Infectious Diseases in South Dakota 2008
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Melioidosis: a Clinical Model for Gram-Negative Sepsis
J. Med. Microbiol. Ð Vol. 50 2001), 657±658 # 2001 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland ISSN 0022-2615 EDITORIAL Melioidosis: a clinical model for gram-negative sepsis The recently published study of recombinant human clinical sepsis model over the current heterogeneous activated protein C drotrecogin-á, Eli Lilly, Indiana- clinical trials. Our knowledge of melioidosis and its polis, IN, USA) in severe sepsis makes welcome causative organism, Burkholderia formerly Pseudomo- reading. At last a clinical trial of an augmentative nas) pseudomallei, has expanded considerably over the therapy in severe sepsis has managed to show a last 15 years. Melioidosis was originally described in mortality bene®t from the trial agent [1]. Most studies Myanmar then Burma) in 1911 and came to of augmentative treatments in serious sepsis have failed prominence during the Vietnam con¯ict, when French to show clear bene®t. Sepsis studies commonly involve and American soldiers became infected. It has been a syndrome caused by a myriad of organisms, occurring described in most countries of south-east Asia, in a very heterogeneous group of patients, who may be including the Peoples Republic of China and the Lao enrolled in one of several centres. This introduces PDR [5], but Thailand has the greatest reported disease multiple confounding factors. Agood model for clinical burden [6]. It is also endemic to northern Australia [7]. sepsis studies would ideally cause disease in a relatively Understanding of the epidemiology of the disease has homogeneous population, be acquired in a community been improved by the demonstration of two pheno- setting, present in large numbers to a single institution, typically similar but genetically distinct biotypes in the be caused by a single organism, and ordinarily result in environment [8], only one of which appears to be a substantial mortality rate. -
Communicable Diseases Monthly Newsletter
Communicable Diseases Monthly Newsletter October 2013 Volume 6, Issue 10 What is Pneumonia? neumonia is an infection of the lungs that is Inside This Issue P usually caused by bacteria or viruses. Globally, pneumonia causes more deaths than any 2 Pneumonia other infectious disease. It can often be prevented and can usually be treated. 2 Influenza Update Pneumonia can cause mild to severe illness in 3 people of all ages. Signs of pneumonia can include Communicable Diseases Report coughing, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing or shortness of breath, chills, or chest pain. Certain people that are more likely to become ill with Rabies Awareness pneumonia include adults 65 years of age or older and children younger than 5 4 years. People with underlying medical conditions and those who smoke cigarettes or Sexually Transmitted have asthma are also at increased risk for pneumonia. Diseases Causes of Pneumonia When bacteria, viruses or, rarely, fungi living in your nose, mouth, sinuses, or the (Continued on page 2) Influenza update: 2013-2014 Season s of the week ending November 2, 2013, a total of 7 cases have been A reported in Joplin City (6) and Jasper County (1). Since the beginning of influenza reporting in October, influenza type A represents 85.7 percent of the cases (6 out of 7). This trend shows slightly less reports during the 2013-2014 season when compared with the previous season (2012-2013) within the same period. Influenza virus: Source: CDC.gov (Continued on page 2) Communicable Disease Monthly Newsletter Pneumonia (Continued from page 1) Reduce Your Risk environment spread to your lungs, you can develop Pneumonia can be prevented with vaccines. -
Kellie ID Emergencies.Pptx
4/24/11 ID Alert! recognizing rapidly fatal infections Susan M. Kellie, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, UNMSOM Hospital Epidemiologist UNMHSC and NMVAHCS Fever and…. Rash and altered mental status Rash Muscle pain Lymphadenopathy Hypotension Shortness of breath Recent travel Abdominal pain and diarrhea Case 1. The cross-country trucker A 30 year-old trucker driving from Oklahoma to California is hospitalized in Deming with fever and headache He is treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, but deteriorates with obtundation, low platelet count, and a centrifugal petechial rash and is transferred to UNMH 1 4/24/11 What is your diagnosis? What is the differential diagnosis of fever and headache with petechial rash? (in the US) Tickborne rickettsioses ◦ RMSF Bacteria ◦ Neisseria meningitidis Key diagnosis in this case: “doxycycline deficiency” Key vector-borne rickettsioses treated with doxycycline: RMSF-case-fatality 5-10% ◦ Fever, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, anorexia and headache ◦ Maculopapular rash progresses to petechial after 2-4 days of fever ◦ Occasionally without rash Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (HGA): case-fatality<1% Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME): case fatality 2-3% 2 4/24/11 Lab clues in rickettsioses The total white blood cell (WBC) count is typicallynormal in patients with RMSF, but increased numbers of immature bands are generally observed. Thrombocytopenia, mild elevations in hepatic transaminases, and hyponatremia might be observed with RMSF whereas leukopenia -
Weekly Epidemiologic L Report
WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT A publication of the Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Health 231, de Saram Place, Colombo 01000, Sri Lanka Tele: + 94 11 2695112, Fax: +94 11 2696583, E mail: [email protected] Epidemiologist: +94 11 2681548, E mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.epid.gov.lk Vol. 42 No. 33 08 th – 14 th August 2015 Melioidosis Key facts the area. People acquire the disease by inhaling dust contaminated by the bacteria and when the • Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused contaminated soil comes in contact with abraded by a bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. (scraped) area of the skin. Infection most com- • Melioidosis infection commonly involves the monly occurs during the rainy season. lungs. Symptoms • Melioidosis is diagnosed with the help of Melioidosis symptoms most commonly stem blood, urine, sputum, or skin-lesion testing. from lung disease where the infection can form a • Melioidosis is treated with antibiotics. cavity of pus (abscess). The effects can range from mild bronchitis to severe pneumonia. As a • The overall mortality rate is 40%. result, patients also may experience fever, head- Introduction ache, loss of appetite, cough, chest pain, and general muscle soreness. Melioidosis, also called Whitmore's Disease, is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium The effects can also be localized to infection on called Burkholderia pseudomallei (previously the skin (cellulitis) with associated fever and muscle aches. It can spread from the skin known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei-Gram- negative,oxidase positive bacillus). The bacteria are found in contaminated water and soil and spread to humans and animals through direct contact with the contaminated source. -
Reportable Diseases and Conditions
KINGS COUNTY DEPARTMENT of PUBLIC HEALTH 330 CAMPUS DRIVE, HANFORD, CA 93230 REPORTABLE DISEASES AND CONDITIONS Title 17, California Code of Regulations, §2500, requires that known or suspected cases of any of the diseases or conditions listed below are to be reported to the local health jurisdiction within the specified time frame: REPORT IMMEDIATELY BY PHONE During Business Hours: (559) 852-2579 After Hours: (559) 852-2720 for Immediate Reportable Disease and Conditions Anthrax Escherichia coli: Shiga Toxin producing (STEC), Rabies (Specify Human or Animal) Botulism (Specify Infant, Foodborne, Wound, Other) including E. coli O157:H7 Scrombroid Fish Poisoning Brucellosis, Human Flavivirus Infection of Undetermined Species Shiga Toxin (Detected in Feces) Cholera Foodborne Disease (2 or More Cases) Smallpox (Variola) Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Tularemia, human Dengue Virus Infection Influenza, Novel Strains, Human Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Crimean-Congo, Ebola, Diphtheria Measles (Rubeola) Lassa, and Marburg Viruses) Domonic Acid Poisoning (Amnesic Shellfish Meningococcal Infections Yellow Fever Poisoning) Novel Virus Infection with Pandemic Potential Zika Virus Infection Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Plague (Specify Human or Animal) Immediately report the occurrence of any unusual disease OR outbreaks of any disease. REPORT BY PHONE, FAX, MAIL WITHIN ONE (1) WORKING DAY Phone: (559) 852-2579 Fax: (559) 589-0482 Mail: 330 Campus Drive, Hanford 93230 Conditions may also be reported electronically via the California -
Pearls: Infectious Diseases
Pearls: Infectious Diseases Karen L. Roos, M.D.1 ABSTRACT Neurologists have a great deal of knowledge of the classic signs of central nervous system infectious diseases. After years of taking care of patients with infectious diseases, several symptoms, signs, and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities have been identified that are helpful time and time again in determining the etiological agent. These lessons, learned at the bedside, are reviewed in this article. KEYWORDS: Herpes simplex virus, Lyme disease, meningitis, viral encephalitis CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS does not have an altered level of consciousness, sei- zures, or focal neurologic deficits. Although the ‘‘classic triad’’ of bacterial meningitis is The rash of a viral exanthema typically involves the fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity, vomiting is a face and chest first then spreads to the arms and legs. common early symptom. Suspect bacterial meningitis This can be an important clue in the patient with in the patient with fever, headache, lethargy, and headache, fever, and stiff neck that the meningitis is vomiting (without diarrhea). Patients may also com- due to echovirus or coxsackievirus. plain of photophobia. An altered level of conscious- Suspect tuberculous meningitis in the patient with ness that begins with lethargy and progresses to stupor either several weeks of headache, fever, and night during the emergency evaluation of the patient is sweats or a fulminant presentation with fever, altered characteristic of bacterial meningitis. mental status, and focal neurologic deficits. Fever (temperature 388C[100.48F]) is present in An Ixodes tick must be attached to the skin for at least 84% of adults with bacterial meningitis and in 80 to 24 hours to transmit infection with the spirochete 1–3 94% of children with bacterial meningitis. -
Health: Epidemiology Subchapter 41A
CHAPTER 41 – HEALTH: EPIDEMIOLOGY SUBCHAPTER 41A – COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL SECTION .0100 – REPORTING OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 10A NCAC 41A .0101 REPORTABLE DISEASES AND CONDITIONS (a) The following named diseases and conditions are declared to be dangerous to the public health and are hereby made reportable within the time period specified after the disease or condition is reasonably suspected to exist: (1) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - 24 hours; (2) anthrax - immediately; (3) botulism - immediately; (4) brucellosis - 7 days; (5) campylobacter infection - 24 hours; (6) chancroid - 24 hours; (7) chikungunya virus infection - 24 hours; (8) chlamydial infection (laboratory confirmed) - 7 days; (9) cholera - 24 hours; (10) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - 7 days; (11) cryptosporidiosis - 24 hours; (12) cyclosporiasis - 24 hours; (13) dengue - 7 days; (14) diphtheria - 24 hours; (15) Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing - 24 hours; (16) ehrlichiosis - 7 days; (17) encephalitis, arboviral - 7 days; (18) foodborne disease, including Clostridium perfringens, staphylococcal, Bacillus cereus, and other and unknown causes - 24 hours; (19) gonorrhea - 24 hours; (20) granuloma inguinale - 24 hours; (21) Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease - 24 hours; (22) Hantavirus infection - 7 days; (23) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome – 24 hours; (24) Hemorrhagic fever virus infection - immediately; (25) hepatitis A - 24 hours; (26) hepatitis B - 24 hours; (27) hepatitis B carriage - 7 days; (28) hepatitis C, acute - 7 days; (29) human immunodeficiency -
48787.Pdf (462.8Kb)
V directing council regional committee PAN AMERICAN WORLD t°3' ) HEALTH HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION - XV Meeting XVI Meeting Mexico, D.F. August-September 1964 Provisional Agenda Item 33 CD15/30 (Eng.) 15 July 1964 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH REVIEW OF THE STATUS OF THE VENEREAL DISEASE PROBLEM AND CONTROL PROGRAMS IN THE AMERICAS I. IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM * The venereal diseases are truly word-wide in occurrence -- but the exact extent of the problem is unknown. Variations in morbidity reporting practices from country to country and, indeed, within countries, make it difficult to compile reliable statistics relating to the incidence and prevalence of the venereal diseases. In the United States, where a vigorous venereal disease control program has been carried on since 1940, the figures from a recent survey of case reporting by private physicians indicate that only 11 per cent of the cases of infectious syphilis, 38 per cent of the cases of other stages of syphilis, and 11 per cent of the cases of gonorrhea treated by private physicians during the survey period were reported to the health department. In spite of the under-reporting problem, Guthe and Hume estimated in 1948 that at least two million cases of new venereally acquired. syphilis occurred in the world annually. In terms of prevalence, they estimated that a total of 20 million cases of syphilis existed among persons over 15 years of age throughout the world. There has been a tremendous increase in the world's population since 1948. There have been similar increases in factors affecting the rate of spread of syphilis such as greatly increased mobility and migration, as well as an apparent increase in sexual promiscuity. -
One Vaccine, Two Diseases, Three Lessons
Wednesday, 2 October 2019 One vaccine, two diseases, three lessons Helen Petousis-Harris, PhD Senior Lecturer, Vaccinology Dept General Practice and Primary Health Care Overview Virtues of an outer Kissing cousins, two Serendipity and membrane vesicle vaccine? divergent diseases opportunity Wednesday, October 2, 2019 • Most meningococcal vaccines based on polysaccharide antigens (groups A, C, W135, Y) • Meningococcal Group B oligosaccharides cross react with fetal neuro tissue – not suitable vaccine antigen • Meningococcal Group B vaccine approaches needed to be 3 different – non PS-Conjugate Solution – outer membrane vesicles There are many other antigenic structures aside from PS Outer-membrane vesicles generate mainly strain specific responses against PorA which is highly variable across strains Developed in 1980’s and used Cuba and Norway 4 2/10/2019 Tan LKK, Carlone GM, Borrow R. Advances in the Development of Vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;362:1511-20. Meet the family 80-90% homology in primary sequences High level of recombination 5 Muzzi, A., Mora, M., Pizza, M., Rappuoli, R., & Donati, C. (2013). Conservation of meningococcal antigens in the genus Neisseria. MBio, 4(3), e00163-13. What is gonorrhoea? 6 2/10/2019 How common is gonorrhoea? • Second most reported sexually transmitted disease in US (600,000 cases per annum) • In NZ ~3000 cases per annum (60-90 per 100,000) • To put in context – Invasive Pneumococal Disease pre-vaccine <2s ~100 per 100,000 – Meningococcal disease at its height 17 per 100,000 • Tairawhiti DHB 400 per 100,000 7 No correlate of protection and repeat infections • Natural infection with gonorrhoea does not induce a protective immune response. -
2017 Indiana Report of Infectious Diseases
ANNUAL REPORT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017 INTRODUCTION Indiana Field Epidemiology Districts ................................................................................................ iv Indiana Population Estimates, 2017 ...........................................................................................v List of Reportable Diseases & Conditions in Indiana, 2017 ............................................................ vii FOODBORNE & WATERBORNE DISEASES & CONDITIONS ..................................................................... 1 Campylobacteriosis ............................................................................................................................ 3 Cryptosporidiosis ................................................................................................................................ 7 Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin-producing .......................................................................................... 11 Giardiasis ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Hepatitis A ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Legionellosis .................................................................................................................................... 21 Listeriosis ........................................................................................................................................ -
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BULLETIN Centre for Disease Control
THE NORTHERN TERRITORY NT COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BULLETIN Centre for Disease Control ISSN 1323-8612 Vol. 5, No 1, March 1998 Congratulations to all the heroic service providers and volunteers who cleaned up after the Katherine and Douglas Daly River floods and kept things going throughout. In the aftermath of the Katherine and Douglas Daly River floods The recent floods in Katherine and the Douglas Ross River virus since the floods. In addition, there Daly River region gave CDC the opportunity to has been no apparent increase in the number of assess and review disease control priorities in cases of hepatitis A (incubation period 15-50 days, disaster situations. While disasters and their public usually 30 days) although it is still under enhanced health consequences differ according to individual Contents circumstances, a number of important lessons for In the aftermath of the Katherine and Douglas Daly River disaster preparedness can be learned from the floods .................................................................................. 1 international and local literature on disasters (short The effect of conjugate Hib vaccines on the incidence of invasive Hib disease in the NT ....................................... 3 list overleaf). The main dangers in the acute post- Evidence associating measles viruses with Crohn’s disaster phase are injuries and acute exacerbations disease and autism inconclusive ......................................... 6 of chronic diseases such as diabetes, especially if Update on HIV and hepatitis C in the NT........................... 7 medical supplies run short. Non-communicable diseases update: No.4 ......................... 9 Death of a five year old from meningococcal disease Outbreaks of infectious disease after a disaster are in Darwin.......................................................................... 12 Lessons from a case of meningococcal eye disease ......... -
Bacterial Infections
The Lower Respiratory Tract Common Clinical Conditions Bacterial diseases of the LRT are outlined below. Other Bacterial Diseases Bacterial Infections Common Clinical Conditions Pertussis (whooping cough): Caused by Bordetella Bacterial Pneumonias pertussis, this highly contagious childhood disease pro- Pneumococcal pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumo- duces mucus in the respiratory system, which triggers niae is responsible for about 80% of all pneumonia coughing. Straining for air causes the “whooping” cases. It usually starts after an URT viral infection dam- sound. [FOM pp. 279–280] ages the airways. Without appropriate antibiotic treat- Tuberculosis: An infection by Mycobacterium tuber- ment, mortality is high, especially in the elderly. [FOM he lower respiratory tract (LRT) consists of the (Streptococcus, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia), producing culosis, the major causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), pp. 289–290] Tlarynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial a thick mucus that narrows the airways. starts by inhaling bacilli from an infected person. In the Primary atypical (walking) pneumonia: Caused by tubes, and the alveoli. Due to the mucous membrane Bronchiolitis: Usually restricted to young chil- alveoli, the bacilli reproduce, leading to calcified aggre- and filtering mechanisms of the bronchial tubes, the Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the infection is common in gations of activated macrophages and lymphocytes dren, a viral infection of the bronchiole lining children and teenagers. The disease is rarely fatal. LRT normally contains few microbes. Therefore, if (tubercles) surrounding the bacteria. [FOM pp. causes a swelling and narrowing of the airways, [FOM pp. 290–292] 284–288] pathogens enter the LRT, serious respiratory disease making expiration difficult (a wheezing sound Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ disease): Legionella may result.