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Vol. 14 Denny Shawnee Nekekeetethe, pain. Nekkaen, mamma. Nelskeemaqua, abuse. Nemeela, I give. Nemeloo, carry. AMERICAN LANGUAGE Nemscowee, bleed. REPRINTS Nenasewelemelay, I love you. Nenoptookey, warriors. Nepaukeche, farewell. Nepaukechey, farewell. Nepay, water. VOL. 14 Nepaywah, sleep. Nepepemay, salt. Nepowa, dead. Nequatho, my son. Neseetha, uncle. Netah, advance. Nethayketonaypetseca, bridle. Nethequeatha, aunt. Nethway, three. Nettaqueathy, bashful. Netuckawatah, I want. Newaneto, loss. Newaytepay, active. Noameatha, fish. Noatshettepey, army. Nonhauchemaw, lie. Nonseeka, alone. 22 Mesaway, big. Mesaway, great. Meskeelawethetha, boy. DENNY’S Mesquaway, red. Mesque, blood. VOCABULARY Messawah, horse. Metahqua, tree. OF Metanakee, after. Metchay, great deal, great many. SHAWNEE Metcheay, great many. Metchey, much. Methequiatay, hominy. Metseka, danger. from the Journal of Metsquathapay, belt. Ebenezer Denny Mianee, young. Missimena, apple. Mochachenehee, not far. Mockcottay, powder. Mockeethena, moccasins. Monee, silver. Moneewaykeptseca, lace. Monethepay, buckle. Monetto, snake. Monthelo, cut wood. Mosakee, always. iare • applicare • Cre Mouhqua, bear. Stud are Evolution Publishing Southampton, Pennsylvania. 20 Reprinted from: Masquaway, scarlet. Matalaqay, have none. Ebenezer Denny. 1860. A Military Journal kept by Matathway, ten. Ebenezer Denny, 1781-1795. printed in Memoirs of the Matathway kete-necootey, eleven. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. 7. Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott & Co. Matathway kete-neesway, twelve. Matchelepo, sorry. Matchemanetto, devil. This edition ©1999 by Matcheykeesek, bad weather. Evolution Publishing and Manufacturing, Mathuetha, buffalo. Southampton, Pennsylvania. Matseweehewa, curse. This book was electronically typeset and printed on Matsquathay, little. archival quality 24 lb. paper. Matta, no. Mattatawalee, leggings. Manufactured in the Mattawelethee, ugly. United States of America Mattawessah, bad. Matta wessa, impudent. ISBN 1-889758-12-4 Matta wissah, very bad. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mattetepoanee, false. Meaway, road. Denny, Ebenezer, 1761–1822. Meeleloh, give. [Military journal of Major Ebenezer Denny. Selections] Meleneyawpo, milk. Denny’s vocabulary of Shawnee / from the journal of Meloonahee, civil. Ebenezer Denny. p. cm. -- (Am erican language reprints ; vol. 14) Meloonehee, peace. Includes bibliographical references. Menelaypee, dance. ISBN 1-889758-12-4 (alk. paper) Menello, drink. 1. Shawnee language--Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. I. Menethe, island. Title. II. Series. Mequamah, ice. PM2311.Z5D462 1999 Mequanaa, feather. 497'.3--dc21 99-27830 CIP 19 Ketaqueulemela, dear. Ketatewa, offer. Ketchetanekay, thimble. Ketela, will you. CONTENTS Ketemaneela, I am poor. Ketheneka, soap. Kooque, I don't know. Preface to the 1999 edition ............................................... 1 Lamelewekechelesso, merry; I am merry. Excerpt from the Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny........ 9 Lapwawa, adopt. Shawnee — English ....................................................... 15 Lawahqua, meridian (12 o'clock). Leekeeloh, undress. English — Shawnee ....................................................... 33 Lekaw, goose. Lematapeloo, sit down. Numerical Table ............................................................. 49 Lenahqua, bow. Lenappee, Delaware. Classification of the Algonquian languages ................... 51 Lenay, man. Lewata, smoke. Locana, flour. Locatothy, fatigue. Lolopatheway, swim. Lonowaywe, alive. Maawa, cry. Macootelathey, fawn. Macooteletha, calf. Makamoola, sing. Manethey, knife. 18 Chaiokey, all. Chakethway, nine. Preface to the 1999 Edition Cheequa, thighs. Cockalamothekay, fowls. The most persistent question surrounding the Shawnee Cohqua, kettle. has been the location of their original homeland. By the time they are regularly encountered in history, they were Cooney, snow. already a scattered and far-flung tribe. The earliest histori- Coopanee, fear. cal sources are at least consistent in placing the Shawnee Coopaney, afraid. (spelled Chaouanon in French accounts) in the Ohio river Coopelayque, iron. system, either on the Ohio itself or on one of its tributaries Corkeapesea, deaf. such as the Cumberland. But confusion has persisted as to Coselamelouhqua, gorget. exactly where they were seated. Cottooway, beggar. From the northeast, a Seneca informant told La Salle Cuttaywah, black. in 1668 that after a month’s travel down the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, one came upon the “Honniasontkeronons Enookay, now. and the Chiouanons.” Exploring the Mississippi River to Esanee, churl. the west, Jolliet and Marquette found the mouth of the Eseththo, name. Ohio in 1673 which “flows from the lands of the East, Ethwaasicthey, eight. where dwell the people called Chaouanons in so great numbers that in one district there are as many as 23 vil- lages, and 15 in another, quite near one another. They are Hakeepahalaway, will you go and hunt. not at all warlike, and are the nations whom the Iroquois Hakeypahalaway, will you hunt. go so far to seek, and war against without any reason...” In Halaway, hunt. a source of 1728, the Iroquois order the Shawnee refugees Hauchemou, talk. in Pennsylvania “back toward ohioh The place from whence Heesayke, face. you Came” (Hunter 1978). Hellechallay, away. Today’s consensus, resting on the preponderance of Hockepoona, have you got. historical accounts such as these, is that the Shawnee were Hosetopway, make. originally located along the Upper Ohio River in what is Howay, enough. now southern Ohio, and thus may have been the ethnic Huneyqa, squirrel. 16 1 group associated with the archaeological Fort Ancient com- Ackquisseka, affront. plex. This conclusion cannot be proven at present, though Acqueway, blanket. it is a working assumption among many scholars. Any Alamawanetho, very drunk. continuity between Fort Ancient archaeological sites and Alaqua, star. historical settlements was unfortunately broken before the Aleckhallee, begone. area was ever explored by Europeans, as a consequence of Allamawissekesekey, fine day. the forces tangentially mentioned in Marquette’s statement Allame wissah, very good. above. Allamewisso, very good. During the Beaver Wars in the second half of the 1600’s, Iroquois war parties inflicted crippling damage Allanawesauspanee, daylight. upon the original Ohio River tribes: the Franquelin map of Amahqua, beaver. 1684 (Hanna 1911) notes four tribes on the Ohio as “de- Amomoh, awake. stroyed” and their inhabitants are barely or never heard Assiskay, ground. from again. Sources which mention the Shawnee “docu- Athemah, tobacco. ment a pattern of Iroquois attacks, gaining in intensity” Aughaw, yes. (Callender 1978). By the 1680’s and 1690’s Shawnee Auhkaylookay, sick. groups fleeing from these attacks ended up far from their Auhqualechekee, love. original lands: as far east as the Susquehanna and Dela- Auhquawan, woman. ware rivers, as far south as the Savannah, and as far west Ausetethekee, cross. as the Illinois. Nor did the Shawnee remain very long at Awassolepo neneaway, I’m glad to see you. these locations, but continued their migrations again as Awassolepo newalah, I’m glad to see you. English colonization and American wars pushed tribes far- Awekepetsqua, banding. ther into the interior of the continent. Unlike their neigh- bors in the Ohio Valley, however, the Shawnee managed Awloolay, lead. to survive to the present with their culture and language intact. Caassaw, rough. Callapache, I don't care. It has long been known that Shawnee is a member of Callaweelo, speak. the Algonquian language family. Earlier this century, Cayahwecoo, circle. Shawnee was placed in a Central Algonquian grouping, in Ceaawe, dirty. 215 the belief that the Central Algonquian languages all shared a common ancestor called Proto-Central Algonquian (Miller 1959). But this idea has not stood up to further scrutiny. Though still convenient in a geographical sense, Central Algonquian as a linguistic classification is no longer used. It is now believed that Shawnee and the other Central Algonquian languages all evolved independently from Proto-Algonquian, and did not undergo any shared devel- opment. Three dialects of the language are current in Okla- homa: Absentee, Eastern and Cherokee Shawnee*. They show little internal differentation, and it is unclear exactly how these three modern dialects relate to the traditional five-fold divisions of cˇalaka, kisˇpoko, mekocˇe, pekowi, and thawikila, if indeed they do at all. Callender (1978) offers one synthesis based on historical population move- ments: namely, that the Absentee Shawnee are kisˇpoko, pekowi, and thawikila, the Eastern Shawnee are mekocˇe, and the Cherokee Shawnee are mekocˇe and cˇalaka. A thorough review of the numerous historical vocabularies may shed some light on early Shawnee dialectology and linguistic history, but this task remains to be done. Major Ebenezer Denny (1761-1822) served with the American army on the Pennsylvania-Ohio frontier in the late 1700’s, and later became the first mayor of Pittsburgh. Appended to his military journal of the years 1781-1795, published in 1860 by the Historical Society of Pennsylva- nia, are two vocabularies of the Delaware and Shawnee *not the Cherokee language, which is unrelated. 3 languages, both originally recorded by Denny himself dur- ing treaty negotiations at Forts McIntosh and Finney re- spectively. Following Denny’s account, at the end of summer in 1785 a newly recruited company of soldiers prepared to embark
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