Campuses, Cities and Innovation 39 international cases accommodating tech-based research Flavia Curvelo Magdaniel Alexandra den Heijer Monique Arkesteijn Hans de Jonge Campuses, Cities and Innovation 39 international cases accommodating tech-based research by TU Delft Campus Research Team May 2017 Note for the reader: This book is also available as a full colour paperback. See www.managingtheuniversitycampus.nl for more information Colophon This book “Campuses, Cities and Innovation” comprises a reprinted chapter and components from Flavia Curvelo Magdaniel’s doctoral thesis entitled ‘Technology campuses and Cities: A study on the relation between innovation and the built environment at the urban level’. This PhD thesis was defended and published in 2016 at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). The content corresponds to a study of 39 technology campuses, which was conducted in 2013 and was edited by members of TU Delft’s Campus Research Team, between February and April 2017. Author: dr. ir. Flavia T. J. Curvelo Magdaniel, post-doctoral researcher ‘The European Campus’ project, specialisation: campus development and innovation districts Editorial team: dr. ir. Alexandra C. den Heijer, leading researcher “Campus Research Team”, associate professor Real Estate Management, specialisation: (managing) university campuses ir. Monique H. Arkesteijn MBA, project manager, assistant professor and head of section Real Estate Management, specialisation: design and decision support prof. ir. Hans de Jonge, emeritus professor Real Estate Management, founder “Campus Research Team”, former department chair All members of the Campus Research Team are affiliated to the academic department of Management in the Built Environment (MBE) of TU Delft’s Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment. Contact address: [email protected]. More background information about this book and related research can be found at www.managingtheuniversitycampus.nl The research team wants to thank TU Delft’s executive board, management staff and facility management and real estate department (FMVG) and academic colleagues for supporting this research and contributing to the content. Cover and graphic design by Flavia Curvelo Magdaniel. This book can be referred to as: Curvelo Magdaniel, F. T. J. (2017). Campuses, Cities and Innovation. 39 international cases accommodating tech-based research. (A. C. Den Heijer, M. H. Arkesteijn, & H. De Jonge Eds.). Delft: TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Management in the Built Environment. Published by TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Management in the Built Environment ISBN 978-94-92516-55-8 © 2017 Flavia Curvelo Magdaniel, TU Delft All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author. Unless otherwise specified, all the photographs in this book were taken by the author. For the use of illustrations effort has been made to ask permission for the legal owners as far as possible. We apologize for those cases in which we did not succeed. These legal owners are kindly requested to contact the author. 2 Campuses, Cities and Innovation Preface The locations of technology campuses determine where innovation takes place. In a knowledge-based economy the future of cities increasingly depends on the presence of universities, their industry partners, talent and (start-up) businesses. The relationship between (technology) campuses and cities was a central theme in Flavia Curvelo Magdaniel’s doctoral research, which was defended and published in September 2016. During her PhD study she collected data of thirty-nine technology campuses, which we – as her promotor and copromotor – considered worth a spin-off publication. This publication “Campuses, cities and innovation” contains descriptions of 39 international cases that accommodate tech- based research activities. These case descriptions (in part B) are introduced with background information about concepts and methods (in part A) and reflected upon in conclusions and recommendations (in part C). Based on our experience - after more than twenty years of campus research at TU Delft – we identified a demand for case- study references to support decision making at both universities and municipalities. TU Delft’s campus research team aims at generating management information on all campus levels: from the changing academic workplace and new concepts for university buildings to the sustainable campus and the knowledge city. This book is part of a book series that combines insights from theory with references from practice, to contribute to smarter campus management. With a large amount of facts, figures and maps this book “Campuses, cities and innovation” is relevant for board members and (campus) management staff at universities as well as policy makers at municipalities and regional authorities. Additionally, decision makers of industry partners, (start-up) businesses and (other) members of the campus community could be interested in comparing their campuses with world-wide examples. “Innovation is what happens when preparation meets opportunity” was one of the propositions that Flavia Curvelo Magdaniel defended in September 2016. With this book we wanted to take the opportunity to support the preparation process and hope to stimulate innovation. prof. ir. Hans de Jonge dr. ir. Alexandra den Heijer on behalf of TU Delft’s Campus Research Team Delft, May 2017 Campuses, Cities and Innovation 3 4 Campuses, Cities and Innovation Contents Preface 3 Management summary 7 A. Background 13 1. Introduction 15 1.1. Research field 15 1.2. Knowledge basis: gaps and opportunities 16 1.3. Research aim and questions 17 1.4. Book structure and outline 18 1.5. Definitions 18 2. Concepts 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Knowledge, innovation and the built environment 23 2.2.1. Cities and the built environment in the knowledge economy 26 2.2.2. The built environment as infrastructure resource of the Triple Helix 28 2.3. Technology campuses as organisational resources 30 2.3.1. The strategic campus 30 2.3.2. The operational campus 32 2.4. Chapter conclusions 35 3. Methods 39 3.1. Introduction 39 3.2. Data collection procedures 40 3.2.1. Sample scan 40 3.2.2. Data collection plan 41 3.2.3. Data analysis 41 B. Description 47 4. Emergence and development of technology campuses 51 4.1. The post-war period & the atomic age. 51 4.2. The space age & ICT industrial revolution. 52 4.3. The digital & information Age 53 4.4. Chapter conclusions 54 5. Patterns in the demand for Technology campuses 61 5.1. The Triple Helix as main stakeholder developing technology campuses 61 5.1.1. The founder 61 5.1.2. The manager 61 5.1.3. The promoter 62 5.2. The strategic campus: goals on technology campuses and cities 62 5.3. Chapter conclusions 65 5.3.1. Who are the stakeholders involved in the development of technology campuses? 65 5.3.2. What are these stakeholders’ goals on campus? 65 6. Patterns in the supply of technology campuses 69 6.1. The operational campus: the form and function of technology in cities/regions 69 6.1.1. Location patterns 69 6.1.2. Layout patterns 77 6.1.3. Size and density patterns 77 6.1.4. Block patterns 77 6.2. Chapter conclusions 82 7. A compendium of Technology campuses 87 7.1. Abbreviations and symbols 88 7.2. Index of technology campuses 89 C. Conclusions 137 8. Conclusions and recommendations 141 8.1. Technology campuses as built environments 141 8.2. Limitations 142 8.3. Further research 142 8.3.1. Innovation, cities and campus governance 142 8.3.2. Campus locations and the urban transformation 142 References 143 Appendix A: Campus management research 147 About the author and editors 156 Campuses, Cities and Innovation 5 6 Campuses, Cities and Innovation Management summary Introduction (Chapter 1) This book describes the development of thirty-nine technology their different interests on innovation at urban and regional campuses intended to stimulate innovation. ‘Technology level poses interesting and challenging questions about the campuses’ entail a variety of built environments that have governance of these areas. been developed to accommodate technology-based research activities. Science parks, campuses of universities of technology On the real estate side, this study provides a way of and R&D parks – facilitating research and development – are understanding technology campuses as strategic and the most common examples of them. Universities, firms and operational assets for organisations. Technology campuses are governments are spending resources in developing these large described in these terms and in relation to concepts from design and costly built environments to support their goals based on and planning theories on the one hand and innovation topics in spatial models that have a common characteristic: they enable urban economy on the other hand. This multidisciplinary view the concentration of people, organisations, and their activities. of technology campuses is used to outline its relevance in the This approach is being criticised because the actual returns of contemporary context and to develop a conceptual framework these investments on innovation are difficult to demonstrate. to describe them. Nonetheless, developing campuses to stimulate innovation has become a commonly accepted practice among