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DOCUMENT RICHARD K. DEBO the 14 November 1918 DOCUMENT RICHARD K. DEBO The 14 November 1918 Teleprinter Conversation of Hugo Haase with Georgii Chicherin and Karl Radek: Document and Commentary The document reproduced below is a verbatim record of the 14 November 1918 teleprinter conversation of Hugo Haasel with Georgii Chicherin2 and Karl Radek.3 This exchange was made possible by the direct wire telegraph linking Moscow and Berlin; synchronized Hughes machines recorded the con- versation.4 One terminal was located in the German Legation in Moscow; the other, in the communication center of the Auswärtiges Amt. Behind one ma- chine stood Rudolf Rothkegel, Deputy President of the German Revolutionary Workers' and Soldiers' Council in Moscow.5 On establishing contact with Haase he immediately summoned members of the Soviet Russian government 1. Hugo Haase (1863-1919). German Social Democrat instrumental in formation of Independent Social Democratic Party in 1916. Opposed to policies of both the Bolsheviks in Russia and the Spartacus League in Germany. One of six Yolksbeauftragten chosen to compose the executive of the new Soviet government of Germany on 9 November 1918. 2. Georgii Vasil'evich Chicherin (1872-1936). Long time member of Russian revolu- tionary movement; imprisoned in Great Britain during 1917 for anti-war activies; repa- triated to Russia following Bolshevik seizure of power where he first became deputy, then full, Commissar of Foreign Affairs. 3. Karl Berngardovich Radek (born: Sobel'zon) (1885-1939). Long time member of Polish, German and Russian revolutionary movements; joined Bolsheviks in 1917; head of Central European Department, Soviet Russian Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, 1918. 4. Following the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 full dip- lomatic relations were restored between Germany and Soviet Russia. The Bolsheviks sent A. A. Ioffe to Berlin as their minister and, in return, received Graf Wilhelm von Mirbach- Harff as the German representative in Moscow. Direct wire telegraph connections were established in the summer of 1918 linking the two legations with their respective foreign ministries. The installation of Hughes machines allowed "conversations" of the sort re- corded in this document to be conducted between individuals far removed from one another. The Hughes machine was an early modification of the electrical telegraph per- mitting words rather than code to be printed on ribbons of paper and read as they emerged from the machine. Similar machines remained in service until the 1930s when they were replaced by the now familiar teletype machine. 5. Rudolf Rothkegel (1889-1964). German trade-unionist and member of German Socialist Party; captured by Russians, 1915; founding member of (German) Revolution- ary Workers' and Soldiers' Council in Moscow, November 1918; member of Russian Com- munist Party, 1919; returned to Germany and joined German Communist Party, 1924. who wished to communicate with the German Rat der Yolksbeauftragten.6 Within minutes, Chicherin, Radek and Julius Markhlevskii7 arrived at the Ger- man Legation to speak with Haase, the Volksbeauftragte responsible for the overall supervision of the foreign policy of the new German government. The occasion was momentous, for this was the first direct contact between the revolutionary governments of Germany and Soviet Russia. The Bolsheviks had waited impatiently for this moment. Since their seizure of power a year before, they had eagerly anticipated the coming of the German revolution,8 and no sooner had Imperial Germany given way to Soviet Germany than they had begun to clamor importunely for the establishment of direct contact. As Chicherin had said in an earlier message, he wished to contact the new German government in order "to receive from them answers to some extraordinarily important questions."9 The day before, in fact, his government had annulled the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and, as a result, relations between the two states possessed no legal foundation. As soon as he arrived at the German Legation, therefore, he began at once to pose his questions. Radek later recalled that af- ter Chicherin had completed his first transmission there was total silence in the room. "Chicherin and I stood there," he wrote, "our eyes not moving from the Hughes ribbon."10 The German socialists displayed no similar eagerness. Exactly the oppo- site; they had put off this moment for as long as possible dreading the conse- quences of establishing direct contact with the Soviet Russian government. From the flood of messages pouring out of Moscow they had a good idea of what the Bolsheviks wanted. Thus, on 11 November in a conversation con- ducted by direct wire and monitored by an official of the Auswdrtiges Amt Chicherin had informed Oskar Cohnl l that Moscow wished to negotiate an 6. The Council of People's Deputies was established in Berlin on 9 November 1918. It was composed of Friedrich Ebert, Philipp Scheidemann and Otto Landsberg (German Socialist Party) and Hugo Haase, Wilhelm Dittmann and Emil Barth (Independent Social Democratic Party). It served as the executive of the emerging German Soviet government created after the fall of the Hohenzollerns. See A. J. Ryder, The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1967), and F. L. Carsten, Revolution in Central Europe, 1918-1919 (London: Temple Smith, 1972). 7. Iulian Iuzefovich Markhlevskii (alias: Karskii) (1866-1925). Longtime member of Polish, German and Russian revolutionary movements; one of founding members of the Spartacus League; from 1918 a member of the Bolshevik Party. 8. On the role forseen by the Bolsheviks for a revolutionary Germany, see Richard K. Debo, Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1917-1918 (To- tonto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1979). 9. Ministerstvo Inostrannykh' Del SSSR, Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. 21 vols. (Moscow: Gos. izd-vo polit. lit-ry, 1958- ), I, 567-68. Hereafter cited as DVP. 10. Karl Radek, "Noiabr'. (Stranichka iz vospominanii)," Krasnaia nov', No. 10 (1926), p. 142. 11. Oskar Cohn (1869-1934). Lawyer, founding member of the Independent Social Democratic Party, 1916; member of the Reichstag, 1912-18; legal advisor to the Soviet legation in Berlin, 1918. .
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