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Bluetooth® RF Measurement Fundamentals

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Bluetooth® RF Measurement Fundamentals Bluetooth® Measurement Fundamentals Application Note Bluetooth® wireless technology is an open specification for a wireless personal area network (PAN). It provides limited range wireless connectivity for voice and data transmissions between information appliances. Bluetooth wireless technology eliminates the need for interconnecting cables. Unique for most wireless communications systems, Bluetooth enables ad hoc networking among devices, without the need for infrastructure such as base stations or access points. Named after a tenth-century Danish King, Bluetooth invokes images of Viking conquests and plundering; notwithstanding this, the good King Harald Blatand is credited with Wireless headsets can simplify intervention or custom software uniting Denmark and Norway during hands-free operation of mobile control, to easy-to-use, one-button his reign. Similarly today, Bluetooth phones as a convenient and safe way measurements. A list of Agilent unites devices through its wireless to talk while driving. The potential Technologies solutions for Bluetooth communications link. of this technology is limitless when measurements is provided in one considers the growing sector of Appendix D: Agilent Solutions for Bluetooth wireless technology allows information appliances that would Bluetooth Wireless Technology. This seamless interconnectivity among benefit from wireless connectivity. This application note assumes a basic devices. Imagine your computer application note describes transmitter understanding of RF measurements. synchronizing files and databases and receiver measurements to test To learn more about basic RF with your personal digital assistant and verify Bluetooth RF including measurements, refer to Appendix C: (PDA), simply because you carried enhanced data rate (EDR) designs. Recommended Reading for Bluetooth, the PDA into the vicinity of the PC. Test procedures range from manual at the end of this application note. Table of Contents Introduction . .1 1. Basic Concepts of Bluetooth . .3 1.1 Bluetooth radio unit . .4 1.2 Bluetooth link control unit and link management . .6 1.3 Bluetooth RF test suite structure . .8 2. Transmitter Measurements . .10 2.1 Test conditions and setup . .10 2.2 Power tests . .13 2.3 Transmit output spectrum . .16 2.4 Modulation tests . .18 2.5 Timing tests . .23 3. Transceiver Measurements . .26 3.1 EDR in-band spurious emissions . .26 4. Receiver Measurements . .27 4.1 Test conditions and setup . .27 4.2 Sensitivity - single-slot packets . .30 4.3 Sensitivity - multi-slot packets . .31 4.4 EDR sensitivity . .31 4.5 EDR BER floor performance . .31 4.6 Carrier-to-interference (C/I) performance . .32 4.7 EDR carrier-to-interference (C/I) performance . .32 4.8 Blocking performance . .33 4.9 Intermodulation performance . .33 4.10 Maximum input level . .33 4.11 EDR maximum input level . .33 5. Power Supply Measurements . .34 Appendix A: Glossary . .35 Appendix B: Symbols and Acronyms . .36 Appendix C: Recommended Reading . .37 Appendix D: Agilent Solutions for Bluetooth . .38 Appendix E: References . .39 2 1. Basic Concepts of Bluetooth Bluetooth, in its most elementary A wide variety of Bluetooth radio EDR is an enhancement to the form, is defined as a global block diagrams are in use. For Bluetooth 1.2 standard and is specification for wireless connectivity. transmission, these range from direct described in the Bluetooth 2.0 Because it is intended to replace voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) specification. It is backwards cables, cost must be low and operation modulation to IQ mixing at the final compatible with the earlier Bluetooth must be intuitive and robust. These radio frequency (RF.) In the receiver, a standards. It uses a phase shift requirements for Bluetooth create conventional frequency discriminator keying (PSK) modulation scheme many challenges. Bluetooth meets or IQ down-conversion combined to achieve a data rate of 2 or 3 Mb/s. these challenges by several means. with analog-to-digital conversion is It allows greater possibilities for The radio unit employs frequency noted. using multiple devices on the same hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), connection because of the increased and the design emphasis is on very While many options can satisfy the bandwidth. Due to EDR having a low power, extremely low cost, Bluetooth radio specifications, each reduced duty cycle, there is lower and robust operation in the will have its own characteristics power consumption compared to a uncoordinated, interference-dominated if not operating correctly. The standard Bluetooth link. RF environment of the industrial, Bluetooth system consists of a radio scientific, and medical (ISM) radio unit, a baseband link control unit, band. and link management software. It also includes higher-level software utilities that focus on interoperability features and functionality. Figure 1 is a block diagram for this type of frequency hopping system, showing the baseband controller and the RF transmitter and receiver sections. Baseband RF Transmitter Burst RF Low-pass modulator filter Control/processor filter DSP Quadrature baseband processor DAC modulator (burst mode control) Switch driver RAM 16-bit µ processor Flash Clock ROM Receiver IF filter Input/output Threshold detector Quadrature & clock demodulator to host recovery Frequency hopping control Figure 1. Block diagram of a Bluetooth system 3 1.1 Bluetooth radio unit The Bluetooth channels are each in which the modulated carrier The Bluetooth radio unit is shown 1 MHz wide. The frequency hopping shifts between two frequencies in Figure 1 as the transmitter and occurs over the 79 channels. representing a “1” and a “0”. As a receiver sections of the block Figure 2 depicts the frequency result, GFSK provides one bit of data diagram. The transmitter up-converts hopping channels, divided by per symbol. Figure 3 is an example the baseband information to the geographic regions. of GFSK modulation illustrating frequency-modulated carrier. the two discrete frequencies. Frequency hopping and bursting are The modulation in a standard Unlike many other forms of digital performed at this level. Conversely, Bluetooth system is Gaussian modulation, such as GSM, amplitude the receiver down-converts and frequency shift keying (GFSK) this and phase are not of primary concern demodulates the RF signal. Table 1 gives a gross air data rate of 1 Mb/s. in this type of modulation scheme. summarizes some of the key RF This is a digital modulation format characteristics of Bluetooth. Table 1. Key Bluetooth RF characteristics Characteristic Specification Notes Carrier frequency1 2400 to 2483.5 MHz (ISM radio band) f = 2402 + k MHz, k = 0, 1, 2...,78 Modulation Standard 0.5 BT Gaussian-filtered 2FSK at 1 Msymbol/s Digital FM scheme Modulation index: 0.28 to 0.35 (0.32 nominal) The peak frequency deviation allowed is 175 kHz 0.4 BT π/4-DQPSK at 2 Msymbol/s 0.4 BT 8DPSK at 3 Msymbol/s Hopping 1600 hops/s (in normal operation)2 The channel hopping sequence is designed to visit each 1 MHz channel spacing frequency regularly and with roughly equal probability. 1) page hopping sequence The system has five different hopping sequences. 2) page response sequence It has a periodicity of 23 hours and 18 minutes. 3) inquiry sequence 4) inquiry response sequence 5) channel hopping sequence The first four are restricted hopping sequences used during connection setup. The normal channel hopping sequence is pseudorandom based on the master clock value and device address. Transmit power Power class 1: 1 mW (0 dBm) to 100 mW (20 dBm) Class 1 power control: +4 to +20 dBm (required) –30 to +4 dBm (optional) Power class 2: 0.25 mW (–6 dBm) to 2.5 mW (+4 dBm) Class 2 power control: –30 to 0 dBm (optional) Power class 3: 1 mW (0 dBm) max power Class 3 power control: –30 to 0 dBm (optional) Operating range 10 cm to 10 m (100 m with power class 1) Range depends on amount of interference Maximum data throughput The asynchronous channel can support an asymmetric Data throughput is lower than the 1 Msymbol/s rate as ink of maximally 721 kb/s in either direction while a result of the overhead, which is inherent in the protocol permitting 57.6 kb/s in the return direction, or a 432.6 kb/s symmetric link. EDR 3 Mb/s has a real data throughput of 2.1 Mb/s 1. The Bluetooth specification includes a special frequency hopping pattern to provide provisions for compliance with national limitations such as those in France. The frequency range for France is 2.4454 to 2.4835 GHz and the corresponding RF channels are f = 2454 + k MHz, k = 0,...,22. 2. Hop speed may vary, depending on packet length. 4 As an enhancement to the Bluetooth waveforms phase to carry information. standard, EDR uses different Figure 4 shows the π/4-DQPSK modulation schemes so that data modulation phase diagram. Each can be sent at higher transmission point represents two bits of data. rates. There are two different types The modulation for the 3 Mb/s uses of modulation that EDR utilizes, the same principle of waveform π/4-DQPSK for 2 Mb/s and 8DPSK for phase shifting but the main difference 3 Mb/s gross air data transfer rates. is that each change contains three π/4-DQPSK uses changes in the bits of information. 2400 MHz Regulatory range for USA, Europe, and most other counties (except France) 2483.5 MHz 2446.5 MHz France regulatory range 2480 MHz 2402 MHz 2454 MHz 2476 MHz 1 MHz frequency raster Figure 2. Bluetooth frequency bands and channel arrangement 2FSK Amplitude versus time Figure 3. 2FSK modulation Figure 4. Agilent 89600 showing the π/4 DQPSK modulation data points for 2 Mb/s data transfer 5 1.2 Bluetooth link control unit The link management software works and link management with the link control unit. Devices communicate among each other The Bluetooth link control unit, through the link manager.
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