Rosa Luxemburg in Der Deutschen
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Conflict of Revolutionary Authority: Provisional Government Vs. Berlin Soviet, November-December 1918 1
HENRY EGON FRIEDLANDER CONFLICT OF REVOLUTIONARY AUTHORITY: PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT VS. BERLIN SOVIET, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1918 1 The Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 saw the first appearance of workers' and soldiers' councils, called Soviets. In 1917 the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, acting for all the Russian Soviets, became the chief competitor of Kerensky's Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, employing the slogan "All Powers to the Soviets", used the Petrograd Soviet in their drive for power. In the October Revolution the Soviets, dominated by the Bolsheviks, replaced the Provisional Government as the government of Russia. In the German Revolution of November 1918 workers' and soldiers' councils, called Rate, were organized in imitation of the Russian Soviets.2 The German Revolution created, as had the Russian 1 This article is based on a paper presented at the European history section of the meeting of the (American) Southern Historical Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma, November i960. 2 "Ratewahlen," in Die Freiheit: Berliner Organ der Unabhangigen Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 16, 1918 (evening); A. Stein, "Rateorganisation und Revolution," in ibid., November 17, 1918 (morning); Vorwarts: Berliner Volksblatt, Zentralorgan der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 9, 1918 (ist, 3rd, and 5th Extraausgabe); November 10, 1918 (8th Extraausgabe); Leipziger Volkszeitung: Organ fiir die Interessen des gesamten werktatigen Volkes, November 5-9, 1918; "Wahl der Arbeiterrate," in Rote Fahne (Ehemaliger Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger), November 10, 1918. For further information on the German Revolution, the socialist parties, and the formation of the workers' and soldiers' councils, see Emil Barth, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1919), pp. -
Rosa Luxemburg Und Karl Liebknecht in Den Wochen Der Revolution
Vorgetragen auf der Rosa-Luxemburg-Konferenz in Berlin, 16./17.01.2009 1 Annelies Laschitza Berlin, Dezember 2008 Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht in den Wochen der Revolution Vergleichende Biografik beschäftigt mich seit langem. Vor acht Jahren versuchte ich es bereits einmal mit Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht. Ich stellte fest, dass Karl Liebknecht zu sehr in den Hintergrund biografischen Interesses gerückt und rezeptionsgeschichtlich in den Schatten Rosa Luxemburgs geraten war. An einigen Beispielen aus der Zeit vor 1914 machte ich darauf aufmerksam, wie unterschiedlich die beiden lebten, arbeiteten, sich positionierten und handelten, obwohl sie gleiche Ziele verfolgten, gleiche Gegner bekämpften, mehrfach politischen Verurteilungen unterlagen und sogar im persönlichen Bereich ähnliche Konfliktzonen ausschritten. Auf die Fragen: Warum arbeiteten die beiden Gleichaltrigen und Gleichgesinnten vor 1914 nicht zusammen? Warum reagierten sie fast nicht aufeinander? gab ich Antworten am Beispiel der Herkunft und der Wege in die sozialdemokratische Bewegung, ihrer Beiträge in der Millerandismusdebatte, ihrer Theoriestudien, ihrer Beziehungen zu Geliebten jüngeren Alters und ihrer Erfahrungswerte über Parlamentarismus und Imperialismus. Im Resümé heißt es u. a.: „In den innerparteilichen Auseinandersetzungen sah Rosa Luxemburg bis zum Jenaer Parteitag 1913 Karl Liebknecht nicht immer mit aller Konsequenz an ihrer Seite. Eine Ausnahme bildeten die Massenstreikdebatten. Doch auch da bemängelte sie hin und wieder, daß er schwanke und stärker als der Liebknecht in der Sozialdemokratischen Partei und weniger als ein linker Flügelmann hervortrat. Er schien bisweilen befangen und unschlüssig. Schließlich standen an der Spitze der Partei Mitstreiter des Vaters und väterliche Freunde, ging es in den Debatten nicht selten um Rechtsanwalts- und Abgeordnetenkollegen. Karl Liebknecht verhielt sich in Parteipolemiken lieber tolerant und setzte auf die Wirkung seines eigenen Handelns und weniger auf innerparteiliche Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Strömungen bzw. -
Rosa Luxemburg in the German Revolution a Chronicle
I really Rosa Luxemburg in hopethe German Revolution A Chronicle UWE SONNENBERG to die JÖRN SCHÜTRUMPF at my postROSA LUXEMBURG Rosa Luxemburg in the German Revolution A Chronicle UWE SONNENBERG JÖRN SCHÜTRUMPF PREFACE PREFACE Mathilde Jacob, the closest confidante of Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches, described the Revolutionary Days of 1918–19 as follows: “Rosa did nothing without his advice, they had political discussions with each other almost every day...” Originally, Luxemburg and Jogiches had also been privately linked, and up until Luxemburg’s assassination on 15 January 1919, they not only continued their partnership politically, but also constituted an exception among the leaders of the Spartacus League: they were the only two to have experienced a revolution. In 1905–06 they had thrown themselves into the conflict in the Russian-occupied area of Poland, and had prepared analyses of what they had witnessed. What had reached Germany, however, was Rosa Luxemburg’s call for the use of the mass strike as a political weapon, not least to avert war. All other texts that assessed the revolution had been published in Polish, and hardly any of Luxemburg’s supporters in Germany had noticed them during the post-revolutionary years of the depression. Rosa Luxemburg knew that when the forces of the first onslaught were exhausted, every revolution would inevitably suffer a setback. In her analysis of the Russian Revolution of 1905–06, she had come to the conclusion that the further the revolution had advanced from political to social upheaval, the less significant this setback would be. Should the counterrevolutionary side be put under sufficient pressure, it would prefer a secure compromise—with the rule of law and parliamentary democracy—to an uncertain triumph. -
The Spartacist Uprising of 1919
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Marquette University Press Publications 1958 The Spartacist Uprising of 1919 Eric Waldman Ph.D Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/mupress-book THE SPARTACIST UPRISING MARQUETTE GERMAN STUDIES I The Spartacist Marquette German Studies, l Uprising of 1919 and the crisis of the German Socialist Movement: A study of the relation of political theory and party practice ERIC WALDMAN, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Marquette University PRESS • MILWAUKEE �. MARQUETTE GERMAN SnmIES are published under the direction of the Institute of German Affairs of Marquette University. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-7265 @ Copyright, 1958, MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Manufactured in the United States of America Acknowledgment T 1s A well known truism that most books reflect not only the effort of the author but an accumulation of thought and Istudy by many others who have completed research and publica tion in the same general area of investigation. This book is no exception to the rule, and the author has made extensive use of many excellent studies concerned with German political and his torical developments. No effort has been made to repeat descrip tive material found elsewhere, although references in the foot notes will direct the reader to more detailed historical studies. It is impossible to acknowledge our obligations to all of those who have directly or indirectly assisted with the writing of this study. However, the author's intellectual indebtedness to his for mer teacher, Professor Wolfgang H. Kraus, is of such magnitude that is must be foremost as we acknowledge assistance, advice, and constructive criticism. -
The Role of the Spartacist Group After 9 November 1918 and The
Th e Role of the Spartacist Group after 9 November 1918 and the Formation of the KPD Ottokar Luban Th e Background ontrary to the resolutions passed by the Socialist International, Cthe Social Democratic Party of Germany deputies in the Reichstag on 4 August 1914 voted unanimously in favour of war credits.1 The most intense criticism of that decision came from a group of left-wing Social Democrats who came together under the rubric of the Spartacus Group (later the Spartacus League). Their numbers grew and the Spartacists became the voice of the socialist anti-war movement, although under the state of siege they could not work other than as a loose clandestine network. It was only with the freedom of the press and freedom to organise that followed the November 1918 revolution, as well as the release of leaders and sympathisers from prison, that the stage was set for a new party to be established: the Communist Party of Germany made its first appearance at a national conference at the turn of 1918/19. Th is chapter will look at the founding of the party and the events leading up to it from August 1914 until the failed upheaval in January 1919, which ended with the murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht. It will emphasise the continuities between social democ- racy and early communism and address the fragility of that beginning phase, which was not only threatened by external repression but was also persistently contested from within. Certain leading fi gures within the Spartacus group, such as Clara Zetkin and Leo Jogiches, doubted the value of establishing a new party until the very last, preferring to remain in the partially revolutionary Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD). -
Workers' Or Revolutionary Councils | International Encyclopedia of The
Version 1.0 | Last updated 25 February 2021 Workers' or Revolutionary Councils By Anthony McElligott At the end of the First World War, Workers’ and Soldiers’ Councils spread throughout Germany, culminating in a mutiny among sailors at the end of October in Kiel that inaugurated the revolution of November 1918. Their leaders wanted to erect a Räterepublik as a socialist alternative to parliamentary democracy, but failed. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Aims 3 Moderates versus Radicals 4 Conclusion: Räte or Parliament or “Third Way”? Notes Selected Bibliography Citation Introduction The appearance during the First World War of workers’ councils was pan-European. Based on spontaneously elected committees on the shop floors of factories, they formulated demands to improve workplace conditions, taking their inspiration from the Russian soviets (councils) that emerged in the 1905 Revolution, and again in St. Petersburg during the February Revolution in 1917. In Germany, harsh conditions imposed on workers in munitions factories after the introduction of the Patriotic Service Law (Gesetz über den vaterländischen Hilfsdienst) on 5 December 1916, coupled to increasingly punitive military discipline, added a radicalizing impetus to the creation of workers’ and soldiers’ councils (Räte). Aims Initially, the councils’ demands did not stray beyond workplace concerns, but became increasingly linked to demands to end the war; by the summer of 1918, they adopted overtly political tones. After Woodrow Wilson’s (1856-1924) Fourteen Points became known, Räte, with the support of the USPD, and in Berlin led by the Revolutionary Shop Stewards (Obleute), initiated mass strikes to end the war in January and spring 1918. -
Conflict of Revolutionary Authority: Provisional Government Vs
HENRY EGON FRIEDLANDER CONFLICT OF REVOLUTIONARY AUTHORITY: PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT VS. BERLIN SOVIET, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1918 1 The Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 saw the first appearance of workers' and soldiers' councils, called Soviets. In 1917 the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, acting for all the Russian Soviets, became the chief competitor of Kerensky's Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, employing the slogan "All Powers to the Soviets", used the Petrograd Soviet in their drive for power. In the October Revolution the Soviets, dominated by the Bolsheviks, replaced the Provisional Government as the government of Russia. In the German Revolution of November 1918 workers' and soldiers' councils, called Rate, were organized in imitation of the Russian Soviets.2 The German Revolution created, as had the Russian 1 This article is based on a paper presented at the European history section of the meeting of the (American) Southern Historical Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma, November i960. 2 "Ratewahlen," in Die Freiheit: Berliner Organ der Unabhangigen Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 16, 1918 (evening); A. Stein, "Rateorganisation und Revolution," in ibid., November 17, 1918 (morning); Vorwarts: Berliner Volksblatt, Zentralorgan der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 9, 1918 (ist, 3rd, and 5th Extraausgabe); November 10, 1918 (8th Extraausgabe); Leipziger Volkszeitung: Organ fiir die Interessen des gesamten werktatigen Volkes, November 5-9, 1918; "Wahl der Arbeiterrate," in Rote Fahne (Ehemaliger Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger), November 10, 1918. For further information on the German Revolution, the socialist parties, and the formation of the workers' and soldiers' councils, see Emil Barth, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1919), pp. -
Economics and Politics in the Weimar Republic
Economics and Politics in the Weimar Republic Prepared for the Economic History Society by Theo Balderston University of Manchester The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc´on 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C The Economic History Society 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Plantin 10/12.5 pt System LATEX2ε [TB] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 58375 6 hardback ISBN 0 521 77760 7 paperback Contents Preface page vi List of abbreviations vii 1. Demobilisation and revolution, 1918–1919 1 2. Treaty, reparations and ‘capacity to pay’ 10 3. Inflation, 1918–1923 34 4. Normalisation and stagnation? 1924–1929 61 5. The slump 77 6. Epilogue 100 Glossary of economic and political terms 102 Bibliography 107 Index 120 v 1 Demobilisation and revolution, 1918–1919 Big historical changes often happen in irregular leaps. Such a leap occurred during the months from September 1918, when the German High Command recognised that its war effort had col- lapsed, and the summer of 1919. During this time the institutions embodying politico-economic power relations in Germany were in flux, and the shape in which to set them was violentlycontested by opposing forces. -
Government Bloc Guide
German Civil War DIRECTOR CRISIS MANGERS Aadi Thulasingam Zoë Grossman and Jozef Grygorcewicz CHAIRS MODERATORS Martin Concagh and Nesta Muthunawagonna Qaasim Karim and Amy Zhou UTMUN 2021 JCC Bloc Guide The Council of the People’s Deputies of the new German Republic, formed in the aftermath of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm faces a great deal of challenges. The economy is collapsing, the Great War has been lost and revolutionary extremists are on the rise, fighting for further revolution. A coalition has been formed between the Social Democrats and the much more radical Independent Social Democrats, but they must rely on the existing bureaucracy of the Kaiser’s Germany to govern. Further alliances must be made with Germany’s reactionary armed forces, who have far different politics and aims than the more radical members of the new government. These holdovers from the Imperial regime will be most concerned with protecting the integrity and power of the German Reich and suppressing socialist revolution; they share these goals with many of the more conservative socialists and liberal members of the new government. The new government has wide-ranging goals and demands. It must negotiate a peace with the victorious Allies who will demand great costs for peace. It must push through wide-ranging reforms to liberalise society and rebuild the economy upon more progressive principles to assuage the fervour for revolution. It must assert its legitimacy at home and abroad to avoid further revolutions and attacks from the left and the right. It must create a new constitution. And it must do all those things in a manner that is acceptable to both most Germans and most of the political establishment, to avoid further revolution that would see the new German Republic before it can even properly begin. -
Schaukasten Folge 17 Die Nationalversammlung in Weimar 1919
Schaukasten Folge 17 Die Nationalversammlung in Weimar 1919 Zeitung die Abgeordneten am 6. Februar 1919 auf der Titelseite „Zur Begrüßung der Nationalversammlung“: Laßt ab vom Streit Und Hader der Parteien! Wir sahen lang’ genug Die Brüder sich entzweien, ... Aus der Wahl war die Mehrheits-SPD im Januar 1919 als stärkste Partei (37,9 % / 165 Sitze) hervorgegangen, gefolgt vom Zentrum (19,7 % / 91 Sitze) und der Deutschen Demokratischen Partei (DDP 18.6 % / 75 Sitze). Sie hatten zusammen mit 331 von 423 Sitzen eine regierungsfähige Mehrheit und bildeten später die sogenannte „Weimarer Koalition“. Erstmals hatten bei dieser Wahl in Deutschland Frauen auf nationaler Ebene das aktive wie das passive Wahlrecht ausüben dürfen. Die Nationalversammlung als Legislative wählte Friedrich Ebert am 11. Februar 1919 zum Reichspräsidenten. ThHStAW, Fotosammlung Dieser beauftragte Philipp Scheidemann mit der Bildung Am 9. November 1918 hatte der Aufstand der Matrosen einer Regierung, bestehend aus den Parteien der und Soldaten Kaiser Wilhelm II. und mit ihm alle „Weimarer Koalition“. Monarchen im Deutschen Reich zur Abdankung Überschattet wurden die Verhandlungen in Weimar durch gezwungen. Als Übergangsregierung fungierte seit dem die Schwere der Friedensbedingungen. Von den sieg- 10. November 1918 der Rat der Volksbeauftragten, dem reichen Alliierten wurde Deutschland zudem die alleinige Friedrich Ebert, Philipp Scheidemann und Otto Landsberg Schuld am Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs angelastet. von den Mehrheits-Sozialdemokraten (MSPD) sowie Vergeblich hatten sich Friedrich Ebert und andere durch zunächst die Unabhängigen Sozialdemokraten (USPD) die Wahl Weimars als Zentralort des deutschen Humanis- Hugo Haase, Wilhelm Dittmann und Emil Barth mus zum Tagungsort anstelle des preußisch-militärisch angehörten. Wegen Streitigkeiten, besonders im Hinblick geprägten Berlin eine positive Signalwirkung auf die auf die künftige Stellung der Armee verließen die USPD- Bedingungen der Alliierten für den Friedensvertrag Angehörigen den Rat der Volksbeauftragten und wurden versprochen. -
DOCUMENT RICHARD K. DEBO the 14 November 1918
DOCUMENT RICHARD K. DEBO The 14 November 1918 Teleprinter Conversation of Hugo Haase with Georgii Chicherin and Karl Radek: Document and Commentary The document reproduced below is a verbatim record of the 14 November 1918 teleprinter conversation of Hugo Haasel with Georgii Chicherin2 and Karl Radek.3 This exchange was made possible by the direct wire telegraph linking Moscow and Berlin; synchronized Hughes machines recorded the con- versation.4 One terminal was located in the German Legation in Moscow; the other, in the communication center of the Auswärtiges Amt. Behind one ma- chine stood Rudolf Rothkegel, Deputy President of the German Revolutionary Workers' and Soldiers' Council in Moscow.5 On establishing contact with Haase he immediately summoned members of the Soviet Russian government 1. Hugo Haase (1863-1919). German Social Democrat instrumental in formation of Independent Social Democratic Party in 1916. Opposed to policies of both the Bolsheviks in Russia and the Spartacus League in Germany. One of six Yolksbeauftragten chosen to compose the executive of the new Soviet government of Germany on 9 November 1918. 2. Georgii Vasil'evich Chicherin (1872-1936). Long time member of Russian revolu- tionary movement; imprisoned in Great Britain during 1917 for anti-war activies; repa- triated to Russia following Bolshevik seizure of power where he first became deputy, then full, Commissar of Foreign Affairs. 3. Karl Berngardovich Radek (born: Sobel'zon) (1885-1939). Long time member of Polish, German and Russian revolutionary movements; joined Bolsheviks in 1917; head of Central European Department, Soviet Russian Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, 1918. 4. Following the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 full dip- lomatic relations were restored between Germany and Soviet Russia. -
A Revolution Betrayed?
A Revolution Betrayed? The January 1919 Spartacist Uprising in Berlin seen from three perspectives: MSPD, USPD and Spartakusbund MA-Thesis Political Culture and National Identities Leiden University by Michiel Knoops-s1219758 Supervisor: Dr. P.G.C. Dassen Second Reader: Dennis Bos 27-06-2017 Word count: 26,458 Figure 1: The city center of Berlin, map from 1921 1 Table of contents List of images 3 Introduction 4 Chapter One August 1914-November 1918: A prelude to revolution 13 The outbreak of war 13 Dissent within the SPD 14 The pacifist middle-ground 16 Ten days that shook the world 17 Chapter Two November 1918: A new Germany is born 22 A new Germany, a new government 23 A pact and an accord 26 Difficult times for Spartakus 29 The soldiers and workers councils 30 Fears, rumours and the crowds 32 Chapter Three December 1918: the pressure rises 37 The 6th of December: a day of fear and rumour 38 A victory of moderation: Reichsrätekongress 41 Bloody Christmas 46 The USPD leaves the government 50 The final step towards radicalisation 51 Chapter Four January 1919: uprising! 55 Dismissal of Emil Eichhorn 55 The Uprising 56 The Uprising crushed 64 Conclusion 70 Nederlandse Samenvatting Een verraden revolutie? 74 Bibliography 78 Newspapers 78 Printed Primary Sources 78 Secondary Literature 78 Online Sources 80 Images 80 2 List of images used Cover: Barricades on the 12th of January, 1919 Figure 1: The city center of Berlin, map from 1921, page 1 Figure 2: The council of deputies as it was formed in November 1918, page 23 Figure 3: Curious crowds in front of a damaged Stadtschloss, page 48 Figure 4: The massive firepower of the Freikorps, Berlin Janaury 1919, page 65 3 Introduction On the morning of January 5th 1919, tens of thousands of workers took to the streets of Berlin.