G46.1620, G42.1210 & V57.0303 Prof. Herrick Chapman Spring Semester 2003 Tues. 3:30-6:30 Office hours Wed. 9:30-11:30 [email protected]

TWENTIETH-CENTURY FRANCE This course will explore central issues in the history of France from the early decades of the Third Republic to the Fifth Republic of our own era. We begin with an examination of the Dreyfus Affair, an extraordinary national convulsion over anti-Semitism and a miscarriage of justice that left a powerful legacy for the rest of the twentieth century. We then turn to the First World War, giving special attention to its effects on the economy, government, social classes, and the relationship between men and women, and between colonial peoples and the French empire. Our focus then shifts to the 1930s, when the country was shaken by the Great Depression, the rise of political extremism, and the struggle to forge a “popular front” against fascism. We then spend several weeks exploring the Second World War, its anticipation, the French defeat of 1940, the Occupation, Resistance, Liberation, and early postwar reconstruction. The final weeks of the course investigate decolonization and the Algerian War, French reactions to American cultural and economic power, Gaullism, and the “events” of May 1968. We conclude with an effort to create a historical perspective on three key developments that have dominated public debate in the final decades of the century in France: immigration, the rise of the extreme Right, and the relationship of France to an increasingly integrated Europe. Although the course is organized around a chronological examination of the political history of France, we will stress social, cultural and economic history as well. After all, the century of total wars also brought France its period of most rapid social and economic change. We will investigate issues that call for crossing the usual boundaries between these several kinds of history. We will also repeatedly consider French developments within three wider international contexts: Europe, the French empire, and trans-Atlantic relations. Each week’s session begins with a fifty-minute lecture, followed by a two-hour seminar discussion. Because this is mainly a discussion course, its quality depends on everyone preparing the material and participating in class. Each week a group of three or four students will meet beforehand to prepare a brief series of questions designed to provoke discussion. Three papers are also required. The first two will address the readings for two different weeks during the course. These short analytical papers should each be five to six pages long. The final paper should be ten to fifteen pages on a topic of your own choosing. Grading in the course will be as follows: Class discussion and presentations 30% Short papers 30% Final paper 40% The required reading is available on reserve in the salle de lecture at the Institute of French Studies, as well as in the reserve room at Bobst Library. The following books have been ordered for purchase at the NYU Bookstore: Jeremy D. Popkin, A History of Modern France, 2nd Edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000). Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat (New York: Norton, 1968). Michael Burns, ed., France and the Dreyfus Affair (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000). Françoise Gaspard, A Small City in France: A Socialist Mayor Confronts Neo-Fascism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy (1934-1938) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). Robert O. Paxton, French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgère’s Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, 1929-1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982). Mary Louise Roberts, Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France 1917-1927 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). Class Schedule Week 1 (Jan. 21) – Introduction Recommended: Jeremy D. Popkin, A History of Modern France, 2nd Edition, chs. 17-19. Week 2 (Jan. 28) – The Dreyfus Affair Required: Michael Burns, ed., France and the Dreyfus Affair, selected pages. Nancy Fitch, “Mass Culture, Mass Parliamentary Politics, and Modern Anti-Semitism: The Dreyfus Affair in Rural France,” American Historical Review 97, 1 (February 1992). Popkin, chs. 21-22. Recommended: Jean-Denis Bredin, The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus. Michael Burns, Dreyfus: A Family Affair, 1789-1945. Vicki Caron, Between France and Germany: The Jews of Alsace-Lorraine, 1871-1918. Week 3 (Feb. 3) – The First World War Required: Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Men at War, 1914-1918: National Sentiment and Trench Journalism in France during the First World War (Providence: Berg, 1991), pp. 155-88. Laura Lee Downs, “Women’s Strikes and the Politics of Popular Egalitarianism in France, 1916-18,” in Rethinking Labor History: Essays on Discourse and Class Analysis, ed. Lenard R. Berlanstein (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993), pp. 114-48. Tyler Stovall, “Colour-Blind France? Colonial Workers during the First World War,” Race and Class 35, 2 (1993). Daniel J. Sherman, “Bodies and Names: The Emergence of Commemoration in Interwar France,” American Historical Review 103, 2 (April 1998): 443-66. Popkin, chs. 23-24. Recommended: Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun, 1916. Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People. Leonard V. Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War One. John F. Godfrey, Capitalism at War: Industrial Policy and Bureaucracy in France, 1914-1918. Laura Lee Downs, Manufacturing Inequality: Gender Division in the French and British Metalworking Industries, 1914-1939. Kenneth E. Silver, Esprit de Corps: The Art of the Parisian Avant-Garde and the First World War, 1914- 1925. Daniel J. Sherman, The Construction of Memory in Interwar France.

Week 4 (Feb. 10) – Women and Men after the First World War Required: Mary Louise Roberts, Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, 1917-1927. Lisa Camiscioli, “Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927,” French Politics, Culture & Society 17, 3-4 (Summer/Fall 1999): 52-74. Popkin, ch. 25. Recommended: Antoine Prost, In the Wake of War: “Les Anciens Combattants” and French Society, 1914-1939. Karen Offen, “Body Politics: Women, Work and the Politics of Motherhood in France, 1920-1950,” in Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States, 1880s-1950s, ed. By Gisela Bock and Pat Thane. Essays by Michelle Perrot and Steven C. Hause in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. by Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. Marie-Monique Huss, “Pronatalism in the Inter-War Period in France,” Journal of Contemporary History 25 (1990). François Thébaud, La Femme au temps de la guerre de 14. Susan Pedersen, Family Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State in Britain and France, 1914- 1945. Daniel J. Sherman, The Construction of Memory in Interwar France. Week 5 (Feb. 17) – The Rise of the Far Right Required: Robert O. Paxton, French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères’s Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, 1929-1939. Popkin, ch. 26. Recommended: Robert Soucy, French Fascism: The Second Wave, 1933-1939. Robert O. Paxton, “The Five Stages of Fascism,” Journal of Modern History 70, 1 (March 1998): 1-23. William D. Irvine, “Fascism in France and the Strange Case of the Croix de Feu,” Journal of Modern History 63, 2 (June 1991). Zeev Sternhell, Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France. René Remond, The Right Wing in France from 1815 to De Gaulle. Philippe Burrin, La Dérive fasciste: Doriot, Déat, Bergery, 1933-1945. Ralph Schor, L’Opinion française et les étrangers, 1919-1939. Robert Wohl, “French Fascism, Both Right and Left: Reflections on the Sternhell Controversy,” Journal of Modern History 63, 1 (March 1991). Kevin Passmore, From Liberalism to Fascism: The Right in a French Province, 1928-1939.

Week 6 (Feb. 24) – The Popular Front Required: Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy 1934-1938. Mary Dewhurst Lewis, “The Strangeness of Foreigners: Policing Migration and Nation in Interwar Marseille,” French Politics, Culture & Society 20, 3 (Fall 2002): 65-96. Recommended: Siân Reynolds, France Between the Wars: Gender and Politics. Jean Lacouture, Léon Blum. Tony Judt, Marxism and the French Left, ch. 3. Tony Judt, The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French Twentieth Century, ch. 1. Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s. Ingo Kolbloom, La Revanche des patrons: Le Patronat français face au front populaire. Susan B. Whitney, “Embracing the Status Quo: French Communists, Young Women and the Popular Front,” Journal of Social History 30, 1 (Fall 1996). Herrick Chapman, State Capitalism and Working-Class Radicalism in the French Aircraft Industry. Week 7 (March 4) – The French Defeat of 1940 Required: Marc Bloch, Strange Defeat. Arthur Koestler, Scum of the Earth (London: Hutchinson, 1941), ch. 2, “Purgatory.” Popkin, ch. 27. Recommended: Ernest May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France. Joel Blatt, ed., The French Defeat of 1940: A Reassessment, especially essays by Omar Bartov, William Irvine, and Vicki Caron. Robert Frankenstein, Le Prix du réarmement français (1935-1939). Stephen A. Schuker, “France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1939,” French Historical Studies 14, 3 (Spring 1986): 299-338. Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La Décadence, 1932-1939. Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, L’Abîme, 1939-1945. L. Mysyrowicz, Autopsie d’une défaite: Origines de l’effondrement militaire français de 1940. Andrew Shennan, The Fall of France, 1940. Carole Fink, Marc Bloch: A Life in History.

Week 8 (March 11) – Vichy France Required: Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order. Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), ch. 2. Popkin, ch. 28. Screening of Marcel Ophul’s “The Sorrow and the Pity.” Recommended: Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940-44. RoberT Gildea, Marianne in Chains. Philippe Burrin, France Under the Germans. Marc Olivier Baruch, Servir l’Etat français: L’Administration en France de 1940 à 1944. Roger Bourderon, “Was the Vichy Regime Fascist? A Tentative Approach to the Question,” in Contemporary France, ed. by John Cairns. Robert O. Paxton and Michael R. Marrus, Vichy France and the Jews. Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews. Alan S. Milward, The New Order and the French Economy. Francine Muel-Dreyfus, Vichy et l’éternel féminin. Pierre Laborie, L’Opinion française sous Vichy. John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation. Jean-Pierre Azéma and François Bédarida, eds., Vichy et les français. H. R. Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France: A Study of Ideas and Motivation in the Southern Zone 1940- 1945. H. R. Kedward, In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942-1944. Essays by Paula Schwartz and Sarah Fishman in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. by Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. Week 9 (March 25) – From Liberation to Cold War Required: Herrick Chapman, “The Liberation as a Moment in State-Making,” in Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918- 1962, eds. Kenneth Mouré and Martin S. Alexander (New York: Berghahn Books, 2002), pp. 174-198. Jane Jenson, “The Liberation and New Rights for French Women,” in Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, ed. Margaret Randolph Higonnet et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), pp. 272-84. Priscilla E. Prestwich, “Modernizing Politics in the Fourth Republic: Women in the Mouvement républicain populaire, 1944-1958,” in Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918-1962, ed. Mouré and Alexander, pp. 199-220. Tony Judt, “The Past is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Postwar Europe,” in The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath, eds. Istvan Deak, Jan T. Gross, and Tony Judt (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 293-323. Popkin, ch. 29. Recommended: Alice Kaplan, The Collaborator: The Trial and Execution of Robert Brasillach. Marguerite Duras, The War. Simone de Beauvoir, The Mandarins. Sylvie Chaperon, Les Années Beauvoir. Tony Judt, Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956. James D. Wilkinson, The Intellectual Resistance in Europe. Gisèle Sapiro, La Guerre des écrivains 1940-1953. William I. Hitchcock, France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944-1954. Irwin Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945-1954. Richard Vinen, Bourgeois Politics in France, 1945-1951. Claire Duchen, Women’s Rights and Women’s Lives in France 1944-1968. Week 10 (April 1) – The Americanization of France? Required: Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization, pp. ix-153. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), pp. 15-70. Popkin, ch. 30. Recommended: Simone de Beauvoir, America Day by Day. Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II. Philippe Roger, L’Ennemi américain: généalogie de l’antiaméricanisme français. Denis Lacorne, Jacques Rupnik, and Marie-France Toinet, eds., The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perceptions.

Week 11 (April 8) – The Algerian War and Decolonization Required: Robert Aldrich, Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (New York: St. Martin’s, 1996), ch. 8. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962 (New York: Penguin, 1977), chs. 2, 6, 8, and 9. Jim House and Neil MacMaster, “Une journée portée disparue. The Paris Massacre of 1961 and Memory,” in Crisis and Renewal in France, 1918-1962, ed. Mouré and Alexander, pp. 242-67. Popkin, ch. 31. Screening of Gillo Pontecorvo’s “The Battle of Algiers.” Recommended: Martin Evans, The Memory of Resistance: French Opposition to the Algerian War, 1954-1962, Benjamin Stora, Histoire de l’Algérie coloniale (1830-1954). Benjamin Stora, La Gangrène et l’oubli, la mémoire de la guerre d’Algérie. John Talbott, Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations. Tony Smith, “A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization,” Comparative Studies of Society and History 20 (January 1978): 70-102. Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria’s Fight for Independence and the Crisis of the Cold War Era. William B. Cohen, “The Algerian War and French Memory,” Contemporary European History (November 2000). Irwin M. Wall, France, the United States, and the Algerian War. James D. Le Sueur, Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria. Week 12 (April 15) – The De Gaulle Republic and May ’68 Required: David Goldey, “A Precarious Regime: The Events of May 1968,” in Philip M. Williams, French Politicians and Elections, 1951-1969 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), pp. 226-60. Julian Jackson, “De Gaulle and May 1968,” in De Gaulle and Twentieth-Century France, eds. Hugh Gough and John Horne (London: Edward Arnold, 1994), pp. 125-46. Khurshed Wadia, “Women and the Events of May ’68,” The May 1968 Events in France, ed. Keith Reader (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), pp. 148-66. Kristin Ross, May ‘68 and Its Afterlives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), selected pages. Popkin, chs. 31-32. Recommended: Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the U.S. Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II. Philip G. Cerny, The Politics of Grandeur: Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle’s Foreign Policy. Hervé Hamon and Patrick Rotman, Génération, 2 volumes. Raymond Aron, The Elusive Revolution. Alain Touraine, The May Movement. Week 13 (April 22) – Immigration and the Front National Required: Françoise Gaspard, A Small City in France: A Socialist Mayor Confronts Neo-Fascism. Robert Lieberman, “A Tale of Two Countries: The Politics of Color-Blindness in France and the United States,” French Politics, Culture & Society 19, 3 (Fall 2001): 82-94. Popkin, ch. 33-34. Recommended: “Race in France,” special issue of French Politics, Culture & Society 19, 3 (Fall 2001). Yvan Gastaut, L’Immigration et l’opinion et France sous la Ve République. Pierre-André Taguieff, ed., Face au racisme 2 vols. Peter Fysh and Jim Wolfreys, The Politics of Racism in France. Alec G. Hargreaves, Immigration, “Race” and Ethnicity in Contemporary France. Harvey G. Simmons, The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge to Democracy. Adrian Favell, Philosophies of Immigration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain, 2nd edition. Week 14 (April 29) - France in Europe to the End of the Century Research presentations in class. Final paper due May 2.