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Excavations of a Wheelhouse and Other Iron Age Structures at Sollas

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Excavations of a Wheelhouse and Other Iron Age Structures at Sollas ProcSoc Antiq Scot,(1991)1 12 , 117-173, fiche 1:D1-3:F10 Excavations of a wheelhouse and other Iron Age structures at Sollas, North Uist, AtkinsoC J byR 195n ni 7 Ewan Campbell* with contribution Judity sb h Finla Juliay& n Henderson ABSTRACT The rescue excavations at Sollas, North Uist, in 1957 investigated a well-preserved Iron Age wheelhouse and a more ruinous circular building. Large quantities of decorated pottery were recovered from stratified contexts, enabling a sequence of forms and decorative motifs to be forward.put constructionThe wheelhousethe shownof be can from seriesa radiocarbonof measurements artefactsand first seconddatethe or to to century providingAD, fixeda pointin the much debated Hebridean pottery sequence and in the development of Hebridean round- houses. Beneath the wheelhouse floors were a large number of pits, many containing articulated, dismembered or cremated animal burials, attesting to ritual practices. The site, which is the first wheelhouse excavation to be published for twenty years, has important implications for the structure, chronology functionand wheelhousesof Hebrideanthe in Iron Age. CONTENTS EXCAVATION SYNTHESIS & DISCUSSION (illuS 1-23) Introduction ............................................. 118 site setting ........................................... 119 excavations ........................................... 121 Structures and stratigraphy .................................... 122 sit eA .............................................2 12 . sit eB .............................................. 5 12 . Summary of phasing ......................................... 137 radiocarbo archaeomagnetid nan c dates .......................9 13 . Ritual pits with Judith Finlay ................................... 141 discussion ...........................................6 14 . Animal bon Judity eb h Finlay .................................7 14 . Artefacts ................................................ 148 pottery ............................................8 14 . worked bone .........................................8 15 . * School of History & Archaeology, University of Wales, Cardiff | SOCIET 8 11 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1991 other finds ........................................... 162 analysis of glass and pigment by Julian Henderson .................. 164 General discussion .........................................6 16 . DETAILED EXCAVATION RECOR CATALOGUED DAN S (fiche 1:D1-3:F10; JlluS 24-74) Contents ......................................... .1:D1 List Tablef so s & Illustrations ........................... .1:D2-D10 Context description sectiond san s ......................... .1:D11-G10 Scientific dating .................................... .1:G11-G12 Pottery .......................................... .1:G13-2:G12 Worked bone ...................................... .2:G13-3:C6 Miscellaneous finds .................................. .3:C7-D6 Analysis of glas pigmend san Juliay b t n Henderson .............. .3:D7-D8 Animal bon Judity eb h Finlay ........................... .3:D9-F10 INTRODUCTION The excavations at Sollas, North Uist, were part of one of the earliest large-scale rescue projects in Scottish archaeology, undertaken in 1956 and 1957 in advance of the proposed 'rocket range' on the west coast of the Uists. As a previous investigation by Erskine Beveridge in 190d reveale6ha a dlarg e wheelhous a souterraidun w d lo an ea nortn o nf Sollaso h (Beveridge 1911, 121-9) proposes wa t i , locato dt excavatd ean moune th l site al en n o sdi advanc f theieo r destruction AtkinsonC J R . , the t Edinburgna h University, undertooe kth excavation for the Ministry of Works over six weeks in June/July 1957. No funds were provided at the time for post-excavation work and only three of the seven other excavated sites have since been published e wheelhouseth : t A'Cheardaca s h Mhor (Youn Richardsog& n 1960 A'Cheardacd an ) h Bheag (Fairhurs tNorse 1971)th d e an hous, e (MacLaren 1974)t a l al , Drimore on South Uist. Pressure of work, and more recently illness, prevented Professor Atkinson from completing a report, but recent provision of funding by Historic Buildings & Monuments (Scottish Development Department enables ha ) dfinaa l reporproducede b o t t . curtailmene th o t missile e th f Du o te projec Nortn i t t destroyedh no Uis s site s th tewa wa t I . t visiblgrounde th no r Ministrn w backfilleeo Ai no . e s i th 196n yi d y b d0an This repor e materias basei th t n o d l availabl e authorth o t e , thoug e timth h e lapse involved has resulted in the loss or misplacing of some of the primary data. In addition, there were problems associated wit latee hth r stageexcavatione th f so . wallMane th f syo starteo dt collapse after heavy rain and it was considered unsafe to draw any wall elevations and some of sectionse th e unexpecteTh . d complexit pittine th f yo g beneat e wheelhousfloore th hth f o s e meant that these could not be fully excavated or recorded in the time available. Accordingly the Level III information in the fiche is not fully comprehensive, but the original records, which contain some additional information, have been deposite Nationae th n di l Monuments Record of Scotland. Although excavated more than thirt e sity th eyear o remainag s f considerablo s e importanc numbea n ei f respectso r firse . th First t s i full t i , y published accoun modera f o t n excavation of a wheelhouse. Secondly, there is a detailed account of stratified groups of pottery from closed contexts of short duration; analysis of these groups gives a fixed point in CAMPBELL: EXCAVATION IROF STRUCTUREE SO NAG SOLLAT SA 195N SI 7 119 the controversial sequence of Hebridean pottery (Topping 1987; Lane 1990). Thirdly, the wheelhouse had an early phase of numerous pits, some of which contained a bizarre collection of animal burials and cremations. The nature of these pits poses problems for the interpreta- tion of the function of wheelhouses. This account does not discuss the implication of the results of the Sollas excavations at length. Recent projects by Edinburgh University (Armit 1988a; 1988b), Sheffield University (Branigan 1989) and the Scottish Central Excavation Unit (Barber 1984; Barbe t ale r 1989) shoul substantialld dad r knowledgou o yt f suceo h machair sites and hopeds i t i , , enabl abundane eth t data fro Sollae mth smora excavationn i et pu e b o st comprehensive regional context. SITE SETTING e excavateTh e northerth dn o site y n la sboundar machaie th f yo r (Machair Leathann) about 1 km north of the townships of Sollas and Middlequarter on the north-western coast of North Uis l thret (illuAl . e namess1) , Sollas, Middlequarte Machaid ran r Leathann, have been applied to the site in the past. Crawford reports that the actual mound is known locally as Cnoc Slignich (Crawford 1986, 9) or Cnoc Sligeach (Crawford & Switsur 1977). Two main sites (NF 7561 80 ) were excavated (illu : Sit , whics2) newla e A s hwa y discovered, much-robbed circular building wheelhousSite d , whicth an e; B s hwa e first expose Beveridgey db e wheelhousTh . e southere larga dunth f w o n elo i ewad t measurinrisinnd en sse a an o gt m 0 g13 abou x 0 9 t ILLU 1 SSit e location with other settlementse IroAg n . Solid circle s- wheelhouses ; open circle s- othe r typef o s structure. 1 Sollas; 2 Udal; 3 Bac Mhic Connain; 4 Eilean Maleit; 5 Cnoc a'Comdhalach; 6 Carry lochdrach; 7 Foshigarry; 8 Clettraval; 9 Dun Skellor; 10 Balelone; 11 Eilean Olabhat. Sand dunes stippled; arable blank; rough pasture diagonal dots (from modern Ordnance Survey maps). I SOCIET 0 12 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1991 • ••••• souterrain '-• 115'-- 092 ,61 !t=J 0 2 30r r 0 1 0 SITE A ILLU S2 Site plan with contour feen si t above Ordnance Datum. Open circle recordee sar d auger borings (fiche)e Th . approximate positio souterraie th f no n recorde Beveridgy db e (1911, 129 indicateds i ) . maximum of 7 m OD, which is about 3 m above the level of the surrounding machair. This dune e southerth wa n o s n margi wida f no e expans f hummocko e y dunes lying behin e higdth h coastal dunes (illus 1). The Site A structure lay about 80 m SSW of the wheelhouse in a much smalle lowed an r r mound which stoo moro dn e thaabov m machair e n1 levee th eth f o l . excavateo tw e onle th yTh t dknow no site e ar sn structure thin i s e duness th par f o t . Beveridge record partiae sth l excavatio sam e souterraia th f nf o e norte o hillockth d n hen n o , about 90 m north of the wheelhouse (Beveridge 1911, 129). The only other recorded prehistoric settlement in the immediate vicinity is the ruinous and unexcavated broch or dun at Dun Skellor (illus 1, no 9), about 700 m ESE of the site (ibid, 219). The Sollas site (illus 1, no 1) lies within the Vallay area of North Uist which is known to rice b Iroe n structureshi nAg , man f theyo m having been investigate Beveridgy db e th n ei early years of this century; the other seven excavated wheelhouse sites (illus 1) being the Udal CAMPBELL: EXCAVATIONS OF IRON AGE STRUCTURES AT SOLLAS IN 1957 | 121 (no 2), Bac Mhic Connain (no 3), Eilean Maleit (no 4), Cnoc a' Comdhalach (no 5), Garry lochdrac Clettrava, Foshigarrd 6) an . Apar o , 8) h(n 7) o o t (n lfro y(n m Sollas onle th , y modern excavations have been on the wheelhouses at the Udal, 4 km to the north-east of Sollas, so far only published as brief interim reports (Crawford 1979; 1980; 1981). The apparent high density of sites in this area is almost certainly a consequence of the enthusiasm of Beveridge, who had bough e Vallath t y estate earlth yn ei centurye yearth f so . Modern surveys have shown that large numbers of unrecorded sites exist on the machair belt of the Outer Isles (Armit 1988a; Branigan 1989; Barber 1984; Lethbridge 1952, 193). Many of the wheelhouses in this area locate e seeedgee b th mo t f thi n so do s belt, especiall environmentaf yi l changes,e sucth s ha possible flooding of the Vallay strand machair, are taken into account (Scott 1948, 71).
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