PART ONE OF TEN SPECIAL MAGAZINES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 1916 AND COLLECTION

Friday 16 October 2015 www.independent.ie/1916

PATRICK PEARSE AND THE ROAD TO REBELLION From parliamentarians to paramilitaries INTRODUCTION

FIONNÁN SHEAHAN EDITOR, IRISH Fact and fiction INDEPENDENT Welcome to the Irish to hit the screen

Independent THE Easter Rising has been brought to television and 1916 Collection cinema screens before, but the centenary will see more and bigger productions than ever seen “To know your future, before. you must know your past, RTÉ will be showing a five-part each stepping stone that has serial drama called Rebellion been cast. which stars Charlie Murphy, Remember the good, Brian Gleeson and Sarah Greene. as well as the bad, Other big names who appear and feel the emotions of happy include Ian McElhinney, Michelle and sad.” Fairey and Ruth Bradley. The serial, directed by LBEIT entirely unrelated acclaimed Finnish director Aku to the events of the Easter Louhimies, begins in 1914 and To mark the 50th anniversary of the Rising, RTÉ (itself just A Rising in 1916, the words follows a group of characters four years old at the time), broadcast an eight-part drama, of the contemporary Canadian as they become caught up in Insurrection, which showed the events of 1916 as if TV existed at poet Margaret Jang strike a political events that culminated the time and they were covering the news story of the Rising. chord when seeking to in the Easter Rising. appreciate the events of 100 “It is a drama, not a history also be shown in the Spring which The documentary team say it years ago. lesson, and our story is told from has been made mostly with funds aims to “internationalise” the A seminal moment in the the perspectives of a group of from an American university, events of Easter Week and to history of the nation, the Rising fictional characters who live with 20 per cent of its budget place them in their “historical, is a perennially evolving topic, through the political events of coming from RTÉ and Section 481 political and cultural contexts, as interpreted in a myriad of ways. 1916”, explained RTÉ head of funding. the precursor to an independent The majority of public drama Jane Gogan. “Men, women The Irish Rebellion will be Irish State and the disintegration opinion regards it as an attempt and children from Belfast, Dublin shown on American Public of colonial empires”. to end British rule in Ireland, and London — people whose lives Television, RTÉ and the BBC, and The Irish Rebellion is designed which was pivotal in the were irrevocably changed by this is also expected to be shown in by Annie Atkins, who won an ultimate achievement of extraordinary period,” she added. Australia, New Zealand, India, Oscar for her work on the film The independence. A three-part documentary will Canada, and parts of Europe. Grand Budapest Hotel. LS However, it is also a divisive debating point and there is still IN MEMORIAM REBEL TALES a school of thought that views it as a blood sacrifice which ‘I blew the lock interfered with a peaceful path to First shots of Rising fired this goal. with a pistol Approaching the centenary, in Clonadadoran, Co Laois such debates, conducted in a and... reported respectful and inclusive manner, ALMOST every town in Ireland reinforcements by rail to Dublin. have a role in heightening the pays some tribute to the rebels As they lay in wait, they spotted to Cmdt Pearse’ understanding of 1916. of 1916 in the name of a street, a railway employee carrying The purpose of the Irish park or railway station. There a lamp as he walked the line, Independent 1916 Collection is to are also many commemorative checking the track for damage. EAMON BULFIN was born tell the story of 1916 and lead to plaques and statues, detailed on The rebels called out and a shot in Argentina where his father a greater appreciation of those irishwarmemorials.ie. was fired at him. William was a newspaper editor. momentous events of a century One of the most interesting The railway company later Eamon was a student at Patrick ago. is in a townland called applied for £328 in compensation Pearse’s school, St Enda’s and at In partnership with UCD Clonadadoran, which lies about for “the alleged malicious UCD. At home in Rathfarnham and Ireland 2016, the Irish 6km south of Portlaoise on destruction of 60 yards of the on Easter Monday morning, he Independent is marking those the road to Abbeyleix. There, a permanent way, twelve 30ft received orders to go into the city events with this unique collection granite pillar marks the spot in rails, 66 sleepers, 208 bolts, one where he broke into the GPO from of 10 special magazines. Colt Wood where the first shots locomotive engine and one bogey a window in North Princes Street. Published between now and were fired in the Rising. brake carriage.” “There was a small window March, the Irish Independent On the eve of the taking of the In 1996 a memorial was about four feet from the ground 1916 Collection is a must-read GPO a group of Laois volunteers erected telling the story and on the side of the Post Office.I for anyone with an interest in destroyed a section of the railway listing those involved with a broke the window with my rifle – Ireland’s birth as a nation. line to prevent the British sending plaque depicting the derailing. GS and incidentally broke my rifle. The collection covers the Any chaps that were near me personalities, events, themes and IN THE PAPERS I called them out by name and legacy of this historic period, ‘hooched’ them up the window. providing the background to the “Jack Kiely was actually on 485 lives lost during the event Frontline news, provincial his hands and knees on the as well as the countless others it windowsill, when he was hit by a touched. rugby and a 42-shilling suit bullet. We brought the wounded Combining academic man into the Post Office. We scholarship with journalism, THE Irish Independent of wartime, but the paper previewed got into the sorting room but this series aims to record and Saturday 22 April, 1916, two days a charity match at Lansdowne there was no-one there and analyse the history and the before the Rising, was full of news Road between Leinster and the door leading into the main politics, but also the social and from the war, reporting on fierce Ulster, and reported on the hall was locked,I blew the lock political aspects of the rebellion. fighting at Verdun in France, and Grocers annual sports day at with a pistol and… reported to Vitally, the Irish Independent successes against the Turks in Croke Park. Commandant Pearse.” 1916 Collection will be as what is now Iraq. English soccer was confined to Later that day he went to the accessible as possible, as Meanwhile, a four-year-old regional leagues, and in London, roof with Willie Pearse and raised relevant to history buffs as heifer bought in Belfast was Chelsea beat Arsenal 9-0, while a white flag with the words ‘Irish those with a passing interest found to have in her intestines “a up in Lancashire it was Liverpool Republic’ over the GPO. After the whose consciences have been half-sovereign, a florin, a shilling 5 Everton 2 and Man United 3 Rising he was sentenced to death heightened by the anniversary. and two pennies”. All those Stockport County 2. but then deported to Argentina. Know your past and coins came to 13 shillings and In the adverts you could buy a He later returned and was active understand your future, with twopence — a week’s wages for suit from Hyam’s of Dame Street in local politics. He died in 1968 the Irish Independent 1916 many people. for 42 shillings, or about €2.60 in and a road in Inchicore, Dublin 8 Collection. There was little sport during modern money. FC is named after him. GS

2 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 INTRODUCTION

THE LOST CHILDREN Shot while Contents

he begged 4 PARLIAMENTARIANS TO PARAMILITARIES Conor Mulvagh explains for his the years leading up to 1916 father’s life 7 BLOOD UPON THE ROSE Gavin Corbett on a stunning graphic novel about the Rising FORTY children died during the Easter Rising, 8 ASQUITH’S FLAWED about 9 per cent of the IRISH COMPROMISE total fatalities. Some were Ronan Fanning on the active participants, others Home Rule and Ulster crises messengers for the rebels. But most had no connection 11 WILLIE PEARSE with the fighting and were Leanne Blaney on the caught in crossfire or shot devoted younger brother Brian Gleeson in RTÉ’s five-part by snipers. Some were serial drama ‘Rebellion’, which also babies, shot in their 12 PATRICK PEARSE stars (above, l–r) Charlie Murphy, prams or in their mother’s Regina Uí Chollatáin and Ruth Bradley and Sarah Greene arms. Richard McElligott on the The area behind the Four many sides of Pearse Courts saw some of the fiercest fighting of Easter 16 UCD’S CENTRAL ROLE Week, with over 40 British The university in 1916 casualties. On Friday it was decided 24 LEARN MORE to clear the area of rebels IN ASSOCIATION WITH and the soldiers of the South Staffordshire Regiment

were enraged at losing so PART ONE OF TEN many comrades. SPECIAL MAGAZINES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Kate Kelly, who did housework for the Hickey 1916 AND family who owned a COLLECTION butchers at No. 168 North Thursday 17 September 2015 www.independent.ie/1916 King Street, testified that a Mr Connolly had been trapped when the troops arrived and was forced to stay overnight. UCD COLLECTION “That night Mr Hickey and his son were lying on a mattress stretched on the floor. About 6am on PATRICK PEARSE AND Saturday morning I heard a THE ROAD TO noise of picking at the walls. REBELLION From parliamentarians I shouted to Mr Hickey: to paramilitaries ‘Somebody is breaking into the house’. Published by Independent Newspapers, “He got up and soon after 27–32 Talbot Street, Dublin 1, Ireland several soldiers slashed through a hole which they Editor: Gerard Siggins made in the wall from next [email protected] door. They had broken into Design: Joe Coyle Mr Hughes’s four doors away and made holes in the For Irish Independent wall all the way up to us. Head of Features: Mr Hickey and Mr Connolly Fionnuala McCarthy said they were not in the Education Editor: Volunteers at all. But it was Katherine Donnelly no use. “The bell was just ringing For University College Dublin for 10 o’clock mass. We were then led in through the Dr Conor Mulvagh, lecturer hole in the wall through the in Irish History with special rooms of Mrs Carroll… and responsibility for the through another hole into Decade of Commemorations. the disused empty house Eilis O’Brien, Director of next door, No. 170. Communication and Marketing “Mr Hickey said to Mrs Carroll, ‘Isn’t it too bad… Niamh Boyle, Marketing Manager Very often the innocent Postcards from the edge of the Rising suffer for the guilty’.” Cover by Jon Berkeley, shows Kate Kelly went on: “I Patrick Pearse and, clockwise SOME of the most vivid envelopes, these postcards were Curran. Curran graduated from was left lying in the front from bottom left, Willie Pearse, photographs of the centre of cheaper to buy and post and UCD in 1902 along with his great room and the men were Jim Larkin, Edward Carson, Dublin in the aftermath of the were very popular for short and friend, the novelist James Joyce. brought into the back. Both Charles Stuart Parnell, Rising were published on one speedy communications. The collection includes Ms Carroll and I heard poor John Redmond, and soldiers side of inexpensive and widely- Stationers, such as Eason & (clockwise from above left): a Christy pleading for his in the trenches of Flanders. available postcards. They were Son and Hely’s, produced picture scene of devastation on Sackville poor father’s life; ‘Oh, don’t on sale within days following the postcards, competing with each (O’Connell) Street; photos taken kill father’. The shots then end of hostilities, and a stunning other to be quickest to get cards under fire by a photographer from rang out…” collection has recently been made on sale which commemorated the Daily Sketch newspaper; a The three who died in IN PARTNERSHIP WITH available online by University special events, such as the Dublin group of officers with a captured 170 North King Street were College Dublin. International Exhibition in 1907 rebel flag; and the O’Connell the first casualties of the Photographs on postcards and the Rising. Monument amid the ruins around massacre which claimed 15 were permitted by the Post Office Few of the Rising originals the bridge across the Liffey. lives. AND from September 1894, 24 years survive, but UCD’s Digital Library The collection can be viewed Christopher is buried after the first blank postcards contains a range of 1916 postcards at: http://digital.ucd.ie/view/ in an unmarked grave in were sanctioned. Dispensing with collected by Constantine Peter ucdlib:38376. FC Deans Grange cemetery. GS

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 3 KEYNOTE

Parliamentarians to

transformation had occurred prior to that Ireland. Drilling, parading, and arming Electoral politics and physical force point. This was the shift from debating had forced government to take seriously to parading, from rhetoric to rallies, and the demands of Unionist Ulster. Cautioning the transition from holding opinions to against the Nationalist tendency to mock were not ideologies in Ireland — they holding guns to defend them. Elected Carson’s army as merely toy soldiers, in representatives followed rather than led the summer of 1913, Patrick Pearse, still their flocks into paramilitary volunteer a relatively unknown figure outside of were tactics, writes Conor Mulvagh forces. Nonetheless, when the leaders of education and Irish language circles, Nationalist and Unionist Ireland held proclaimed that ‘the Orangeman with a rifle N this, the first of a special series and bloodshed of the western front and control of their own private armies, they is a much less ridiculous figure than the of magazines leading up to the the Gallipoli campaign, the violence of the were very happy to use them as sources Nationalist without a rifle’. centenary of the 1916 Rising, we Rising was also something that shocked the of legitimacy and power. Subsequently In a similar vein, Eoin MacNeill, founder examine the transformations citizenry of Dublin and even participants in they realised their potential as a valuable of the Irish Volunteers, proclaimed that ‘they in thinking and the political the Rising themselves. bargaining chip after the British have rights who dare to maintain them’. landscape of Ireland, Britain, and In the closing phase of the insurrection, government realised its pressing need for Even before the breakdown of European Europe that predated the events the deaths of innocent civilians in the recruits in the First World War. diplomacy in 1914, this was the emerging Iof Easter 1916. Violence stands as crossfire on Moore Street was a key factor Society had become militarised not only spirit of the age. However, in Ireland, the one of the remaining contentious issues in in convincing the rebel leadership to through the First World War, but through resort to arms came on foot of apparent interpreting the Rising. The 20th century negotiate a surrender. More than half of all preceding events. Events prior to 1914 had triumph for Nationalist Ireland in electoral was one of profound violence. It is difficult those killed during the Rising were civilian shown that guns, violence, and even the terms. to look back upon the political violence bystanders. mere threat of violence worked. It was not At the end of 1910, after two general experienced in Dublin in 1916 without An age of innocence ended with the 1916 the case that those who believed in peaceful elections in one year, Irish Nationalist MPs taking cognisance of later phases in Irish Rising. Prior to that, both unionists and and constitutional means were suddenly held the balance of power at Westminster. political violence. nationalists were able to parade with guns swept aside by bellicose gunmen; rather They could make or break Herbert Henry Indeed, both proponents and detractors of and shoot at targets without the burden there was a slow shift in attitudes. The Asquith’s Liberal government. Within militant Irish nationalism perceive a lineage of consequence. They felt their power public and parliamentarians alike began months, the veto of the House of Lords, of political violence going right back to the but not, as yet, the grave and irreversible to see how effective arms and army-like which had scuppered the previous Home rebellion of 1798 and up to the Good Friday responsibility that came with taking lives. organisations could be in overturning the Rule Bill in 1893, was ended. Never had Agreement of 1998 in which the 1916 Rising If the last vestiges of innocence were lost decisions of parliaments and governments. constitutional and peaceable means is the pivotal midpoint. Despite the violence in the rebellion, a much more gradual Ulster unionists had led the way in towards granting Home Rule for Ireland

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Clockwise from left: Conor Mulvagh outside the GPO in O’Connell Street, Dublin; Irish National Volunteers practise with rifles in Dublin in 1914; an advertisement in the ‘Irish Independent’ for outfits for Volunteers from July 16, 1914

MARK CONDREN AND GETTY IMAGES arliamentarians to paramilitaries

seemed surer. However, within five years, commonly referred to as volunteering, was the subsequent ranch war which ran in John Redmond’s protégé, the MP for West in the wake of a violent rebellion in Dublin, likewise not intrinsically violent, although parts of the Irish midlands as late as 1909, Belfast, Joseph Devlin. Irish parliamentarianism was in crisis it naturally carried with it the threat physical force, including the maiming of Even on the suffrage issue, it was and violence was viewed as a surer path to of violent action. The holding of armed animals, was a common part of agrarian impossible for women to rely on freedom than votes. Why was this so? demonstrations became a new feature of agitation. Likewise, physical force was a parliamentary methods as it was the very Terminology is important here. Irish political pageantry from 1913 onwards common feature of Irish political meetings. right to vote for which they were fighting. Parliamentarians were those who and training and drilling with arms became Instead, a range of extra-parliamentary, participated or believed in parliamentary increasingly common features of Irish life. N Belfast, paving stones and iron frequently illegal, and occasionally violent methods. Similarly, constitutionalists are Again, while physical force was implied by bolts stolen by the employees of the methods were employed. Among the tactics those who limited themselves to the bounds the holding and parading of arms, it was Icity’s shipyards were a common employed by suffragists in Ireland were of legality. Anything extra-constitutional not necessarily accompanied by violence. weapon. In Dublin and in provincial towns the boycotting of the 1911 census, smashing entailed going beyond those boundaries. Frequently, armed reviews or the training countrywide, fists and cudgels were not window panes of public buildings, hunger However, to be unconstitutional did not of armed volunteers by either unionists unusual. Notably, in 1909, the former strike, arson, and even the throwing of an necessarily entail being violent. The or nationalists were displays of discipline anti-Parnellite MP and then maverick axe at John Redmond and Prime Minister sending of threatening letters was and strength. Ordinarily, the weapons on Nationalist, William O’Brien, was beaten Asquith as their carriage crossed Dublin’s unconstitutional, as was boycott, display were not loaded, out of the annual O’Connell Bridge. intimidation, the holding of proclaimed although vast quantities convention of the In contrast to these predominantly meetings, membership of certain secret of ammunition were Maverick United Irish League, non-lethal forms of political violence, the societies, and the distribution or publication shipped to Ireland Nationalist the electoral wing physical force unleashed in 1916 was entirely of literature which was deemed to be from the winter of 1913 William of the Home Rule different in scope and scale. It was linked seditious or, during wartime, contrary to the onwards. O’Brien movement which to a revolutionary tradition going back — Defence of the Realm Acts. Contrast all the O’Brien himself had either notionally or actually depending None of the above had to include physical above to physical force. founded 11 years on how one views it — to 1798. The Fenian violence although actions such as boycott Physical force is the use previously. Those doing uprising of 1867 was both the closest time and intimidation frequently did. All of of physical violence to the beating on this and outlook to the events of 1916. Finally, the above forms of political activity were achieve an end, in this occasion were the Irish to further muddy the waters here, physical common at various times in late 19th and case a political end. party faithful, allegedly force could also be both constitutional and early 20th century Ireland despite the fact Physical force does not members of the Ancient parliamentary. that they contravened one or more laws. need a firearm. During Order of Hibernians The clearest case here is the First World Paramilitary activity, then more the Irish land war and under the direction of CONTINUED ON PAGE 6 >>>

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 5 TIMELINE OF EVENTS ‘BLOOD UPON THE ROSE’

Edward Carson inspects a parade of armed Ulster Volunteers Parliamentarians to paramilitaries

>>> CONTINUED FROM PAGE 5 the merit of both approaches. Celebrated War. While admittedly on a different scale parliamentarians could transition to and operating in different circumstances, the use of physical force when it suited in understanding why the 1916 Rising them, the prime example being Edward happened, it should not be forgotten that Carson, an elected MP who presided over violence and the assertion of rights in arms a private army and, along with other had been given tremendous new legitimacy elected representatives, was involved in by the outbreak of the First World War. the Ulster Unionist Council, a body that Likewise, in justifying physical force actively planned for the establishment of an among revolutionary, anti-Imperialist, and autonomous provisional government and insurrectionary movements, legitimacy and for the military defence of Ulster by force inspiration had been derived from previous of arms. The work of the Ulster Unionist conflicts in the Balkans, South Africa, and Council was couched in terms directly in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05. replicated by the insurrectionary leaders of In a prophetic tone, the Freeman’s 1916. Journal wrote on 3 August 1914, the day Although Nationalist MPs were not as before Britain formally declared war on heavily involved in extra-parliamentary Germany, ‘it has long been the happy fate agitation to the extent that Unionists were, of Ireland … to be the detached spectator of Irish party sentinels had been placed within foreign wars … but no nation that … hopes the Irish Volunteers from its inception to be free … can escape the fortunes of this in November 1913. By June 1914, John conflict. All our fates are about Redmond had installed 25 to be decided.’ Whether it was on nominees onto the provisional the western front or the streets of committee of the Irish Dublin, by the war’s end, violent There“ was no Volunteers, gaining him majority action spoke louder than words control of the organisation that for the generation of 1914. clear dividing had previously acted in his name line between the but outside his control. N light of the above, It is ironic that, in 1913, ballots while ideologies ranged parliamentarians needed to be backed up by bullets from moderates to and the physical but, following the Rising, bullets Iextremists, unionists and needed to find a retrospective nationalists, Home Rulers, dual- force sections of mandate through the ballot monarchists, and separatists, Irish society in box. The people, many of them all and any of these groups voting for the first time, chose could transition between these years... There revolution and the promise of a advocating constitutionalism, were members of republic over Home Rule and the parliamentarianism, and Irish party in 1918. physical force either of a lethal the Home Rule Ireland’s abandonment of or non-lethal nature. There was party who had constitutionalism in favour of no clear dividing line between armed struggle is just one of the the parliamentarians and the been members of important contexts which begins physical force sections of Irish the IRB to add further depth to the story society in these years. John of the 1916 Rising. Redmond had petitioned for the release of Returning to the figure of Patrick Pearse, Tom Clarke from jail in the 1890s. Even into just as John Redmond’s commitment to the 20th century, there were members of the constitutional methods has been questioned Home Rule party who had been members of here in view of his use of a private the IRB. nationalist army as a bargaining chip during Put simply, parliamentarianism and 1914, one should also not fall into the trap of physical-force were not ideologies, they were viewing Pearse as simply a blood-sacrificing tactics. All sides either used or threatened revolutionist. the use of physical force at one time or While Pearse has been remembered another. as such in death, in his life he was The same phenomenon can be found an educationalist, he was a language in reverse at the other end of Ireland’s activist, he was a pamphleteer and poet. revolutionary decade where one sees how A unidimensional portrayal of any of the quickly and easily the leading figures of figures of this period does a disservice to Ireland’s independence struggle became their memory and to history. peaceable politicians between 1922 and 1927. Likewise, there were both unionists Dr Conor Mulvagh is a lecturer in Irish and nationalists who favoured physical History at the School of History at force and there were those who favoured the University College Dublin (UCD) with parliamentary route. special responsibility for the Decade of Even more importantly, the majority saw Commemorations

6 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 GRAPHIC NOVEL GRAPHIC NOVEL BRINGS THE 1916 RISING TO LIFE

‘If there were heroes, I let them come out of it. I certainly didn’t make them heroes’

LOOD Upon the Rose, a graphic research. In the course of it, his eyes Plunkett’s wedding to Grace Gifford. history of the 1916 Rising, is the were opened again to the courage I made him one of the foremost Bbest-known work of one of the and ingenuity of not just the leaders, figures of the comic.” most respected comic-book artists in but of volunteers spread across the Throughout, the volunteers are Ireland. Gerry Hunt will be 80 next various siege outposts. The book depicted as heroic and honourable. year, and is hopeful his vivid, pacey reinstates into the narrative events Gerry says that, notwithstanding his and beautifully drawn 2010 book will too often pushed away by the stand at family’s republican background, he find an even larger set of readers as a the GPO. approached the book with an open result of the centenary. “Take Seán Heuston,” says Hunt. mind. “I told it as I understood it. If His connection to the Rising is “A lad of 25. He was told to take over there were heroes, I let them come closer than most people’s: his father the Mendicity Institute, to stop any out of it. I certainly didn’t make them Patrick fought alongside De Valera approach along the quays from the heroes.” in Boland’s Mills. It is, however, a west. His orders were The result is a history that somewhat broken connection. to hold out for three brings the Rising to life. “He never spoke about it,” says hours. His men held Too many accounts of Hunt. “He died when I was ten. He out for two days before the rebellion are austere never even spoke to my mother about eventually they ran out and gloomy, and portray it. All he would say was, ‘Look, it had of ammunition.” the key personalities as to be done, and someone had to do it.’ One figure in distant, ascetic figures. My sister is involved with a group of particular stood out. Blood Upon the Rose relatives of those who fought in 1916, “The more research restores to the story its and one of them told my sister that, I did, the more Joe spirit of adventure, and either by order of their superiors, Plunkett became one a rounded humanity. or by pact, the lads involved in 1916 of my heroes. The decided they would never talk about man was dying from ‘Blood Upon the Rose’, by it. Pretty strange.” TB (tuberculosis). He Gerry Hunt, is published And so, when it came to assembling left hospital to take by The O’Brien Press material for Blood Upon the Rose, part. I decided that I’d Gerry was wholly reliant on his own start off my story with Gavin Corbett

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 7 PROFILES Asquith’s flawed Irish compromise

MINI PROFILE The British prime minister’s delays and indecision ultimately John Redmond BY DONAL FALLON condemned Ireland to partition, writes Ronan Fanning JOHN EDWARD REDMOND was born on 1 September 1856 at Ballytrent HEN Herbert Henry Q Thirdly, that ‘if, in the light of such House in Wexford. He was the son of Asquith became Prime evidence or indication of public opinion, William Archer Redmond, a Home Minister on 8 April it becomes clear as the Bill proceeds that Rule MP who would profess that 1908 his Liberal Party some special treatment must be provided Ireland possessed an “indefeasible was enjoying its last for the Ulster counties, the Government W ever overall majority will be ready to recognise th[at] necessity’. right to be governed by an Irish Parliament”. Sharing his father’s belief, in the House of Commons. That enabled The cabinet’s conclusions amounted to John was first elected a Member the new Prime Minister to do what he most a tacit invitation to revolution: the more of Parliament in 1881 for New Ross, wanted to do about Ireland: nothing. seditious the Ulster Unionists became, representing the Irish Parliamentary A barrister by profession, Asquith was the more persuasive would be the ‘fresh Party (IPP). In a single evening, not a wealthy man. He never forgot that the evidence’ and the more likely that ‘public Redmond would make his maiden split over the first Home Rule Bill in 1886 opinion’ would indicate that they must speech and be suspended and had condemned the Liberal Party to almost receive ‘some special treatment’.A mass expelled from the House. 20 years in the wilderness of opposition. rally in Belfast, on 9 April 1912, when A committed Parnellite, he became This explains why the guiding principle of 100,000 Irish Unionists marched in military an important figure in the minority his Irish policy from the moment he entered formation past Andrew Bonar Law (the of the IPP that remained loyal to 10 Downing Street until the moment he left leader of the Conservative Party) and its leader after his downfall, stating it in December 1916 was that Ireland should Edward Carson was but the first of many “it is because I believe that your never again deny him power. instalments of such evidence. maintenance is necessary to the Things changed when the two Privately, Asquith, like Lloyd George and success of our cause”. Following general elections in 1910, caused by the Churchill, favoured exclusion. Publicly, he Parnell’s death, Redmond took over constitutional crisis over the reduction of was determined to postpone unveiling what the leadership of the Irish National the powers of the House of Lords, once more he believed was an inevitable compromise UCD Professor Ronan Fanning League, the Parnellite faction, but by reduced the Liberal Party to dependence until the last possible moment. ‘I have MARK CONDREN 1900 political unity was restored. on John Redmond’s Irish parliamentary always thought (and said) that, in the end, His relationship with advanced party for its working majority in the House we should probably have to make some sort nationalists was complex. While he of Commons. The price for the Irish party’s would so alienate John Redmond and his of bargain about Ulster as the price of Home opposed the use of physical force, support was a renewed commitment party that it would put at risk his majority Rule,’ he reminded Churchill when the Irish he was a vocal supporter of the by Asquith’s government to introduce in the House of Commons. crisis was coming to a head in September Amnesty Association in the 1890s. home rule once the obstacle of the inbuilt In the end, as the prime minister 1913. ‘But I have never doubted, that, as a He championed the cause of Fenian Unionist majority in the House of Lords had informed the king, the Cabinet ‘acquiesced’ matter of tactics and policy, we were right prisoner Thomas Clarke, describing been dismantled. — that most Asquithian of words — in three to launch our Bill on its present lines.’ him as “a man of whom no words of This seemed to have been achieved by the conclusions: Asquith, moreover, clearly understood praise could be too high”. Parliament Act of 1911. But although the act Q Firstly, that the Home Rule Bill ‘as the risks of such a strategy and he spelt Under his leadership, the IPP once destroyed the House of Lords’ permanent introduced should apply to the whole of them out in a memorandum for the King in more became an important force in veto on home rule, it sanctioned a two- Ireland’; the autumn of 1913. After acknowledging Westminster, holding the balance year veto.A Home Rule bill could be and Q Secondly, that the leaders of the Irish that the enactment of the Home Rule Bill of power from 1910. He utilised this was introduced in 1912, but it could not be Parliamentary Party ‘should from the first in its original form entailed ‘the certainty importance to push the Liberal enacted before the summer of 1914. This be given clearly to understand that the of tumult and riot, and more than the Government of HH Asquith on the created the perfect climate for Asquith’s Government held themselves free to make possibility of bloodshed’ in Unionist Ulster, issue of Home Rule. The outbreak preference for procrastination. The such changes in the Bill as fresh evidence of he went on to paint a much bleaker scenario of the First World War saw the enforced delay gave concrete expression to facts, or the pressure of British opinion, may if the bill were abandoned. postponing of its implementation, his principle of ‘Wait and See’, the phrase he render expedient’; and ‘If the Bill is rejected or indefinitely and Redmond encouraged the Irish repeatedly used in the House of Commons postponed, or some inadequate and Volunteer movement to support the when asked about his Irish policy. SNAPSHOT disappointing substitute put forward in its British war effort, insisting famously This also explains what happened on HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH place, the prospect is, in my opinion, much that “the interests of Ireland — of the 9 February 1912 when, after the most more grave. The attainment of Home Rule whole of Ireland — are at stake in this significant cabinet discussion of Irish policy Born: Yorkshire, 12 September 1852 has for more than 30 years been the political war”. since Gladstone’s conversion to home rule Educated: City of London School; (as distinguished from the agrarian) ideal It is this decision which has in 1886, Asquith’s government decided Balliol College Oxford of the Irish people. Whatever happens dominated much of the historical on the terms of the third Home Rule in other parts of the United Kingdom, discourse and debate around his Bill. The pragmatists, the most powerful Affiliation: Liberal at successive general elections, the Irish career. of whom were David Lloyd George and Career: Lawyer, MP (1886-1924), representation in Parliament never varies... Winston Churchill, proposed the temporary Home Secretary (1892-95), ‘It is the confident expectation of the vast Donal Fallon is an author and exclusion of Unionist Ulster from the bulk of the Irish people that it will become historian, currently researching Chancellor (1905-08), terms of the bill. But Asquith preferred Prime Minister (1908-1916) law next year. If the ship, after so many republican commemoration and procrastination because he feared that stormy voyages, were now to be wrecked memory at UCD publicly grasping the nettle of partition Died: Berkshire, 15 February, 1928 in sight of port, it is difficult to overrate

8 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 PROFILES

MINI PROFILE Edward Carson BY DR RICHARD McELLIGOTT EDWARD CARSON was born in Dublin in 1854. Having studied law at Trinity College he qualified as a barrister in 1877, rising quickly in the profession. Following his election as an MP for Dublin in 1892, his impressive performances in the House of Commons during the debates on the Second Home Rule Bill earned him celebrity status in Britain. In 1895 he achieved international fame as the prosecutor who secured the imprisonment of Oscar Wilde. In 1910 Carson became chairman of the Irish Unionist Parliamentary Party. His new role placed him at the head of the Unionist campaign against Above: the shock, or its consequences. They would the Third Home Rule Bill. Carson was Asquith extend into every department of political, determined to keep Ireland as an photographed social, agrarian and domestic life. It is not integral part of the United Kingdom. in Ireland with too much to say that Ireland would become He believed that without the industrial friends and ungovernable – unless by the application of and economic power of Ulster, a family in forces and methods which would offend the Home Rule State in Ireland could not July 1912. conscience of Great Britain, and arouse the function. Left: An deepest resentment in all the self-governing Therefore his strategy was to Asquith Dominions of the Crown.’ make Home Rule unworkable by cartoon from Asquith’s analysis was chillingly co-ordinating a massive campaign of Vanity Fair prophetic. Within six years nationalist Unionist opposition in the province. in 1904. Ireland had taken precisely this path and He presided over a demonstration in become ungovernable except by the forces September 1912 when 471,414 people GETTY IMAGES and methods applied in 1920-21 by the Black signed the Ulster Solemn League and and Tans and the Auxiliaries. Covenant or, in the case of women, The Ulster unionists’ threat of violence the Declaration. bore fruit on 9 March 1914 when Asquith Carson is often seen as the man told the House of Commons that his who militarised modern Irish politics, government would exclude Unionist Ulster by sanctioning the formation of the from the terms of the Home Rule Bill for paramilitary UVF in January 1913 to six years. Edward Carson’s contemptuous resist Home Rule, by armed force if dismissal of the change of policy Asquith necessary. With the outbreak of the had imposed upon the hapless John First World War, Carson pledged Redmond — ‘we do not want a sentence of Unionist support for the British death with a stay of execution for six years’ war effort. Unlike John Redmond, — disguised his acknowledgement of its he accepted an invitation to enter larger significance. The partition of Ireland Asquith’s wartime coalition Cabinet had probably been unavoidable since the formed in May 1915. cabinet meeting of 6 February 1912; on 9 He was appointed Attorney- March 1914 it became inevitable. General of England and, when Lloyd George took over the premiership, HE compromise that put the First Lord of the Admiralty. Carson Irish problem on ice for the grew increasingly disillusioned over duration of the Great War merely the Government’s attempts to find T disguised this inevitability. The a political settlement to satisfy core of the compromise was Redmond’s Nationalist and Unionist aspirations proposal that if the government would during the Anglo-Irish War. postpone the introduction of the amending He was a vehement critic of the bill providing for Ulster’s exclusion, he Anglo-Irish Treaty and passed over would agree to the suspension of the the offer to lead the newly created coming into effect of the Home Rule Bill state of Northern Ireland to his (despite its being immediately put upon lieutenant, James Craig. He retired to the Statute Book) until the amending bill the House of Lords and died in 1935. became law. Put simply, Redmond agreed to the Dr Richard McElligott lectures in suspension of Home Rule, and Asquith Modern Irish History at UCD and is agreed to the suspension of partition. the author of several works on the Irish But the announcement of the deal was Revolutionary period accompanied by an explicitly partitionist and public assurance from Asquith that ‘the employment of force, any kind of force, for... the coercion of Ulster, is an absolutely unthinkable thing... a thing which we would never countenance.’ The apocalyptic violence of the Great War changed everything in nationalist Ireland. But although the revolutionary nationalists of Sinn Féin swept aside the constitutional nationalists of the Irish Parliamentary party at the 1918 election, one thing had not changed: Éamon de Valera was as impotent as John Redmond to resist the partitionist solution to the Irish problem to which Asquith irrevocably committed the British government.

Ronan Fanning is Professor Emeritus of Modern History at UCD and this article is based on his book ‘Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution 1910-1922’ (London, 2013). His new book ‘Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power’ was published in October.

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LIVES 7&8 The celebrities of the era were writers, soldiers, singers and the stars of the new movie industry. Some are still very well-known in the 21st century, writes Gerard Siggins

JOHN McCORMACK was army the world had ever seen to premiere of his first play at the *** were credited to Edith Somerville the most famous Irishman that point. Abbey in 1913. This was staged and ‘Martin Ross’. Their other of his day as a world- Kitchener was one of 600 as a double bill alongside Patrick 6 Charlie Chaplin’s first film books include The Real Charlotte 1 renowned tenor. Born in people who died in June 1916 Pearse’s An Rí and was ironically was released in 1914 but by the (1894) which is acknowledged as Athlone, he sang in church choirs when HMS Hampshire hit a called The Post Office. end of the First World War he one of the finest Irish novels. and was discovered by music German mine in the North Sea. A bust to Tagore was unveiled was a huge star. The Londoner The women were second teacher Vincent O’Brien at the in St Stephen’s Green in 2011 to had developed the character of cousins, and after Violet was Féis Ceoil in 1903. *** mark the 150th anniversary of his a tramp whose slapstick antics disabled in a hunting accident He travelled to Italy and birth. were hilarious to audiences in in 1898 they lived thereafter in became a star there and was 3 Dick Fitzgerald won five those silent movie days. Castletownsend, Co Cork. soon touring the US, Australia All-Ireland medals and was *** He refused to make “talkies” Even after Violet died in 1915, and Europe. Recording was in its captain of the Kerry footballers when they arrived in the late ’20s Edith continued to publish stories infancy but songs such as ‘The who won in 1913 and 1914. He 5 One of the prominent but in 1940 he made his first, a under both names, as she claimed Minstrel Boy’ and ‘The Last retired in 1915 when they lost to figures of that time was Sir controversial film satirising that she was still in contact with Rose of Summer’ became very Wexford. He also wrote How to Arthur Conan Doyle, creator Adolf Hitler (“Adenoid her dead friend. popular. Play Gaelic Football, one of the of Sherlock Holmes. He was Hynkel”) called The Great During the First World first coaching books about the born in Edinburgh to Irish Dictator. *** War his songs ‘A Long Way to game. As an active republican he parents. Although best known Chaplin holidayed in Tipperary’ and ‘Keep the Home was interned in Frongoch Camp for his great detective, Doyle Co Kerry every year 9 Alfie Byrne was an Fires Burning’ were sung in the in Wales after the Easter Rising. was also active in many through the 1960s and independent politician who trenches while ‘The Wearing of He later became a GAA spheres including a statue was erected was first elected to Dublin the Green’ was popular with Irish administrator and after his death spiritualism, politics in Waterville after his Corporation in 1914 and the nationalists. in 1930, aged just 48, Fitzgerald and sport. In death in 1976. following year became a Stadium in Killarney was named 1885 he married, Westminster MP after winning *** in his honour. bringing his wife on *** the Dublin Harbour by-election. honeymoon to Dublin He was elected to the Dáil as 2 The most famous British *** where he was on a 7 and 8 Edith a pro-Treaty independent and Army recruiting poster of the cricket tour. Somerville and began to develop a brilliant First World War features the 4 WB Yeats was a strong His opposition to Violet Florence electoral machine in the city, slogan ‘Your Country Needs supporter of the Indian poet the regime in the Martin were a handing out lollipops to children You’ surmounted by a picture of Rabindranath Tagore and in Belgian Congo meant pair of writers who and getting the nickname ‘The a man from Co Kerry. Horatio 1912 helped him find an audience he became friends with 9651 collaborated on Shaking Hand of Dublin’. Several Kitchener didn’t spend long in in the west for his poetry. The Roger Casement, whose a series of highly times he won the most votes in Ballylongford but grew up to be following year Tagore was execution in August 1916 popular comic the country and was elected Lord one of Britain’s most celebrated awarded the Nobel Prize for he tried to prevent and novels about an Mayor of Dublin ten times. soldiers in wars in Sudan, Egypt, Literature, essentially on the spoke out against. Irish resident Shortly before Byrne’s death South Africa and India. basis of one work, Gitanjali: Song Some critics say Casement magistrate. The in 1956 Trinity College awarded In 1914 Earl Kitchener was Offerings. is the model for a character three Irish RM him an honorary degree, hailing appointed to the cabinet as Yeats saw much of rural in one of Doyle’s best- books, which were him as a “champion of the poor Secretary of State for War and Connacht in Tagore’s Bengal known novels, The Lost made into a TV and needy, and a friend of all marshalled the biggest volunteer and promoted staging the world World. series in the 1980s, men”.

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WILLIE

MARGARET

PATRICK A boy in the MARY BRIGID shadow of Clockwise from top left: Willie Pearse; one of his drawings; Willie and his siblings; a roll book from CBS Westland Row in 1891 showing his name; Leanne Blaney his brother outside Pearse & Sons monumental sculptors on Pearse street, Dublin. Loyal to the very end, William ‘Willie’ Pearse’s ARTHUR CARRON contribution to the Rising was humble but shouldn’t be forgotten, writes Leanne Blaney

EW understood the concept resembled baby-talk. Their tendency to Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure MacNeill’s countermand it was Willie who of ‘blood sacrifice’ better dress flamboyantly (Willie often wore that Willie gave up his ambitions to be a issued many of the orders that the Rising than Willie Pearse. Though kilts) set them apart and served to both sculptor and instead dedicated himself to would continue to Irish Volunteer leaders, his name was not among endear and alienate them from their peers. assisting Patrick and Thomas MacDonagh including Captain Séan T O’Kelly. the seven signatories of the Earmarked to succeed his father as a with their new school. Wholly unsuited for the battlefield, F 1916 Proclamation, he made monumental sculptor, Willie had spent As an art teacher and a keen Willie would remain by Patrick’s side numerous sacrifices during his 34 year his childhood visiting and working in the dramatist (he and Mary Brigid formed throughout the Rising. Having cycled existence for his ‘blood’, namely his workshops of the family business. However a small theatre company, the Leinster with him to the GPO on Easter Monday, brother Patrick. His dedication earned as William Murphy noted in his Dictionary Stage Society), he was responsible he acted as Patrick’s aide-de-camp among him imprisonment, a court-martial of Irish Biography profile of Willie Pearse, for encouraging his pupils to express the 400 Volunteers present in the GPO. and eventually an execution in the following the unexpected death of his their Irish identity creatively. From His sympathetic nature also led a number stonebreakers yard of Kilmainham Gaol on father in 1900 he continued his studies 1913 onwards, Willie acted as assistant of others, including James Connolly, to 4 May 1916. abroad and left Patrick in charge of the headmaster, freeing Patrick to devote his confide in him. Born on 15 November 1881 in the family business. time and efforts towards the nationalist According to the mythology that home at 27 Great Brunswick Street (later Willie assumed control when he cause. emerged in the aftermath of the Rising, to be renamed Pearse Street), William returned to Dublin and quickly developed When Patrick became involved in the when the decision to surrender was James Pearse (‘Willie’) was the second a reputation as an able sculptor with work IRB Military Council and plans began eventually made, only Willie and son born to Englishman James and his showcased in Royal Hibernian Academy to be drawn up for the Rising, Willie — MacDermott refused to cry. Such stoicism, second wife, Margaret (neé Brady). From and Oireachtas exhibitions. Examples of known as Captain WJ Pearse to members Dudley Edwards argues, reappeared early childhood he was devoted to his his work, including Éire Óg, for which his of the Irish Volunteers and the IRB— was when he was the only one of those court- elder brother Patrick Henry and hours favourite subject, a young girl called Mabel drafted in to assist his brother. In spite of martialed to plead guilty. were spent playing the role of altar boy Gorman modelled, still exist. However, In prison, the brothers were denied the to Patrick’s priest while their two sisters plans for a sculpture to commemorate SNAPSHOT opportunity of a proper goodbye due to Margaret and Mary Brigid acted as Wolfe Tone — drawn up when he served on WILLIAM ‘WILLIE’ PEARSE ill-timing. Instead Patrick acknowledged members of the congregation. the executive committee of the Wolfe Tone Willie’s devotion, with the ode ‘To My The close ties between the brothers were and United Irishmen Memorial Committee Born: Dublin, 15 Nov 1881 Brother’ and in one of his final letters reinforced in 1891 when they were enrolled in 1898, alongside Bulmer Hobson, Séan Educated: Westland Row CBS; when he wrote: ‘No one could ever have in the Christian Brothers School on nearby MacDermott and Tom Clarke — were never Dublin Metropolitan School of had so true a brother as you’. Westland Row. Willie, with his artistic realised. Art; Kensington School of Art temperament and limited academic The family business closed in 1910 Leanne Blaney is a social and transport ability, was frequently ill-favoured by owing to a downturn in trade and the Affliliation: Irish Volunteers historian who recently completed her his teachers and Patrick became his need to raise capital to invest in Patrick’s Career: sculptor and PhD in the School of History (UCD). protector. As adults the two would remain new school for boys, St Enda’s. Having stonemason, teacher, St Enda’s Her research focuses on 20th century exceptionally close, holidaying together unsuccessfully applied for a job at the (from 1908) Irish and Northern Irish history with a in the west of Ireland and conversing in a Dublin Metropolitan School of Art, Ruth particular focus on cross-border relations private language which, to close friends, Dudley Edwards observed in her work Died: Kilmainham, 4 May 1916 during the early 20th century

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PATRICK PEARSE The many faces of an unlikely revolutionary Regina Uí Chollatáin profiles Patrick Pearse — the son, the poet, the teacher, the barrister, the political activist...

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SNAPSHOT PATRICK HENRY PEARSE Born: Dublin, 10 Nov 1879 Educated: Westland Row CBS, UCD, King’s Inns Career: lawyer (from 1901), headmaster, St Enda’s (from 1908) Affiliation: Irish Volunteers, IRB Died: Kilmainham, 3 May 1916

HAVE just done one of the hardest tasks I have ever had to do. I have had to condemn to death one of the finest characters I have ever come across. There must be something very wrong in the ‘Istate of things that makes a man like that a Rebel.’ Major-General Charles Blackader, President of the Courts- Martial gave this account of Patrick Pearse while dining with Elizabeth, Countess of Fingall, in 1916. Pearse’s poems ‘To My Mother’, ‘To My Brother’, ‘A Mother Speaks’ and ‘The Wayfarer’ written from his cell in Arbour Hill and Kilmainham were to be given to his family along with his final letter to his mother penned just before his execution on 3 May. Signing the letter simply ‘Your son, Pat’, The young Patrick Pearse as teacher and barrister he stated that the rebels would be judged (above); and UCD’s Regina Uí Chollatáin (left) harshly but that they would be praised at the Pearse Museum in St Enda’s Park, Dublin in time. Patrick Pearse’s signature is well (below) STEVE HUMPHREYS recognised in the context of the 1916 Proclamation and his lifelong tendency to sign with his academic qualifications BA BL. The simplicity of this signature to his mother is a statement in itself on Pearse the man or, as he was fondly referred to in the West of Ireland, ‘Fear Bhaile Átha Cliath’ [the Dublin man]. While he is remembered for political writings and events, Pearse, the man, is more difficult to categorise; he was Irish and English, Victorian and modernist, respectable and revolutionary; in practical terms he was also a son, a brother, a poet, an Irish language enthusiast, a barrister, an educationalist, and a political activist. Born on 10 November 1879, turning 21 at the turn of the 20th century, he bore the classic traits of middle-class Victorian the Irish language are all commendable When Pearse finished post-primary His confidence in the approach to Irish life. Strength of character prevailed achievements in their own right. exams in 1896 he was appointed an language, culture and history was quoted alongside an often reckless pursuit of In his statement to the Court Martial on assistant teacher. With his classmate in the Gaelic American in 1914, stating traditional values and sometimes over- 2 May 1916 he stated: “When I was a child Eamon O’Neill he founded the New Ireland that “the whole experiment of Irishising zealous ambition to free Ireland. Growing of ten I went down on my bare knees by my Literary Society and became involved with education in Ireland must stand or fall with up in working-class surroundings of Great bedside one night and promised God that I the Gaelic League, joining the Executive St Enda’s”. Brunswick Street [now Pearse Street], his should devote my life to an effort to free my committee from 1898. As editor of its mixed parentage was more a source of country.” newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis from E presented his own theories on confusion than comfort as demonstrated Whether this can be judged as the last 1903-09 he left his mark on the language education in 1916 in the Murder in the letter to himself on 11 May 1912 in his testament of a man condemned to death movement’s campaigns. H Machine series and this vision of journal An Barr Buadh. for a cause he was prepared to die for, or He was steadfast in promoting a vernacular education and its relation His father James Pearse was a the honest ramblings of an Irish patriot, national education system using examples to literacy compares with the child- stonemason with English ancestry the ideal of pursuing cultural and political from the US, Denmark, Germany, Wales centred models of contemporaries Maria spanning 400 years. His mother Margaret nationalism was evidently deep rooted and Hungary. In 1906 he published a Montessori and Rudolf Steiner. Using Brady, hailed from a traditional Catholic from an early age. series of articles entitled ‘Belgium and its Eoin MacNeill’s comparison of the English farming background with roots in Meath Schools’ and he wrote more than education system in Ireland to the systems and Cavan. Patrick was the second of four 70 book reviews. Séamas Ó of slave education, the Murder Machine children, and his final words in his final On the revolutionary road Buachalla credits Pearse with generated stark theories providing letter indicate a loving, close-knit family, moulding public opinion and controversial argument for a national I am glad “Wow-Wow, Willie, Mary Brigid and that the Orangemen have armed, for it is educating League members education. In 1939 Desmond Ryan credited Mother, goodbye. I have not words to tell a goodly in a national philosophy in Pearse with being “the educationalist of the thing to see arms in Irish hands. I should of my love of you… I will call to you in my like to see education. His strength of movement… since he was by nature, a born heart at the last moment.” the A. O. H. armed. I should like to see the character in the debate on teacher”. His Gaelic nationalist sentiment was Transport the provision of fees for the In a literary context Pearse was Workers armed. I should like to see any and evident from a young age and his interest every body of Ir teaching of Irish is noteworthy criticised for attempting to impose the in Irish language developed at school. ish citizens armed. We must accustom but his main victory was the European short story model on modern ourselves Accounts from his peers in school allude to to the thought of arms, to the sight of arms, role he played in the campaign Irish language literature. He published ten an aloof and unapproachable young boy. JA to the use of arms. We may for essential Irish in 1908-09 short stories in Irish, the first, ‘An Sagart’ Duffy, who sat beside him for four years in make mistakes in the for matriculation in the new [The Priest], in An Claidheamh Soluis, beginning and Westland Row, said that he knew nothing shoot the wrong peo ple; but bloodshed National University. February 1905. The theme of a later story, of him. Others refer to his choice to be is a cleansing and a sanctifying thin At a time when the education ‘Na Bóithre’ [The Roads] challenges the alone reading rather than joining in games. g, and the system was examination- restraints experienced by a girl in a rural nation which How then did this young misfit play a regards it as the final horror has lost its focused and basically colonial environment expected to stay at home significant role in the formation of 20th manhood in approach, Pearse set up his while her parents and brother go out to a . Th ere are many things more horrible than century Ireland? His stamp on education at bloodshe own project, St Enda’s school, party. Through these he pioneered the many levels, his role in creating a modern d; and slavery is one of them . which he guided from 1908- use of new literary styles and forms in Irish literature embracing European 16. He was the driving force, Irish. Patrick Pearse, ‘The Coming Re literature, and his endeavour to reinstate volution’, too, for St Ita’s school for girls. CONTINUED ON PAGE 14 >>> November 1913

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>>> CONTINUED FROM PAGE 12 Pearse is credited with a complete overhaul of Irish language publications and his four editorials in An Claidheamh Soluis in May-June 1906 focus on the need to use the European model in literary themes, style and form to progress from the folktale. These essays are among the first and most insightful treatises on literary criticism in modern Irish language literature. In short the first decade of the 20th century was a period of vigorous campaign and industry for Pearse, be it in an educational, literary or journalistic capacity.

Y 1912 Pearse’s leaning towards political nationalism took Bprecedence over cultural promotion. ‘The Coming Revolution’ (November 1913) and ‘The Psychology of a Volunteer’ (January 1914) in An Claidheamh Soluis are examples of this mindset. His political involvement in the Irish Volunteers was now to the fore and his graveside eulogy at O’Donovan Rossa’s funeral in August 1915 was hailed as one of his most powerful public orations, not least because of the links it summoned in the minds of those present between O’Donovan Rossa’s death and the graves of dead Fenians before him. The funeral provided the platform for a public statement for the rebels, which was “Ireland unarmed published in full in The Freeman’s will attain just as Journal. Its impact much freedom as was widely felt by those who agreed it is convenient that Ireland for England to was ready for a give her; Ireland revolution and by those who didn’t. armed will attain His educational ultimately just as and political writings at this much freedom as time indicate a PEARSE AND THE MARTYRDOM COMPLEX RICHARD McELLIGOTT she wants” definite drive to promote Gaelicism and nationalism in all aspects of Irish life. More of an orator than a military leader The four pamphlets penned by Pearse at the end of 1915 sealed the nationalist ideal proclaiming, among other arguments, that ATRICK PEARSE was an unlikely needed to justify itself in arms. the ghosts of the ‘four evangelists’, Lalor, revolutionary leader. However the Events had doomed the rebellion Mitchel, Tone and Davis needed to be laid to P emergence of the Ulster Volunteers to certain failure but Pearse still led rest. He termed the pamphlets Ghosts, The and its implications for nationalist a detachment of Irish Volunteers into Separatist Idea, The Spiritual Nation, and politics began to awaken his zeal. Pearse the GPO on Easter Monday. Though The Sovereign People as “the four gospels of described his satisfaction that the the figurehead of the rebellion, he the new testament of Irish nationality”. “Orangemen had armed, because it is a was no military leader and his talents Pearse’s role in the Rising from initiation goodly thing to see arms in Irish hands.” lay in oration. While the fighting to surrender was fearless and determined. The outbreak of the First World raged it was Connolly who physically Desmond Fitzgerald recounts his time with War turned him down the road of directed the battle. Within the walls Pearse in the GPO saying that the natural revolutionary nationalism. Like many of the GPO, Pearse confined himself to gravity in Pearse’s face conveyed a sense of of his generation across Europe, Pearse discussion about the justification for great tragedy and accounts of the Rising began to glorify the ideal of a blood the Rising with his co-conspirators and attest that Pearse was aware of the sacrifice sacrifice in pursuit of a nobler cause, autumn of 1915, the Military Council morale boosting speeches to keep the involved. In a period of high nationalism most notably when he wrote “the old perfected its plans for revolt. Pearse’s beleaguered rebels fighting. Pearse was one of its most articulate heart of the earth needed to be warmed adulation of Robert Emmet’s failed Forced to evacuate their position exponents. His reputation became bound by the red wine of the battlefields”. uprising in 1803 had a significant on Friday afternoon, Pearse and his to the fortunes of republicanism and Having joined the Irish Volunteers, influence on the planners who, like command made a chaotic retreat to nationalism in 20th century Ireland but Pearse was sworn into the IRB in Emmet, saw Dublin as the focal point for Moore Street. By Saturday, with British his was the life that was most documented December 1913. Following the larger split a new rebellion. By now Pearse had truly forces bearing down, the situation was in the articles in the organ of the Gaelic in the Volunteers, he began to develop developed a martyrdom complex and was hopeless. There are reports that after League, An Claidheamh Soluis. In this plans for a series of resistance activities convinced that Irish nationalism needed witnessing three elderly men being cut forum he was acknowledged for his role which the Irish Volunteers should engage a sacrificial gesture in order to prompt down by the crossfire, Pearse notified in the language movement and society, as in if circumstances dictated. it into a full scale war of independence his men of his intention to surrender. opposed to his role in the Revolution alone. These efforts secured him the against British rule. At approximately 3.45pm, he drafted Patrick Pearse was not a one- key position of Director of Military With the addition of James Connolly in a general to “lay down arms” so as “to dimensional figure. The multi-dimensional Organisation for the Volunteers in January 1916, the Military Council now prevent the further slaughter of Dublin legacy he left may well be the best way now December 1914. The following May consisted of all seven signatures of the citizens, and in the hope of saving the to lay his own ghost to rest. Pearse was one of three men appointed Proclamation. lives of our followers”. to the IRB’s newly created Military That document was mainly Pearse’s Dr Regina Uí Chollatáin is a senior Council, which was tasked with planning composition, and its reference to “the Dr Richard McElligott lectures in Modern lecturer in Modern Irish and Head of a rebellion against British rule using the dead generations from which she receives Irish History at University College Dublin School of the UCD School of Irish, Irish Volunteers. her old tradition of nationhood” echoed (UCD) and is the author of several works on Celtic Studies and Folklore Working in secret throughout the his conviction that each generation the Irish Revolutionary period

14 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 CULTURE IRELAND IN 1916 Patrick Pearse’s mother Margaret carries a wreath to lay at her son’s grave in June 1922 GETTY IMAGES Before recordings, music was still a large part of life

Fergus Cassidy on an era before the arrival of the gramaphone, when music, comedy and variety acts were all about performance

N James Plunkett’s novel Strumpet City, Rashers Tierney and Hennessy ‘The Mother’ are minding a barrel organ, and a Imonkey, for the Italian owner who By Patrick Pearse collapsed on the street. Had their luck I do not grudge them: Lord,I do not changed for the better? grudge “It’s very tempting,” Hennessy admitted. My two strong sons that I have seen go “We’ll be set up for life,” Rashers urged. out “Yes — until the police catch up with us.” To break their strength and die, they and In the years leading up to 1916, recorded a few, music had not arrived in Ireland. Music In bloody protest for a glorious thing, was performed. Sung, played, in private, in They shall be spoken of among their public. On the streets in towns and cities it people, was characters like Rashers playing his tin The generations shall remember them, whistle, and the odd barrel-organ grinder And call them blessed; sifting for donations. A Dublin witness But I will speak their names to my own mentioned the “singing and whistling of heart music hall favourites and excerpts from In the long nights; operas by messenger boys on their rounds”. The little names that were familiar once Makeshift stages were built with beer kegs Round my dead hearth. and wooden planks, and songs from come- Lord, thou art hard on mothers: all-ye sessions spilled from public houses We suffer in their coming and their and shebeens. going; Music halls were popular, with And tho’ I grudge them not, I weary, programmes of songs, comedy, speciality weary and variety acts. In the early 1900s Dublin Of the long sorrow — And yet I have my had two big music halls — The Empire joy: Palace (now the Olympia) and the Tivoli My sons were faithful, and they fought. Theatre of Varieties. The Theatre Royal opened in 1897 and was noted for opera PEARSE THE POET and musical comedy. In 1906 Charlie A promotional poster for Dublin’s Chaplin, aged 17, performed there as part Theatre Royal (left) and renowned DR LUCY COLLINS of an act called The Eight Lancashire Lads. Irish tenor, John McCormack (above) The voice in this poem is both personal The Gaiety hosted a Christmas panto every GETTY IMAGES and universal – it is the voice of Pearse’s year since 1874 and also staged opera. own mother yet it speaks too for all The Dublin Orchestral Society, founded those torn between grief and exultation. 1898, was a professional co-operative hall ballads which delight in portraying the the instrumental side continued to grow. The poem interweaves opposites: orchestra. By 1913 it had given over average Irishman as a maudlin drunkard”. The mains instruments played were: strength and brokenness; failure and 200 performances, including new work At the first Féis Ceoil in May 1897 the fiddle, uilleann pipes, tin whistle, flute, triumph; sorrow and joy. In simple such as Harty’s Irish Symphony. In 1914 competition for performance on the Irish melodeon, concertina and accordion. language it indicates the complex the Dublin United Tramway Company harp received no entries. John McCormack In 1904 the Irish Folk Song Society was emotions aroused by the Rising and engaged bands to play in the Phoenix was a gold medal winner as a tenor in the founded. From 1900 to 1912 at least nine evokes the shared experiences that bind Park Hollow on summer evenings. From 1903 Féis Ceoil and the writer James Joyce piper’s bands were started and Piobairí nation and family together. 1910-1913 concerts were also given by the won bronze the following year. na hÉireann began in 1912. The music The lasting significance of the Dublin Amateur Orchestral Society on Traditional, or folk music, was rooted in was preserved, however, by collectors like rebellion is claimed in religious terms, Sunday evenings on the esplanade in Bray, the passing of songs and tunes from one Francis O’Neill, who published O’Neill’s reflecting Pearse’s vision of blood Co Wicklow. generation to the next. The vocal tradition Music of Ireland (1903) and The Dance sacrifice as essential to renewal. Yet the In Cork City Hall in 1913 a Grand Home had become weak after the Famine but Music of Ireland (1907). He has been feelings expressed here are also private Rule concert took place. On 26 December referred to as “the greatest individual ones: recollecting the men in childhood, 1915 a production of The Fairy Queen took THE ‘HITS’ OF 1916 influence on Irish traditional dance music the speaker hints at their purity and place in the Carnegie Hall, Killorglin, Co in the 20th century”. Abroad, especially in idealism. Kerry. Aged 19, tenor John McCormack “O Sole Mio” by the United States, songs like Macushla Like the actions of the revolutionaries joined the Palestrina Choir founded in Enrico Caruso (1910) sung by John McCormack were themselves, the poem links the new and Dublin’s Pro-cathedral in 1903. “Somewhere hugely popular. the ancient. It speaks of the immediate There were many bandstands, such as a Voice is By October 1915 the mood of that impact of the rebels’ actions, yet it also St Stephen’s Green, Dublin, Green Park, time was reflected in a letter to the expresses the suffering that is at the Youghal, and the People’s Park, Waterford, Calling” by John papers. The writer admonished the heart of the human condition. and no shortage of bands to play in them. McCormack Cork School of Music committee for In 1902 there were more than 20 Fife and “Where Did its unsympathetic attitude toward Dr Lucy Collins is a lecturer in English Drum bands in Dublin with a similar Robinson Crusoe traditional music: “Our rights are: Our at University College Dublin. She is the number in the rest of the country. In Go With Friday native music first and above all other curator of ‘Reading 1916’, a forthcoming 1912 the Fintan Lalor Pipe Band was On Saturday Night?” by Al music in the School”. In November of the exhibition at UCD Special Collections founded and the O’Connell Fife same year the St James’s Band played a and Drum Band were All-Ireland Jolson (inset) “stirring selection of National airs” at half- champions. The St James’s Band “I Love A Piano” by Billy time during the All-Ireland football final and the Emmet Choir played in Murray between Kerry and Wexford. Four months the Rotunda rink at the formation earlier the band played at the funeral of of the Irish Volunteers in 1913. “I’m Gonna Make Hay O’Donovan Rossa. The Gaelic League set up the Féis While the Sun Shines in Five months after the Rising, the Ceoil Association in 1897 and held Virginia” by Marion Harris (left) Limerick Leader carried an advertisement competitions for song composition, “Keep the Home Fires Burning for P McCarthy & Sons announcing: “It is unaccompanied and accompanied solo (’Till the Boys Comes Home)” now within the power of everyone to have and choral singing, solo and group by James F. Harrison Music in their homes.... You can make this dancing and instrumental music. The coming Winter the happiest you ever spent Church of Ireland Gazette praised the “Ireland Must Be Heaven, For by having a Gramaphone. Don’t hesitate. Féis Ceoil “...for giving better examples My Mother Came From There” Get one”. of Irish music than the popular music by Charles Harrison Rashers would have turned in his grave.

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 15 TIMELINE OF EVENTS

PROFESSOR ANDREW DEEKS PRESIDENT, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN

UCD informing national debate with an objective scholarly voice University’s central NE hundred years ago, as the steps towards independence O gathered momentum, many staff, students and graduates of University College Dublin played a UCD’s professors, lecturers, graduates and students to fore during pivotal role in the actions that took place. CD was no mere witness to graduates: the 2nd and 3rd battalions, led Among the staff of UCD who played the events of a century ago. by Thomas MacDonagh and Eamon de a role in the events were Thomas Both the Irish Volunteers Valera respectively. MacDonagh, Assistant Professor of and Cumann na mBan Younger students like Ernie O’Malley English, signatory of the Proclamation were founded by UCD left vivid accounts of their experiences of and commandant of the Dublin U academics. Although Easter week. O’Malley recalls how his first Brigade; Eoin MacNeill, Professor Eoin MacNeill — the founder of the Irish inclination was to defend Trinity College of Early and Medieval Irish History, Volunteers — is well-remembered in Irish but this idea was abandoned in favour of and Irish Volunteers Chief of Staff; history, Agnes O’Farrelly — founder of taking pot-shots at British positions with a Mary Hayden, Professor of Modern Cumann na mBan who later became student friend’s father’s rifle. Irish History and founder of the Irish UCD’s first professor of Irish — was largely An active volunteer during his days Catholic Women’s Suffrage Society; forgotten. O’Farrelly was forgotten not studying law and agriculture but a boy of and Agnes O’Farrelly, Lecturer in because of her gender but rather because 14 at the time of the Rising, the execution of Modern Irish and founder of Cumann she sided with John Redmond, leading Seán MacBride’s father by firing squad on na mBan. a majority faction of Cumann na mBan 5 May was arguably the formative event in Students and graduates too to support the war effort in 1914. Like his own later student radicalisation. numbered among the activists who Redmond’s national volunteers, the UCD was home to many extraordinary fought for social justice, women’s Redmondite wing of Cumann na mBan was individuals in this period. However, it rights and, of course, independence. largely defunct within a year. However, the was also an institution that got on with Well-known names included Louise rump factions of the Irish Volunteers and the business of teaching, learning, and Gavan Duffy, Francis and Hanna Cumann na mBan, small in number, had research. The fascinating diary of Celia Sheehy Skeffington, Patrick Pearse, a profound impact of the course of events. Shaw, a student at the University during the Jack & Geraldine Plunkett (siblings In the history of the revolutionary decade, War of Independence and Civil War periods, of Joseph Mary), James Ryan, Kevin minorities matter. shows how life did, and did not, carry on as Barry, Kevin O’Higgins, Ernie Just as he was essential to the making of normal in extraordinary times. On one page O’Malley and Richard Mulcahy. the Irish Volunteers, Eoin MacNeill bears she is studying for an exam or recounting The University is proud that its the responsibility for the near undoing of a day in the library, the next she jots down staff, students and graduates had such the 1916 Easter Rising. On Holy Saturday her impressions of how the student body a significant involvement in, what was 1916, MacNeill realised he had were reacting to the 1921 to become, one of the defining periods been duped by truce. in Irish history. Today, UCD continues those planning the Back in the dark to value the ethos of justice and rebellion and he days of November equality, alongside a sense of cultural countermanded his 1920, on the day after identity that shapes our thinking and mobilisation order medical student Kevin prompts our debate. for Sunday; putting Barry’s execution, UCD UCD and the Irish Independent the final nail in the students were thrown have collaborated to produce this coffin of a nationwide into commotion insightful and informative series of rebellion. However, a with the news that supplements. These supplements smaller, less prepared Auxiliaries were en allow UCD to share a wealth of insurrection went route to raid the knowledge via our expert academics ahead on Easter University. John and archival materials. Monday in spite of Mowbray, a first-year As a major holder of archives MacNeill’s objections. medical student at the of national and international The Rising of Easter time, recalled seeing members of the College Cumann na mBan”. significance relating to the Monday 1916 had as its fellow students, “whom From the Rising to the Civil War and Decade of Centenaries commander-in-chief I regarded as harmless beyond into the foundation of independent (1912-1923), the university’s vision a graduate of UCD in callow youths, produce Ireland, UCD played a pivotal role. The is to inform national debate and Patrick Pearse. Two massive revolvers and treaty debates were hosted by the University understanding with an objective of the four Dublin sheafs of papers and in Earlsfort Terrace. The first cabinets, from scholarly voice, in a manner battalions occupying hand them to even less 1919 right through to 1922 contained UCD

that brings education and new the city during Easter www.ucd.ie/centenaries guileful waitresses, staff, graduates, and even the occasional perspectives to the fore. week were led by who were, of course, dropout. One of these was Richard Mulcahy.

16 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1919121315-16 1st August 1915 NATIONAL EVENT O’DONOVAN-ROSSA’S FUNERAL

The funeral of Jeremiah O’Donovan-Rossa is held in Dublin. The occasion is used by republicans for propaganda purposes, Patrick Pearse most notably through Patrick Pearse’s graveside oration at Glasnevin cemetery, written at the instigation of Thomas Clarke. At the end of his oration, Pearse declares: “They think that they have foreseen everything, think that they have provided against everything; but the fools, the fools, the fools! — they have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never be at peace.”

Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa

26th October 1915 role in 1916 NATIONAL EVENT ROBERT MONTEITH ARRIVES AT ZOSSEN birth of our nation, writes Conor Mulvagh POW CAMP Captain Robert Monteith, a drill-instructor with the Irish Volunteers in Limerick, is brought by Roger Casement to Zossen POW camp, 20 miles south of Berlin, where he assumes his role as commanding officer of the Irish Brigade. Casement had failed to recruit an officer from amongst the POWs to lead the brigade, which numbers only 56 men.

Captain RobertMonteith

November 1915 UCD EVENT MARY HAYDEN CO- FOUNDS THE IRISH CATHOLIC WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE SOCIETY

Mary Hayden, the first professor of Modern Irish History in UCD, co-founds, along with Mary Louise Gwynn, the Irish Top: UCD was based in Earlsfort Terrace in Catholic Women’s Suffrage Society. Hayden had been an 1916 (now home to National Concert Hall). ardent campaigner for women’s university education and was also involved in the formation of the Irish Women’s Suffrage Above: The formal reception of Éamon de and Local Government Association, as well as chairing the Valera (front row, centre) as Chancellor of first meeting of the Irish Women Workers’ Union. the National University of Ireland. MaryHayden, whose portrait hangs in the UCD UCD ARCHIVES, COURTESY OF UCD — School of History. ORDER OF FRIARS MINOR PARTNERSHIP

Agnes O’Farrelly, founder of Cumann 1919121316 na mBan who later became UCD’s first 21st February - 18th December 1916 professor of Irish. INTERNATIONAL EVENT Above left: Eoin MacNeill, Professor of Early and Medieval Irish History at UCD and Irish Volunteers Chief of Staff. BATTLE OF VERDUN

Left: Thomas MacDonagh, UCD’s Assistant Under General Erich von Falkenhayn, the German army attacks Professor of English, signatory of the Proclamation a key fortified area on the banks of the River Meuse inthe and commandant of the Dublin Brigade. North-East of France. General Henri Pétain takes command of the French defence, which manages to repel the German offensive in what becomes the longest battle of the War, While still a medical student of the independence struggle. So too did the and one of the costliest, with roughly 1 million casualties. university in 1918, Mulcahy directed the revolution have a role in shaping UCD into operations of the Irish Volunteers from an what it became in these years. office left at his disposal in the chemistry corridor. Dr Conor Mulvagh is a lecturer in Irish Ultimately, it was the post-rebellion History at the School of History at prison camps like Frongoch that became University College Dublin (UCD) with the ‘universities of the revolution’. However, special responsibility for the Decade of Members of the French 87th Regiment UCD certainly played its part in Ireland’s Commemorations. at the Battle of Verdun

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 17 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1919121316 1919121316 Spring 1916 23rd April 1916 UCD EVENT NATIONAL EVENT THE RISING IS FIXED MILITARY COUNCIL FOR EASTER DECIDE TO MOVE

Unbeknownst to Eoin MacNeill, the IRB fix Easter Sunday as FORWARD WITH Six of the seven members of the the date for their planned insurrection. MacNeill’s colleague A Mark VI Webley, one kind of revolver used by the REBELLION IRB Military Council (UCD Archives) Thomas MacDonagh takes an increasingly prominent role in Irish Volunteers proceedings, and is the last person appointed to the Military Despite the appearance of MacNeill’s countermand in the Council. Austin Clarke, a student of MacDonagh’s at the time, Sunday Independent, the IRB Military Council meets at later described how “abstracted and worried” he looked in the Liberty Hall on Easter Sunday and decides to go ahead spring of 1916, recalling how “one day, during a lecture on the with the Rising, postponing it until the following day. Young Ireland Poets, he took a large revolver from his pocket and laid it on the desk, ‘Ireland can only win freedom by force’ he remarked, as if to himself.”

James Connolly, who joined the Military Council in January1916 (UCD Archives)

20th - 21st April 1916 24th April 1916 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT AUD, CASEMENT FIRST DAY OF RISING

AND GERMAN GUNS Approximately 1,250 members of the Irish Volunteers, the CAPTURED Irish Citizen Army and Cumann na mBan mobilise throughout the city. Many are unaware of what is to happen and are only Sackville Street in 1916 (UCD Archives) The Aud, a disguised German ship carrying arms to be used in informed of the impending insurrection upon their assembly. the rebellion, mistimes its rendezvous with Roger Casement Key buildings are seized throughout Dublin, including the in Kerry and is captured by the British Navy before being Four Courts, Boland’s Mill, the Mendicity Institution and the FIND OUT MORE: scuttled outside Queenstown by its captain Karl Spindler. GPO, which acts as the rebels’ headquarters. Rebels make • HISTORY HUB When Casement arrives in Kerry, he is captured and arrested a brief attempt to seize Dublin Castle, but revert instead to Professor Michael Laffan,TheIrish Revolution, lecture4,The Easter Rising: by the RIC. Captain Robert Monteith and Daniel Bailey, who the Evening Mail offices on the opposite side of the street. At the GPO, a flag emblazoned with the words “Irish Republic” http://historyhub.ie/the-easter-rising-the-irish- had accompanied Casement, evade capture. revolution-lecture-4 is hoisted alongside a tricolour, beneath which Patrick Pearse reads the Proclamation of the Irish Republic. Roger Casement (from the Library of Congress, Washington)

21st April 1916 24th April 1916 UCD EVENT UCD EVENT MACNEILL CONFRONTS FIRST DAY OF RISING

PEARSE Rebel units gather throughout the city, including the “C” Company of the 3rd Battalion of the Irish Volunteers, which Having learned of the impending Rising, Eoin MacNeill assembles on the grounds of UCD. Key buildings in the city confronts Patrick Pearse at 2am on Good Friday. Following Eoin MacNeill (UCD Archives) centre are seized. Thomas MacDonagh, leading a depleted 2nd his graduation with a BL in 1910, Pearse had lectured Battalion, takes control of Jacob’s factory on Bishop Street. intermittently at UCD, on one occasion running a course After hearing from a friend about the insurrection, Louise on the Irish language in parallel with one of MacNeill’s Irish Gavan Duffy, another UCD staff member, approaches the history courses. Pearse, along with MacNeill’s colleague GPO and takes up a post in the kitchen. Also in the GPO is Thomas MacDonagh, convince MacNeill not to obstruct the Joseph Sweeney, an engineering student, and medical student Rising. However, following the failure to land arms in Kerry, James Ryan, who is appointed Medical Officer for the garrison. MacNeill has a change of heart; UCD staff members Michael Ernie O’Malley, another medical student at UCD, considers Thomas MacDonagh in his Irish Volunteers Hayes and Liam Ó Briain are amongst those he recruits to helping some friends to defend Trinity College before deciding uniform send despatches to Volunteer units around the country in an to join the rebels. Meanwhile, Liam Ó Briain, an assistant attempt to prevent the planned rebellion. Patrick Pearse in the French department in UCD, joins the garrison at St Stephen’s Green.

22nd April 1916 25th April 1916 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT EOIN MACNEILL SECOND DAY OF RISING: COUNTERMANDS Martial law is declared as British Military forces take up positions throughout the city, including City Hall and the Shelbourne EASTER MANOEUVRES Hotel.At St Stephen’s Green, the ICA comes under heavy attack, Images of the British Army and their while skirmishes continue at other positions, including the South vehicles taken in the aftermath of the Rising Eoin MacNeill learns of the planned insurrection earlier in the Dublin Union. Shops on Sackville St are looted and burned. (UCD Archives) week and, after much persuasion from MacDonagh and other leading IRB figures, reluctantly agrees not to interfere.After the failure to land arms in Kerry, however, he changes his mind and issues a countermanding order calling off Easter manoeuvres.

Eoin MacNeill(National Library of Ireland) St Stephen’s Green, with the Shelbourne Hotel in the background (UCD Archives)

18 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1919121316 1919121316 25th April 1916 27th April 1916 UCD EVENT UCD EVENT SECOND DAY OF RISING FOURTH DAY OF RISING

Liam Ó Briain and the other rebels under the command of Louise Gavan Duffy and the other women in the GPO are Michael Mallin and Countess Markievicz at St Stephen’s Green instructed by Pearse to evacuate the building, but they refuse, are forced to relocate to the Royal College of Surgeons after returning to their duties. Meanwhile, James Ryan, who had coming under heavy attack. At Portobello, Francis Sheehy- been completing his fifth year of medicine at UCD, treats a A copy of Birth of Irish Republic Skeffington, UCD alumnus and former auditor of the L&H severely wounded James Connolly. by Walter Paget Society, is arrested, detained and ultimately shot by British Francis Sheehy Skeffington and his wife Mary soldiers, under the instruction of Captain JC Bowen-Colthurst. during their graduation. Sheehy-Skeffington had taken no part in the Rising and had been organising a group of people to prevent shops and businesses from being looted.

26th April 1916 28th April 1916 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT THIRD DAY OF RISING FIFTH DAY OF RISING

Fighting intensifies as British forces bring in heavy artillery. General Sir John Maxwell arrives in Dublin to take control Liberty Hall, although unoccupied, is shelled by the battleship of the British military. Shelling intensifies and the GPO, now General Maxwell and Major-General Sandbach Helga. Volunteers attack Linen Hall barracks in the north of severely damaged by flames, is evacuated by the rebels, who (UCD Archives) the city, while British soldiers marching from Dun Laoghaire establish a new headquarters in Moore Street. Michael (The) come under attack from detachments of Eamon de Valera’s O’Rahilly, a prominent nationalist and volunteer, is killed Boland’s Mill garrison at Mount Street. during the evacuation.

Liberty Hall in ruins (UCD Archives)

Michael (The) O’Rahilly in his Volunteer uniform (UCD Archives).

26th April 1916 28th April 1916 UCD EVENT UCD EVENT THIRD DAY OF RISING FIFTH DAY OF RISING

Michael Hayes, an assistant lecturer in French at UCD, who Under increasingly heavy fire, the GPO is evacuated. initially sided with Eoin MacNeill upon the outbreak of the Louise Gavan Duffy and James Ryan help to escort the Rising and declined to participate, undergoes a change of wounded out of the building. heart and decides to join his friend and colleague Thomas Dr James Ryan in the 1930s MacDonagh in Jacob’s factory. Although there is little in Some important buildings of the Easter Rising the way of out-and-out combat, sniping occurs around the (clockwise, from top right): The Four Courts, Jacob’s Biscuit Factory, Trinity College and the factory during the night. Royal College of Surgeons. All were occupied by rebels except for Trinity, which was defended by British soldiers and students (UCD Archives)

Louise Gavan Duffy

27th April 1916 29th April 1916 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT FOURTH DAY OF RISING SIXTH DAY OF RISING:

Shortly after noon, Pearse and the other leaders in Moore St. Heavy shelling on Sackville Street, causing fires and destruction. Commandant Ned Daly and the Four Courts The South Dublin Union comes under attack from the decide to surrender. After meeting with General William Lowe, (UCD Archives) Sherwood Foresters.Artillery is deployed in Sackvile Street, while Pearse is taken to the British Army headquarters where he signs sniping occurs throughout the city. At the GPO, James Connolly an unconditional surrender. The garrison at the Four Courts, is wounded in the arm and the leg. Fires and looting become led by Ned Daly, also surrenders.The prisoners are taken to the more widespread. green outside the Rotunda Hospital, where they are held until the following morning

A memorial postcard featuring a portrait of People walk by a gutted GPO (UCD Archives) James Connolly (UCD Archives)

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 19 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1919121316 1919121316 29th April 1916 3rd - 12th May 1916 UCD EVENT NATIONAL EVENT SIXTH DAY OF RISING EXECUTION OF

While dressing Connolly’s wounds, Ryan “saw a sight I shall RISING LEADERS never forget. Lying dead on the opposite footpath of Moore Street were three elderly men...” Soon afterwards, Seán Having been selected for trial, the seven signatories of MacDermott tells Connolly and Ryan that it is the sight the Proclamation and other rebels deemed to have played of these three men that convinces Pearse to surrender, in a significant role in the Rising are court-martialed and order to “save the lives of the citizens.’” In Jacob’s factory, sentenced to death. 14 rebels are executed at Kilmainham MacDonagh receives the order to surrender, but refuses to Gaol and subsequently buried at Arbour Hill. The other believe that it is genuine. prisoners are deported to internment camps. Thomas Kent was executed in Cork. Following detention in the Tower of London, Roger Casement is tried and sentenced and ultimately executed (see 3 August below). The executions evoke a mass of sympathy from the Irish public, turning many towards the cause of the rebels.

British soldierstake position amongst the ruins of A postcard from the 1920s commemorating those a building (UCD Archives) who died during the Easter Rising (UCD Archives)

30th April 1916 3rd May 1916 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT SEVENTH DAY OF RISING EXECUTION OF

The remaining garrisons at the South Dublin Union, Boland’s RISING LEADERS Patrick Pearse Thomas MacDonagh Mill and Jacob’s factory surrender and the rebels are taken Eamon de Valera’s Third Dublin Battalion (UCD Archives) (UCD Archives) prisoner. Over the course of the week, 466 lives have been following their surrender (UCD Archives, Patrick Pearse, signatory of the Proclamation, Thomas lost, including 254 civilians. courtesy of UCD- Order of Friars MinorPartnership) MacDonagh, signatory of the Proclamation and commander of the Second Battalion of Volunteers, in charge of Jacob’s biscuit factory and Thomas J. Clarke, signatory of the Proclamation and served at the GPO, are executed.

Thomas J. Clarke (UCD Archives)

Photograph depicting the aftermath of the Rising in Dublin (UCD Archives)

30th April 1916 4th May 1916 UCD EVENT NATIONAL EVENT SEVENTH DAY OF RISING EXECUTION OF

The garrisons at the Royal College of Surgeons and Jacob’s RISING LEADERS Joseph Plunkett William Pearse factory surrender. Michael Hayes recalled that MacDonagh (UCD Archives) Joseph Plunkett, signatory of the Proclamation, served “was quite calm and spoke in simple serious language. I at the GPO, William Pearse, served at the GPO, Edward remember that he seemed to be quite a different man...” Daly, led the First Battalion of the Irish Volunteers in the Four Courts and Michael O’Hanrahan, joint second in command at Jacob’s biscuit factory, are executed.

Edward Daly Michael O’Hanrahan A portrait of Michael Hayes in his later years (UCD Archives) (UCD Archives) (UCD Archives)

3rd May 1916 5th May 1916 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT RESIGNATION OF EXECUTION OF AUGUSTINE BIRRELL, RISING LEADERS

CHIEF SECRETARY John MacBride, joint second-in-command at Jacob’s biscuit factory, is executed. FOR IRELAND John MacBride (UCD Archives) On tendering his resignation to the House of Commons, Augustine Birrell, Chief Secretary for Ireland says “This is no Irish rebellion. I hope that, although put down, as it is being put down, as it must be put down, it will be so put down, with such success and with such courage, and yet at the same time humanity, displayed towards the dupes, the rank and file, led astray by their leaders, that this insurrection in Augustine Birrell, Chief Secretary for Ireland Ireland will never, even in the minds and memories of that people, be associated with their past rebellions, or become an historical landmark in their history.”

20 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1919121316 1916 8th May 1916 4th June 1916 NATIONAL EVENT INTERNATIONAL EVENT EXECUTION OF THE BRUSILOV RISING LEADERS Eamonn Ceannt Michael Mallin OFFENSIVE (UCDArchives) Eamonn Ceannt, signatory of the Proclamation and The offensive by Russian forces leads to significant commander of the Fourth Battalion of Irish Volunteers, in territorial advances, but paradoxically it also weakens charge of the South Dublin Union, Michael Mallin, Chief of the Russian army, which loses many of its best troops Staff of the Irish Citizen Army, in charge of St. Stephen’s and suffers from extended supply lines. The failure Green and the Royal College of Surgeons, Sean Heuston, of the Habsburg army to repel the initial offensives leader of a section of the First Battalion of the Volunteers compels Germany to come to its aid, though at a that occupied the Mendicity Institute, and Con Colbert, price– the effective subjugation of the Habsburg captain of F Company of the Fourth Battalion of the Irish military to German commanders. Sean Heuston Con Colbert, captain of Volunteers and in command at the Marrowbone Lane (UCDArchives) F Company of the Fourth distillery, are executed. Battalion of the Irish Volunteers and in command at the Marrowbone Lane distillery (UCDArchives) Russian general Aleksei Brusilov

9th May 1916 8th June 1916 NATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT EXECUTION OF AFTERMATH RISING LEADERS OF THE RISING In the aftermath of the rebellion, Augustine Birrell, the Thomas Kent is executed. Kent did not participate in the Chief Secretary of Ireland, chastises the “young fools Rising, but during the insurrection his house in Cork was from the National University” that were amongst the raided by British forces. After a gunfight, he was captured, “instigators and inspirers of this mad revolt”. On 8th court-martialled and executed. June, UCD student Madge Calnan reports in a letter to James Ryan that “there are not half a dozen people in the College who are not Sinn Féiners.”

Nelson’s Pillar, as seen through the ruins of the GPO Thomas Kent (UCD Archives)

12th May 1916 1st July - 18th November 1916 NATIONAL EVENT INTERNATIONAL EVENT EXECUTION OF BATTLE OF THE SOMME RISING LEADERS An Allied offensive fails to dislodge heavily entrenched German positions on the banks of the Somme. After a James Connolly (UCDArchives) James Connolly, signatory of the Proclamation and week of aerial bombardment, Allied soldiers are mown Commandant-General of the Dublin Division in the GPO down by German machine guns when they attempt to and Sean MacDiarmada, signatory of the Proclamation, cross no-man’s-land- on the first day, the 36th Ulster who served at the GPO, are executed. Division suffer 5,000 casualties, including 2,069 fatalities. What follows is a long, drawn out battle of attrition which costs over 1 million lives. Royal Irish Rifles, possibly the 1st Battalion, in a trench at the Battle of the Somme

Sean MacDiarmada (UCD Archives)

31st May - 1st June 1916 3rd August 1916 INTERNATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT BATTLE OF JUTLAND EXECUTION OF

The major naval battle of the War occurs between the British ROGER CASEMENT and German navies off the coast of Denmark.The British fleet suffers more losses than its German counterpart, though not After a highly publicised trial, Roger Casement is found guilty of treason, and is hanged at Pentonville Prison. enough to undermine its authority in the seas. HMS Warspite and HMS Malaya during the battle of Jutland

Roger Casement

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 21 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1919121316-17 1917 9th September 1916 25th July 1917 UCD EVENT NATIONAL EVENT TOM KETTLE’S DEATH FIRST MEETING OF THE

Tom Kettle dies at the Somme, after leading his company Kettle in his younger years (UCD Library Special IRISH CONVENTION during an assault on German positions at Ginchy. He had Collections, Curran Collection) made several attempts to be permitted for front line duty The first conference of the Irish Convention meets at before the Army authorities finally relented. He leaves Regents House in Trinity College, chaired by Sir Horace behind him his wife Mary and daughter Elisabeth. A few Plunkett. The Convention is called for by David Lloyd Trinity College, with Regent House, where the days before his death, he writes a sonnet for his daughter, George as an attempt to find solutions the problems Convention was held, in the central background telling her that he and others “Died not for flag, nor King, surrounding Irish self-determination. The Convention is nor Emperor/But for a dream, born in a herdsman’s shed/ dominated by the Irish Parliamentary party after Sinn and for the secret Scripture of the poor.” Oliver St John Féin refuse to participate. Gogarty recalled that there were “many eyes wet with British soldiers climb out of their trench during the tears in Dublin when they heard of Tom’s death”. Battle of Ginchy

FIND OUT MORE: • CENTURY IRELAND: Life and Death of Tom Kettle http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/watch/the-life-and-death- of-tom-kettle

1917 25th - 27th October 1917 5th February 1917 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT ÉAMON DE VALERA COUNT PLUNKETT ELECTED PRESIDENT WINS BY-ELECTION OF SINN FÉIN AND THE Éamon de Valera George Noble Plunkett, who entered politics following the IRISH VOLUNTEERS execution of his son Joseph in the aftermath of the Easter Rising, wins a seat in the Roscommon North by-election. At a convention in Dublin, Sinn Féin undergoes a radical Plunkett receives 3,022 votes, as against 1,708 for the Irish reinvention as it comes under the control of the republican Parliamentary Party candidate and 687 for Jasper Tully, an independent. In May, Joseph McGuinness wins another movement. Éamon de Valera is elected President of the seat for the party at the Longford South by-election. party, ahead of Arthur Griffith, who does not contest the election. On 27th October, de Valera is also elected President of the Irish Volunteers, while Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins are elected onto the national executive.

George Noble Plunkett, with his wife Mary, in Dublin

6th April 1917 25th - 26th October 1917 INTERNATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT US DECLARES WAR MACNEILL - DE VALERA ON GERMANY ALLIANCE

Following an attempt by Germany to form an alliance Although he took no part in the Rising, Eoin MacNeill was A photograph of recently released prisoners of with Mexico, and in the aftermath of strong public anger arrested and imprisoned along with those who rebelled. During the Easter Rising, June 1917 (UCD Archives) at the sinking of the Lusitania, Woodrow Wilson declares his time in Lewes prison, he taught classes on Irish language war on Germany. and history. He also formed a friendship with Eamon de Valera, with whom he had discussions on “scientific matters”. Upon his release from prison, and awaiting reappointment at UCD, MacNeill campaigned for de Valera during the East Clare by- election.The alliance formed over these months helps to avoid President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress a split amongst their respective followers, and ensures that to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917 de Valera takes control of Sinn Féin ahead of George Noble Plunkett at the party’s convention in October 1917.

Detail of photograph reveals MacNeill and de Valera sitting side by side

10th July 1917 7th November 1917 NATIONAL EVENT INTERNATIONAL EVENT ÉAMON DE VALERA RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

WINS BY-ELECTION Bolshevik revolutionaries, led by Vladimir Illich Lenin, seize Government buildings in Petrograd. Over the coming Following the death of MP Willie Redmond, brother of the weeks, months and years, the Bolsheviks install a socialist Irish Parliamentary Party Chairman, John Redmond, at the government in Russia to create the Soviet state. The Red Guards, under Bolshevik influence, Battle of Messines Ridge in Belgium, a by election is held in outside a Vulkan factory in 1917 East Clare. Eamon de Valera, running for Sinn Féin, defeats Patrick Lynch of the Irish Parliamentary Party by a majority of 2,975 votes.

Éamon de Valera

22 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1918 1918 March 1918 11th November 1918 UCD EVENT UCD EVENT MULCAHY APPOINTED ARMISTICE

IRA CHIEF OF STAFF In his report for 1917/18, UCD President Denis Coffey commemorates those fallen in the War, “I hope that a Richard Mulcahy, second-year medical student at UCD, place may be found in our new buildings for those who, Denis Coffey, UCD President, 1908-1940 is appointed Chief of Staff of the IRA. The increased as we knew them, had the promise of high careers and responsibilities that came with the position force him included not a few of exceptional distinction. They are all to abandon his studies later in the year. However, he gallant, good, true-hearted Irishmen.” continues to hold an office in the Chemistry corridor of the Physiology Department in Earlsfort Terrace, from which he conducts his duties as Chief of Staff.

Richard Mulcahy in uniform A depiction of injured soldiers returning from (UCD Archives) battle (National Library of Ireland)

21st March - 18th July 1918 14th December 1918 INTERNATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT

THE SPRING OFFENSIVE SINN FÉIN WIN Detail of Sinn Féin election poster in 1918, LANDSLIDE IN quoting D. D. Sheehan MP This was German military leaders’ last gamble to win the war before the Allies, reinforced by American troops, GENERAL ELECTION became too strong. Despite making major gains, the German army fails to pierce the Allies’ line.Weakened After the victories in the 1917 by-elections, Éamon de by the loss of their best troops and hampered by over- Valera leads his party to victory in the first general election extended supply lines, the German army falls vulnerable following the end of the First World War. The party wins A German tank passes through the French 73 seats, leaving 26 seats for the Unionist Party and 6 to Allied counter-offensives. In mid-July, 1918, French and town of Roye on the first day of the Offensive American forces start an offensive, followed by the British seats for the Irish Parliamentary Party. The defeat spells the The invitation extended to Dr James Ryan to attend army’s offensive in August 1918. This marks the military end for the Irish Parliamentary Party, and reflects the role the state opening of the British Parliament, following his election in 1918 (UCD Archives) turning point of the war. of the Easter Rising in provoking a radical upsurge in the nationalist ambitions of the Irish Public.The election is also FIND OUT MORE: notable for the election of Constance Markievicz, the first • HISTORY HUB woman to be elected to the British House of Commons. Professor Michael Laffan, The Irish Revolution, lecture 6, The 1918 General Election: Markievicz does not take her seat in Westminster, however, http://historyhub.ie/the-1918-general-election-the- as Sinn Féin choose to follow a policy of abstention. irish-revolution-lecture-6 21st April 1918 1918-19 NATIONAL EVENT 14th December 1918 ANTI-CONSCRIPTION UCD EVENT PLEDGE SIGNED BY 1918 ELECTIONS NATIONALISTS A number of UCD staff and graduates are elected on the Sinn Féin ticket, including Kevin O’Higgins, James Ryan and In response to the passing of the Military Service Bill by the Pat McCartan. In the election for the NUI’s parliamentary The invitation extended to Dr James Ryan to attend the House of Commons, which empowers the British Government John Dillon addressing an anti-conscription rally in seat, Eoin MacNeill defeats the Irish Parliamentary Party’s state opening of the British Parliament, following his to enforce conscription on all Irish men of military age, an Ballaghadreen, Co. Roscommon candidate Arthur Conway by 1,644 to 813 votes. election in 1918 (UCD Archives) anti-conscription pledge is signed throughout the country.The pledge is brought about by Irish Anti-Conscription Committee, an alliance of leading Irish nationalists, including Eamon de Valera, FIND OUT MORE: John Dillon and Arthur Griffith.The move, which is supported by • HISTORY HUB the Catholic Church in Ireland, reflects the mood amongst the Professor Michael Laffan, The Irish Revolution, Irish public towards what has become an increasingly unpopular lecture 5, Aftermath of the 1916 Rising and 1917 war. Although the Irish Parliamentary Party spearheads opposition By-Elections: http://historyhub.ie/aftermath-of-the-rising-and-1917-by- to the Military Service Bill at Westminster, Sinn Féin are the most elections-the-irish-revolution-lecture-5 vocal proponent of the anti-conscription movement and claim a A permit given by Dr James Ryan to a friend to be large degree of support throughout the country. present at the meeting of the First Dáil (UCD Archives)

11th November 1918 1919 INTERNATIONAL EVENT 21st January 1919 ARMISTICE NATIONAL EVENT WAR OF As the threat posed by the Allied forces becomes A photograph of the First Dáil taken on insurmountable, the German command make moves towards INDEPENDENCE BEGINS 10th April, 1919 ending the War. The armistice is formally signed in General Ferdinand Foch’s railway carriage in the forest of Compiègne. At the Mansion House in Dublin, Sinn Féin’s elected Since the beginning of the War, over 16 million have died, representatives convene to form the First Dáil. In a session including an estimated 7 million civilians. conducted through Irish, the Dáil ratifies its own Constitution and passes a Democratic Programme. In the absence of Eamon de Valera, who is under imprisonment, Cathal Brugha is elected as temporary President of the Dáil. On the same day, members of the Third Tipperary Brigade of the Irish Volunteers An invitation extended to Desmond Fitzgerald by George carry out an ambush on two RIC constables in Soloheadbeg, Noble Plunkett to attend the First Dáil (UCD Archives) French, German and British representatives outside Co Tipperary. The attack is seen as the formal initiation of the carriage of General AFoch’s train in the Forest hostilities in the Irish War of Independence; two days later, the FIND OUT MORE: of Compiègne, where the Armistice was signed. British government declare South Tipperary a Special Military • HISTORY HUB Professor Michael Laffan, The Irish Revolution, “Armisticetrain” in F.ex. Jan Dąbrowski, Wielka wojna Area and place it under the Defence of the Realm Act. 1914-1918, Warsaw 1937 lecture 7, The War of Independence/Anglo-Irish War: http://historyhub.ie/the-war-of-independence-the-irish- revolution-lecture-7

16 October 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 23 LEARN MORE

READ... TG4 and each episode focuses VISIT... Q A Nation and Not a Rabble: on one of the signatories to the Q The Pearse Museum, The Irish Revolution 1913-1923 by Proclamation. Now available on Rathfarnham, Dublin. Patrick Diarmaid Ferriter (Profile, 2015) DVD and subtitled in English. Pearse’s old school, St Enda’s, Q The Life and After-Life of is now a museum set in its own PH Pearse by Róisín Higgins LISTEN TO... grounds. Admission is free and and Regina Uí Chollatáin (Irish Q The Strange Thing I Am. the museum is open from 9.30am Academic Press 2009) An RTÉ radio documentary on every day, with closing times of Q Willie Pearse by Róisín Ní Patrick Pearse, www.rte.ie/radio1/ 4pm (Nov-Jan), 5pm (Feb) and Ghairbhí (O’Brien Press, 2015) doconone/2009/0626/646133- 6pm (Mar-Oct). Q Blood Upon the Rose by Gerry strangething/ Q Pearse Cottage, Inbhear, near Hunt (O’Brien Press, 2009) Q Pearse’s People. An RTÉ radio Rosmuc, Co Galway. Pearse’s Q Fatal Path: British Government programme from 1979 tells the summer residence and summer and Irish Revolution 1910-1922 by story of the Pearse family, school for St Enda’s pupils. Ronan Fanning (Faber and Faber, www.rte.ie/radio1/ PATRICK PEARSE’S COTTAGE Admission is €4 (students €2) 2013) doconone/2011/0616/646722- IN INBHEAR, CO GALWAY and the cottage is open from radio-documentary-pearses- 10am to 5pm (Mar 26 to Apr 15) WATCH... people-easter-rising-family/ collection at http://digital.ucd.ie/ with links to a comprehensive and 10-6pm (May 14 to Sep 2) Q 1916 — Seachtar na Cásca. view/ucdlib:38376 timeline of the era and http://www.heritageireland. This 2010 series, narrated by CHECK OUT... Q UCD’s Decade of Centenaries explaining all the important ie/en/West/ Brendan Gleeson, was shown on Q UCD’s online postcard website is a stunning resource events: centenaries.ucd.iera PatrickPearsesCottage/

RT TWO OF TEN PA MAGAZINES SPECIAL RTNERSHIP WITH IN PA

AND Part Two Free on Thursday 1916 www.independent.ie/1916 October 29th COLLECTION PART ONE OF TEN SPECIAL MAGAZINESMAGAZINES Thursday 29 October 2015 RTNERSHIP WITH IN PA AND F

16 www.independent.ie/1916 19LLECTION CO

Thursday 1717 September September 2015 2015

PATRICK PEARSE ANDTO THE ROADROAD TO REBELLION From parliamentariansparliamentarians to paramilitaries JOSEPH PLUNKETT AND ASSEMBLING THE ARMIES

24 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 16 October 2015