Arxiv:2106.15589V1 [Astro-Ph.EP] 29 Jun 2021
Draft version June 30, 2021 Typeset using LATEX twocolumn style in AASTeX63 Evidence for a Non-Dichotomous Solution to the Kepler Dichotomy: Mutual Inclinations of Kepler Planetary Systems from Transit Duration Variations Sarah C. Millholland ,1, ∗ Matthias Y. He ,2, 3, 4, 5 Eric B. Ford ,2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Darin Ragozzine ,7 Daniel Fabrycky ,8 and Joshua N. Winn 1 1Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 2Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 3Center for Exoplanets & Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 4Center for Astrostatistics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 5Institute for Computational & Data Sciences, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 6Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA 7Department of Physics & Astronomy, N283 ESC, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA 8Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ABSTRACT Early analyses of exoplanet statistics from the Kepler Mission revealed that a model population of multiple-planet systems with low mutual inclinations (∼ 1◦ − 2◦) adequately describes the multiple- transiting systems but underpredicts the number of single-transiting systems. This so-called \Kepler dichotomy" signals the existence of a sub-population of multi-planet systems possessing larger mutual inclinations. However, the details of these inclinations remain uncertain. In this work, we derive constraints on the intrinsic mutual inclination distribution by statistically exploiting Transit Duration Variations (TDVs) of the Kepler planet population.
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