Boris Godunov Door De Ogen Van Westerse Tijdgenoten

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Boris Godunov Door De Ogen Van Westerse Tijdgenoten Barbara Robberecht Master in de Oost-Europese talen en culturen Scriptie voor de masterproef Boris Godunov door de ogen van een westerse tijdgenoot: Het verslag van Isaac Massa Promotoren: Pr. Raymond Detrez en Dr. Stijn Vervaet Universiteit Gent Mei 2008 Dankwoord Een scriptie is iets wat je niet alleen schrijft. Verschillende mensen hebben me de afgelopen maanden geholpen en gesteund. Enkele mensen zou ik in het bijzonder willen bedanken. Graag zou ik professor Raymond Detrez willen bedanken, die mij de tekst van Isaac Massa als thesisonderwerp voorvoorstelde. Ik zou de tekst zelf niet gevonden hebben. Verder heeft hij mij de eerste maanden van mijn thesis op weg gezet. Mijn promotor doctorandus Stijn Vervaet zou ik willen bedanken omdat hij altijd beschikbaar was om af te spreken en me erg nuttige raad gaf. Hij heeft me ook de ruimte gegeven om van deze scriptie een eigen werk te maken. Ik zou ook mijn ouders willen bedanken omdat ze mij vier jaar geleden de kans hebben gegeven om Slavistiek te gaan studeren. Mijn moeder wil ik daarbij ook bedanken voor het mooi afdrukken van deze thesis en mijn vader voor het nalezen en corrigeren van de tekst. Tot slot wil ik Antonius van der Linde bedanken omdat hij de tekst van Isaac Massa heeft uitgeven. Daardoor is Massa‟s tekst niet in de vergetelheid geraakt en gaf hij mij een interessant thesisonderwerp. 2 Inhoudsopgave Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Het verslag van Isaac Massa ................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Een situatieschets ............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Zijn verslag ....................................................................................................................... 7 2 De voorgeschiedenis van Boris Godunov ............................................................................... 9 2.1 Zijn afkomst ................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 De situatie in Moskovië bij Ivans dood .......................................................................... 11 2.3 Machtsstrijd .................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Fëdor wordt tsaar ............................................................................................................ 13 2.5 Boris officieel als regent ................................................................................................ 14 2.6 Fëdor Nikitovič krijgt de kroon van Fëdor Ivanovič ...................................................... 15 2.7 Boris wordt tsaar ............................................................................................................ 16 3 Aanpak als regent en als tsaar: de binnenlandse politiek ...................................................... 17 3.1 De verschillende klassen ................................................................................................ 17 3.2 “So much land, yet so few hands”: de lijfeigenschap .................................................... 19 3.3 Het patriarchaat op Boris‟ hand ..................................................................................... 20 3.4 Cultuur ............................................................................................................................ 21 3.5 Architecturale innovaties ................................................................................................ 21 3.6 Barre tijden in Moskovië: 1601-1604 ............................................................................ 22 4 Aanpak als regent en als tsaar: de buitenlandse politiek ....................................................... 24 4.1 Boris heeft zorgen .......................................................................................................... 24 4.2 Internationale huwelijken ............................................................................................... 25 4.3 Politieke contacten ......................................................................................................... 28 4.4 Commerciële contacten .................................................................................................. 29 4.5 Buitenlanders in Moskou ............................................................................................... 33 5 Het mislukken van Boris‟ hervormingen .............................................................................. 38 5.1 Slechte omstandigheden en tegenstand .......................................................................... 38 5.2 De komst van de valse Dimitrij ...................................................................................... 40 5.3 Boris pleegt zelfmoord ................................................................................................... 42 5.4 Gevolg ............................................................................................................................ 43 6 Het oordeel van Massa over Boris Godunov ........................................................................ 43 6.1 Traditionele interpretatie ................................................................................................ 43 6.2 Tirannieke trekken .......................................................................................................... 44 6.3 Angst .............................................................................................................................. 45 6.4 De vrouw van Boris ........................................................................................................ 45 6.5 Waardering voor Boris Godunov ................................................................................... 46 Conclusie .................................................................................................................................. 48 3 Inleiding De figuur van Boris Godunov zorgt al vele eeuwen voor stof tot discussie. Geschiedkundigen komen niet tot een gezamenlijk standpunt over de vraag of hij het al dan niet goed voor had met Moskovië of slechts op de troon wilde komen uit drang naar macht. Zelfs Boris‟ jongere tijdgenoot Ivan Timofeev, secretaris voor de staat en de schrijver van de Vremennik, kon hem niet doorgronden (Platonov 1924: 8). Het traditionele oordeel van tijdgenoten en onderzoekers is eerder negatief. Ze vinden dat hij door geweld en bedrog op de troon was gekomen en het land regeerde als een meedogenloze dictator, ongeïnteresseerd in het lot van zijn volk. Hier en daar wordt zelfs de vergelijking met Ivan IV gemaakt. Deze opvatting wordt de laatste tijd meer en meer genuanceerd en moderne wetenschappers belichten steeds meer de menselijke kanten van Boris. (Platonov 1924: 8) Volgens Wayne Santoni (in Solov‟ev 2002: xvii) neemt Sergej Solov‟ev een overgangspostitie in de evolutie van de appreciatie voor Boris in. Solov‟ev prijst Boris‟ talenten en merkt de vijandigheid van de kroniekschrijvers tegenover hem op. De echte rehabilitatie van Boris Godunov begint met met Sergej Platonov. Hij legt in zijn biografie van Boris Godunov meer de nadruk op Boris‟ morele zijde en zegt dat de kwestie van Boris opnieuw grondig onderzocht moet worden. Ruslan Skrynnikov beantwoordt die oproep een halve eeuw later met een nieuwe biografie, waarin hij de behandeling van Boris door geschiedkundigen herbekijkt en de bronnen opnieuw bestudeert. Skrynnikov komt af en toe tot nieuwe inzichten en zet de trend dat Boris stilaan als één van Ruslands grootste heersers ooit beschouwd wordt. Het is moeilijk aan de hand van de teksten die reeds over Boris geschreven zijn het ware gelaat en de echte intenties van Boris te weten te komen. Er zijn zoveel uiteenlopende meningen geponeerd, dat het een onmogelijke opdracht is die ene juiste eruit te halen. “Want”, zo zei Karamzin1, “wat als we onterecht de herinnering aan de man verdraaien door te vertrouwen op valse opvattingen die door dommigheid of vijandigheid opgenomen zijn in kronieken?” “Что […] если несправедливо терзаем память человека, веря ложным мнениям, принятым в летопись бессмыслием или враждою?” (geciteerd in Platonov 1924: 8) Het is een interessante bemerking, die ik steeds in het achterhoofd heb gehouden bij het schrijven van deze thesis. Het is erg moeilijk te achterhalen in hoever datgene wat er gedurende de vier volgende eeuwen geschreven werd waar is, en in welke mate het slechts gebaseerd is op een foute roddel. Wat was de houding van de auteur van een bepaald werk ten opzichte van de tsaar? Om welke reden schreef hij de tekst en voor welke doelgroep? Had hij een opdrachtgever en zo ja, wie was dat? En hoe heeft dit hem beïnvloed in zijn schrijven? 1 Karamzin zei dit bij een herdenkingsplechtigheid bij de crypte van de Godunovs in het Triniteitsklooster. 4 Het is interessant om de periode van Boris Goduonv als regent en als tsaar aan de hand van een verslag van een Westerse tijdgenoot te illustreren. Voor deze scriptie neem ik als uitgangspunt de tekst van Isaac Abrahamszoon Massa, een Nederlander die van 1601 tot 1609 aan het Moskovische hof verbleef: Een Cort Verhael van Begin en Oorspronck deser Tegenwoordighe Oorloogen en Troeblen in Moscouia totten Jare 1610 onder ’t Gouuernement van Diuerse Vorsten Aldaer. Ook Isaac Massa was bij het schrijven van
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