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15/06/2016 Aceitação Para Publicação: 15/04/2017 The economic analysis regarding the good agricultural practices of citrus production in Turkey: 262 a case of Adana Province Yilmaz, H.; Gül, M.; Akkoyun, S.; Aydin, B.; Bilgili, M.E. The economic analysis regarding the good agricultural practices of citrus production in Turkey: a case of Adana Province Recebimento dos originais: 15/06/2016 Aceitação para publicação: 15/04/2017 Hilal Yilmaz PhD in Agriculture Economics Institution: Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute Address: Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Mevlüt Gül PhD in Agriculture Economics Institution: Süleyman Demirel University Address: Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected] Selcan Akkoyun BSc in Field Crops Institution: Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute Address: Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Başak Aydin PhD in Agriculture Economics Institution: Ataturk Soil and Water Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute Address: Ataturk Soil and Water Agricultural Meteorology Research Station Manager, Kırklareli, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] M. Emin Bilgili PhD student in Agriculture Mechanization Institution: Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute Address: Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The good agricultural practices refer to the agricultural production model which does not harm environment, human being and animals, protect the natural sources, provide the traceability, sustainability and food safety. The present study aimed to calculate the production cost, gross production value, gross profit, absolute profit and relative profit in farms which implement or do not implement good agricultural practices in citrus cultivating in Adana. The main material of this study consists of primary data obtained through survey method from 170 farms, which either implement or do not implement the good agricultural practices, in citrus cultivating in Adana. According to the findings, unit production costs are Custos e @gronegócio on line - v. 13, n. 1 – Jan/Mar - 2017. ISSN 1808-2882 www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br The economic analysis regarding the good agricultural practices of citrus production in Turkey: 263 a case of Adana Province Yilmaz, H.; Gül, M.; Akkoyun, S.; Aydin, B.; Bilgili, M.E. higher in farms implementing GAP. Accordingly, the relative profitability values are higher compared to the farms which implement GAP. The relative profit in GAP implementing farms involved in lemon cultivating is 1.15 while it is 1.22 in farms which do not implement GAP; and it is 1.19 in mandarin cultivating farms which do and do not implement GAP. It was found out that the citrus cultivating was profitable in both forms of cultivating. The reasons why profitability is higher in farms which do not implement GAP are productivity, sales price and additional costs of implementing GAP. In this respect, the marketing advantages should be provided for the products of good agricultural practices in order to generalize the GAP. Keywords: Good Agricultural Practices. Citrus. Production Cost 1. Introduction As it is known, the food safety have been a subject growing in importance in all countries due to the public health and economical issues. The food borne illnesses influence the societies in terms of health, economic and social factors. The microbiological dangers, biotoxins, chemical contaminants, mycotoxins and food additives, which are found at the founds more than the permitted amount, make food harmful for human health. People cannot be sure of the food safety due to the radical changes in food processing, production, distribution and consumption processes and therefore the food borne problems are examined more carefully. The hectic life of today's world, increased income and education levels increased the importance of secure food consumption. The consumers demand to be sure that the directly consumed agricultural products are safe and secure. The need for some systems and standards has become indispensable in order to make the consumers sure about the food safety of both the agricultural products and processed food products. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) is defined as "the practices that are required to make agricultural production system socially sustainable, economically profitable and productive and to protect human health and environment" by FAO and GAP will play an important role in the betterment of total agricultural production and export in domestic and foreign markets in Turkey. In that way, the safe food of high quality will be presented to the foreign markets and the consumers in domestic market will be provided with healthy and secure food (Anonymous, 2014-a). Turkey consists of 28053500 hectare area and 36% of the area is suitable for agriculture. There are 1st and 2nd class lands, which do not need any protection measures, in the area suitable for agriculture. However, the majority of these lands with high agricultural potential cannot be made use of properly due to the non-agricultural use (industry, settlement, Custos e @gronegócio on line - v. 13, n. 1 – Jan/Mar - 2017. ISSN 1808-2882 www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br The economic analysis regarding the good agricultural practices of citrus production in Turkey: 264 a case of Adana Province Yilmaz, H.; Gül, M.; Akkoyun, S.; Aydin, B.; Bilgili, M.E. tourism, forage and forest area), and implementation of methods far away from science and technology including traditional fallowing, fallowing-free dry farming, insufficient irrigated farming. The betterment of agricultural methods can be achieved through the adaptation of new agricultural techniques and integration of small-scaled lands which constitute one of the main problems of Turkey. In this scope, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) play an important role in encouragement of quality and controlled agricultural production (Gözen, 2010). The citrus production was 979.231 tonnes in 2014 in Adana and 25.88% (3.783.517 tonnes) of the production in Turkey takes place in Adana. The mandarin and lemon production in Adana constitutes 27.15% and 18.33% of the production in Turkey, respectively (TÜİK, 2015).In Adana, 430 farmers implemented GAP in 36.054 hectare area in 2010, 343 farmers implemented GAP in 14.845 hectare area in 2011 and 378 farmers implemented GAP in 16.910 hectare area in 2012. According to the 2012 dated data, Adana ranks first in area- based GAP implementation in Turkey. Yüreğir, Seyhan, Karataş, Kozan, Sarıçam, Ceyhan and İmamoğlu districts found in the Coastal Mediterranean Basin make Adana rank first in GAP. The citrus and fresh fruits and vegetables are mostly cultivated with GAP in these districts (Anonymous, 2014-b). Fernander (1999) found out in his study conducted in Costa Rica that the farmers chose organic farming for four reasons, which were environmental awareness, low production cost, family health and higher sales prices of organic products. Furthermore, he pointed out that the high input costs in production without good agricultural practices affected the decision to choose organic farming. He expressed that the origins of organic farming dated back to the farming without GAP researches and continued with the farming of organic banana and cacao. Offerman and Nieberg (2002) stated in their study examining financial structure of farms involved in organic farming in 18 countries in Europe that the high sales prices of organic products enabled organic farming to be competitive with traditional farming. The demand for organic products from consumers was found to be the most important factor influencing the success and number of farms involved in organic farming. Demirtaş (2005) found out in his thesis study that the share of variable cost in production cost was 41.28% and the share of fixed cost was 58.72%. The relative profitability ratio was found to be an average of 148%. Erkoyuncu (2008) expressed in his study conducted in Ankara province, Beypazarı district that the share of variable costs in total production costs was 89.03% in the farms involved in organic tomato cultivating, 89.70% in the farms involved in traditional tomato cultivating according to the comparative economic analysis of organic and traditional tomato cultivating. Furthermore, he expressed that the Custos e @gronegócio on line - v. 13, n. 1 – Jan/Mar - 2017. ISSN 1808-2882 www.custoseagronegocioonline.com.br The economic analysis regarding the good agricultural practices of citrus production in Turkey: 265 a case of Adana Province Yilmaz, H.; Gül, M.; Akkoyun, S.; Aydin, B.; Bilgili, M.E. required labour force in organic tomato cultivating was higher and the required bollard pull was lower than the traditional tomato cultivating. Moreover, it was found out that the tomato productivity in traditional tomato cultivating was 23.04% more than the organic cultivating and the organic tomato cultivating cost was 24.24% more than the traditional cultivating. The gross profit and absolute profit were found to be higher in organic tomato cultivating compared to the traditional tomato cultivating. Aktürk and Savran (2009) aimed in their study to compare the organic and conventional olive cultivating techniques and economic structures in Gökçeada. In the study, olive productivity per unit, input use levels,
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