DOCSLIB.ORG

Collision Avoidance and Extending Range & Capacity in Zigbee

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Collision Avoidance and Extending Range & Capacity in Zigbee COLLISION AVOIDANCE AND EXTENDING RANGE & CAPACITY IN ZIGBEE by Rashmi Mohan Kumar, B.S. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a Major in Engineering May 2020 Committee Members: Harold Stern, Chair Rich C. Compeau William Stapleton Semih Aslan COPYRIGHT by Rashmi Mohan Kumar 2020 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Rashmi Mohan Kumar, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, brother and to everybody who has taught me something valuable in this journey of life. I am grateful for their prayers, blessings and time. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Harold Stern, for his support and continuing encouragement throughout my research and for his guidance and suggestions at each step for shaping and helping me in developing and presenting this research. It is a genuine pleasure to work with him on this research. Dr. Stern has always been kind with his timely advice, scholarly suggestions and scientific approach which are the main constituents for completing this research. He has always inspired and motivated me to become an independent researcher and helped me realize the power of critical thinking and reasoning. I will forever be grateful to him. I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my committee members Dr. William Stapleton, Dr. Rich C. Compeau and Dr. Semih Aslan for their excellent suggestions and valuable insights in the process of developing and presenting this thesis. Without their passionate participation and input, the validation and evaluation of the results for this research could not have been successfully conducted. I am grateful to them for introducing me to all the possible challenges and methodologies during the proposal presentation to accomplish the goals of this research. I am grateful to Dr. Vishu Viswanathan, my graduate advisor at the Ingram School of Engineering. His valuable suggestions and commitment to achieve high standards has always kept me motivated throughout my journey as a graduate student at Texas State University. v Finally, I am extremely grateful and will always be in debt to my father, B K Mohan for supporting my dreams, my mother Jalaja Mohan for all her valuable lessons in life. I am grateful for their blessings, care, and sacrifices for educating and teaching me to work hard and to be dedicated to every goal in my life. My brother, Rahul Mohan Kumar for motivating me to study masters and standing as my pillar throughout my journey. My friends, for always supporting me and helping me to stay positive in every situation. I am deeply grateful to every other person who as always taught me something valuable at every stage in my life which has helped me in becoming the person I am today. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 1.1. Problem Statement ........................................................................................1 1.2. Internet of Things .........................................................................................2 1.3. ZigBee in the Internet of Things....................................................................5 1.4. Thesis Objective ...........................................................................................6 1.5. Organization of Thesis ..................................................................................7 2. IN-DEPTH DESCRIPTION OF ZIGBEE ................................................................9 2.1. Wireless Networking ....................................................................................9 2.2. ZigBee Alliance .......................................................................................... 12 2.3. IEEE 802.15.4 ............................................................................................ 13 2.4. Description of Current ZigBee Systems ...................................................... 15 2.5. ZigBee Network Devices ............................................................................ 18 2.6. ZigBee Network Topologies ....................................................................... 19 2.7. How ZigBee Works?................................................................................... 21 3. ZIGBEE LAYERED ARCHITECTURE ............................................................... 23 3.1. The IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer .............................................................. 24 3.2. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer .................................................................. 27 3.3. The ZigBee Network Layer ......................................................................... 31 3.4. The ZigBee Application (APL) Layer ......................................................... 33 vii 4. MODULATION SYSTEMS AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES USED IN A ZIGBEE NETWORK ............................................................................................ 35 4.1. Types of Modulation Systems Used in a ZigBee Network ........................... 35 4.2. PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) ................................................................ 38 4.3. Modulation and Data Spreading .................................................................. 39 4.4. Demodulation and Data De-spreading ......................................................... 42 4.5. Pseudorandom Sequences (PN) ................................................................... 44 4.6. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ............................................................... 46 4.7. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) .............. 46 4.8. The Superframe Structure ........................................................................... 51 5. PREVIOUS RESEARCH WORK .......................................................................... 54 6. PROPOSED SOLUTION ...................................................................................... 58 6.1. Mathematical Methodology Adopted in Developing the Proposed ZigBee Network System ......................................................................................... 59 6.2. MATLAB Simulation .................................................................................. 68 6.3. Flowchart of the Proposed Solution ............................................................. 73 7. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 75 7.1. Evaluating the Effects of Varying System Load with Fixed Message Size ... 76 7.2. Evaluating the Effects of Varying Message Size with Fixed Lambda (messages per second) ................................................................................. 81 7.3. Evaluating the Effects of Varying CAP Size ............................................... 86 8. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 91 9. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH....................................................... 94 APPENDIX SECTION .................................................................................................. 96 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 113 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1. Frequency bands and data rates ............................................................................... 26 4.1. Symbol to chip mapping for 2450 MHz O-QPSK modulation scheme .................... 41 7.1. Data set for a fixed message size = 200-bits ............................................................ 77 7.2. Data set for a fixed message size = 300-bits ............................................................ 79 7.3. Data set for a fixed message size = 400-bits ............................................................ 80 7.4. Data set for fixed lambda value = 25 ....................................................................... 82 7.5. Data set for fixed lambda value = 50 ....................................................................... 83 7.6. Data set for fixed lambda value = 75 ....................................................................... 84 7.7. Data set for fixed lambda value = 100 ..................................................................... 85 7.8. Data set for lambda = 50, message length = 200-bits and varying CAP sizes ........... 87
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strong Signal Cancellation to Enhance Processing Of
    Europäisches Patentamt *EP001238485B1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 1 238 485 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.7: H04J 13/04, G01S 3/16, of the grant of the patent: G01S 13/00, H04B 1/707 28.09.2005 Bulletin 2005/39 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 00992803.7 PCT/US2000/042171 (22) Date of filing: 14.11.2000 (87) International publication number: WO 2001/047171 (28.06.2001 Gazette 2001/26) (54) STRONG SIGNAL CANCELLATION TO ENHANCE PROCESSING OF WEAK SPREAD SPECTRUM SIGNAL STARKE SIGNALUNTERDRÜCKUNG UM DIE VERARBEITUNG VON SCHWACHEN SPREIZSPEKTRUMSIGNALEN ZU VERBESSERN ANNULATION DE SIGNAL FORT DANS LE BUT D’AMELIORER LE TRAITEMENT D’UN SIGNAL FAIBLE A SPECTRE ETALE (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: Kramer - Barske - Schmidtchen AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU European Patent Attorneys MC NL PT SE TR Patenta Radeckestrasse 43 (30) Priority: 14.12.1999 US 461123 81245 München (DE) (43) Date of publication of application: (56) References cited: 11.09.2002 Bulletin 2002/37 WO-A-98/18210 US-A- 4 701 934 US-A- 5 493 588 US-A- 5 604 503 (73) Proprietor: Sirf Technology, Inc. San Jose, CA 95112 (US) • SUST M K ET AL: "Code and frequency acquisition for fully digital CDMA-VSATs" (72) Inventors: COUNTDOWN TO THE NEW MILENNIUM. • NORMAN, Charles, P. PHOENIX, DEC. 2 - 5, 1991, PROCEEDINGS OF Huntington Beach, CA 92647 (US) THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS • CAHN, Charles, R. CONFERENCE. (GLOBECOM), NEW YORK, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 (US) IEEE, US, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • A Software-Defined Receiver Architecture for Cellular CDMA
    A Software-Defined Receiver Architecture for Cellular CDMA-Based Navigation Joe Khalife, Kimia Shamaei, and Zaher M. Kassas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, Riverside [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] { } Abstract—A detailed software-defined receiver (SDR) architec- and need to be estimated. Although, the IS-95 standard states ture for navigation using cellular code division multiple access that a CDMA BTS should transmit its position, local wireless (CDMA) signals is presented. The cellular forward-link signal providers do not usually transmit such information [16], [17]. structure is described and models for the transmitted and received signals are developed. Particular attention is paid to Hence, the position of the BTSs need to be manually surveyed relevant information that could be extracted and subsequently or estimated on-the-fly individually or collaboratively [18], exploited for navigation and timing purposes. The differences [19]. Nevertheless, while the position states of a BTS are between a typical GPS receiver and the proposed cellular CDMA static, the clock error states of the BTS are dynamic and receiver are highlighted. Moreover, a framework that is based on need to be continuously estimated via (1) a mapping receiver, a mapping/navigating receiver scheme for navigation in a cellular CDMA environment is studied. The position and timing errors which shares such estimates with the navigating receiver or (2) arising due to estimating the base transceiver station clock biases by the navigating receiver itself by adopting a simultaneous in different cell sectors are also analyzed. Experimental results localization and mapping approach [20], [21], [22].
    [Show full text]
  • On Cracking Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems †
    WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND MOBILE COMPUTING Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. 00: 1–15 (2008) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/wcm.0000 On Cracking Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems y Youngho Jo and Dapeng Wu¤ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A. Summary Secure transmission of information over hostile wireless environments is desired by both military and civilian parties. Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) is such a covert technique resistant to interference, interception and multipath fading. Identifying spread-spectrum signals or cracking DS-SS systems by an unintended receiver (or eavesdropper) without a priori knowledge is a challenging problem. To address this problem, we first search for the start position of data symbols in the spread signal (for symbol synchronization); our method is based on maximizing the spectral norm of a sample covariance matrix, which achieves smaller estimation error than the existing method of maximizing the Frobenius norm. After synchronization, we remove a spread sequence by a cross-correlation based method, and identify the spread sequence by a matched filter. The proposed identification method is less expensive and more accurate than the existing methods. We also propose a zigzag searching method to identify a generator polynomial that reduces memory requirement and is capable of correcting polarity errors existing in the previous methods. In addition, we analyze the bit error performance of our proposed method. The simulation results agree well with our analytical results, indicating the accuracy of our analysis in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 GNSS User Technology Report
    USER TECHNOLOGY REPORT ISSUE 1 2016 Issue 1 More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN 978-92-9206-029-9 doi: 10.2878/760803 Copyright © European GNSS Agency, 2016 Information contained in the document may be excerpted, copied, printed and provided to third parties only under the condition that the source and copyright owner is clearly stated as follows: “Source: GNSS User Technology Report, Issue 1, copyright © European GNSS Agency, 2016”. For reproduction or use of photos and any other artistic material, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder. The designations employed, the presentation of the materials and the views expressed by authors, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the opinions, decisions or the stated policy of neither GSA nor the European Commission. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the GSA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products and copyright holders are distinguished by initial capital letters. The present document is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied in relation to its content and/or use. In no event shall the GSA be liable for damages arising from the content and use of the present document. This document and the information contained in it is subject to applicable copyright and other intellectual property rights under the laws of the Czech Republic and other states.
    [Show full text]
  • POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PORTO@iris (Publications Open Repository TOrino - Politecnico di Torino) POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE Sensitivity Analysis of a Neural Network based Avionic System by Simulated Fault and Noise Injection Original Sensitivity Analysis of a Neural Network based Avionic System by Simulated Fault and Noise Injection / Brandl, Alberto; Battipede, Manuela; Gili, Piero; Lerro, Angelo. - ELETTRONICO. - (2018), pp. 1-19. ((Intervento presentato al convegno AIAA SciTech Forum tenutosi a Kissimmee, Florida, USA nel 8-12 January 2018. Availability: This version is available at: 11583/2699969 since: 2019-03-11T19:00:55Z Publisher: AIAA Published DOI:10.2514/6.2018-0122 Terms of use: openAccess This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository Publisher copyright default_conf_editorial - (Article begins on next page) 04 August 2020 Sensitivity Analysis of a Neural Network based Avionic System by Simulated Fault and Noise Injection Alberto Brandl∗ Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy Manuela Battipede† Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy Piero Gili‡ Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy Angelo Lerro§ AeroSmart s.r.l., Caserta, Italy The application of virtual sensor is widely discussed in literature as a cost effective solution compared to classical physical architectures. RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainabil- ity and Safety) performance of the entire avionic system seem to be greatly improved using analytical redundancy. However, commercial applications are still uncommon. A complete analysis of the behavior of these models must be conducted before implementing them as an effective alternative for aircraft sensors.
    [Show full text]
  • Avoiding Interference in the 2
    Avoiding Interference in the 2.4-GHz ISM Band Designers can create frequency-agile 2.4 GHz designs using procedures provided by standards bodies or by building their own protocol. By Ryan Winfield Woodings and Mark Gerrior, Cypress Semiconductor As more and more companies produce products that use the 2.4-GHz portion of the radio spectrum, designers have had to deal with increased signals from other sources. Regulations governing unlicensed parts of the spectrum state that your device must expect interference. How can designers get the best performance out of their 2.4-GHz solution under these hostile conditions? Often the product works in a controlled lab environment but then suffers performance degradation from the storm of interference from other 2.4GHz solutions in the field. With existing standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee there is little that can be done beyond what the architects of the standard provide. But when the designer controls the protocol there are procedures that will minimize the interference from other sources. In this article,we'll examine the various interference management techniques provided by 2.4 GHz wireless systems. We'll then show how low-level tools can be used to create frequency-stability in a 2.4 GHz design. Wi-Fi The two methods for radio frequency modulation in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band are frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). Bluetooth uses FHSS while WirelessUSB, 802.11b/g/a (commonly known as Wi-Fi), and 802.15.4 (known as ZigBee when combined with the upper networking layers) use DSSS.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudorandom Noise Code-Based Technique for Cloud and Aerosol Discrimination Applications
    Pseudorandom noise code-based technique for cloud and aerosol discrimination applications Joel Campbell, Narasimha S. Prasad, Michael Flood, Wallace Harrison NASA Langley Research Center, 5 N. Dryden St., Hampton, VA 23681 Abstract NASA Langley Research Center is working on a continuous wave (CW) laser based remote sensing scheme for the detection of CO2 and O2 from space based platforms suitable for ACTIVE SENSING OF CO2 EMISSIONS OVER NIGHTS, DAYS, AND SEASONS (ASCENDS) mission. ASCENDS is a future space-based mission to determine the global distribution of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). A unique, multi-frequency, intensity modulated CW (IMCW) laser absorption spectrometer (LAS) operating at 1.57 micron for CO2 sensing has been developed. Effective aerosol and cloud discrimination techniques are being investigated in order to determine concentration values with accuracies less than 0.3%. In this paper, we discuss the demonstration of a PN code based technique for cloud and aerosol discrimination applications. The possibility of using maximum length (ML)-sequences for range and absorption measurements is investigated. A simple model for accomplishing this objective is formulated, Proof-of-concept experiments carried out using SONAR based LIDAR simulator that was built using simple audio hardware provided promising results for extension into optical wavelengths. Keywords: ASCENDS, CO2 sensing, O2 sensing, PN codes, CW lidar 1. INTRODUCTION The National Research Council’s (NRC) Decadal Survey (DS) of Earth Science and Applications from Space has identified the Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) as an important Tier II space-based atmospheric science mission. The CO2 mixing ratio needs to be measured to a precision of 0.5 percent of background or better (slightly less than 2 ppm) at 100-km horizontal resolution overland and 200-km resolution over oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
    Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) NovAtel’s complete line of precise positioning engines, enclosures, antennas and software is developed to meet a wide range of accuracy and cost requirements for all satellite navigational systems. GALILEO GPS GLONASS The emerging Galileo system, sponsored by the European Union and Declared fully operational in 1995, the Global Positioning System (GPS) The Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) constellation is managed by the European Space Agency (ESA), launched the GIOVE-A constellation in 2007 consists of 30 satellites in Full Operation operated for the Russian government by the Russian Space Forces. test satellite on December 28, 2005. Full operational deployment of the Capability (FOC) status. The satellites are organized into six orbital The constellation had dwindled to 7 operational satellites in 2001. constellation is expected by 2012. A ground-based control system will planes with an inclination of 55 degrees, making a complete orbit As of mid-2007, there are now 14 satellites declared operational, also be developed and deployed, similar to the GPS Control Segment. in approximately 11 hours, 58 minutes. with plans announced to increase this total to 18 by the end of 2007. In addition to controlling the satellites, the Galileo Ground Mission All satellites are dual-frequency and broadcast on L1 and L2 using The satellites are organized into three orbital planes with an inclination Segment will also generate integrity information for Safety of Life users spread-spectrum modulation. L5 is currently broadcast from a WAAS of 64.8 degrees, making a complete orbit in approximately 11 hours, similar to the US FAA Wide Area Augmentation System.
    [Show full text]
  • Navigation Using Pseudolites, Beacons, and Signals of Opportunity
    Navigation Using Pseudolites, Beacons, and Signals of Opportunity John F. Raquet Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT/ENG, 2950 Hobson Way WPAFB, OH 45431 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper describes the use of RF signals for navigation, using signals designed for this purpose (pseudolites and beacons) as well as signals that are not intended for navigation (signals of opportunity). Advantages and disadvantages of each system type are presented. Common challenges faced, as well as solutions, for these types of systems are covered, including the near/far problem, measurement types, TDOA measurement formation, positioning algorithms, ambiguity resolution, and multipath. Additionally, some of the unique challenges of navigating using signals of opportunity are described. Examples of navigation using pseudolites, beacons, and signals of opportunity are be presented. The opportunities and challenges of these types of systems for a military environment are also described. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Over the past couple of decades, there have been a number of trends that have driven the desire to improve our ability to navigate in all environments. Previously, the primary desire was to navigate single, stand-alone systems (such as a car), but now, the desire is increasingly to have simultaneous navigation awareness of multiple interdependent systems (such as a traffic notification system in a car). Previously, navigation capability could not always be counted on, but increasingly navigation is considered to be an assumed infrastructure (like knowing the lights will come on when you turn on the light switch). Previously, navigation accuracy of 5-10 m seemed almost extravagant when other worldwide navigation options prior to GPS (namely, Omega [1] and stand-alone inertial) had accuracies more on the order of 1-2 km.
    [Show full text]
  • The CDMA Mobile System Architecture
    %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 4HE#$-!-OBILE3YSTEM!RCHITECTURE 3UNGMOON 3HIN (UN ,EE AND +I #HUL (AN #/.4%.43 !"342!#4 4HE ARCHITECTURE OF THE #$-! MOBILE SYS ) ).42/$5#4)/. TEM #-3 IS DEVELOPED BASED ON THREE FUNC )) #$-! -/"),% &5.#4)/.3 TION GROUPS SERVICE RESOURCE SERVICE CONTROL AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT GROUPS )N THIS PA ))) 3%26)#% 2%3/52#% &5.#4)/. PER THE #-3 ARCHITECTURE IS DISCUSSED FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF IMPLEMENTING THESE FUNC )6 3%26)#% #/.42/, !.$ TIONS4HEVARIABLELENGTHPACKETSAREUSEDFOR TRANSMISSION 4HE SYNCHRONIZATION CLOCK SIG -!.!'%-%.4 &5.#4)/. NALS ARE DERIVED FROM THE '03 RECEIVER 4HE OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP TECHNIQUES ARE USED 6 #-3 $%3)'. FOR THE POWER CONTROL 4HE INTERNATIONALLY 6) !2%!3 /& &5452% 2%3%!2#( ACCEPTED SIGNALING AND NETWORK PROTOCOLS ARE EMPLOYED 4HE CALL CONTROL FOR THE PRIMARY 6)) #/.#,53)/. SERVICES IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EbCIENT MO BILE TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES 4HE SOFTER 2%&%2%.#%3 HANDO_ IS IMPLEMENTED IN ONE CARD 4HE MO BILE ASSISTED HANDO_ AND THE NETWORK ASSISTED HANDO_ ARE EMPLOYED IN THE SOFT AND HARD HANDO_S 4HE AUTHENTICATION IS BASED ON THE SECRET DATA WHICH INCLUDES RANDOM NUMBERS 4HE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS WHICH INCLUDE THE LOCATION MANAGEMENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT AND /!- MAN AGEMENT ARE IMPLEMENTED TO WARRANT THE SYS TEMEbCIENCY MAXIMUMCAPACITYANDHIGH RELIABILITY 4HE ARCHITECTURE ENSURES THAT THE #-3 IS aEXIBLE AND EXPANDABLE TO PROVIDE SUB SCRIBERS WITH ECONOMIC AND EbCIENT SYSTEM CON`GURATION 4HE DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL ADAPTIVE CHANNEL ALLOCATION AND DYNAMIC CELL BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT ARE RECOMMENDED FOR FUTURE WORK %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 3UNGMOON 3HIN ET AL ) ).42/$5#4)/.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Ghz Instantaneous Bandwidth RF Spectrum Analyzer Measurements with High Sensitivity and Spur Free Dynamic Range
    20 GHz Instantaneous Bandwidth RF Spectrum Analyzer Measurements with High Sensitivity and Spur Free Dynamic Range Kristian D. Merkel 1, Scott H. Bekker 1, Aaron S. Traxinger 1, Colton R. Stiffler 1, Alex J. Woidtke 1, Michael D. Chase 1, Wm. Randall Babbitt 1,2, Zeb W. Barber 2, Cal H. Harrington 2 1S2 Corporation, Bozeman, Montana 59715 2Spectrum Lab, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3510 (406) 922-0334 [email protected] Abstract: The latest demonstrated performance Fourier Transform (FFT) processing to enable higher specifications of a novel wideband radio frequency spectral instantaneous bandwidth measurements limited by sensor based on photonic technology are reported, mainly the digitizer performance [2]. In comparison, our including 20 GHz instantaneous bandwidth, ~400 million spectral sensing system remains fully open to the entire unique frequency measurements per second, two-tone spur bandwidth of interest, presently over 20 GHz and readily free dynamic range >63 dB, variable resolution extendable to >100 GHz, operates with high sensitivity, bandwidths to below 100 kHz, and high RF power high SFDR and generates 400,000,000 unique frequency sensitivity levels of <-130 dBm. measurements per second. Implementation and Analogy Keywords: wideband RF spectrum analysis; spatial Figure 1 shows a diagram of our implementation. The spectral holography underlying sensing mechanism is a light absorbing crystal Introduction that makes millions of continuous and parallel RF spectral The paradigm of operations for radio frequency (RF) energy measurements of RF modulated laser light [3-5]. monitoring is rapidly moving towards “wideband sense RBW can approach 10 kHz across 20 GHz of bandwidth as and react”, given the proliferation of transmitters for shown in this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences
    Wireless Information Transmission System Lab. Spread Spectrum Signal for Digital Communications Institute of Communications Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University Table of Contents Multiple Access Schemes Spread Spectrum Communications Generation of Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences Rake Receiver 2 Wireless Information Transmission System Lab. Multiple Access Schemes Institute of Communications Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University Multiple Access Schemes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 4 Multiple Access -- TDMA Partition the time axis into frame of n slots and assign slots in some fashion require synchronization between users. allow variable rate sources (e.g. assign multiple slots per frame to a user) . Time Orthogonality!! 5 Multiple Access -- FDMA Partition the spectrum into a set of bands and assign a band to each user no-need for synchronization in time between users different RF carrier frequencies variable peak power in the total signal inflexible to variable data rate per terminal the idle channel cannot be used by other users to increase or share capacity low complexity to implement Frequency Orthogonality!! 6 FDMA Channels 7 TDMA Channels on Multiple Carrier Frequencies GSM System 8 TDMA with Use of Frequency Hopping Technique Add the frequency diversity by frequency hopping to reduce the frequency-selective interference. 9 Multiple Access -- SDMA Space Division Multiple Access ( SDMA ) serves different users by using spot beam antennas. These different areas covered by the antenna beam may be served by the same frequency ( in a TDMA or CDMA system) or different frequencies ( in an FDMA system ).
    [Show full text]