DOCSLIB.ORG

Meeting China's Food Safety Challenge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Meeting China's Food Safety Challenge Paulson Policy Memorandum Meetng China’s Food Safety Challenge John Kojiro Yasuda April 2017 Paulson Policy Memorandum About the Author John Kojiro Yasuda John Kojiro Yasuda is assistant professor in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at Indiana University’s School of Global and Internatonal Studies (SGIS). He specializes in contemporary Chinese politcs. Yasuda’s research includes the study of regulatory reform in developing countries, governance, and the politcs of insttutonal integraton. He has published artcles in the Journal of Politcs, Regulaton & Governance, and The China Quarterly. His book, On Feeding the Masses, which examines the politcal roots of China’s food safety crisis, is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. Prior to joining SGIS, Yasuda was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for the Study of Contemporary China. He received his PhD in Politcal Science from the University of California, Berkeley, an MPhil in Comparatve Government from Oxford University, and his BA in Government from Harvard University. Cover Photo: Reuters/Aly Song Paulson Policy Memorandum Introducton ith over 240 million farmers, Why is China’s food safety system failing one million processors, and and, indeed, becoming worse? Wmany millions of distributors, China has struggled to develop a This policy memorandum argues that natonal food safety regime that can China’s safety-related food failures are efectvely integrate diverse interests a result of the challenges of governing a within a common framework of system of such massive scale. governance. Interviews with Chinese food safety experts reveal a system in In large-scale systems, such as China’s, disarray. Despite concerted state eforts regulators must harmonize local best to fx it, microbiological hazards remain practces with natonal standards, unchecked, supply chain management is coordinate actors in diverse global weak, and policies supply chains, are uncoordinated and navigate across disparate jurisdictonal levels of complexity government. within a farfung bureaucracy. In The number efect, China’s of adulterated challenge is to food complaints develop a coherent recorded by the governance China Consumer framework Associaton in Photo: Flickr/Mitch Altman in a large, 2011 increased by 22 percent from heterogeneous context—one in which 2010.1 Chinese statstcs artfcially regulators must routnely make trade- defate the number of poisonings and ofs afectng feasibility, policy design infate food inspecton pass rates, yet and the applicability of policy to diverse a recent survey conducted by the Pew local conditons. Their choices may well Research Center shows that in 2012 solve some problems but invariably 41 percent of respondents identfed create new ones.3 food safety as a “serious problem”—up from just 12 percent in 2008.2 Food To be sure, all countries face these safety now represents one of the top challenges in policymaking. But in China, three governance concerns of China’s the trade-ofs are more pronounced populaton, along with inequality and because of the country’s sheer size corrupton. and complexity. This memorandum Meeting China’s Food Safety Challenge 1 Paulson Policy Memorandum contends, therefore, that the Chinese capacity, mismatched standards state’s overreliance on straightorward between politcal sub-units, and centralizaton or decentralizaton principal-agent problems between the (rather than the more complex federal central government and the periphery.5 approach we see in other countries) to But China difers from these other large address regulatory crises exacerbates polites in some important ways. these difcult trade-ofs.4 For one thing, China’s producton base is China faces a situaton where its system more extensive and less developed than its must simultaneously provide for exactng Western counterparts.6 Chinese producton standardizaton (which, in turn, requires practces vary signifcantly from province high levels of centralizaton) while also to province when compared to the EU accommodatng the extensive local and the US.7 Moreover, unlike these diversity of food producton (which other large-scale systems, China lacks a requires high levels of decentralizaton). federal framework that would provide Thus China’s food safety problem a clearer template for regulatory portends a new dynamic in central–local integraton among diverse localites.8 relatons: neither centralizaton nor decentralizaton is sufcient to address Not surprisingly, China has struggled the problem of scale. For instance, a to develop a food safety management decentralized strategy without the strong strategy that can cope with the country’s coordinatng hand of the center will fuel sheer scale. One result is that China’s contnued interprovincial disputes; yet a food safety regulatory system has centralized approach to food safety, by evolved largely as a reacton to recurrent contrast, will be too disconnected from crises. An ad hoc mix of centralizing and local food safety realites. decentralizing policies has emerged, but these ofen end up at cross-purposes, In short, the scale and complexity of further fuelling regulatory conficts. the food safety challenge implies the need for a new multlevel division of This policy memorandum focuses on labor in China between Beijing and local the four dominant strategies currently governments to assure more efectve being employed in China’s food safety and efcient regulatory control. system, all of which have produced lackluster results: (1) the use of China’s food safety system shares many coordinaton bodies, (2) locally directed of the pathologies of scale experienced model producton bases (MPB), (3) in other regulatory systems, such as top-down food safety propaganda the European Union (EU), the United and mobilizaton campaigns, and (4) States (US), and India, which also are regulatory segmentaton that has characterized by stretched regulatory created a less than coherent system. Meeting China’s Food Safety Challenge 2 Paulson Policy Memorandum Each policy is encountering diferent The memo frst examines the factors challenges: for the coordinaton bodies, that are fueling China’s food safety crisis, the problem is an unclear template putng the emphasis on the problem of for regulatory coordinaton; for the scale. It then turns to each of the four MPBs, it is integraton with a natonally dominant food safety policies the state coherent strategy and standardizaton has employed, ofering a critcal view program; for the campaigns, the of the recent history of implementaton principal shortcoming is poor and efectveness. Finally, it ofers some insttutonalizaton; and for regulatory policy recommendatons for China to segmentaton, the problem is the improve its regulatory system for food narrow applicability of policies. safety. Meeting China’s Food Safety Challenge 3 Paulson Policy Memorandum The Anatomy of China’s Food Safety Crisis opular media accounts regularly newly re-vamped China Food and Drug assert that China’s food safety Administraton (CFDA).12 Pproblems are due to a lack of political will or insufficient investment Most critques of China’s food safety in food safety. Yet recent reforms failure focus on run-of-the-mill suggest otherwise. In the last ten governance problems. Some highlight years, the Chinese state has actually the pervasive role of corrupton in spent the equivalent of more than eroding the food regulaton system, $800 million to upgrade monitoring not least because of collusion between facilities, build laboratories, and hire ofcials and local entrepreneurs more food safety personnel.9 who seek to circumvent standards and monitoring, the buying of safety Alarmed by the increasing social unrest certfcatons, and the manipulaton that has resulted from widespread food of food safety audit reports.13 Others contaminatons, both central and local emphasize weak media oversight in ofcials are highly wary of the potental China, or the stll underdeveloped role for massive food safety-related of courts in tort liability as root causes protests. That means for China’s food safety they have strong The sheer size of China’s bureaucracy problems.14 politcal incentves to results in weak monitoring practices address food safety that, in turn, give rise to corruption Stll other critques focus issues. And global and other pathologies of governance. on the problematc scandals involving role of independent Chinese products shipped abroad have regulatory agencies in an authoritarian placed additonal pressure on central state, fragmentaton of the food safety government ofcials to ensure that bureaucracy, and local obstructon that China is not exportng its regulatory resists centralized authority.15 More problems.10 broadly, it has been observed that a general lack of social trust contributes to One result is that China has revised an environment of non-compliance.16 its performance evaluaton system to severely punish ofcials for mass This memo does not suggest that food poisonings. The State Council, China’s food safety problems have China’s cabinet, has created two special nothing to do with corrupton, a lack commissions led by senior leaders to of state capacity, or weak social trust. address food safety issues.11 And in 2013, But it aims to highlight another, ofen the central government established a overlooked dimension—scale—as Meeting China’s Food Safety Challenge 4 Paulson Policy Memorandum another reason for China’s food safety food was valued at 954.6 billion yuan failures. The sheer size of China’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Food Safety in China: Implicationsof Accession to the WTO
    China Perspectives 2012/1 | 2012 China’s WTO Decade Food Safety in China: Implicationsof Accession to the WTO Denise Prévost Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/5807 DOI: 10.4000/chinaperspectives.5807 ISSN: 1996-4617 Publisher Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Printed version Date of publication: 30 March 2012 Number of pages: 39-47 ISSN: 2070-3449 Electronic reference Denise Prévost, « Food Safety in China: Implicationsof Accession to the WTO », China Perspectives [Online], 2012/1 | 2012, Online since 30 March 2015, connection on 28 October 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/5807 ; DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.5807 © All rights reserved Special feature China perspectives Food Safety in China: Implications of Accession to the WTO DENISE PRÉVOST* ABSTRACT: The interaction between trade and health objectives has assumed critical importance for China since its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The wish to improve its access to foreign markets has had a visible impact on China’s food safety policy, providing significant impetus for far-reaching reforms. The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), to which China is now bound as a WTO Member, sets out a “best practices” regulatory model with which national food safety regulation must comply. The disciplines it entails on regulatory autonomy in the area of food safety may present considerable challenges for China but have the potential to promote rationality in such regulation and to prevent food safety regulations that are based on unfounded fears or are a response to protectionist pressures from the domestic food industry.
    [Show full text]
  • China Agri-Food News Digest 2014 Index
    China Agri-food News Digest 2014 Index (Total No 13-24) Policies January No.1 Central Document targets rural reform China Focus: Rural land reform boosts equity, efficiency Key policy document places greater emphasis on cleaner land and safer food China eyes more professional farmers amid rural reform College graduates set on farming Better rules on GM food labels needed: expert No modification of China's GM food regime Raising corn output is food for thought China to increase subsidies to grain production Satisfying the growing appetites Local watchdogs empowered in food safety shake-up Toward food secure China February Bigger farms reap bigger fortunes upon rural land reform Market to play bigger role in agri-product pricing: NDRC China to allow private investors to establish rural commercial banks Chinese lenders urged to plow new fields China to improve population's nutrition Mainland Chinese urged to drink more milk as part of national nutrition plan China scythes grain self-sufficiency policy China will not import large quantities of food China announces pork purchase scheme China is model of agriculture development: IFAD president Provinces work on plans to enhance farmers' land rights Labor shortage looms in eastern China China to focus on family farms in drive to commercialise Chinese farmers look to more land reform 1 SPP vows crackdown on food, environmental crimes March China rises to new rural challenges Farmland protection concerns Chinese lawmakers China to spend 10 pct more on farm subsidies in 2014 -minister China pledges
    [Show full text]
  • PE & QSR: Ambition on a Bun Asian Venture Capital Journal | 06
    PE & QSR: Ambition on a bun Asian Venture Capital Journal | 06 November 2019 Many private equity investors think they can make a fast buck from fast dining, but rolling out a Western-style brand in Asia requires discipline on valuation and competence in execution Gondola Group was among the last remaining assets in Cinven’s fourth fund, and as one LP tells it, exit prospects were uncertain. The portfolio company’s primary business was PizzaExpress, which had 437 outlets in the UK and a further 68 internationally as of June 2014. Expansion in China by the brand’s Hong Kong-based franchise partner had been measured, with about a dozen restaurants apiece in Hong Kong and the mainland. Cinven wasn’t willing to be so patient. In May 2014, Gondola opened a directly owned outlet in Beijing – as a showcase of what the brand might achieve in China when backed by enough capital and ambition. Two months after that, PizzaExpress was sold to China’s Hony Capital for around $1.5 billion. By the start of the following year, Cinven had offloaded the remaining Gondola assets and generated a 2.4x return for its investors. The LP was “pleasantly surprised” by the outcome. Hony’s experience with the restaurant chain hasn’t be as fulfilling. Adverse commercial conditions in the UK – still home to 480 of its approximately 620 outlets – has eaten into margins and left PizzaExpress potentially unable to sustain an already highly leveraged capital structure. Hony is considering restructuring options for a GBP1.1 billion ($1.4 billion) debt pile.
    [Show full text]
  • China Food Safety Law - Practical Procedures, Trends and Opportunities for Dutch Companies
    China Food Safety Law - Practical procedures, trends and opportunities for Dutch companies Yibo Jiang, Henk Stigter, Martin Olde Monnikhof Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Beijing, February 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 China Food Safety Law 2015 4 Practical Procedures 7 Dairy Products 18 Meat Products 20 Hong Kong 22 Trends 24 Swot Analysis 26 Annexes 30 A list of abbreviations of authorities used in the brochure List of the 27 recognized health functions for dietary supplements Bibliography 32 2 INTRODUCTION In the previous century, one of the strategic goals towards a “moderately prosperous society” of the Communistic Party was “providing people with adequate food and clothing”. In a country where, as the Chinese saying goes, “food is seen by people as important as heaven”, food has always been the utmost import thing for rulers to keep its people content. A few decades ago, when a large part of the population still struggled to survive in poverty, the focus on food in China used to be simply providing sufficient food supply. Today, this focus has shifted towards ensuring food safety [1]. At the 19th Communist Party of China National People’s Congress in September 2017, which described the Party’s strategic plans for the future decennia, the implementation of food safety strategy was stressed. At the same time, strive for higher quality of life gives rise to demands among consumers for higher quality of food. The most famous incident from the Chinese food industry remains the 2008 melamine milk scandal. It affected tens of thousands of children and multiple deaths of infants due to kidney failure [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating China's Ecommerce: Harmonizations of Laws Pinghui Xiao Law School, Guangzhou University, China
    Journal of Food Law & Policy Volume 14 | Number 2 Article 3 2018 Regulating China's Ecommerce: Harmonizations of Laws Pinghui Xiao Law School, Guangzhou University, China Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jflp Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, E-Commerce Commons, Food and Beverage Management Commons, Food and Drug Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation Xiao, Pinghui (2018) "Regulating China's Ecommerce: Harmonizations of Laws," Journal of Food Law & Policy: Vol. 14 : No. 2 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jflp/vol14/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Food Law & Policy by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Volume Fourteen Number Two Fall 2018 REGULATING CHINA’S FOOD E-COMMERCE: HARMONIZATION OF LAWS Pinghui Xiao A PUBLICATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS SCHOOL OF LAW Regulating China’s Food E-commerce: Harmonization of Laws Pinghui Xiao* I. Introduction Internet commercialization began in China in 1995.1 Since then, China has seen a digitalization movement, which has become a joint undertaking between industry and government in the age of ubiquitous Internet in China.2 China’s Premier Li Keqiang announced ‘Internet Plus’ as the national strategy in his Government 3 Work Report presented during the Two Sessions of the year of 2015. * Dr. Pinghui Xiao is a senior lecturer at Law School, Guangzhou University, China and a recipient of the fellowship of the International Visitor Leadership Program awarded by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • China Food Safety Legal and Regulatory Assessment
    China Food Safety Legal and Regulatory Assessment Katrin Kuhlmann, Mengyi Wang, and Yuan Zhou1 March 2017 This Assessment is Part of a Series Under the China Food Safety Project Developed in Partnership Between the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture & the New Markets Lab I. Executive Summary The regulation of food safety in China has evolved in several stages, with growing comprehensiveness and cohesion resulting from successive rounds of legal and regulatory change. The formal concept of food safety took hold between 1984 and 2000. A top-down government oversight mechanism was fashioned, with the Ministry of Health (MOH) taking the chief responsibility for overall food safety control and the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) responsible for the production of primary agricultural products. The first decade of the 21st century saw the emergence of a horizontal multi-ministry, production step control system, and a litany of food safety incidents, which unveiled oversight loopholes and severely undermined consumer confidence in domestic food. The most infamous example is the 2008 milk scandal, where an estimated 300,000 infants were fed milk contaminated with melamine. In response, China’s State Council promulgated special regulations and the Food Safety Law (2009) was passed, but food scares continued to plague the country. Poor inter-agency coordination, regulatory redundancy, overlapping and contradictory standards, and ineffective enforcement were highlighted as the primary challenges. Resolved to transform its food safety landscape, China has revamped its institutional and legal frameworks over the past five years. Institutionally, the creation of the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) in 2013 heralds an era of centralized food safety management, and CFDA enjoys vertical authority over food production, distribution, and consumption and falls within the oversight of the MOH.
    [Show full text]
  • Wines That Could Be Appreciable for the Local Consumers
    Master’s Degree Programme in Languages, Economics and Institutions of Asia and North Africa (D.M. 270/2004) Final Thesis China Wine Revolution: Is China Becoming a World Wine Power? Supervisor Ch. Prof. Renzo Riccardo Cavalieri Graduand Luca Bonasegale Matriculation Number 866248 Academic Year 2017 / 2018 引⾔ 本论⽂的主题是中国的葡萄酒市场。经过多年相当稳定的经济发展，随着经济的持 续快速增长，中国的葡萄酒市场从20世纪80年代开始发展。多年来，中国⼀直被视为 ⼀个葡萄酒消费国，典型的买家是中产阶级和商⼈，他们主要消费的是瓶⼦精美价格 昂贵的外国葡萄酒。很多时候，购买⾼级葡萄酒只是为了在正式的会议上作为公关的 道具，把精美的瓶装酒作为珍贵的礼物送出，然⽽购买者并不了解葡萄酒⽂化。由于 这些原因，葡萄酒界的许多学者和专业⼈⼠最主要兴趣是从国外⾓度分析这个市场， 以便更好地理解如何允许外国葡萄酒品牌进⼊这个新的市场并开发新的商机。 当然，笔者认为也需要从中国的⾓度来分析市场。中国变化快, ⽽且近⼏年来这个市 场的发展变化如此之⼤，以⾄于称之为“中国葡萄酒⾰命”似乎没有错。中国已不仅仅 是葡萄酒消费国，同时也是世界第六葡萄酒⽣产国。这些变化在许多⽅⾯已经引起了 ⼈们的思考，⽐如对消费者⾏为变化的重新认识。从市场的⾓度来看是这样，在法律 框架内也是如此。因此，这篇论⽂将描述这些重要的变化，并提供有关中国葡萄酒业 ⾛向何处的相关信息，特别关注过去20年来的发展变化。在这场⾰命的发展中，不能 忽视进⼜、外国品牌和⼤多数外国技术援助所具有的重要性。特别要注意的是，在过 去的⼏年⾥，这个市场所⾯临的问题以及中国如何应对。 此研究的⽬的是提供⼀个详尽的讨论，来阐述中国葡萄酒市场怎么发展，并表明它 正在⾛向何⽅，以及中国葡萄酒市场未来将必须⾯对的挑战，以及如果它要成为⼀个 真正的葡萄酒超级⼤国必须采取的对策。 第⼀章将描述中国葡萄酒产业的发展，并分析葡萄酒的特点。葡萄酒在中国已经有 了千年的历史，但在中国消费者中却⼀直存在着相互⽭盾的看法。在过去，葡萄酒是 上层阶级或贵族的利基饮料。在中国⽂化中, ⽩酒等典型的酒精饮料⽐葡萄酒重要。由 于这个原因，可以说，中国酒业刚刚起步于1892，以成渝酒⼚为基础。 !I 多年来，为了提⾼质量，中国在外国专家和伙伴关系的帮助下发展了产业，法国在 这⽅⾯发挥了重要作⽤。因此，中国仿效法国的葡萄酒⽅法，试图⽣产出能为当地消 费者所喜爱的红酒。多年来，中国葡萄酒的最重要榜样是”Cabernet Sauvignon”，⽽其 它⼀般红葡萄酒，主要销往当地市场。随着时代和市场的要求，这⼀做法开始受到批 评，并且根据市场需求，对创新的要求也越来越⾼。 为了更好地理解中国葡萄酒，作者将详细描述这些变化，包括中国葡萄酒的技术特 征、所使⽤的葡萄品种和主要的中国新⽼葡萄种植区。如今，葡萄⼏乎在中国每个省 份都有栽培，但有些省份在葡萄酒市场上有着更为重要的作⽤。由于地中海的⽓候和 附近⼤城市的存在，⼭东省、⼭西省和河北省是最早⽣产葡萄酒的地区。⽆论如何， 随着时间的推移，这些地区已经不如宁夏、新疆和云南等地区受⼈重视。在这些地区， 当地和外国投资正在准备开辟⼀个新的中国葡萄酒天地，⽣产商必须在不同的⽓候和 ⼟壤条件下来种植葡萄。投资和努⼒是伟⼤的，⽽它们的结果今天可以看到。这些葡
    [Show full text]
  • Past Research Projects Supervised by Faculty in SU Abroad Hong Kong Center – Updated in March 2019 Hong Kong • a Look At
    Past Research Projects Supervised by Faculty in SU Abroad Hong Kong Center – Updated in March 2019 Hong Kong A Look at Hong Kong’s Legislative Council with American Perspective An Analysis of LP Lamma Holdings Limited An Investigation into the Future of Hong Kong International Film Festival Cha tea House Confucian Ethics and its Effects on Hong Kong Chinese Business Consumer Advertising for Hong Kong Segments Economic Crisis and Policy Response: A case study Economic of Housing I n Hong Kong Financial Analysis of sun Hung Kai Property Ltd Global Transaction Services in Depository Receipt for Citigroup History of Development of the Appreciation of Fast Food in the China Consume Market- HK History of Filmmaking in Hong Kong Hong Kong in the Asian Financial Crisis Housing in Hong Kong How is Human Resources Management in Hong Kong different from USA? Identifying Emerging Investment Opportunities within Hong Kong and Southern China Imperfect Information and Stock Market Price Volatility Investment in Hong Kong Marketing and the Film Industry (Hong Kong and USA) Personal Entrepreneurship in Hong Kong Retail in Hong Kong with a Concentration in the Cellular Phone Industry Smog, exhaust, and Poor Planning: Hong Kong’s pollution Problem The Business Environment in Hong Kong in the Context of Small and Medium Business Entrepreneurs The Future of the American Dollar The Important of Hong Kong in the Global Market The Pegged Hong Kong Exchange Rate in 1997 Asian Financial Crisis The Political Structure and Democratization
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Dynamics of Regulation in China’S Dairy Industry
    A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details The Party-state, Business and a Half Kilo of Milk: A study of the dynamics of regulation in China’s dairy industry Sabrina Snell PhD Development Studies University of Sussex May 2014 3 UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX SABRINA SNELL PHD DEVELOPMENT STUDIES THE PARTY-STATE, BUSINESS AND A HALF KILO OF MILK: A STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF REGULATION IN CHINA’S DAIRY INDUSTRY SUMMARY This thesis examines the challenge of regulation in China’s dairy industry—a sector that went from being the country’s fastest growing food product to the 2008 melamine-milk incident and a nationwide food safety crisis. In this pursuit, it attempts to bridge the gap between analyses that view food safety problems through the separate lenses of the state regulatory apparatus and industry governance. It offers state-business interaction as a critical and fundamental component in both of these food safety mechanisms, particularly in the case of China where certain party-state activities can operate within industry chains.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China, Studies in the Political Economy of Public Policy, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50442-1 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Abels, Gabriele, and Alexander Kobusch. “Regulation of Food Safety in the EU: Changing Patterns of Multi-Level Governance.” In Conference of the ECPR Standing Group on Regulatory Governance. University College Dublin., 2010. ACFSMC. “Charter of All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives (ACFSMC).” Xinhua Net, http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/ 2004-12/27/content_2385266.htm. ADB, SFDA, and WHO. The Food Safety Control System of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing: ADB, 2007. Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center. “Major Responsibilities of Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center.” Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center, http://www.aqsc.agri.gov.cn/zhxx/zzjg/ 201012/t20101228_73068.htm. Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision Department of MOA. “Major Responsibilities of Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision Department of MOA.” Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision Department of MOA, http://www.moa.gov.cn/sjzz/jianguanju/ jieshao/zhineng/201006/t20100606_1532739.htm. Anagnost, Ann. “From “Class” to Social Strata”: Grasping the Social Totality in Reform-Era China.” Third World Quarterly 29 (2008): 497–519. Anderlini, Jamil. “Chinese Police Cracked the Case of Adulterated Lamb.” Ftchinese, http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001050268. Anonymous. “China Is Working on the Methods to Detect Gutter Oil.” Beijing Times, 19 September 2011. ———. “The Ministry of Public Security Cracked Down a Major Case of Gutter Oil.” The Beijing News, 14 September 2011. © The Author(s) 2017 259 G. Zhou, The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China, Studies in the Political Economy of Public Policy, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50442-1 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ansell, Christopher, and David Vogel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Trust in China's
    Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Hungry Cities Partnership Reports and Papers 2015 The Transformation of Trust in China’s Alternative Food Networks: Disruption, Reconstruction, and Development Raymond Yu Wang The University of Hong Kong Zhenzhong Si Balsillie School of International Affairs/WLU Cho Nam Ng The University of Hong Kong Steffanie Scott University of Waterloo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/hcp Part of the Food Studies Commons, Human Geography Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Wang, R. Y., Z. Si, C. N. Ng, and S. Scott. 2015. The transformation of trust in China’s alternative food networks: disruption, reconstruction, and development. Ecology and Society 20(2): 19. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-07536-200219 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Reports and Papers at Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hungry Cities Partnership by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright © 2015 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Wang, R. Y., Z. Si, C. N. Ng, and S. Scott. 2015. The transformation of trust in China’s alternative food networks: disruption, reconstruction, and development. Ecology and Society 20(2): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-07536-200219 Research The transformation of trust in China’s alternative food networks: disruption, reconstruction, and development Raymond Yu Wang 1, Zhenzhong Si 2, Cho Nam Ng 3 and Steffanie Scott 2 ABSTRACT.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsidy Programs
    SUBSIDIES REQUEST FROM THE UNITED STATES TO CHINA PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25.10 OF THE AGREEMENT The following communication, dated 15 April 2016, is being circulated at the request of the Delegation of the United States. _______________ In the report that it prepared for China's most recent Trade Policy Review, held in July 2014, the Secretariat included information that it had uncovered on 30 support programs for China's fisheries sector.1 The Secretariat's Report noted that China had not notified any of these support programs to the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (Committee) and that China could not verify any of the information provided to it by the Secretariat. During the ensuing Trade Policy Review meetings, China responded to Members' questions about these support programs by stating that it needed more time to identify and verify information regarding these support programs. In April of last year, the United States submitted questions to China with respect to these programs and other fishery support measures the United States had uncovered through its own efforts.2 Once again, despite its obligation under Article 25.9 of the Agreement to provide answers "as quickly as possible and in a comprehensive manner", China to date has not meaningfully responded to the United States' request and has refused repeated requests to meet bilaterally to discuss the issue, and the issue of subsidy notifications more generally. In November of last year, China submitted its latest subsidy notification covering the period 2009 through 2014.3 In this notification, China did not include: (1) any of the fishery subsidy programs identified in China's 2014 TPR report, (2) any of the additional measures identified by the United States in its Article 25.8 submission or (3) any of the fisheries subsidies measures identified in the 2014 Article 25.10 submission of the United States4.
    [Show full text]