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Political Ideologies Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 Political Ideologies Now in its fourth edition, Political Ideologies: An introduction continues to be the best introductory textbook for students of political ideologies. Completely revised and updated throughout, this edition features: • A comprehensive introduction to all of the most important ideologies • Brand new chapters on multiculturalism, anarchism, and the growing infl uence of religion on politics • More contemporary examples of twenty-fi rst-century iterations of liberalism, socialism, conservatism, fascism, green political theory, nationalism, and feminism • Enhanced discussion of the end-of-ideology debates and emerging theories of ideological formation • Six new contributors. Accessible and packed with both historical and contemporary examples, this is the most useful textbook for scholars and students of political ideologies. Vincent Geoghegan is Professor of Political Theory at Queen’s University Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 Belfast, UK. Rick Wilford is Professor of Politics at Queen’s University Belfast, UK. The contributors to this volume have all taught or carried out research at the School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy at Queen’s University Belfast, or have close research connections with the School. This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 Political Ideologies An introduction Fourth edition Edited by Vincent Geoghegan and Rick Wilford Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 First edition published in 1984 Trademark notice: Product or corporate names by Unwin Hyman may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and Third edition published in 2003 by Routledge explanation without intent to infringe. Fourth edition published in 2014 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data By Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon A catalogue record for this book is available from OX14 4RN the British Library and by Routledge Library of Congress Cataloging in 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Publication Data Political ideologies : an introduction / Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis edited by Vincent Geoghegan and Rick Group, an informa business Wilford.—4th ed. pages cm © 2014 for editorial matter and selection, Vincent Includes bibliographical references Geoghegan and Rick Wilford; for individual and index. chapters, the contributors. 1. Political science. 2. Ideology. I. Geoghegan, Vincent, editor of The right of Vincent Geoghegan and Rick compilation. II. Wilford, Rick, 1947–, Wilford to be identifi ed as editors of this work editor of compilation. has been asserted by them in accordance with JA74.P63 2014 the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. 320.5—dc23 2013034484 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form ISBN: 978-0-415-61816-8 (hbk) or by any electronic, mechanical, or other ISBN: 978-0-415-61817-5 (pbk) means, now known or hereafter invented, ISBN: 978-1-315-81438-4 (ebk) including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without Typeset in Century Old Style permission in writing from the publishers. by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton Table of Contents 1 The meaning of ideology Iain MacKenzie (Universi ty of Kent) 1 From ideology to ideologies 4 The morphology of ideologies 10 The big questions 13 Conclusion: a return to ideology? 15 Further reading 16 References 17 2 Liberalism Andrew Shorten (University of Limerick) 19 Problems of defi nition 20 Origins and evolution 21 Individualism and individuality 25 Toleration and religious freedom 29 Democracy and constitutions 34 Contemporary liberalism 36 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 Conclusion 40 Further reading 41 References 43 3 Conservatism Stefan Andreasson (Queen‘s University Belfast) 47 Conservatism and change 48 The anti-revolutionary sentiment 52 The origins of conservatism 54 v CONTENTS The relationship to liberalism 56 Core components of conservatism 59 Conservatism today 63 Further reading 68 References 69 4 Socialism Vincent Geoghegan (Queen’s University Belfast) 71 Problems of defi nition 72 What is socialism? 73 The emergence of socialism 79 The twentieth century 83 The death of socialism? 90 Socialism, neo-liberalism and looking forward 91 Further reading 94 References 96 5 Nationalism Alan Finlayson (University of East Anglia) 99 Introduction 100 Nationalism and the theory of ideologies 100 Nationalism and modernization 104 The articulations of nationalism 109 Nationalism and liberal community 112 A nationalist future? 114 Conclusion 116 Further reading 117 References 118 6 Fascism Rick Wilford (Queen’s University Belfast) 121 Introduction 122 ‘Appeals’ of fascism 123 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 Plotting a defi nition 124 A starting point 125 Race and state 127 National imperialism 129 Elitism and leadership 130 National Socialism 132 Interim summary 136 Fascism and women 139 British fascism in the inter-war years 141 vi CONTENTS Contemporary British fascism 144 Conclusion 146 Further reading 147 References 149 7 Green Political Theory John Barry (Queen’s University Belfast) 153 Introduction 154 Some origins of green political thinking 155 Waves of green political theorising 157 Green politics, applied theory, and state, market and community 158 Green politics and actually existing unsustainability 159 Green politics and human fl ourishing 162 People cannot stand too much reality: the emergence of ‘hard green’ ecological realism 166 Conclusion 171 Further reading 172 Note 173 References 174 8 Feminism Rick Wilford (Queen’s University Belfast) 179 Introduction 180 A clamour of voices 182 Post-feminism? 183 Wave-ing – or drowning? 184 Suffrage: a brittle unity 186 Historical diversity 188 Siting feminisms and subverting orthodoxy 189 Patriarchy: the ‘man problem’ 191 Early liberal feminism 192 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 Utopian socialist feminism 194 Marxist feminism 195 The ‘other’ woman 197 The second wave 198 Radical critiques 200 The response of Marxist and socialist feminism 202 Pro-family, eco- and pro-woman feminism 204 Differences and subjectivities 205 A third wave 206 vii CONTENTS Conclusion 207 Further reading 208 References 209 9 Anarchism Laurence Davis (University College Cork) 213 A resurgent but widely misunderstood ideology 214 Anarchism and the radical critique of ideology 216 The core of anarchism 219 Anarchism and utopianism 223 Anarchy in action 228 Conclusion 231 Further reading 233 References 234 10 Multiculturalism Caroline Walsh (formerly Queen’s University Belfast) 239 Emergence of multiculturalism in theory and practice 241 Multiculturalism as resistance to cultural homogeneity 245 Development of multiculturalism: rehabilitating liberalism 248 Avoiding cultural essentialism 250 Multiculturalism and feminism 252 ‘Retreat’ of multiculturalism? 255 Further reading 257 Note 259 References 259 11 Political Theology, Ideology and Secularism Jolyon Agar (Queen’s University Belfast) 263 Reason, faith and the divine: late medieval scholasticism and natural rights discourse in the Renaissance and Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 early modern period 265 The rise of secularism: the Enlightenment 272 Atheism and religion in the nineteenth century: Hegel, Marx and Nietzsche 274 Secularism in crisis: fundamentalism and post-secularism 278 Conclusion: religion and political ideology post-9/11 284 Further reading 285 References 287 viii CONTENTS 12 The End of Ideology Moya Lloyd (Loughborough University) 289 The end of ideology: the decline of socialism in the West 291 The end of history: the triumph of liberalism 294 From ideology to discourse 300 Conclusion 304 Further reading 305 Notes 307 References 308 Index 311 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 ix This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 Chapter 1 The meaning of ideology Iain MacKenzie From ideology to ideologies 4 The morphology of ideologies 10 The big questions 13 Conclusion: a return to ideology? 15 Further reading 16 References 17 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 23:48 30 May 2016 IAIN MACKENZIE The 2010 UK general election witnessed the return of ideology to the centre stage of British political debate. It returned, however, in a curious way: curious, at least, for students of political ideologies. While, for the majority of the twentieth century, UK politics was ideologically driven, such that it was relatively uncontroversial to map socialist, conservative and liberal ideologies on to the major political parties, since the 1990s British politics has seen a grad- ual shift away from this simple correlation. Most notably with the arrival of New Labour, British political debate began to replace its distinctive ideological fl avours with populist political programmes that claimed to appeal to everyone’s tastes. While traditional party political divisions remained strong, these were no longer motivated by deep ideological disputes. Yet, in the wake of the 2008 fi nancial crisis, we began to hear of ideology again but with a signifi cantly different meaning. During the 2010 election campaign, in particular, each of the major parties accused the others of proposing ideological
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