruption to existing urban fabric; the ENVIRONMENTAL - Streetcars are 25% more energy efficient than cars. only points of impact are the locations of the stations and towers - Streetcars run along existing streets within cities, no new routes needed between. & need to be established. - The aerial trams are electrically powered, beginning with 50 - Platform construction can range from a built piece in the center horsepower DC motors and now using 600 horsepower DC motors. ENERGY of the road to a simple sidewalk bump out. - When ascending and descending the aerial trams uses the weight of - Overhead wires are necessary and signs on existing streets are one car to help move the opposite car. adjusted for clearance.

Safety Measures: - Each aerial tram system has a back up motor and break for safety - Bells, horns, lights indicate oncoming trains. measures. - Textured/colored strips indicate appropriate - There have been minimal accidents involving the aerial tram. standing distance. - Each car is enclosed giving a feeling of personal safety, other than the - Colored lights indicate direction of train. NiagaraAeroCarwhichisanopencar. SAFETY - Large crowds of people help reduce public crime - 100% visibility both of the car and from within the car. - Undercover officers, security cameras, and real- & time train data on trains. Potential Hazards: SECURITY - Presence of over head powerlines/ - Accidents caused by pedestrians/bicyclists crossing at a non-station area. - Crowd + ambient noises. - 98% of accidents caused by motorist/pedestrian. - Fewer road safety measures than light rail. - Handicapped accessibility- ramps, lifts, designated seating areas. - The mid-west does not have an aerial tram, so there are no prior - Blind and deaf aided by lights, bells, and guide dogs. misconceptions or perceptions of them. Problems: - Areas that could not otherwise be easily accessible can now be - Handicapped access is need-based instead of flexible and equal. profitable, livable locations. SOCIAL EQUITY - Providing trolley service to the poor is not cost effective and is - The aerial tram has been used for many different communities, in an also often less convenient than light rail or cars. urban area for transportation, and in a tourist setting. - Interconnection of neighborhoods may not be welcomed.

- Creation of jobs. - Allows the movement of people to otherwise inaccessible locations, such - Presence of rail shows long term commitment to growth as the summit of a mountain or an island where automobile traffic does not and development. have access. - Better "image" than bus transit. - Moves people from people A to point B without having to deal with other - Part of America's nostalgic trend. types of traffic on the roads. - Trolleys can greatly reduce downtown congestion. - Completely separate system, very dependable. INTANGIBLES - Brings people/tourists back to the CBD. - Gives people options, providing vertical as well as horizontal movement. - Increases property values. - Becomes an icon of their respective locations. - Lower cost to the taxpayer compared to most other transit. - Existing infrastructure often used for construction. - Becomes symbol or icon of cities. - Standard sizes are typically similar to light rail and use former - Looped cables where cars are located on opposite ends of the loop freight tracks. balancing the opposite car. - Trolleys require an immense amount of maintenance. - Main haul rope and drive wheel pulls the cars from one location to the - Trolleys require shorter turning radius and less infrastructure next. SYSTEM than light rail. - Carriage and hanger system suspend the aerial tram cabin and allows - Transit authorities do not have specific requirements on braking movement along cable. REQUIREMENTS systems, lighting systems, maintenance requirements, or driver - Cable(s) span between towers, the cables are sized according to training. distance and loads of system. - Ideal system would require a 24-hour maintenance operation. PRECEDENTS monorails & maglevs light rail & interurban 1876- United States Centennial Exposition 1880 - Electrically-powered street railways invented by Frank J. Sprague. 1911- William H. Boyes Monorail in Seattle, WA 1950 - Huge decline in streetcars as increase in automobile came about. 1952- Alweg first tested high speed monorail 1980 - Term 'lightrail' prevails as new label for streetcar vehicle. 1957- Design was adopted by Disney 1956- Houston tests suspended monorail 1965- I-Beam suspended monorail for New York's World Fair 2002- Shanghai maglev monorail takes first trip

Speeds - can reach more than 310 mph. Capacity - Average = 120 per car, max 250 per car - Monorail turning radii vary from 40 to 80 meters depending on the size of the Speed: Maximum = 60mph, 40 mph through downtown system. - ADA accessible with ramps or on grade boarding. - Stations are elevated above street level. - Bicycle friendly. - Platform to vehicle is wheelchair accessible. - Commuter friendly. - Turning radii is determined primarily by speed and weight.

Construction Costs: Construction Costs: - Can range from around $22 to over $88 million/mile. - Varies according to site conditions (Portland cost $1,650 million for 44 miles of track). -The initial cost of Monorail Systems is higher, but there is no need to employ drivers. - Choice of car. Operating Costs: - Station design. - American Maglev Technology (AMT) suggests $13 to $19 million/mile. - Type of track. Economic Benefits: Operating Costs: - Greater economic impact than surface transportation. - Proportional to track length (Portland operating budget:$170). - Increases vertical circulation and viability of second and third floor commercial space. Economic Benefits: - Most monorails in operation today turn a profit. - Opportunities for development in area of system increases. - Monorails require very little maintenance. - Land values increase around development.

Monorails are electrically powered and do not cause local air pollution. - Eases traffic congestion and keeps air cleaner. -Noise pollution is not a factor, monorails run on rubber tires that are very quiet. - Electric cars reduce the draw on fossil fuels. -Maglev Monorails operate by magnetic force and have no negative effects on the environment. -Monorail systems do not require impervious pavement. -Pier system of support allows for endless possibilities at the ground level. -Does not contribute to gridlock, requires no coordination with existing traffic controls.

- Monorail Systems do not interfere with traffic or - Signage pedestrians, avoiding collisions as well as law - Trespassing Enforcement suits. - Security cameras - Grade separation of monorail systems - Safety devices contributes to their impressive safety record. - Education programs - Most of the few accidents involving monorails - Transit police and security patrol have been due to maintenance errors. - Random fare checks - Random vehicle and facility sweeps - Coordination in an emergency

- Monorails serve considerable numbers of - Catalyst for development. passengers - stations must be able to handle - Job creating in locality. volume and frequency of passengers. - Enhances neighborhoods' appeal, with sidewalks, paved roads, trees, art, - In many cases monorails are deemed attractions and bike lanes. which typically link two or more socially significant locations. - The financial success of many existing systems may be closely tied to the notion of novelty or futuristic reality in the present day.

- Most cities that have a monorail system are - Facilitates mobility. considered to be on the leading edge of - Relieves congestion. development or revitalization. - Promotes a sense of community. - Provides places with a sense of connectivity and allows - Keeps air clean. people to interact.

- Rail sizes for monorail systems vary from 20"x 34.5" up to 35.4"x 59" depending on - Typically 2 cars per train. variables such as loads, topography, speed, and type of system. - Bike racks available. The various types of systems are: - Luggage storage provided. - Straddle - Wheelchair available- level boarding and ramps - Suspended - Hybrid - Cantilevered - Maglev - PRT MEMPHIS

Memphis is the nation's 18th largest city.

Memphis has a metro population of over 1 million people, ranking 44th nationally (according to the 2000 U.S. Census).

Memphis ranks 6th in the nation in the number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places and has more historic listings per capita than any city in America.

The city of Memphis was ranked the 4th most efficiently operated city in a comprehensive national study of 44 major U.S. cities by national think tank Reason Public Policy Institute.

Population of 650,100 (2000 census) MEMPHIS

Downtown Memphis Trolley System

Downtown Districts

Cincinnati - OTR | North End

Memphis – South Side AERIAL TRAM SYSTEM AERIAL TRAM aeSt. Race

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STOPSCentral DISTANCE Business TIME IN ROUTE District Cincinnati State to UC 10,859 feet 5 minutes

UC to 5th and Race 11,955 feet 6 minutes Christina Kay Ashim Srivastava David Toombs Elizabeth Wardlaw Aerial Tram System Creating Cultural Connections TOTALS 22,814 feet 15 minutes Cinti State Express visitor. Transportation on the ground will be STOPS DISTANCE TIME IN ROUTE Rookwood to Mt. Adams 27,402 feet 12 minutes accommodated to support and complement the Mt. Adams to 5th and Race 4,870 feet 3 minutes aerial tram system. TOTALS 32,272 feet 17 minutes Rookwood Express The aerial tram is the primary mode of transportation in the proposed system, but it is The aerial tram system will provide an supported by other methods of transportation: alternate mode of transportation for many 1) Increased pedestrian connections. residents in Cincinnati. The tram system will not 2) Re-routed Metro buses to accomodate the new make other modes obsolete, but will provide system and stations. connections between the primary cultural and 3) Shuttles to specific locations, Including the educational destinations in the area. This is airport and stadiums. illustrated by the ridership numbers shown below. 4) Cab stands located within stations with the need The system will be able to accommodate a large for them. number of individuals who want to travel by aerial 5) Bike rental hubs in every station and other tram, but not every Cincinnati resident and/or various locations around the city. AERIAL TRAM SYSTEM

One main axis directs the pedestrian towards Music Urban Design Concepts Hall.

The Over-The-Rhine The other main axis directs neighborhood is the largest the pedestrian towards the national historic district in Jackson St. and the Central the nation. The name was Improved pedestrian access established by the early along 13th St. by narrowing immigrants from Germany. the street to 21’ with 17’ This neighborhood was located sidewalks. Central link on one side of the canal between Main Street and Washington Park. that originally ran through downtown reminding the Improve residential units immigrants of the Rhine River surrounding Washington in their home country. Park. Hub Block Plan 11 1. Entrances The two platforms serve as the 1 2. Convenience Store - waiting area for the aerial tram. 5 2 3 4 2000SF The top level is for the tram 1 10 1 3. Bike Office - 800 SF 4. Ticket Office - 1400 SF going towards the Race Street 9 ieSt Vine 5. Local Artist Gallery 13 6 Retail Station and the lower 6. Cafe - 1800 SF level is for the tram going 12 6 7. Restrooms - 600 SF each 14 7 8. Police Station - 1900 SF towards Mt.Auburn Station. The 7 9. Cafe Seating - 1100 SF predicted annual ridership for 8 10. Circulation Core people traveling through Vine 11. Cab Stand 1 Street Station is 140,000. 12. Bus Stop The maximum capacity for each 13th St 13. Outdoor Seating N Hub Block Plan tram platform is 200 people. Aerial Tram Cabin Christina Kay Aerial Tram System Vine Street Station Proposal Tram Tower Axonometry Over-The-Rhine currently acts as a barrier that divides the Uptown/University of Cincinnati area and the downtown Central Business District. It has the opportunity to Elevator Core become a link between these two locations. One of the main problems in this area affecting its ability to become revitalized is the poverty. The Main Street Entertainment District and Washington Park are two areas where Stairs this revitalization is beginning to occur. h ui al hc ol o nyb aea oteCt West City the to gateway a be only not would which Hall, Music the raeaGtwya h nescin ewe no emnland Terminal Union between intersection, the at Gateway a Create no emnlo h zadCalsSre costehighway. the across Street Charles Ezzard the on Terminal Union

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E l m STREET CAR SYSTEM

The Uptown-Downtown streetcar is of the utmost importance. This connection in and of itself creates a lot of potential residents, business people, and tourists. Its ridership will be of a broad demographic and extremely important to the future success of the OTR Basin, the CBD, and Uptown. Above 5-points the streetcar will continue on through to Short Vine and utilize a stop on Martin Luther King Jr.Drive. This stop is also a multi-modal node paired with a pedestrian walkway and Bus Rapid Transit. The BRT provides an East to West movement linking up with other main institutions as well as major arterials (i.e.-Hamilton Ave.) At this point every other streetcar will continue around the UC Campus and then link back up with the main line (south on Vine St.) Utilization of the existing services is very important in Liberty and Central Parkway will become our transit system. At the a multi-modal hub. Many low-income housing would station near 2nd Street (Metro support the streetcar line that goes throughout City Stop) there will be a lot of West and butts up against other public housing activity due in large part to the structures. This line will help tie the Light Rail Line 4 converging lines of which 3 coming down Central Pkwy thus creating a vibrant are different modalities. This intersection and developmental possibilities paired area is significant because of with both the affluent commuting into the city and the amount of people passing the lower-income/working class too, commuting to by and transferring. A service oriented/manufacturing jobs both in the city pedestrian oriented, mixed- and outside in surrounding suburbs. use development must take place here and continue, as shown, up Vine Street as well as above Fort Washington Way (having that entire area decked).. Sharanya Iyer Janelle Kelpe Brett Kordenbrock Peter Negal Street Car System Master Plan Developing an Image

Vine Street will be a dedicated Southbound Streetcar access below 5-points and solely Northbound Auto traffic. The Streetcar Loop continues down Vine creating pedestrian corridors, then diverges at 2nd St. and continues Northbound on Elm and Main Street. The Elm Streetcar will become a loop in which it will go in a continuous loop at McMicken and then south on Vine once again. Main St. will be the only means of going Northbound as it will continue up the hill past 5- points. This North/South function helps to support the two East/West Streetcar Loops and Light Rail as it enters and exits the city. tet n alleys and streets crossing on spaces angled to relocated be will again Parking widened. sidewalks the and eliminated will be Vine of side east the on parking the Liberty of North streets. eastwest on parking angled of consist will relocation Parking thoroughfare. pedestrian a create and spillover) retail and pedestrian for (both sidewalks the expand to an effort in street the of side either on eliminated be will parking on-street the Liberty to Central From (southbound). line transit streetcar contra-flow a with paired route auto northbound a become will use transit and activity pedestrian promote to attempt an In ieStreet Vine . 32 Area Oriented Pedestrian Parking Sidestreet Angled Parking Proposed Structures

Sharanya Iyer Janelle Kelpe SYSTEMSTREET CAR Brett Kordenbrock Peter Negal

Street Car System Vine Street As A Pedestrian Street is lo eal1,0 qaefe 6storefronts) (6 feet square 14,000 seats) Retail 600 Floor screen, First (4 feet square 16,000 Theater Movie total feet square 30,000 Space Retail New levels 2 on spots parking 350-400 total feet square 115,000 Parking Underground New units) (27 feet square 34,000 Building units) East (18 feet square 22,500 Building total) North units (45 total feet square 56,500 Residential New currently year every Market Findlay use people 56,000 riders/day 4,000 2002) Estimated Moves (Metro riders/year million 1.25 Estimated Streetcar on Loop Uptown-Downtown People of Movement Potential ieSection Site ida Market Findlay from View STREET CAR SYSTEMSTREET CAR

Janelle Kelpe

Street Car System Potential Nodes of Development Five Points & Findlay Market 10 10 11 9 6 5 4 8 7 3 2 1 Market Findlay

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Gil ber t MIXED MODE SYSTEM Light Rail Service to the broader community of Greater Cincinnati will be provided on the eastern corridor by a light rail service that will extend from Broadway commons North to Kings Island amusement park and South to The Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky Airport. This system includes about 36 miles. The termination of the light rail at Broadway commons should be seen as a stimulus for growth on the eastern side of Over The

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$1,250 per passenger annualy. e Bus Rapid Transit The uptown to downtown connection of a bus rapid transit (BRT) route Calho along Vine street will extend from the zoo, un past the university and hospitals down to Liberty and over to Broadway commons. Stops will be limited to these areas and for the purposes of this project the study will focus on the transit hubs at Broadway 75 commons and Liberty Street. This serves an 18 mile system. These two locations should

be considered gateways to the OTR 71 community. Each BRT bus will cost $700,000 each. This system has the ability to carry upwards of 100 passengers per vehicle. Vine

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AERIAL TRAM SURFACE SHUTTLE EXISTING LOCAL BUS EXPRESS AERIAL SERVICE TO REMAIN TRAM BIKE PATH AS IS EXPRESS BUS MAJOR BUS RAPID PEDESTRIAN TRANSIT PATHWAY Todd Baxter John Heineman Cynthia McCoy Niclole Cosbitt Mixed Mode System Uniting Communities Through Transit

Bicycle Bicycle routes will connect uptown eeomn ieThree Site Development and downtown by means of a loop that begins on Central Parkway and runs up to Two Site Development One Site Development and around the University of Cincinnati (UC), along MLK and into Hyde Park to return to the city along Eastern Avenue. A direct route will also connect downtown and UC along Sycamore Street over to Auburn and into the campus area. Aerial Tram The inclusion of an aerial tram will allow for connections to Mount Adams and the art museum. The aerial tram will add visual interest to the city skyline as well as the provision of a unique experience of the downtown area. rpsdGtwyPlan Gateway Proposed ieSre Corridor Street Vine eto B Section A Section eto C Section aea oCommunity to Gateway ut aiyHousing Family Multi ut aiyHousing Family Multi ut aiyHousing Family Multi MIXED MODESYSTEM Todd Baxter John Heineman Cynthia McCoy Niclole Cosbitt

Mixed Mode System Vine Street Corridor MIXED MODE SYSTEM 5 Points Office and Light 250,000 SF Industrial Grocery and 40,000 SF Specialty Retail Public Square Findlay Market Expansion Transit Hub 30,000 SF 50,000 SF Parking Garage Residential Mixed Use Redevelopment Community Center/ 40,000 SF Office Space Mixed Use Redevelopment

Visual anchors within any urban space are important factors in determining the viability and vibrance of the spaces affected by the urban framework. Cincinnati’s Over the Rhine neighborhood has a historical character and significance that makes the area quite charming but at the same time decades of deterioration and alteration of the scale of the urban fabric have served to isolate many of Cincinnati’s urban treasures such as Findlay Market and the 5 Points intersection at Vine and McMicken streets. The proposed plan provides a strong connection between Findlay market and a transit hub near the 5 Points intersection. The unique character of the 5 Points intersection suggests a significance that can be exploited to the benefit of the city by providing a public place with strong visual connections to the community at large. Todd Baxter John Heineman Cynthia McCoy Niclole Cosbitt Mixed Mode System Findlay Market & The 5 Points Intersection

5PointsIntersection View of Transit Hub

View of Transit Hub View of Transit Hub Design Highlights ieSections Site iwfo ot end North from View iwloigWest looking View rvd ayacs o ue,lgtal n xrswytafc h rasuhof south area The traffic. expressway and lightrail, buses, for access easy provide rdta urud h ie h raaogCnrlPrwywl ae67story 6-7 have will Parkway Central along area The site. the surrounds that grid h rpsdpa o rawyCmoswl noprt h xsigurban existing the incorporate will Commons Broadway for plan proposed The 2,0 SF 520,000 omrilbidns h rni u ilb oae ln ibr v to Ave Gilbert along located be will Hub Transit The buildings. commercial fPark of h rni u ilb ut-aiyrsdnilneighborhood. residential multi-family a be will hub Transit the 0,0 SF 200,000 8,0 SF 180,000 iwfo ot end South from View eta Parkway Central 0,0 SF 400,000 iwfrom View fPark of 0,0 SF 700,000 000SF 40,000 adcp Plan Landscape iwfo ibr Ave. Gilbert from View MIXED MODESYSTEM Todd Baxter John Heineman Cynthia McCoy Niclole Cosbitt kaHm Furnishings Home Ikea

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Cincinnati thrives upon a diversely cultured populous. The lack of connection and unity is currently inhibiting the flow of culture throughout the city. Cincinnati is highly segregated and this trend can be seen while With this new system, traversing outward from the inner city. each transit route brings people inward to the heart of the city, then directs them to their primary destination. This begins to once again Key - Transit Lines make the CBD a BUS RAPID TRANSIT necessary destination in SUBWAY the overall scheme, while SHUTTLE **EXISTING LOCAL BUS AERIAL TRAM SERVICE TO REMAIN for years downtown AS IS Cincinnati has lacked that importance. Dan Heintzelman Sushmita Prabhakar Stuart Themudo Ronald Grahm Bus Rapid Transit enhancing the SPINE of our CITY Transit Master Plan why BRT, why CINCINNATI?

In a city primarily built for the use of automobiles, a new that it was chosen to be the primary route of transportation transit system using the existing road network would be most (the SPINE) of our network. It was then determined that Bus viable. Cincinnati, a city whose work center is split between Rapid Transit would be most suitable because capital costs uptown and downtown, calls for a quick transit system are low, demolition required is minimal, new multi-articulated connecting both areas in effect to stimulate development in buses have a large capacity, and quick implementation is between and around primary nodes. Over the Rhine currently feasible. exists as a void between these two zones which has Lateral routes run perpendicular through the SPINE in three remained poverty stricken for many years. Fortunately, the different locations. They serve to tap into local correct application of transit has proven to enhance neighborhoods such as the City West, Mt. Adams, communities exhibiting the same attributes as OTR, via Covington, Newport, Northside and Hyde Park. The SPINE multi-modal transit hubs and other enhanced transit stops. starts at Cincinnati's acclaimed Zoo and ends at "the Banks" It can be seen by the transit map that Vine Street exists as a where the sports venue is located, and expectations for a backbone in Cincinnati's urban fabric. It is because of this new mixed use project are currently being planned. ida aktPlaza Market Findlay iwfo Vine from View T omnt Park Community OTR Vine from View Retail from View Plaza Findlay Findlay of View hub BRT of View SITE Residential orsadapagon.Ohroe pcsinclude spaces open Other playground. a and courts ofo akfrtersdnslctdi h mixed the in located residents the for park rooftop a eeomn eoae h ida aktpr two park market Findlay the relocates development omnt re pc ihntecmuiy The community. the within space green community plan ihacutadae sdfrcnet,communal concerts, for used area courtyard a with xaddadicue akn ri,basketball trail, walking a includes and expanded s aiiy n lz rvdsFnlymarket Findlay provides Plaza a and facility, use re pc:TeTDakolde valuable acknowledges TOD The Space: Green

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