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Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Commercial Lethrinidae Fish Species

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Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Commercial Lethrinidae Fish Species Italian Journal of Food Safety 2017; volume 6:6607 Heavy metal bioaccumulation ration, industrials (paints, fertilisers, pesti- in commercial Lethrinidae fish cides, textile, leather and pharmaceuticals) Correspondence: Bhoyroo Vishwakalyan, and mine drainage (Ansari et al., 2004). Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of species in Mauritius Erosion, volcanism and magmatic activity Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, is said to cause atmospheric metal pollution Mauritius. Tel: +230 5797 8038. Bhanoo Saulick,1 responsible for dissolved metals such as Email: email: [email protected] Vishwakalyan Bhoyroo,1 arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), 2 Nadeem Nazurally, Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) to be Acknowledgements: we are thankful to Mrs Bhanooduth Lalljee1 present in the oceans (Chiarelli and M. Seetohul, Mrs M. Budhoo, Miss F. Roccheri, 2014). Rise in the level of heavy Jaumdally, Mrs K.P. Ghoorbin, Miss B. 1Department of Food Sciences, Faculty metals in the marine environment has Sohun, Mr S. Bundhun, Mr A. Soomaroo, Mr of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, A. Jhurrea, Mrs I.A Noormohamed, Mrs 2 caused severe problem to the marine organ- Reduit; Faculty of Ocean Sciences, ism and humans (Bashir et al., 2013). Due A.Sobhee, Mr P.S Baboololl and Mr L Junye for their support for laboratory analysis. We University of Mauritius, Reduit, to their capability to bio-accumulate heavy Mauritius are indebted to Mr V. Ramsahye and Mr metals, edible fishes have gained serious C.D.W Abdool from the Faculty of Science, concern and importance as the consumption Chemistry Department (UoM) for their help of wild and aqua-cultured fish increased and assistance with laboratory equipments. Abstract (Elnabris et al., 2012). Arsenic, cadmium , mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) are categorised Key words: Heavy metals, Lead, Mercury, Concentrations of heavy metals arsenic, as harmful substances whereas chromium Nickel, Lethrinids. cadmium, lead and mercury and trace ele- (Cr), copper, nickel and zinc are said to be ments chromium, copper, nickel and zinc Received for publication: 1 February 2017. beneficial to the human body system Revision received: 7 October 2017. were tested in the muscle tissue of four (Duffus, 2002; Duruibe et al., 2007). Lead Accepted for publication: 10 October 2017. commercial edible lethrinids fish species is susceptible to children as it affects the from different region of Mauritius. Sky developing nervous system due to rapid This work is licensed under a Creative emperor (Lethrinus mahsena) was collected growth and metabolism. In addition, accu- Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 from coastal regions as well as offshore mulation of cadmium in the human body International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). regions (banks) for this study. Blackspot has negative effects on several organs such ©Copyright B. Saulick et al., 2017 emperor (Lethrinus harak) and spangled as kidney, lungs, brain and kidney. Mercury emperor (Lethrinus nebulosus) were also Licensee PAGEPress, Italy is considered most toxic and ingestion in Italian Journal of Food Safety 2017; 6:6607 studied for their popularity in the fish mar- high concentrations affect developing fetus. doi:10.4081/ijfs.2017.6607 ket. Condition factor was calculated for However, if the concentration of trace ele- each fish and the highest value obtained ments such as copper is present in high con- was in Lethrinus mahsena collected from centration, this can cause adverse effects offshore regions (2.598 cm/g). Flame atom- such as chronic anemia. Similar studies had small island is experiencing rapid growth in ic absorption spectrometry was used to been done in scombrids in Mauritius industry, tourism and population with con- analyse copper, nickel and zinc while, (Bhoyroo et al., 2015) and results showed sequent increase in production of more graphite furnace technique was used for levels of trace elements and heavy metals waste and the release of untreated sewage to cadmium, chromium and lead. Mercury lev- within permitted threshold levels for safe the marine environment. The suggested els were evaluated with the cold vapour consumption, whereas threshold for Maximum Permissible Level (MPL) for technique and arsenic with the thermal Chromium level was not listed in Food Act heavy metals in the human diet as a safety hydride cell. The level of lead, mercury, 1998 of Mauritius. regulation by international and national copper, nickel and zinc ranged from 0.0011- Lethrinidae fish are widely consumed agencies such as the World Health 0.0024 mg/L, 0.0016-0.0036 mg/L, 0.080- and are considered among the favourite dish Organisation (WHO), the Joint FAO/WHO 0.389 mg/L, 0.566-1.192 mg/L and 0.219- of Mauritian. The Food and Agricultural Expert Committee on Food Additives 0.422 respectively in wet weight. Inter- Organisation (FAO) International Standard (JECFA), the Ministry of Agro-industry and species variations in levels of heavy metals Statistical Classification for Aquatic Food Security (MAIFS) together with the and trace elements were observed for nickel Animals and Plants (ISSCAAP) has repre- Mauritian Food Act 1998 are set to identify and no significant variations occurred for sented Lethrinidae fish family as demersal the concentration of heavy metals in foods. mercury, lead and zinc. Concentrations of fishes and classified them as bottom-feed- The Fulton’s condition factor is used to cal- heavy metals and trace elements were all ing (bottom-dweling) carnivorous fish. Due culate the relationship between the length within the permissible level except for nick- to their feeding habits and long life (30 and the weight of the fish in order to esti- el. As per this study, the Food Act 1998 of years), Lethrinids can be used as an indica- mate the condition and feeding intensity of Mauritius must be reviewed in order to tor of heavy metal bioaccumulation in the the fish (Ighwela et al., 2011). incorporate the Maximum Permissible aquatic environment since they feed on The length and weight relationship is Level for nickel. mainly molluscs, crustaceans, sea urchins, important in fisheries biology to assess the hard-shell invertebrates and sometimes relationship between the weight and length fishes (Carpenter and Allen, 1989). Increase and to find potential variances between dif- in population together with increase in ferent stocks of the same species (Ighwela Introduction industrialization, have resulted in an et al., 2011). Moreover, the condition factor Increased heavy metal levels in the increase in pollution to the marine environ- provides information about the feeding aquatic environment is attributed to human ment and are causing potential risk for the behaviour and growth rate, and is affected activities such as domestic effluents, agri- marine organism and human health by the physiology and stage of growth of a cultural runoff, offshore oil and gas explo- (Matoka et al., 2014). Mauritius, being a fish (Da Coasta and Araújo, 2003; [page 174] [Italian Journal of Food Safety 2017; 6:6607] Article Vasantharajan et al., 2013). The assumption technique used for the qualitative and quan- ment. Standard solutions were prepared in made to assess the condition factor of a fish titative determination on an element that parts per million. Metals such as cadmium, is that heavier the fish of a particular length, uses thermal energy in the form of flame to chromium, copper and lead were further the better the condition factor (Froese, excite free atoms to higher energy levels analysed using the graphite atomic absorp- 2006). Barnham and Baxter (1998) have (Nick, 1995). The metals detected using the tion spectrophotometer. The standard solu- adopted a standard to classify the condition flame emission spectroscopy are cadmium, tion was prepared in parts per billion and factor of salmon. The condition factor (k) chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. the working range was from 1 ppb to 5 ppb. was used to predict the health status and to However, it must be noted that cadmium, estimate the feeding intensity of the fish chromium and lead was not detected when Detection of arsenic and mercury (Abowei, 2010; Jin et al., 2015). using flame spectroscopy and hence the through hydride atomic absorption graphite furnace technique was used. The spectroscopy working range was from 1 ppm to 5 ppm on Hydride atomic absorption spec- heavy metals in fish in the marine environ- troscopy system is a continuous flow of Materials and Methods Selected fish species (Figure 1) were sampled from local markets and fishermen. The mass of the fishes (g) was recorded in an electronic balance and the lengths (cm) were determined using a fish board before dissection. The condition factor (k) was cal- culated using the following equation: k=(weight in grams) * 100/(length in cm) 3 100 g muscle tissues from each fish, mainly the mid dorsal muscle was cut into pieces and placed in a polyethylene bag for further analysis in the laboratory. Stomach and part of the intestine were dissected to study the feeding content of each species. All equip- ment used was cleaned properly and acid washed before reuse to prevent contamina- tion. One hundred g of each species were dried separately in an oven (CARBOLITE) at 70°C till constant weights were attained. Each dried sample was blended in an elec- tric blender and for rapid and effective ash- ing. Then, 10 g of each blended sample was placed in a 50 mL crucible, labeled clearly with a heat resistant steel ball paint marker Figure 1. Plates showing the four fish species being studied for heavy metal and trace ele- and were transferred in a muffle furnace ments bioaccumulation. (CARBOLITE S302RR) and ashed at 450°C for 8 hours (García-Montelongo et al., 1994). After 8 hours, each crucible was Table 1. Condition factor of fish sampled. removed and 2 mL of HNO3 was added to the sample, allowed to evaporate to dryness Fish species K (cm/g) in a sand bath and transferred again into the Summer Winter muffle furnace to obtain carbon free solu- tion (Perkin-Elmer, 1996).
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