DOCSLIB.ORG

Increased Understandings of Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Increased Understandings of Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS THESIS This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author - subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Director of Copyright Services sydney.edu.au/copyright Increased Understandings of Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle by Helen Golder BAgSc. (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Sydney 2014 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... i PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESEARCH WORK AND/OR AUTHORSHIP ..................................................................................................... v CONFIRMATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP OF PUBLISHED WORK ............................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ xix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xxix LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FROM THIS THESIS ....................................................... xxxiii GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 THESIS OUTLINE ............................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 1: Critical Review: Understanding Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle .... 13 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................... 15 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 17 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 19 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................. 19 CATTLE AT RISK ........................................................................................................... 22 DIAGNOSIS ..................................................................................................................... 22 Clinical Signs ............................................................................................................... 24 Individual Cow Level ............................................................................................ 24 Herd Level ............................................................................................................. 24 Secondary Disorders ............................................................................................. 25 Feeding Behavior and Assessment .............................................................................. 25 DIAGNOSTIC MEASURES ............................................................................................ 26 Ruminal Measures ....................................................................................................... 26 pH .......................................................................................................................... 26 Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) ................................................................................... 31 Ammonia ............................................................................................................... 33 Lactic Acid ............................................................................................................ 34 Histamine .............................................................................................................. 36 Endotoxin ............................................................................................................... 36 Milk Measures ............................................................................................................... 37 Other Measures ............................................................................................................. 38 FEED SUBSTRATES ....................................................................................................... 39 Starches ......................................................................................................................... 40 Sugars ............................................................................................................................ 41 Proteins .......................................................................................................................... 43 RUMEN ECOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 45 Techniques Used to Study Rumen Microbial Ecology ................................................. 45 Ruminal Bacteria ........................................................................................................... 53 Core Bacterial Microbiome ........................................................................................... 54 Changes to the Microbiome .......................................................................................... 56 BUFFERING AND SALIVA ............................................................................................ 59 FEED ADDITIVES ........................................................................................................... 60 Antibiotics ..................................................................................................................... 61 Virginiamycin ........................................................................................................ 61 Monensin ................................................................................................................ 62 Flavophospholipol .................................................................................................. 68 Tylosin ................................................................................................................... 68 Buffers and Neutralizing Agents ................................................................................... 69 Direct-fed Microbials .................................................................................................... 71 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 72 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER 2: Effects of Grain, Fructose, and Histidine Challenges on Ruminal pH and Fermentation Measures in Dairy Heifers ................................................................. 99 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................ 101 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 103 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 104 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 105 Animals and Experimental Design ............................................................................. 105 Treatment Groups ....................................................................................................... 108 Challenge Procedure ................................................................................................... 108 Sampling Procedure .................................................................................................... 109 Laboratory Analysis .................................................................................................... 109 Locomotion Scoring .................................................................................................. 110 Statistical Analysis ..................................................................................................... 110 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Borowiec Et Al-2020 Ants – Phylogeny and Classification
    A Ants: Phylogeny and 1758 when the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné Classification published the tenth edition of his catalog of all plant and animal species known at the time. Marek L. Borowiec1, Corrie S. Moreau2 and Among the approximately 4,200 animals that he Christian Rabeling3 included were 17 species of ants. The succeeding 1University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA two and a half centuries have seen tremendous 2Departments of Entomology and Ecology & progress in the theory and practice of biological Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, classification. Here we provide a summary of the NY, USA current state of phylogenetic and systematic 3Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State research on the ants. University, Tempe, AZ, USA Ants Within the Hymenoptera Tree of Ants are the most ubiquitous and ecologically Life dominant insects on the face of our Earth. This is believed to be due in large part to the cooperation Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, which also allowed by their sociality. At the time of writing, includes wasps and bees. ▶ Eusociality, or true about 13,500 ant species are described and sociality, evolved multiple times within the named, classified into 334 genera that make up order, with ants as by far the most widespread, 17 subfamilies (Fig. 1). This diversity makes the abundant, and species-rich lineage of eusocial ants the world’s by far the most speciose group of animals. Within the Hymenoptera, ants are part eusocial insects, but ants are not only diverse in of the ▶ Aculeata, the clade in which the ovipos- terms of numbers of species.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Fossil Ants of the Genus Gesomyrmex Mayr
    tropics and southern subtropics in southern Asia consist mainly of numerous species from the genera Camponotus Mayr, Polyrhachis F. Smith, Oecophylla F. Smith (Formicinae), Dolichoderus Lund (Dolichoderinae), Pheidole Westwood, Crematogaster Lund (Myrmicinae), and Tetraponera F. Smith (Pseudomyrmecinae) (e.g. Floren et al. 2002). Since we can observe only the morphology of fossil species, we can draw ecological conclusions only from comparisons with extant species which have special morphological adaptations to their mode of life. However, it is possible to infer that the structure of arboreal ant complexes in the Tertiary was different from today. The most extensively studied fossil fauna originates from Eocene Baltic and similar ambers (Wheeler 1915; Dlussky 1997, 2002, in press; Dlussky & Perkovsky 2002; Dlussky & Rasnitsyn in press). In the Eocene ambers the genera Polyrhachis, Pheidole and Crematogaster were absent and only one Camponotus species was present. The most abundant species in these ambers is Ctenobethylus goepperti (Mayr) which belongs to an extinct genus (Dlussky & Rasnitsyn 2007). Species of Dolichoderus were not so abundant but with 22 different species Dolichoderus apparently had a high biodiversity in the late Eocene forests (Dlussky in press) and this is more than in any recent local tropical fauna of southern Asia. Specialized arboreal species of the genus Tetraponera are very rarely found in Baltic and similar amber and they are not very speciose (Dlussky 1997, Dlussky in press). Other rather rare specialized arboreal ants known from Eocene ambers were Gesomyrmex hoernesi, two species of Oecophylla, Liometopum oligocenicum Wheeler and two species of the extinct genus Drymomyrmex Wheeler. Possibly the real participation of Oecophylla in the fossil ecosystem is not mirrored in their proportion in ambers.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Ancient Diversity and the Rise of Modern Lineages
    Myrmecological News 24 1-30 Vienna, March 2017 Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages Phillip BARDEN Abstract The ant fossil record is summarized with special reference to the earliest ants, first occurrences of modern lineages, and the utility of paleontological data in reconstructing evolutionary history. During the Cretaceous, from approximately 100 to 78 million years ago, only two species are definitively assignable to extant subfamilies – all putative crown group ants from this period are discussed. Among the earliest ants known are unexpectedly diverse and highly social stem- group lineages, however these stem ants do not persist into the Cenozoic. Following the Cretaceous-Paleogene boun- dary, all well preserved ants are assignable to crown Formicidae; the appearance of crown ants in the fossil record is summarized at the subfamilial and generic level. Generally, the taxonomic composition of Cenozoic ant fossil communi- ties mirrors Recent ecosystems with the "big four" subfamilies Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae comprising most faunal abundance. As reviewed by other authors, ants increase in abundance dramatically from the Eocene through the Miocene. Proximate drivers relating to the "rise of the ants" are discussed, as the majority of this increase is due to a handful of highly dominant species. In addition, instances of congruence and conflict with molecular- based divergence estimates are noted, and distinct "ghost" lineages are interpreted. The ant fossil record is a valuable resource comparable to other groups with extensive fossil species: There are approximately as many described fossil ant species as there are fossil dinosaurs. The incorporation of paleontological data into neontological inquiries can only seek to improve the accuracy and scale of generated hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Fossil Ants of the Genus Gesomyrmex Mayr
    Zootaxa 2031: 1–20 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Fossil ants of the genus Gesomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Eocene of Europe and remarks on the evolution of arboreal ant communities GENNADY M. DLUSSKY1, TORSTEN WAPPLER2 & SONJA WEDMANN3 1Department of Evolution, Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Vorobjovy gory, 119992, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Steinmann Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie, Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 3Forschungsstation Grube Messel, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Markstraße 35, D-64409 Messel, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The formicid genus Gesomyrmex is reviewed and several new species are described from the middle Eocene (about 47 Ma) of Grube Messel, Germany, and from the middle Eocene (about 43 Ma) of Eckfeld maar, Germany. The new taxa are Gesomyrmex curiosus n. sp., Gesomyrmex breviceps n. sp., and Gesomyrmex pulcher n. sp. from Messel, and Gesomyrmex flavescens n. sp., and Gesomyrmex germanicus n. sp. from Eckfeld maar. Two previosly described Oligocene species must be excluded from Gesomyrmex. Former G. expectans Théobald, 1937 is transferred to Eoformica expectans (Théobald, 1937) (comb. nov.), and former G. mi egi Théobald, 1937 has to be considered as Formicidae incertae sedis (comb. nov.). A key to the living and fossil reproductive female caste (gyne) of the genus Gesomyrmex is provided. Given the fossil records of Gesomyrmex hoernesi Mayr, 1868 from different European amber deposits the presence of this genus in Europe during the Eocene is well established.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta (Insects))(Insects Introductory Article
    Insecta (Insects(Insects)) Introductory article EA Jarzembowski, Maidstone Museum and Bentlif Art Gallery, Maidstone, UK Article Contents .. Introduction Insects are the most diverse organisms on Earth with a long evolutionary history and are .. KeyKey Stages in Insect Evolution one of the most successful groups of organisms to have existed. .. InsectInsect Groups .. GeneralGeneral Biology Introduction Judging by their diversity, insects (superclass Hexapoda) being a very large number of individuals. The upper size are perhaps the most successful organisms of all time, with limlimiitt ooff iinnsseeccttss ((ee..g.g. the HerHerculculeess beetbeetlele 16 cm long) is an estimated 2–30 million species. Most of these are yet to uussuuaallllyy aattttrriibbuutedted ttoo tthhee ccoonnsstratraiinnttss ooff tthheeiirr ssppeecciiaall be described scientifically (only about a million have been ((ttrracheacheateate)) resprespiirraatortoryy systsystemem (see belbelow)ow).. ApaAparrtt frofromm namnameeddssoofar)far)..HowHoweveeverr,,aallrreadeadyywelwellloveoverr370370000differ000differentent size, insects also have some special adaptations of their kinkinddssooffbeebeettlleehavhaveebeebeennrecorecognignizedzedcomcomparpareeddwitwithhaamermeree arthropod inheritance: quarter of a million flowering plants (angiosperms). The size of the task of documenting insect species is possibly .. ThTheireir bodbodiesies are segsegmenmentedted and the segmsegmentsents have becobecomeme fusfuseedd and spespecciiaalliizzeedd (tag(tagmosmosiiss)) proproducducinging one ofof
    [Show full text]
  • Formicidae: Catalogue of Family-Group Taxa
    FORMICIDAE: CATALOGUE OF FAMILY-GROUP TAXA [Note (i): the standard suffixes of names in the family-group, -oidea for superfamily, –idae for family, -inae for subfamily, –ini for tribe, and –ina for subtribe, did not become standard until about 1905, or even much later in some instances. Forms of names used by authors before standardisation was adopted are given in square brackets […] following the appropriate reference.] [Note (ii): Brown, 1952g:10 (footnote), Brown, 1957i: 193, and Brown, 1976a: 71 (footnote), suggested the suffix –iti for names of subtribal rank. These were used only very rarely (e.g. in Brandão, 1991), and never gained general acceptance. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ed. 4, 1999), now specifies the suffix –ina for subtribal names.] [Note (iii): initial entries for each of the family-group names are rendered with the most familiar standard suffix, not necessarily the original spelling; hence Acanthostichini, Cerapachyini, Cryptocerini, Leptogenyini, Odontomachini, etc., rather than Acanthostichii, Cerapachysii, Cryptoceridae, Leptogenysii, Odontomachidae, etc. The original spelling appears in bold on the next line, where the original description is cited.] ACANTHOMYOPSINI [junior synonym of Lasiini] Acanthomyopsini Donisthorpe, 1943f: 618. Type-genus: Acanthomyops Mayr, 1862: 699. Taxonomic history Acanthomyopsini as tribe of Formicinae: Donisthorpe, 1943f: 618; Donisthorpe, 1947c: 593; Donisthorpe, 1947d: 192; Donisthorpe, 1948d: 604; Donisthorpe, 1949c: 756; Donisthorpe, 1950e: 1063. Acanthomyopsini as junior synonym of Lasiini: Bolton, 1994: 50; Bolton, 1995b: 8; Bolton, 2003: 21, 94; Ward, Blaimer & Fisher, 2016: 347. ACANTHOSTICHINI [junior synonym of Dorylinae] Acanthostichii Emery, 1901a: 34. Type-genus: Acanthostichus Mayr, 1887: 549. Taxonomic history Acanthostichini as tribe of Dorylinae: Emery, 1901a: 34 [Dorylinae, group Cerapachinae, tribe Acanthostichii]; Emery, 1904a: 116 [Acanthostichii]; Smith, D.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoology, Botany, and Geology
    — On Fossil Arthropoih in the British Museum. 273 rarispinus, plate 23, fig. 1, area I. This is an external sand- stone mold of the ventral side seen from above, and is there- fore reversed, as is your specimen of Pholidocidaris anceps seen from within. " I found in the great preponderance of cases in Palaeozoic Echini that odd-numbered columns, while starting in the centre, passed upwards to the left of the centre. On the other hand, even-numbered columns usually start on the rigiit of tlie centre and maintain that position throughout their extent. Such being the case, I feel that such is the probable course in any given specimen until it proves itself exceptional. " This internal and external view business and molds of exterior and interior seen in reverse are the most confusing things to keep true orientation straight in that I ever tackled." XXX YI. Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.— I. By T. D. A. COCKERELL, University of Colorado. The British Eocene insects hitherto described consist of three species of Coleoptera, one of Isoptera, and one of Odonata. The two latter, published in recent years, are in the British Museum. Dr. F. A. Bather has kindly transmitted to me the'undescribed Eocene material belonging to the Museum, and included with it I find the type-specimens of two of the already-named Coleoptera. These were figured by Wt'Stwood in 1854, without names ; in 1856 names were supplied by Giebel. In the present paper I complete the account of the Eocene material, aside from the Coleoptera, which will be discussed separately.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematik, Phylogenie, Taphonomie Und Paläökologie Der Insekten Aus Dem Mittel-Eozän Des Eckfelder Maares, Vulkaneifel DISSE
    Titelseite Systematik, Phylogenie, Taphonomie und Paläökologie der Insekten aus dem Mittel-Eozän des Eckfelder Maares, Vulkaneifel DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt von Dipl.-Geol. Torsten Wappler aus Georgsmarienhütte / Niedersachsen genehmigt von der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Clausthal Tag der mündlichen Prüfung 11.04.2003 Vorsitzender der Promotionskommission: Prof. Dr. J. Fertig (Clausthal) Hauptberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. C. Brauckmann (Clausthal) 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. H.-J. Gursky (Clausthal) 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. J. Rust (Bonn) Diese Arbeit wurde am Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie der Technischen Universität Clausthal angefertigt Gefördert durch die DFG im Rahmen des Projektes „Insekten Mitteleozän Eckfeld“ (LU 794/1-1, 1-2) Danksagung Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Dr. H. LUTZ (Mainz), dem ich den ersten Kontakt mit fossilen Insekten aus dem Eckfelder Maar während eines Grabungspraktikums 1995 verdanke. Ferner hat er ent- scheidend zur Entstehung des Projektes beigetragen. Ihm sei hier auch für die ständige Diskussions- bereitschaft, die vielen fachlichen Informationen, die kritische Durchsicht früherer Manuskriptversionen und vor allem aber der Bereitstellung von Literatur aus seiner unerschöpflichen Bibliothek gedankt. Herrn Prof. Dr. C. BRAUCKMANN (Clausthal) möchte ich für die Betreuung, dem steten Interesse am Fortgang der Arbeit, den fruchtbaren Diskussionen und vielen Literaturhinweisen, der Hilfe bei der Ab- leitung lateinischer Wortstämme und nicht zuletzt der Bereitstellung eines Arbeitsplatzes recht herzlich danken. Prof. Dr. H.-J. GURSKY (Clausthal) und Prof. Dr. J. RUST (Bonn) übernahmen dankenswerterweise das Korreferat der Arbeit. Herrn Prof. Dr. J. RUST sei vor allem auch für die vielfältigen Anregungen und Hilfestellungen gedankt. Er hat ebenfalls entscheidend zur Entstehung des Projektes beigetragen.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaerobic Microbial Processes for Energy Conservation and Biotransformation of Pollutants
    Anaerobic processes for energy conservation and biotransformation of pollutans Lara M. Paulo M. Lara of pollutans and biotransformation conservation energy for processes Anaerobic Anaerobic microbial processes for energy conservation and biotransformation of pollutants Lara da Luz Ferreira Martins Paulo Propositions 1. Metal supplementation can be used as a strategy to enhance environmental biotechnological processes. (this thesis) 2. Microbial community analysis provides crucial information to understand a particular biological system (this thesis) 3. Scientists are often unsure how to use statistical tools correctly. 4. With their statement ”Life is a net exergonic chemical reaction, it releases energy to go forward.”, Sousa et al. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 368: 20130088, 2013) ignored that a small input of energy is always required. 5. Besides scientific skills, good scientific collaborations are also necessary to finish a PhD. 6. The deprivation of sunlight has great impact on a person’s happiness and mood. Propositions belonging to the thesis, entitled ‘’Anaerobic microbial processes for energy conservation and biotransformation of pollutants’’ Lara da Luz Ferreira Martins Paulo Wageningen, 8 May 2017 Anaerobic microbial processes for energy conservation and biotransformation of pollutants Lara da Luz Ferreira Martins Paulo Anaerobic microbial processes for energy conservation and Thesis committee biotransformation of pollutants Promotor Prof. Dr Alfons J. M. Stams Personal chair at the Laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University & Research Lara da Luz Ferreira Martins Paulo Co-promotor Dr Diana Z. Sousa Assistant Professor, Laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University & Research Thesis Other members submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor Prof. Dr Grietje Zeeman, Wageningen University & Research at Wageningen University Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Synonymic List of Neotropical Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
    BIOTA COLOMBIANA Special Issue: List of Neotropical Ants Número monográfico: Lista de las hormigas neotropicales Fernando Fernández Sebastián Sendoya Volumen 5 - Número 1 (monográfico), Junio de 2004 Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Biota Colombiana 5 (1) 3 -105, 2004 Synonymic list of Neotropical ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Fernando Fernández1 and Sebastián Sendoya2 1Profesor Asociado, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA 7495, Bogotá D.C, Colombia. [email protected] 2 Programa de Becas ABC, Sistema de Información en Biodiversidad y Proyecto Atlas de la Biodiversidad de Colombia, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. [email protected] Key words: Formicidae, Ants, Taxa list, Neotropical Region, Synopsis Introduction Ant Phylogeny Ants are conspicuous and dominant all over the All ants belong to the family Formicidae, in the superfamily globe. Their diversity and abundance both peak in the tro- Vespoidea, within the order Hymenoptera. The most widely pical regions of the world and gradually decline towards accepted phylogentic schemes for the superfamily temperate latitudes. Nonetheless, certain species such as Vespoidea place the ants as a sister group to Vespidae + Formica can be locally abundant in some temperate Scoliidae (Brother & Carpenter 1993; Brothers 1999). countries. In the tropical and subtropical regions numerous Numerous studies have demonstrated the monophyletic species have been described, but many more remain to be nature of ants (Bolton 1994, 2003; Fernández 2003). Among discovered. Multiple studies have shown that ants represent the most widely accepted characters used to define ants as a high percentage of the biomass and individual count in a group are the presence of a metapleural gland in females canopy forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article the Hindwings of Ants: a Phylogenetic Analysis
    Hindawi Psyche Volume 2019, Article ID 7929717, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7929717 Research Article The Hindwings of Ants: A Phylogenetic Analysis Stefano Cantone and Claudio José Von Zuben Department of Zoology, Sao˜ Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Stefano Cantone; [email protected] Received 11 February 2019; Accepted 27 March 2019; Published 14 April 2019 Academic Editor: Jan Klimaszewski Copyright © 2019 Stefano Cantone and Claudio Jos´e Von Zuben. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In this study, we compare and analyze diferent ant taxa hindwing morphologies with phylogenetic hypotheses of the Family Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Te hindwings are classifed into three Typologies based on progressive veins reduction. Tis analysis follows a revision of the hindwing morphology in 291 extant and eight fossil genera. Te distribution of diferent Typologies was analyzed in the two Clades: Formicoid and Poneroid. Te results show a diferent distribution of Typologies, with a higher genera percentage of hindwings of Typology I in the Clade Poneroid. A further analysis, based on genetic afnities, was performed by dividing the Clades into Subclades, showing a constant presence of hindwings of Typology I in almost all the Subclades, albeit with a diferent percentage. Te presence of hindwings of Typology I (hypothesized as more ancestral) in the Subclades, indicates the genera that could be morphologically more similar to their ancestral ones. Tis study represents the frst revision of the ants’ hindwings, showing an overview of the distribution of diferent Typologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Lach Et Al 2009 Ant Ecology.Pdf
    Ant Ecology This page intentionally left blank Ant Ecology EDITED BY Lori Lach, Catherine L. Parr, and Kirsti L. Abbott 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Oxford University Press 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 978–0–19–954463–9 13579108642 Contents Foreword, Edward O.
    [Show full text]