Bottom-Up Development in Haiti

Occasional Paper N° 5 Robert Earl Maguire Bottom-Up Development in Haiti Institute of Haitian Studies University of Kansas Occasional Paper N° 5 Bryant C. Freeman, Ph.D. General Editor Robert Earl Maguire Bottom-Up Development in Haiti Institute of Haitian Studies University of Kansas 1995 University of Kansas Institute of Haitian Studies Occasional Papers Bryant C. Freeman, Ph.D. - General Editor No 1 - Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti, 29 mas 1987. September 1994. Pp. vi-106. Haitian-language version (official orthography) of the present Constitution, as translated by Paul Déjean with the collaboration of Yves Déjean. Introduction in English. No 2 - Toussaint's Constitution (1801), with Introduction. October 1994. Pp. ix-20. In French. Introduction (in English) places Constitution in its historic context and analyzes salient features. No 3 - Bryant C. Freeman, Selected Critical Bibliography of English-Language Books on Haiti. February 1995 (Updated). Pp. 21. More than 150 entries, with brief description of each; special list of "Top Ten." Introduction and text in English. Updated periodically. No 4 - Strategy of Aristide Government for Social and Economic Reconstruction (August 1994). December 1994. Pp. iv-9. Official document setting forth recovery plan for Haiti. Introduction and text in English. No 5 - Robert Earl Maguire, Bottom-Up Development in Haiti. January 1995. Pp. iv-63. Keynote: develop people rather than things, with case study as carried out in Le Borgne. Introduction and text in English. N° 6 - Robert Earl Maguire, Devlopman Ki Soti nan Baz nan Peyi Dayiti. February 1995. Pp. v-71. Haitian-language version of N° 5, in Pressoir-Faublas orthography. Introduction in English. No 7 - Samuel G. Perkins, "On the Margin of Vesuvius": Sketches of St Domingo, 1785-1793. March 1995. Pp. vi-75. First-hand account by an American merchant living in Saint-Domingue during onset of the Haitian Revolution. Introduction analyzes strong and weak points of narrative. Index of Proper Names. No 8 - Official Spelling System for the Haitian Language. April 1995. Pp. 27. Text of official Haitian government edict of 28 September 1979, in Haitian. Editor's remarks in English on subsequent contemporary usage and brief pronunciation guide. Eleven pages chosen to illustrate good usage of official system, plus brief examples of the three major preceding orthographies. Introduction traces development of the four major systems. No 9 - Organization Charts of the Haitian Judiciary and Military. May 1995. Pp. 10. Two charts of Haitian judicial system - one in French and English, other in French only. Three charts in French of Armed Forces of Haiti (1993) and one of Port-au-Prince police; officer and enlisted ranks with insignia (in French and English). Introduction in English. N° 10 - Tèt Kole Ti Peyizan Ayisyen, Dosye Chef Seksyon: Chef Seksyon - Yon Sistèm Ki Mérite Elimine. June 1995. Pp. vi-52. Detailed, scathing account of the institution of section chiefs as of March 1991, compiled by a leading Haitian peasant group. Much exact information. Introduction in English, text in Haitian (official orthography). Available through: Mount Oread Bookshop University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Tel.: (913) 864-4431 Occasional Paper N° 5 January 1995 BOTTOM-UP DEVELOPMENT IN HAITI This is the fifth in a series of documents concerning Haiti to be made more readily available through the University of Kansas Institute of Haitian Studies. We feel the present study, although conceived more than fifteen years ago, to be as timely now as when first published, and probably even more so. With the return on 15 October 1994 of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and the massive amount of foreign aid which has been pledged - never before equaled in Haitian history and probably never to be repeated - Haiti is at an historic crossroads. It has never been and will probably never again be in so favorable a position to rise above its dismal economic past and to graduate "from misery to poverty, with dignity" (Aristide). To say that it is essential that the most must be made of this opportunity is an understatement. Thus it appears to us that, in order to help avoid mistakes of the past, now is an appropriate time to republish one of the most penetrating papers on development aid in Haiti. Developing people rather than things, consulting the people actually targeted rather than often self-interested bureaucrats far removed from rural reality, in other words, the "bottom-up" approach rather than the "top-down" approach, is the essential message here. Obviously developing things rather than people is far easier, far more rapid, and can be far more readily exhibited to visiting inspection officials, but does this constitute true development? The subject here is cosmetic change, as opposed to real change. Certain statements are worthy of special note. Contrary to what one so often hears, "Peasants are not automatically against innovation" (p. 26). Other basics are "local solutions for local problems" (p. 59), and the importance of konbit, or communal work teams, for forming a nucleus of more extended peasant action (p. 38). Although Liberation Theology is never directly mentioned, one could well posit that its very essentials are inherent in the ideology and work as described here. But agents of social change can only be perceived by those in power as a threat, as so dramatically evidenced by the events of the past three years. And one can well see the candidacy of an Aristide as the logical continuation, on the national level, of the grass-roots program of conscientization so eloquently set forth in this study. Bryant Freeman iii N.B. A reminder of acronyms important in the text: BCA - Bureau du Crédit Agricole (Bureau of Agricultural Credit) CARE - Cooperative Assistance for Relief Everywhere HACHO - Haitian American Community Help Organization IAF - Inter-American Foundation IDEA - Institut Diocésain d'Education des Adultes (Diocesan Institute for Adult Education) IHS - Institut Haïtien de Statistique (Haitian Institute of Statistics) MODECBO - Mouvement pour le Développement de la Communauté du Borgne (Movement for the Development of the Community of Le Borgne) UNDP - United Nations Development Program (US)AID - (United States) Agency for International Development iv B0TTOM-ÜP DEVELOPMENT IN HAITI By Bob Maguire The Inter-Amerlean Foundation Patrick Breslin October, 1979 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 5 Haitian Underdevelopment 9 Development Efforts In Haiti 21 Development from the Bottom Up 31 Works Cited 62 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure One Haiti 11 Table One Land Distribution in Haiti (1971) 13 Figure Two Pecking Order 17 Table Two Duality in Haitian Culture 20 Table Three Development Agency Interest Sectors 22 Figure Three Map of Le^orgne Parish 35 Table Four Land Distribution in Le^orgne 37 Table Five Selected Distribution/Tenure of Peasant Holdings in LeBorgne 39 Figure Four Le^Borgne Parish, Tenure Types 40 -3- Bottom-up Development in Haiti is the first in a series of papers on Latin American and Caribbean development issues. These papers will offer some perspectives on Latin Americans1 and Caribbeans1 self-help efforts to cope with and solve the problems of underdevelopment. Robert Maguire is a Foundation Representative for the Caribbean. Before coming to IAF in May 1979, Mr. Maguire was doing doctoral fieldwork in southern Louisiana. He is a Ph.D. candidate in geography at McGill University, Montreal. The main thrust of his research is socio-economic cultural change in black creóle communities in southern Louisiana. This paper is published by the Inter-American Foundation, an independent US Government corporation created under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969. The goals of the Foundation, as stated in its creating legislation, are to strengthen the bond of friendship and understanding among the peoples of this hemisphere; support self-help efforts designed to enlarge the opportunities for individual development; stimulate and assist effective and ever wide participation of the people in the development process; and encourage the establishment and growth of democratic institutions, private and governmental, appropriate to the requirements of the individual sovereign nations of this hemisphere. Material in this paper is the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission, although source credit is requested. Permission is required only to reproduce copyrighted photographs. INTER-AMERICAN FOUNDATION 1515 Wilson Boulevard Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 INTRODUCTION On the road to the village of Belladire in the north of Haiti—a road once paved as part of some long-forgotten development effort and now mostly potholes—high on a knoll overlooking the countryside, sits a relatively large, abandoned, cement building, the remains of a school built in the 1950s by a non-Haitian development assistance organization. Despite the obvious need for improved formal education in the area, this building stands empty, rapidly deteriorating in the tropical climate. Such scenes are common in developing countries. Abandoned schools, disintegrating roads, half-finished or decaying monuments to good intentions, to frustration, exhaustion of funds, lack of planning. But in most cases, there is an underlying reason for these scenes—the failure to involve local people in the effort. The school in Haiti stands empty because the people of the area did not feel a part of the physical mutation that simply appeared in their midst. Perhaps they would not have identified

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