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Meio Hídrico De Macau 4 Relatório sobre a água em Macau 2011/2012 Índice 1 Prefácio 2 2 Meio hídrico de Macau 4 3 Sistemas e instalações 8 de abastecimento de água 4 Estrutura do consumo de água 14 5 Drenagem e tratamento 18 de águas residuais 6 Exploração da água reciclada 20 7 Questões relativas à qualidade de água e 24 à segurança no abastecimento de água 8 Plano e medidas de poupança de água 30 9 Conclusões e expectativas futuras 36 10 Apêndice 38 Relatório sobre a água em Macau 2011/2012 1 Prefácio No Inverno passado e nesta Primavera, Zhuhai e Macau tinham enfrentado a ameaça das marés salgas que foi considerada a mais grave desde 1956. Sob o impacto da escassez das águas vindas do trecho superior do Rio Oeste e o impacto da monção de nordeste, a Estação de Bombagem de Ping Kang em Zhuhai não conseguiu captar a água por 20 dias sucessivos, o que constituiu difícil desafi o para a segurança no abastecimento de Zhuhai e de Macau. Graças ao sistema hídrico de Zhuyin que entrou em funcionamento em Abril de 2011 e desempenhou o papel de diluição da salinidade, e às medidas de transferência de água implementadas pelo Serviço Geral para a Prevenção de Cheias e Combate à Seca de Zhuhai depois da resolução das ameaças, o governo da RAEM manteve sucessivamente os índices de salinidade da água canalizada no nível verde, sendo assim garantida a qualidade da água potável dos residentes. Mesmo que a China tenha território de grande extensão e ocupe o 6º lugar na lista dos países com maior reserva de água doce, o volume de água per capita nacional equivale apenas a 1/4 do volume de água per capita mundial, ocupando o 125º lugar na lista mundial. Segundo o “Relatório sobre o Desenvolvimento Mundial da Água”, publicado em 2012 pelas Nações Unidas, a quantidade de água para o uso agrícola corresponde a 70% da quantidade total mundial de água doce, prevendo-se que, até 2050, com o acréscimo populacional mundial de 7 mil milhões para 2 Relatório sobre a água em Macau 2011/2012 9 mil milhões, a produção pelo sector alimentar dever ter aumento de 70% em comparação com o presente, o que levará ao aumento de pelo menos 19% nas águas para o uso agrícola. O facto de ser a potência agrícola mundial faz com que o crescimento previsto da população da China dever estimular de forma aprofundada o confl ito no uso de água nacional. Em Macau não existem rios nem condições sufi cientes para armazenar a água pluvial, pois, o abastecimento de água bruta de Macau depende da Pátria e os trabalhos do Grupo de Trabalho para a Construção de uma Sociedade Economizadora de Água (doravante designado por Grupo de Trabalho) são duros e de longo prazo. Ainda que seja inevitável o aumento das necessidades de água provocado pelo rápido desenvolvimento social e económico de Macau, esperamos que possamos incentivar de modo ininterrupto os sectores sociais a reforçarem o uso efi ciente de água, bem como controlarem a tendência de acréscimo nas necessidades de água bruta. A exploração e o aproveitamento da água reciclada é um dos meios para esse efeito. O Grupo de Trabalho vai lançar uma consulta pública do “Plano Director de Desenvolvimento da Água Reciclada em Macau”, que tem por objectivo recolher a opinião da sociedade no âmbito da gestão de segurança na água reciclada, área de aplicação, critérios tarifários, etc., de modo a defi nir o rumo a ser seguido nos próximos 10 anos no desenvolvimento e na aplicação da água reciclada. A capacidade de carga dos recursos hídricos e do meio hídrico está relacionada com o desenvolvimento social e económico. Incentivar a construção de uma sociedade economizadora de água e promover o uso sustentável dos recursos hídricos são essenciais na garantia do desenvolvimento estável da sociedade e da economia. Em 2011, depois de ter sido exigida a aplicação do rigorosíssimo sistema da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Documento nº 1 da Central da China, foi publicado em Janeiro de 2012 pelo Conselho de Estado o “Parecer do Conselho de Estado sobre a Aplicação do Rigorosíssimo Sistema da Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos”, onde estão apresentados os objectivos e medidas de gestão sobre a aplicação do rigorosíssimo sistema da gestão dos recursos hídricos, e são defi nidas a linha vermelha do controlo sobre o desenvolvimento e uso dos recursos hídricos, pela qual até 2030 o volume total de uso da água na China será inferior 700 mil milhões de m3, a linha vermelha do controlo sobre a efi ciência do uso de água e a linha vermelha sobre a capacidade de carga poluente das zonas da função de água. É demonstrada a preocupação da Pátria quanto à escassez da água e à gestão dos recursos hídricos. Ao consumirmos a água potável de boa qualidade, não nos devemos esquecer do valor único da água. O Grupo de Trabalho tem se empenhado, desde a sua criação em 2008, em conjunto com o público, na implementação das medidas para a poupança de água nos sectores quadrantes, alargando e reforçando o mecanismo da comunicação e cooperação com as entidades competentes do Interior da China, participando de modo activo nos trabalhos de elaboração do planeamento para a segurança no abastecimento de água a Zhuhai e Macau, no sentido de se preparar para o combate às marés salgadas e a garantia da segurança no abastecimento de água local. Na verdade, para construir uma sociedade economizadora de água, para além da política, medida e legislação aplicada pelo governo, a participação activa da população e do sector comercial é indispensável. Este ano, o Grupo de Trabalho continua a lançar o “Relatório sobre a água em Macau 2011/2012”, e espera que seja melhor reforçado o conhecimento dos sectores sociais sobre o meio hídrico de Macau, a fi m de reunir a força governamental, empresarial e populacional para a construção de uma sociedade economizadora de água. Coordenadora do Gurpo de Trabalho para a Construção de uma Sociedade Economizadora de Água Wong Soi Man Relatório sobre a água em Macau 2011/2012 3 2 Meio hídrico de Macau Precipitação Macau localiza-se na zona de interligação entre a China Continental e o Mar do Sul da China, com o clima subtropical, verão quente e chuvoso. Segundo os dados da Direcção dos Serviços Meteorológicos e Geofísicos, o valor da pluviosidade de Macau nos anos entre 2002 e 2011 é de 1.852,5 mm em média, apresentando uma redução de 694,5 mm face ao valor intermédio meteorológico nos anos entre 1981 e 2010. Em 2011, as chuvas no Rio das Pérolas foram bastante escassas. Foi registado o valor mínimo de 1.363,6 mm das chuvas em Macau nos últimos 20 anos. A água de chuva recolhida também se reduziu signifi cativamente no mesmo ano. O valor da pluviosidade nos anos entre 1991 e 2011 está demonstrado na fi gura 1. 4 Relatório sobre a água em Macau 2011/2012 Figura 1 – Quantidade total de chuvas precipitadas 1991-2011 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 1991 1992 19931994 19951996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Chuvas totais registadas entre 1991-2011 (mm) Chuvas totais em média entre 1981-2010 (mm) Fonte: Direcção dos Serviços Meteorológicos e Geofísicos, 2012. Água na superfície do solo Macau e a Pátria relacionam-se estreitamente, o que é representado através das águas. A água potável de Macau vem principalmente do Rio Oeste. Em Macau, as instalações para armazenar água doce são escassas de modo que a água passa por Macau de forma transitória. Nos últimos 10 anos, 96% da água bruta fornecida a Macau veio de Zhuhai. Depois do tratamento nas estações da Ilha Verde, do Grande Reservatório ou de Coloane, a água bruta é fornecida aos utentes através da rede de abastecimento de água. Parte da água bruta é armazenada no Grande Reservatório e na Barragem de Seac Pai Van, em Coloane, perfazendo um total de 2,35 milhões de m3 Ensino da poupança de água desde a infância Água subterrânea A água subterrânea de Macau é abastecida principalmente pela infi ltração das chuvas, seguida pela infi ltração de água das barragens e dos reservatórios. A água subterrânea de Macau é armazenada nos lençóis freáticos das zonas rochosas porosas, estando sujeita ao endurecimento da superfície da terra e à ocupação dos terrenos pela construção civil, pois, o volume aproveitável da água doce subterrânea em Macau é de 1,2933 milhões de m3 por ano, correspondendo apenas a 1,67% da água fornecida em 2011. Em conjugação com o retorno da água do mar e a poluição da água, o valor explorável da água subterrânea é limitada. Relatório sobre a água em Macau 2011/2012 5 Figura 2 – Localização geográfi ca de cada ponto de amostragem de Macau ● Areia Preta Ponto de referência ● MACAU Porto Interior ● ● Porto Exterior ● Praia Grande TAIPA Canal dos Patos Pac On ● Taipa ● Aeroporto ● Aterro Sanitário ● ● Hác Sá Coloane ● ● Cheoc Van Meio hídrico costeiro Segundo o “Relatório sobre a Monitorização e Avaliação da Qualidade das Águas nas Zonas Costeiras de Macau de 2011”, publicado pelo Laboratório de Saúde Pública dos Serviços de Saúde, em 2011, nos 12 pontos de amostragem de Macau, além do ponto de amostragem do Porto Interior onde apresentou um valor superior a 1,0 que excedeu os valores guia adoptados, os valores registados nos restos pontos de amostragem situaram-se num nível aceitável. A poluição por substâncias não metálicas deu origem aos valores gerais mais elevados do Porto Interior, resultante da menor circulação de água naquela zona hídrica e das fontes de poluição existentes nas águas (com barcos de pesca) e nas águas adjacentes (ao Canal dos Patos), razão pela qual o grau de eutrofi zação na referida zona hídrica foi bastante elevado.
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