Simulacijski Alati I Njihova Ograničenja Pri Analizi I Unapređenju Rada Mreža Istovrsnih Entiteta

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Simulacijski Alati I Njihova Ograničenja Pri Analizi I Unapređenju Rada Mreža Istovrsnih Entiteta SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FAKULTET ORGANIZACIJE I INFORMATIKE VARAŽDIN Tedo Vrbanec SIMULACIJSKI ALATI I NJIHOVA OGRANIČENJA PRI ANALIZI I UNAPREĐENJU RADA MREŽA ISTOVRSNIH ENTITETA MAGISTARSKI RAD Varaždin, 2010. PODACI O MAGISTARSKOM RADU I. AUTOR Ime i prezime Tedo Vrbanec Datum i mjesto rođenja 7. travanj 1969., Čakovec Naziv fakulteta i datum diplomiranja Fakultet organizacije i informatike, 10. listopad 2001. Sadašnje zaposlenje Učiteljski fakultet Zagreb – Odsjek u Čakovcu II. MAGISTARSKI RAD Simulacijski alati i njihova ograničenja pri analizi i Naslov unapređenju rada mreža istovrsnih entiteta Broj stranica, slika, tablica, priloga, XIV + 181 + XXXVIII stranica, 53 slike, 18 tablica, 3 bibliografskih podataka priloga, 288 bibliografskih podataka Znanstveno područje, smjer i disciplina iz koje Područje: Informacijske znanosti je postignut akademski stupanj Smjer: Informacijski sustavi Mentor Prof. dr. sc. Željko Hutinski Sumentor Prof. dr. sc. Vesna Dušak Fakultet na kojem je rad obranjen Fakultet organizacije i informatike Varaždin Oznaka i redni broj rada III. OCJENA I OBRANA Datum prihvaćanja teme od Znanstveno- 17. lipanj 2008. nastavnog vijeća Datum predaje rada 9. travanj 2010. Datum sjednice ZNV-a na kojoj je prihvaćena 18. svibanj 2010. pozitivna ocjena rada Prof. dr. sc. Neven Vrček, predsjednik Sastav Povjerenstva koje je rad ocijenilo Prof. dr. sc. Željko Hutinski, mentor Prof. dr. sc. Vesna Dušak, sumentor Datum obrane rada 1. lipanj 2010. Prof. dr. sc. Neven Vrček, predsjednik Sastav Povjerenstva pred kojim je rad obranjen Prof. dr. sc. Željko Hutinski, mentor Prof. dr. sc. Vesna Dušak, sumentor Datum promocije SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FAKULTET ORGANIZACIJE I INFORMATIKE VARAŽDIN POSLIJEDIPLOMSKI ZNANSTVENI STUDIJ INFORMACIJSKIH ZNANOSTI SMJER STUDIJA: INFORMACIJSKI SUSTAVI Tedo Vrbanec Broj indeksa: P-802/2001 SIMULACIJSKI ALATI I NJIHOVA OGRANIČENJA PRI ANALIZI I UNAPREĐENJU RADA MREŽA ISTOVRSNIH ENTITETA MAGISTARSKI RAD Mentor: Prof. dr. sc. Željko Hutinski Sumentor: Prof. dr. sc. Vesna Dušak Varaždin, travanj 2010. ZAHVALA Hvala supruzi Nataši te djeci Davidu, Juditi, Dominiku i Justini na ljubavi, strpljivosti, prijateljstvu i radosti što postojite i što ste tako divni! Žao mi je što sam vam bio mnogo manje dostupan nego što sam htio. Vama posvećujem ovaj rad. Hvala mentoru, prof. dr. sc. Željku Hutinskom na njegovu prijateljstvu, razgovorima, savjetu, vodstvu i podršci još od vremena prve godine dodiplomskog studija. Hvala sumentorici, prof. dr. sc. Vesni Dušak, na razumijevanju, pomoći, utjesi te vrlo kvalitetnim primjedbama. Oboje imate veliko srce. Hvala prof. dr. sc. Nevenu Vrčeku na konstruktivnim i pronicljivim primjedbama koje su znatno podigle kvalitetu rada. Hvala Nadici Hrgarek na prijateljstvu, lekturi, recenziji, vremenu, trudu i vrlo konkretnim savjetima, a posebno u podršci kad više nisam imao snage. Hvala ženinim i mojim roditeljima na daru života i pomoći i kada su mogli i kada nisu. Hvala svima koji su molili za ovu nakanu, moju obitelj i mene te konačno, a zapravo prvo, hvala Bogu na svemu! Tedo Magistarski rad: Simulacijski alati i njihova ograničenja pri analizi i unapređenju rada mreža istovrsnih entiteta PREDGOVOR Mreže istovrsnih entiteta1 (engl. peer-to-peer, skraćeno P2P) oblik su distribuiranih2 računalnih sustava s naglaskom na samoorganiziranje, decentralizaciju i neovisnost njihovih čvorova. Navedena obilježja omogućuju stvaranje visoko prilagodljivih, robusnih i proširivih mreža, ujedno izuzetno jeftinih te vrlo zanimljivih kao način oblikovanja distribuiranih sustava. U radu se ravnopravno koristite izrazi istovrsni entiteti, engl. izvornik peer-to-peer i pripadna kratica P2P, radi njene praktičnosti i uvriježenosti njena korištenja. Sva se tri izraza smatraju ekvivalentnima. Sustavi istovrsnih entiteta pružaju podršku za dijeljenje resursa, razmjenu datoteka, razmjenu podataka, publiciranje sadržaja, pretraživanje, preuzimanje i distribuciju sadržaja, spletnu obradu, trenutno dopisivanje, distribuiranu pohranu, distribuirane mrežne usluge, video na zahtjev te Internet telefoniju, ..., a nove se primjene stalno pojavljuju u različitim područjima. P2P tehnologija izrazito povećava iskorištenost3 komunikacijskih kanala i računala povezanih na Internet. U većini slučajeva P2P tehnologije su mrežno orijentiranog modela koji ne ovisi o središnjim kontrolnim točkama ili je njihov broj toliki i razmještaj takav da na prihvatljivu razinu smanjuje broj veza iz punog mrežnog modela. Na taj način se, osim povećanja performansi u traženju, dostavi i obradi informacija, poboljšava i ukupna pouzdanost sustava. Zašto su mreže istovrsnih entiteta tako učinkovite? Kada korisnik želi preuzeti datoteke sa primjerice web stranica, on pritiskom tipke miša na određenu web poveznicu ili upisom određene web adrese posredstvom tipkovnice zapravo podnosi HTTP GET zahtjev. Ovaj zahtjev za datotekom koristi jednu TCP vezu, te komunicira s jednim poslužiteljem s kojeg prenosi cijelu datoteku. Nasuprot tome, mreže istovrsnih entiteta odnosno njihovi protokoli stvaraju TCP veze s većim brojem čvorova i ostvaruju niz malih zahtjeva za prijenosom podataka. Programski klijent mreže istovrsnih entiteta na kraju od svih pristiglih dijelova ponovo stvara cjelovitu datoteku. Svaki čvor ima ograničeni predajni kapacitet (engl. upload) komunikacijskog kanala kojim je povezan na Internet, ali povezanost sa mnogim čvorovima u mrežama istovrsnih entiteta omogućava brži ukupni 1 Entitet je, sasvim općenito, nešto što postoji. Formalno, istovrsni entiteti opisani su uređenim skupom istovrsnih atributa. Danas se u poslovnoj primjeni mreža prevladavajuće koristi model mrežne arhitekture koji nazivamo klijent-poslužitelj. I klijent i poslužitelj su entiteti – čvorovi mreže – različitih uloga i zadaća. Istovrsni entiteti su, nasuprot tome, ravnopravnih uloga, zadaća i mogućnosti odnosno odgovornosti. 2 Vidjeti prilog Distribuirani računalni sustavi. 3 Cinici bi mogli s pravom reći opterećenost. I Magistarski rad: Simulacijski alati i njihova ograničenja pri analizi i unapređenju rada mreža istovrsnih entiteta prijenos datoteke. Čim se djelić datoteke prenese s jednog čvora na drugi, onaj drugi i sam postaje poslužitelj za druge korisnike koji taj djelić još nisu preuzeli te doprinosi kako bržoj cirkulaciji podataka, tako i disperziji troškova prijenosa među korisnicima. Sustav ujedno postaje i robustan, jer se zalihost podataka povećava. Isti djelić datoteke može se nalaziti kod mnoštva korisnika, a da niti jedan od njih ne mora imati cijelu datoteku(!). Eksperimentalna evaluacija i testiranje najbolji su načini za analizu distribuiranih sustava. Implementacija mreža istovrsnih entiteta zahtijeva angažiranje značajnih resursa u obliku velikog broja čvorova i korisnika, te ih je u stvarnom životu moguće testirati tek kada se izgrade. Kako bi se ipak unaprijed testiralo i predvidjelo njihovo ponašanje, dva su moguća rješenja: jedno predstavljaju simulacije programskim simulatorima, a drugo je uključenje u PlanetLab, odnosno Emulab projekte. PlanetLab [1] je testna mreža oformljena od mnoštva računala, (gotovo tisuću, što je i ciljna veličina), distribuiranih po cijelom svijetu, s ciljem evaluacije mrežnih i distribuiranih sustava u stvarnim uvjetima. Svaki istraživački projekt koji koristi PlanetLab dobije virtualne strojeve na podskupu raspoloživih čvorova. Emulab je jedan od projekata koji koristi fizičke resurse PlanetLaba. To je također [2] testna mreža povezanih računala koja istraživačima omogućava slobodu korištenja kakve god računalne okoline (OS i potrebne aplikacije na čvorovima korisnici sami instaliraju), pomoću koje istraživači razvijaju, ispravljaju i procjenjuju svoje distribuirane sustave. Korisnički računi su kod PlanetLaba ograničeni na korporacije i sveučilišta koja svojim računalnim i komunikacijskim resursima sudjeluju u projektu PlanetLab. Emulab ima liberalniji pristup dozvoljavajući da se korisnički računi otvaraju od strane akademskih istraživača, bez obveze participacije računalnim i mrežnim resursima. Korištenje programskih simulatora predstavlja brži i jednostavniji pristup, ali i manje precizan i vjerodostojan. Po logici stvari trebalo bi ih koristiti u prvim razvojnim fazama novih P2P protokola, a kada se krene s implementacijom poželjno ih je testirati u nekom testnom distribuiranom sustavu, poput navedenih PlanetLab i Emulab. Postavlja se pitanje koliko su postojeći simulatori pogodni za simulacije pojedinih vrsta mreža istovrsnih entiteta, a s obzirom na kriterije poput prilagodljivosti simulacije ili detaljizacije načina rada i komuniciranja korisnika, aplikacija, protokola i fizičke mreže. U Čakovcu, 7. travanj 2010. Tedo Vrbanec II Magistarski rad: Simulacijski alati i njihova ograničenja pri analizi i unapređenju rada mreža istovrsnih entiteta SADRŽAJ Predgovor................................................................................................................................I Popis kratica........................................................................................................................VII Popis slika..............................................................................................................................X Popis tablica........................................................................................................................XII Sažetak...............................................................................................................................XIII Abstract.............................................................................................................................XIV
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