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The List Serves: the Apparatuses of Security and Governmentality

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The List Serves: the Apparatuses of Security and Governmentality The list serves: the apparatuses of security and governmentality Kenneth C. Werbin A Thesis in The Department of Communication Studies Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada April 2008 © Kenneth C. Werbin, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-37727-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-37727-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada SIGNATURE PAGE [Insert university's approval sheet here] ABSTRACT The list serves: the apparatuses of security and governmentality Kenneth C. Werbin, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2008 Inspired by taxonomist Jack Goody's theorizing of 'ancient lists' as 'intellectual technologies,' this research analyzes listing practices in modern and contemporary formations of power, and how they operate in the installation and securing of the uncertain political economic milieus of circulation that characterize Michel Foucault's conception of governmentality. Propelling the list's critical operations in the delimitation and policing of 'threatening' movements from out of modern history, and into a contemporary analysis of power, this research demonstrates how the correlation of computer, statistical, and list technologies and techniques first installed under the Nazi regime, continues to factor significantly in the segmenting and constitution of a most critical classification of contemporary homo sapiens: the terrorist class, or homo sacer. Indeed, in this analysis of how lists serve formations of power, Foucault's populations and milieus of circulation installed through the apparatuses of security are reconciled with Giorgio Agamben's theorizing of 'bare life' as the fundamental political unit of modern and contemporary sovereignty. Investigating how lists served the emergence of modern computers, and continue to correlate power/knowledge in contemporary assemblages like no-fly lists; as well as in a series of increasingly pervasive and ubiquitous watch-list conjunctures, this research characterizes the technoscientific cultural construction of the contemporary terrorist as a critical function of no-blank list culture. In this way, it is argued here that the list is not simply an innocuous tool of everyday life for administering the minutiae of mundane existence, but rather, operates as a security technology of contemporary governmentality—a critical support of juridical- disciplinary mechanisms and assemblages of police—with the dual role and double integration effect of self-elaborating and securing the classes of 'factual' knowledge it itself calls into 'truthful' reality. in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the following people for their contributions, help, support, and encouragement throughout my Ph.D. Studies: Dr. Kim Sawchuk, my advisor and academic hero! My committee; Dr. Leslie Regan Shade and Dr. Martin Allor of the Department of Communication Studies at Concordia University, Dr. Steven Shaw of the Department of Educational Technology at Concordia, and Bell Globemedia Research Chair, Dr. Greg Elmer of the Infoscape Research Lab at Ryerson University. I would also like to thank the Fonds Quebecois de la recherche sur la societe et la culture for their support. Additionally I would like to thank the following people whose thought provoking feedback and discussions also greatly contributed to this work: Dr. Geert Lovink, Dr. Monika Kin-Gagnon, Dr. Gaetan Tremblay, Dr. Charles Perraton, Professor Rae Staseson, Inderbir Riar, and Eric Abitbol. I would also like to thank my brother Robert, his wife Heidi, and my 3 'rock out' nephews Ryan, Evan and Brendan Werbin. Finally, I would like to thank the love of my life, Alix-Jeanne Loewenguth, my confidante and shelter from the storm. IV DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my late-mother Eleanor Moss-Werbin (1942-2000), MBA, CA, and highly regarded Professor in the Faculty of Commerce and Administration at Concordia University for 18 years. Thanks Mum! Your love, spirit, and sense of social justice are always with me. v TABLE OF CONTENTS THE LIST SERVES: THE APPARATUSES OF SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTALITY 1 Introduction: In lists we are 1 Research terrain 5 The list served: ancient times 5 The list served: the classification of the human species 10 The list serves: disciplinary and juridical-legal mechanisms 14 The list serves: the apparatuses of security 18 The list serves: risk assessment 25 The list serves: freedom of circulation 28 The list serves: governmentality 30 Questions of methodology and corpus 32 Chapter 1 - The list served: Nazi governmentality 43 Introduction 43 The list, early information technology, and Nazi governmentality 46 Statistics and the Volk: constituting Aryan natural history, or the normal in Nazi governmentality 50 Risk Assessment in the Third Reich 55 Statistics and the policing of dangerous elements 65 Juridical-legal and disciplinary mechanisms in Nazi governmentality.... 69 The biopolitical milieu of circulation: managing the Volk's cultural organs 80 The list served: 'seeing everything' through Nazi apparatuses of security 86 The list serves: governmentality or bare life? 92 Conclusion 99 vi Chapter 2 - The list serves: entropy and governmentality 101 Introduction 101 Computers, statistics, and lists serve: entropic milieus of circulation.... 109 What is entropy, and why are we sailing in a sea of it? 110 Von Neumann's 'winners' and'losers' 119 Open-human discourse: islands in a sea of entropy 125 Closed-world discourse: game theory a la von Neumann 131 Culled from the vast seas of entropy: enter the cyborg class 141 Global classification infrastructures serve: governmentality 146 The list serves: Who, Says What, In Which Channel, To Whom, With What Effect? 147 The list serves: an example of entropy and contemporary governmentality 154 Conclusion 156 Chapter 3 - Fear and no-fly listing in Canada (Mar. 2006-Nov. 2007) 160 Introduction 160 Legal, technoscientific, and popular conceptions of no-fly lists 166 Intelligent interventions into no-fly listing 182 The case of Christopher Soghoian 190 Reconstructing no-fly lists 195 Conclusion 202 Chapter 4 -No-blank list culture, or how technoscience 'truthfully' constructs the 'terrorist' 205 Introduction 205 No-blank list culture emerges 208 No-blank lists as technoscientific cultural constructions 212 vii Double integration, or Good Guys 0, Bad Guys 1 220 No-blank lists serve: the naturalization of terrorist' knowledge 228 No-blank lists serve: the reemergence of bare life 233 No-blank list culture as a critical site of struggle 244 No-blank lists serve: new formations of security, territory and population 248 Conclusion 251 Conclusion - In lists we trust? 254 The list serves: future research directions 262 REFERENCES 267 vin 1 THE LIST SERVES: THE APPARATUSES OF SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTALITY Introduction: In lists we are... In short, the point of view adopted in all these studies involved the attempt to free relations of power from the institution, in order to analyze them from the point of view of technologies; to distinguish them also from the function, so as to take them up within a strategic analysis; and to detach them from the privilege of the object, so as to resituate them within the perspective of the constitution of fields, domains, and objects of knowledge (Foucault 2007c, p.l 18). 'The list' serves. Indeed, the list serves the all-encompassing work of classifying and developing all fields, domains, and objects of knowledge as related to all living beings, things, and events. Equally, since ancient times, the list has served an instrumental role in managing security, territory, and population, albeit in a series of radically different political power/knowledge formations, and in
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