Report on Academic Excellence Academic Excellence: the Meeting and the Sourcebook
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Report on Academic Excellence Academic Excellence: The Meeting and the Sourcebook Neal B. Abraham Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the Faculty DePauw University One hundred and seventy representatives of undergraduate undergraduate research provided five-year glimpses of similar colleges and universities, many of them college presidents and information, though longer studies are difficult since partici- chief academic officers, gathered at Argonne National pation varied from issue to issue. Not since the studies [3] in Laboratory on June 24-26, 2001 at the behest of five private the mid 1980’s of scientific research at fifty colleges highly pro- foundations to consider the role of research in the natural sci- ductive of science majors, peer-reviewed scientific publica- ences at undergraduate institutions. The foundations are tions, and members of the National Academies of Science has among the leaders in supporting scientific research in under- there been a such comprehensive study or such a gathering of graduate colleges and universities, though their bias has been college leaders to consider the significance of that activity. toward the physical sciences. Several of the leaders of these The Academic Excellence Sourcebook surveying activities and foundations had been particularly concerned by their percep- productivities for the decade of the 1990’s swamps the Oberlin tion of a decline in research activity in undergraduate science study data in the comprehensiveness of data on each institu- departments, notably represented by waning proposal pres- tion and breadth in the number and type of institutions sure to their programs and to counterpart programs of the included. National Science Foundation (such as the Research in Undergraduate Institutions - RUI program) and of the The analysis of the data has just begun, but several key points oNational Institutes of Health (such as the Academic Research have been noted: Enhancement Award (AREA) program). Many of these con- cerns are outlined in a recent publication edited by Mike ❍ Average productivity in baccalaureate origins of Ph.D. Doyle, past president of CUR and now Vice President of recipients, for all but a few of the participating schools, fell Research Corporation [1]. in a band of variation differing by about a factor of two between the most productive and the least productive. The foundations invited 191 institutions to provide massive amounts of institutional data and to survey their faculty mem- ❍ This agrees with earlier studies [4], though perhaps not bers on a number of issues ranging over research activity and with the rhetoric repeated in some contexts. support and workload expectations and how these have evolved over the decade of the 1990’s. Of the 159 schools ❍ These institutions report a significant increase in the num- which responded positively, eventually 136 completed the ber of women faculty members: forty percent of new survey. While the data was “self reported”, checks against tenure-track faculty members in the 1990’s were women, foundation records on grants to these institutions indicated a compared to only twenty-one percent in the 1980’s. high degree of accuracy. ❍ Total grant dollars to these institutions have increased from The survey documents research activity in the natural sciences 1986 to 2000, while the number of proposals submitted over the decade of the ‘90’s by students and faculty members remained constant over that period, despite a 21% increase at the 136 institutions, with supporting data on the scientific in the number of faculty members. infrastructure ranging over facilities, staff, supporting resources, and numbers of majors and numbers of graduates ❍ There is a wide range of research productivity, measured who earned Ph.D.’s in the natural sciences. Over the last 20 by publications in peer-refereed journals and external grant years there have been other similar, though less complete, sur- support, but on average the faculty members at participat- veys of productivity and resources. The Project Kaleidoscope ing institutions published one peer reviewed publication report in the early ‘90’s documented some of the same activi- every two years, a rate comparable to that reported in the ties in the late 80’s [2]. Periodic CUR divisional directories of Oberlin studies. September 2001 Council on Undergraduate Research Quarterly 11 Detailed statistical analyses of the data for many variables, ❍ the direct correlation between faculty publication of peer- including entering and graduating students, numbers of sci- reviewed articles and student selection of science majors or ence majors, productivity of Ph.D.’s in the natural sciences, completion of Ph.D.’s; publications, grants, and workload, led to sophisticated multi- variate analysis of schools to identify clusters with significant ❍ the impact of sabbatical leave policies on faculty research similarities and differences among the different clusters. productivity and the research experiences of undergradu- These characteristics give some insight into the range of pro- ates, their selection of science majors, and their completion ductivity that is possible with certain investments in students of Ph.D.’s; and faculty. With some further thought and analysis, such multivariate analysis may indicate how institutions might best ❍ the importance of the investment at many undergraduate invest their resources to achieve improvements in their scien- colleges and universities in improvements in science peda- tific research productivity. gogy, for majors and non-majors, and its impact on both research productivity and student selection of science Those assembled for the meeting at Argonne National majors and scientific careers; Laboratory took part in discussions on such topics as: ❍ the impact of teaching expectations on faculty research pro- ❍ How can academic time pressures be managed?; ductivity and the research experiences of undergraduates, their selection of science majors, and their completion of ❍ Obtaining a new science building; Ph.D.’s; ❍ Where can I obtain instrumentation and computers?; ❍ the impact of improved start-up grants on the appetite of new faculty members to participate in the external grant ❍ Expectations for/from faculty: Tenure and promotion; process; ❍ Expectations for/from faculty: Hiring new faculty; ❍ the suitability of current research grant programs at federal and private foundation funding sources for the research ❍ Cluster analyses and cluster characteristics; needs of the current research active faculty members; ❍ What you can and cannot read into the Study results; and ❍ the cause and significance of the apparent slump in pro- ductivity of associate professors; ❍ Faculty development: Why is it so important? ❍ disciplinary and gender differences in productivity and Particularly reassuring were several observations from grant activity (Preliminary indications are that research foundation representatives at the meetings. Several noted that productivity factored by gender was essentially institutions which had had a decline in grant proposals and equivalent.); research activity in one department (such as in the physical sciences as noted by the sponsoring foundations) had a signifi- ❍ whether the observed reduction in proposal pressure in the cant surge in activity in other departments, notably in the bio- physical sciences correlates with flat or declining numbers logical sciences. The foundation representatives also strongly of faculty members in these disciplines or slowed rates of expressed that it was their intention to help institutions hiring new faculty members; improve their programs, facilities, and scientific research endeavors for students and faculty members. They argued ❍ how research activity tracks the ebb and flow of the num- that the foundations had no intention to revise their programs ber of majors in different disciplines; and to serve only a particular subgroup of the institutions they had surveyed. ❍ how institutional choices to encourage interdisciplinary majors and programs and such programs as neuroscience Unanswered questions thus far that may be explored in the in psychology and computer science should be included in future with the available data include: assessments of institutional productivity in the sciences overall. ❍ the correlation between grant proposal activity and research productivity; or, put another way, the productivi- Of historical note is the fact many of the challenges and tasks ty of those receiving no external funding; identified in the mid 1980’s by the presidents of research active private liberal arts colleges in the Oberlin reports have ❍ the direct correlation between undergraduate research been met. Their goals included: experience and student career choices; 12 Council on Undergraduate Research Quarterly September 2001 Academic Excellence: The Role of Research in the Physical Sciences at Undergraduate Institutions ❍ new curricular opportunities for student participation in Edited by Michael P. Doyle, Research Corporation, 2000, 199 research; pages. Copies may be ordered from Research Corporation, ❍ 101 North Wilmot Road, Suite 250, Tucson, AZ 85711. Cost: direct engagement in scientific inquiry for non-science $5.00. Order by fax: 520-571-1119 or email: majors; [email protected]. See a review by Tom Wenzel elsewhere in this issue, and by David E. Hansen, Chemical and ❍ writing and computing skills should be refined at all levels Engineering News, May 7, 2001 pages 59-60. of the curriculum;