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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0000 UMI* ALCOHOLISM, GROUP THERAPY AND SELF-ESTEEM: RESIDENTIAL GROUP TREATMENT IN THE NORTH by Phyllis R Parker B.S.W. The University of British Columbia, 1982 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK © Phyllis Parker, 1999 UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1999 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1^1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KtA O r# Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your fUo Votre référence Our file Notre référence The author has granted a non L’auteur a accordé une hcence non exclusive hcence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library o f Canada to Bibhothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies o f this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfîche/fîlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L’auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d’auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author’s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. 0-612-62489-7 Canada A p p roval Name; Phyllis R. Parker Degree: Master of Social Work Thesis Title: ALCOHOLISM, GROUP THERAPY AND SELF-ESTEEM: RESIDENTIAL GROUP TREATMENT IN THE NORTH Examining Committee Chair: Stan Beeler, BA, MA, PhD Chair: English Programme College of Arts, Social and Health Sciences University of Northern British Columbia Supervisor: Professor. K.L.Tang, MSW, PhD Social Work, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences College of Arts, Social and Health Sciences University of Northern British Columbia Faculty Member: Professor Glen Schmidt, RSW, MSW Social Work, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences College of Arts, Social and Health Sciences University of Northern British Columbia External Member: Professor Antonia Mills, BA, PhD First Nations Studies, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences College of Arts, Social and Health Sciences University of Northern British Columbia Date Approved: Abstract This thesis examined residential group therapy treatment for alcoholism at Nechako Centre, Prince George. It looked at financing, programming and clientele characteristics of eighty clients. Additionally changes in self-esteem amongst the clients were recorded and analyzed. Combined methodology using qualitative and quantitative measures were used to analyze data collected fi-om four groups of men and women in 1990, 1992 and 1995. Fifty- two percent of the clients were First Nations. The question was asked “Does self-esteem increase after group therapy treatment?” Self-administered self-esteem results for 47 participants were analyzed and showed an increase in self-esteem. A second measure, Hudson’s Index of Self-Esteem, was given to a women’s group in 1995 and a statistically significant improvement in self-esteem was noted. Two First Nations women were interviewed. Themes of sexual abuse were present in these interviews. Suicide connected with the use of alcohol was present in one of the interviews. In one woman, the researcher noted an increase in self-esteem with a minimal improvement in the other. A further question was asked “Is group therapy helpful for the clients?” Some therapeutic experiences proposed by Yalom were observed during group therapy, i.e. interpersonal learning, self-understanding and existential changes. Group therapy also appeared to be an effective way for First Nations people and others to come to know and appreciate one another. A First Nations couple was interviewed thirteen years after initial treatment. From the interview it was learned that two hundred people from their reserve followed this couples’ example and sought treatment for alcoholism. I ll Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................................ii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................vii Dedication .................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter One .................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................1 Treatment of Alcoholism in Canada ........................................................................................ 2 Types of Groups .........................................................................................................................4 Residential Treatment and Group Therapy ............................................................................. 5 The Benefits of Residential Treatment ..................................................................................... 9 Self-Esteem and Substance Abuse .......................................................................................... 11 Why Study Nechako Treatment Centre? ...............................................................................12 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................ 13 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................ 14 Methodology .............................................................................................................................15 Data Collection..........................................................................................................................17 Chapter Two .................................................................................................................................20 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................20 The Problem of Alcohol in British Columbia ........................................................................20 First Nations Alcohol History ................................................................................................. 22 Past Government Attitude Towards First Nations People ...................................................25 Post-Contact References ......................................................................................................... 26 Proposed Principles for a Renewed Relationship ................................................................. 29 Action Against Alcoholism in British Columbia ....................................................................30 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................................32 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................32 Nechako Centre; A Fighter Against Alcoholism ...................................................................32 Nechako Centre Treatment Model .........................................................................................33 Funding ......................................................................................................................................34 Nechako Centre Programmes ................................................................................................. 34 Information