City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Final Report

Prepared for the City of Melbourne

February 2013

Reliance and Disclaimer The professional analysis and advice in this report has been prepared by ACIL Tasman for the exclusive use of the party or parties to whom it is addressed (the addressee) and for the purposes specified in it. This report is supplied in good faith and reflects the knowledge, expertise and experience of the consultants involved. The report must not be published, quoted or disseminated to any other party without ACIL Tasman’s prior written consent. ACIL Tasman accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any loss occasioned by any person acting or refraining from action as a result of reliance on the report, other than the addressee. In conducting the analysis in this report ACIL Tasman has endeavoured to use what it considers is the best information available at the date of publication, including information supplied by the addressee. Unless stated otherwise, ACIL Tasman does not warrant the accuracy of any forecast or prediction in the report. Although ACIL Tasman exercises reasonable care when making forecasts or predictions, factors in the process, such as future market behaviour, are inherently uncertain and cannot be forecast or predicted reliably. ACIL Tasman shall not be liable in respect of any claim arising out of the failure of a client investment to perform to the advantage of the client or to the advantage of the client to the degree suggested or assumed in any advice or forecast given by ACIL Tasman.

ACIL Tasman Pty Ltd ABN 68 102 652 148 Internet www.aciltasman.com.au

Melbourne (Head Office) Canberra Sydney Level 4, 114 William Street Level 2, 33 Ainslie Place Level 20, Tower 2 Darling Park Melbourne VIC 3000 Canberra City ACT 2600 201 Sussex Street Telephone (+61 3) 9604 4400 GPO Box 1322 Sydney NSW 2000 Facsimile (+61 3) 9604 4455 Canberra ACT 2601 GPO Box 4670 Email [email protected] Telephone (+61 2) 6103 8200 Sydney NSW 2001 Facsimile (+61 2) 6103 8233 Telephone (+61 2) 9389 7842 Email [email protected] Facsimile (+61 2) 8080 8142 Brisbane Email [email protected] Level 15, 127 Creek Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Perth GPO Box 32 Centa Building C2, 118 Railway Street Brisbane QLD 4001 West Perth WA 6005 Telephone (+61 7) 3009 8700 Telephone (+61 8) 9449 9600 Facsimile (+61 7) 3009 8799 Facsimile (+61 8) 9322 3955 Email [email protected] Email [email protected]

For information on this report Contributing team members Please contact: Dr Yuan Chou Denise Ironfield Telephone (03) 9604 4408 Tammy Read Mobile 0402 128 354 Dale Higgins Email [email protected]

City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Contents Executive summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and context 1 1.2 Study objectives 2 1.3 Study approach 3 1.3.1 Desktop research 3 1.3.2 Knowledge sector survey 3 1.3.3 Stakeholder consultation 4 1.4 Report structure 5 2 Knowledge cities and the knowledge sector 6 2.1 What is knowledge? 6 2.2 What is a knowledge city? 6 2.3 Melbourne as a knowledge city 8 2.4 What is the knowledge sector? 11 2.5 Defining the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector 12 2.5.1 Existing definitions 12 2.5.2 Definition used in this study 14 3 Sectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 18 3.1 Composition of the knowledge sector 18 3.2 Knowledge activities 20 3.3 Knowledge outputs 21 3.4 The users of knowledge outputs 23 4 Economic contribution of the knowledge sector 26 4.1 Direct economic contribution to Gross Regional Product 26 4.1.1 Industry contributions 27 4.2 Indirect contribution 30 4.2.1 Indirect contribution to gross product 30 4.2.2 Indirect contribution to Victorian employment 31 5 Knowledge sector assets and events 33 5.1 Knowledge sector assets 33 5.1.1 Types of knowledge sector assets 34 5.1.2 Accessibility of knowledge sector assets 37 5.1.3 Role of the City of Melbourne in enhancing knowledge assets? 38 5.2 Knowledge sector events 41

ii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

5.2.1 Knowledge sector organisation’s level of involvement in events 42 5.2.2 Significant knowledge sector events to showcase the City 43 5.2.3 Other 'new' knowledge events 44 5.2.4 Role of the City of Melbourne in supporting knowledge events 46 6 Knowledge sources and collaboration 51 6.1 Key sources of knowledge 51 6.2 Collaboration 52 6.2.1 Collaboration partners 52 6.2.2 Role of City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration 54 7 Opportunities and challenges for knowledge sector activities 57 7.1 Opportunities 57 7.2 Challenges 58 8 Learnings from the literature and other knowledge cities 61 8.1 Frameworks from the knowledge cities literature 61 8.1.1 Knowledge-Based Urban Development 61 8.1.2 Role of local government in the Triple Helix Model 63 8.2 Policy-making in other knowledge cities – a recent historical perspective 65 8.2.1 Common policy themes 65 8.2.2 Specific examples from other knowledge cities 67 9 Role of the City of Melbourne 71 9.1 Application of the knowledge city development frameworks 71 9.2 Defining an economic vision and blueprint for the City of Melbourne in the digital knowledge age 71 9.3 Engaging the knowledge sector through a Reference Network 74 9.4 Enhancing the stock of knowledge sector assets 76 9.5 Supporting knowledge sector events 77 9.6 Facilitating collaboration and networking 79 9.7 Educating stakeholders and engaging with them in creative ways 81 9.8 Encouraging the creation of spaces that enable serendipitous encounters and innovation 83 9.9 Attracting talent 85 9.10 Monitoring development of the knowledge sector 87 References 88 Appendix A Knowledge sector survey questionnaire A-1 Appendix B Knowledge sector industry contributions B-1

iii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Appendix C Knowledge sector survey - background information C-1 Appendix D City of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-1 Appendix E City of Melbourne knowledge events E-1

List of figures Figure ES 1 City of Melbourne workforce 2010 ix Figure ES 2 Knowledge sector contribution to the City of Melbourne’s GRP ($A2008-09) x Figure ES 3 Knowledge activities by the knowledge sector’s university trained workforce xii Figure ES 4 City of Melbourne knowledge sector assets (per cent of respondents) xiii Figure ES 5 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in enhancing the city’s knowledge assets? (per cent of respondents) xiii Figure ES 6 Businesses/organisations involved in knowledge-related events (per cent of respondents by knowledge category) xiv Figure ES 7 Respondents views on knowledge related events and future support for events xvi Figure ES 8 Collaboration partners (per cent of respondents) xvii Figure ES 9 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration (per cent of respondents) xviii Figure ES 10 Are there opportunities or impediments to future growth? xix

Figure 1 Components of the knowledge sector 15 Figure 2 Composition of City of Melbourne knowledge sector by number of locations 18 Figure 3 Employment in City of Melbourne knowledge sector by component 19 Figure 4 Composition of City of Melbourne knowledge sector workforce 20 Figure 5 Knowledge activities undertaken by the knowledge sector’s university educated employees 21 Figure 6 Types of knowledge outputs produced by City of Melbourne businesses/organisations 22 Figure 7 Key users of the knowledge outputs of City of Melbourne businesses/organisations (per cent of respondents) 24 Figure 8 Key users of the knowledge outputs of the city of Melbourne’s core and intermediate businesses/organisations (per cent of respondents) 25 Figure 9 Knowledge sector contribution to the City of Melbourne’s GRP 27 Figure 10 Explaining input-output multipliers – Scientific research, technical and computer services industry 32 Figure 11 Asset categories held by Knowledge sector survey respondents (per cent of respondents) 37 Figure 12 City of Melbourne knowledge sector assets held by survey respondents 38 Figure 13 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in enhancing the city’s knowledge assets? (per cent of respondents) 38 Figure 14 Level of participation in knowledge events 42

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Figure 15 Proportion of businesses/organisations involved in knowledge- related events (per cent of respondents by knowledge category) 43 Figure 16 Respondent views on knowledge related events and future support for events 44 Figure 17 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating events? (per cent of respondents) 47 Figure 18 Key sources of knowledge (per cent of respondents) 52 Figure 19 Knowledge sector collaboration (per cent of respondents) 53 Figure 20 Collaboration in knowledge-related activities (per cent of collaborating respondents) 53 Figure 21 Core and intermediate respondents’ collaborators (per cent of collaborating respondents) 54 Figure 22 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration and networking? (per cent of respondents) 55 Figure 23 Potential for future growth in your organisation's knowledge related activities? (per cent of respondents) 58 Figure 24 Impediments to future growth in knowledge related activities? (per cent of respondents) 59 Figure 25 Knowledge-based urban development 62 Figure 26 Roles of local government in a knowledge city 64 Figure 27 Knowledge-related roles of the City of Melbourne 65

List of tables Table ES 1 Melbourne’s knowledge sector direct and indirect contribution to gross product ($2008-09) xi

Table 1 International knowledge industry definitions 13 Table 2 Knowledge sector core and intermediate industry categories by ANZSIC 17 Table 3 Proportion of knowledge sector respondent’s employees with a degree or higher qualification (number of respondents) 20 Table 4 Number of selected knowledge product outputs produced by survey respondents in 2011-12 23 Table 5 2010 FTE employment by the top five intermediate component knowledge sector employing subdivisions 29 Table 6 2010 FTE employment by top five core component knowledge sector subdivisions 29 Table 7 Top five intermediate component contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008- 09 million) 29 Table 8 Top five core component contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008-09 million) 29 Table 9 Melbourne’s knowledge sector direct and indirect contribution to gross product ($2008-09) 31 Table 10 Full time equivalent jobs generated by City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector in 2010 31 Table 11 The City of Melbourne’s ‘world-class’ assets 34 Table B1 2010 FTE employment by Intermediate component knowledge sector industry subdivisions B-1 Table B2 2010 FTE employment by core component knowledge sector industry subdivisions B-2

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Table B3 Intermediate component knowledge sector industry subdivisions contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008-09 million) B-2 Table B4 Core component contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008-09 million) B-3 Table D1 The City of Melbourne’s Other significant knowledge assets D-1 Table E1 City of Melbourne knowledge events list E-1

vi City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Executive summary The City of Melbourne commissioned ACIL Tasman to undertake a study to identify the composition of the city’s knowledge sector in terms of its organisations and infrastructure, and to determine the value of this sector to the city’s economy. This report presents the study’s outcomes, findings and recommendations. When considering this report it should be borne in mind that this current study could only provide a high-level snapshot of the city’s knowledge sector. In the future there could be considerable benefit in monitoring development of the evolving knowledge sector, including the success of the the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector strategy. There may also be benefit in undertaking more indepth research of particular aspects of the sector.

Background to this study

Melbourne is generally recognised as a sporting city and a cultural city, but the City of Melbourne is concerned that it is not as widely known for its reputation as a knowledge city. Nevertheless, in 2010 the annual Most Admired Knowledge City Award was bestowed upon Melbourne during the Knowledge Cities World Summit; an annual event organised by the World Capital Institute and Teleos. At the same time, Melbourne’s reputation as an innovative city is increasing, with the 2thinknow group ranking Melbourne 17th in the World as an innovative city in 2011 (up from its 2008-09 ranking of 25).

Melbourne possesses much of the key infrastructure and organisations that characterise a knowledge city, with recognised strengths in fields such as advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, creative industries (particularly design), event management, financial services, healthcare, higher education, information communication, and technology and sustainability.

The City of Melbourne believes that the city’s economy and society will benefit specifically from both promoting and strengthening the shared interests of its knowledge sector. The City of Melbourne has therefore made the promotion of the city’s knowledge sector as one of 10 Key Strategic Activities (KSAs) for 2012-13. It has committed to supporting the growth of its knowledge sector by implementing a multifaceted project that involves undertaking research and consultation to: identify the opportunities for the sector; determine the City of Melbourne’s role in the sector’s future; and promote its knowledge sector locally, nationally and internationally. This study forms a key component of the project by being the foundation for the City of Melbourne’s development of a knowledge strategy.

Executive summary vii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Definition of the knowledge sector

The knowledge sector is For the purposes of this study, the term ‘knowledge sector’ describes an made up of businesses and evolving component of the city, involving the production, circulation and use organisations operating in of information with actual or potential economic, social and environmental the core, intermediate or the benefits. We have defined the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector as periphery consisting of three components: • the core (the generators, creators and transferrers of knowledge); • the intermediate component (those intensive users of knowledge to enable production of their outputs); and • the periphery (those who use knowledge to a lesser extent). As virtually every industry uses knowledge to some extent, this definition could be considered to cover most of the economy. By necessity this report has therefore largely focused on the core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector.

Economic contribution of the knowledge sector

The core and intermediate The City of Melbourne’s Census of Land Use and Employment (CLUE) components of the indicates there were 15,947 locations where businesses and organisations knowledge sector constitute operated in the City of Melbourne in 2010 (the latest available data). Using nearly two-fifths of the ACIL Tasman’s definition of the knowledge sector 1,115 (or 7.0 per cent) of locations where businesses these locations are undertaking activities in the 'core' of the sector while 4,861 and organisations are (or 30.5 per cent) of the 15,947 locations are working in the 'intermediate' part operating in the city of the knowledge sector.

Employment

Businesses/organisations in Of the 428,588 persons working in businesses/organisations located in the the core and intermediate City of Melbourne in 2010, 62,287 (just under 15 per cent) are employees or categories account for contractors of businesses/organisations operating in the 'core' of the sector; around 67 per cent of the while 221,851 (just under 52 per cent) are employees or contractors of city’s workforce businesses/organisations operating in the 'intermediate' part of the sector (see Figure ES 1).

These employment figures include full-time, part-time, casual and contracted workers. Intermediate category knowledge sector businesses and organisations are the largest employers of full-time employees. However, the proportion of contractors is particularly high in the knowledge sector core. The core also has the lowest proportion of part-time employees.

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Figure ES 1 City of Melbourne workforce 2010 Workforce by knowledge sector category Employment status

100% 7% 4% 18% 5% 24% 80% 13% 13%

10% 16% 144,450 60% Contractor Casual Intermediate Part-time 40% 75% 221,851 Core Full-time Periphery or other 59% 56% 20%

62,287 0% Core Intermediate Periphery or other

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates using CLUE data

The knowledge sector’s core Full-time equivalent (FTE) employment is another means of considering a and intermediate sector’s contribution to employment. The Australian Bureau of Statistics components generated just estimates that in 2010 part-time workers on average worked 16 hours per over 217,600 FTE jobs week, while full-time workers worked an average 39.7 hours per week. These estimates have been used to calculate the direct contribution of FTE employees (contractors are excluded to prevent double counting). ACIL Tasman estimates that in 2010 the knowledge sector created approximately 217,610 FTE jobs. Of these jobs the core created around 39,280 FTE jobs and the intermediate component of the sector created 178,330 FTE jobs.

Direct economic contribution

The knowledge sector’s core The knowledge sector is a major contributor to the City of Melbourne’s Gross and intermediate categories Regional Product (GRP). ACIL Tasman estimates that in 2010 organisations in contribute around 50 per the core and intermediate categories of the knowledge sector made up just over cent of the City of half of the city’s estimated GRP of $53,298 million ($2008-09). Together the Melbourne’s GRP organisations in these two knowledge sector categories accounted for just over $28,000 million ($2008-09) of the city’s GRP in 2010 (see Figure ES 2).

The intermediate sector makes the largest contribution to GRP, with an estimated contribution of $23,577 million ($2008-09) in 2010. Assuming employment by industry remained in similar proportions in 2011 it can be estimated that the knowledge sector contributed $25,137 million ($2008-09) of the $56,825 million of GRP ($2008-09) that the National Institute of Economic and Industry Research (NIEIR) has previously estimated to have been generated in 2011.1

1 The NIEIR GRP estimates for 2010 and 2011 are reported on the City of Melbourne’s website at http://economy.id.com.au/default.aspx?id=128&pg=12210

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Figure ES 2 Knowledge sector contribution to the City of Melbourne’s GRP ($A2008-09)

60,000

50,000 Periphery or 26,964 other 40,000 25,290

30,000 Intermediate

20,000 23,577 25,137

10,000 Core 4,431 4,724 - 2010 2011

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates using CLUE and NIEIR data.

The Professional, Scientific In terms of FTE employment, the Professional, Scientific and Technical and Technical Services Services 2 digit ANZSIC subdivision is the largest employer in the knowledge subdivision is the sector’s sector. In 2010 the subdivision employed 49,575 full-time equivalent (FTE) largest employer employees. The Public Administration industry subdivision (comprising federal, state and local governments, Justice and foreign government representation) was the second largest employer with around 26,300 FTE employees in 2010. The Finance industry subdivision was the third largest knowledge sector employer, with around 25, 340 FTE employees.

The Finance industry is the On the other hand, the Finance industry subdivision made the largest largest contributor to individual contribution to the city’s GRP, with value added (the building block knowledge sector GRP of GRP) estimated to be $5,275 million ($2008-09). Note that this contribution to GRP is larger than the entire contribution from those businesses and organisations operating in the core of the knowledge sector.

Indirect contributions to employment and GRP

The knowledge sector’s contribution to GRP reported above is sometimes characterised by economists as a sector’s ‘direct’ contribution. However, all industries (including those in the knowledge sector) also ‘indirectly’ contribute to the city’s, Victoria’s and even Australia’s gross product. These indirect contributions can be estimated with reference to input-output multipliers that

Executive summary x City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

have been calculated using ACIL Tasman’s in-house input-output table for the Victorian economy. As shown in Table ES 1 this indirect contribution to the state of Victoria’s Gross State Product is considerable and in 2010 was in the order of $16,000 million ($2008-09).

Table ES 1 Melbourne’s knowledge sector direct and indirect contribution to gross product ($2008-09) City of Melbourne Victoria as a whole

Production induced Direct First round Industrial support total indirect effect

Core 4,431 1,130 915 2,046 Intermediate 23,577 7,686 6,333 14,019 Totals 28,008 8,817 7,249 16,065 Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

Knowledge sector activities, assets and events

As Melbourne Knowledge Week 2012 took place during the course of the study, ACIL Tasman consultants were able to attend a number of key events. After these events ACIL Tasman consulted with a number of contributors at Knowledge Week events and/or attendees at the launch of the Knowledge Melbourne campaign.

In addition to desktop research and consultation, ACIL Tasman conducted a knowledge sector survey of businesses and organisations operating in the City of Melbourne. The survey opened on 8 October 2012 and closed on 1 December 2012, which coincided with the end of Knowledge Week. By the time the survey closed on 1 December 2012 ACIL Tasman had received 171 responses. Of these responses, 159 considered that their organisation was part of the knowledge sector, with the majority of these responses identifying as operating in the core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector. The information gained from the survey and our consultations has been critical in developing a richer understanding of the knowledge sector and how the City of Melbourne can implement strategies to enhance the sector in the future.

Knowledge activities

A high proportion of the Survey responses support the view that a high proportion of knowledge knowledge sector workforce workers have a university qualification. For example, of the 105 respondents is university educated and operating in the core, approximately three-quarters indicated that at least 60 engages in a multiplicity of per cent of their employees had a university qualification. knowledge-related activities The sector’s university educated employees engage in a multiplicity of knowledge-related activities. According to the knowledge sector survey

Executive summary xi City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

responses, 26 per cent of employees with university degrees in the City of Melbourne create or generate knowledge, 21 per cent transfer knowledge to others through teaching, while 48 per cent use knowledge as a key enabler in their work (see Figure ES 3).

Figure ES 3 Knowledge activities by the knowledge sector’s university trained workforce

Creating or generating knowledge Transferring knowledge to others Using knowledge as a key enabler Using knowledge to minor extent/or not using

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

Knowledge sector assets

The knowledge sector’s The City of Melbourne is the repository of a large number and variety of physical assets complement physical knowledge assets. Knowledge assets, which could be considered as the sector’s human capital ‘World-class’ located in the City of Melbourne, include the Walter and Eliza that is embodied in the Hall Institute, the University of Melbourne, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, sector’s workforce Melbourne Museum, the State Library of Victoria, the Victorian Arts Centre, and the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre. These physical knowledge sector assets complement the human capital that is embodied in the knowledge sector workforce. Businesses and organisations in the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector own, or have access to, a variety of knowledge assets. The majority of these assets are for their own or their members’ use (see Figure ES 4).

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Figure ES 4 City of Melbourne knowledge sector assets (per cent of respondents)

Specialised software

Research hardware or equipment

Other collections

Libraries

Conference spaces

Training facilities

Workshops or studios

Laboratories

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% For private or member use Open to others in the industry Open to public

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey The majority (67 per cent) of survey respondents considered that the City of Melbourne could play a role in enhancing the knowledge sector’s assets (see Figure ES 5). Those respondents who considered Council could play a role in enhancing the city’s knowledge sector assets were requested to suggest roles that the City of Melbourne could play in enhancing the stock of knowledge sector assets. The roles that were most frequently nominated were: promoter/facilitator/broker, sponsor/supporter, as well as the provider of an assets directory.

Figure ES 5 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in enhancing the city’s knowledge assets? (per cent of respondents)

Core

Inter Yes No

All

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey A knowledge assets directory has the potential to advertise to the city and the world the quality and breadth of the city’s knowledge assets. A directory could

Executive summary xiii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

also increase the utilisation of these assets by improving the awareness of businesses and organisations of the assets that are available in the municipality.

Key Finding Knowledge assets directory

By mainting a knowledge assets directory the City of Melbourne could play a role supporting and promoting the city’s knowledge sector assets.

Knowledge events

The city hosts many Melbourne plays host to a very large number of knowledge-related events of knowledge related events great diversity throughout the year, ranging from academic and industry conferences such the Australian Biotechnology Conference 2012, to arts and lifestyle-oriented events such as the Melbourne Festival and the Melbourne Writers Festival. The list of knowledge events identified in the events directory (developed as part of this study) highlights the wide range of types of events held in the city. The survey results indicate that the businesses and organisations operating in the core of the knowledge sector have a much higher propensity to be involved in knowledge-related events (see Figure ES 6).

Figure ES 6 Businesses/organisations involved in knowledge-related events (per cent of respondents by knowledge category)

Participate in / attend knowledge-related Periphery events

Sponsor / partner / Intermediate promote knowledge- related events

Organise / manage / Core deliver / run knowledge-related events

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey. Respondents who were identified as operating in the core and intermediate categories were also much more likely to indicate their people participated in, or attended, knowledge-related events, than respondents who identified as

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operating in the periphery (though the small number of responses from respondents in the periphery could distort this finding). While many survey respondents nominated important knowledge sector events, the majority considered that there are currently no existing knowledge- related events that adequately showcased the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector (see Figure ES 7). This result is somewhat surprising given that the City of Melbourne has recently hosted its third Knowledge Week. Unfortunately, the vast majority of survey responses were received before Knowledge Week 2012 commenced. Thus, respondents may have answered this question with the 2011 Knowledge Week in mind. It is possible that survey respondents would have been more positive about the city having a showcase knowledge event had the survey been conducted after Knowledge Week 2012, which featured more than double the number of events presented during Knowledge Week 2011. Melbourne Knowledge Week aims to provide an umbrella for the delivery of self-managed events showcasing the strengths and diversity of Melbourne’s knowledge sector. In 2012 Knowledge Week featured more than 40 events that represented a wide spectrum of the knowledge sector.

Knowledge Week 2012 event ACIL Tasman was provided with the results of a survey of 30 Knowledge organisers consider that the Week 2012 event organisers, conducted after the event. These survey results event showcased the indicate that all 30 of these organisers considered that the Week had been strengths and diversity of the either moderately effective (40 per cent) or very effective (60 per cent) in knowledge sector. showcasing the strengths and diversity of Melbourne’s knowledge sector. (Please note that event organisers were not given the option in the survey to nominate the week had been effective.)

Key Finding Knowledge Week Knowledge Week 2012 was an important means of showcasing Melbourne’s knowledge sector. The City of Melbourne’s involvment in Knowledge Week as a promoter, facilitator, sponsor and facility provider enriches the city’s knowledge sector.

Respondents views on the Despite the majority of knowledge sector survey respondents considering that need for new events to there were no knowledge-related events that adequately showcased the City of showcase the sector were Melbourne, less than half of the survey respondents considered that a new mixed knowledge sector event should take place in the city. On the other hand, the majority of survey respondents considered that there was a role for the City of Melbourne in supporting knowledge sector events (see Figure ES 7).

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Those respondents who believed that a new knowledge sector event should take place in the city were asked to suggest a suitable type of event. Those respondents who volunteered a suggestion for a new knowledge sector event came up with a broad spectrum of ideas. After reviewing the Knowledge Week 2012 program, it seems clear that many of the types of events suggested by survey respondents to help showcase the knowledge sector were similar to those covered by the program.

Figure ES 7 Respondents views on knowledge related events and future support for events

Is there an existing event which showcases Melbourne's knowledge sector

Yes Are there any new events that should take place in Melbourne No

Is there are role for the CoM in supporting knowledge events

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

Key Finding Knowledge events directory

Melbourne has many knowledge events, including Knowledge Week. Maintaing a directory of knowledge events could be a means of supporting and promoting these events as well as showcasing the breadth of the city’s knowledge sector.

Collaboration

A substantial proportion of The survey responses also indicate that a substantial proportion of knowledge knowledge sector sector businesses/organisations in Melbourne engage in collaborations with a businesses/organisations range of organisations in undertaking knowledge-related activities. According engage in collaborations to the survey, just under 80 per cent of businesses/organisations in the

Executive summary xvi City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

knowledge sector collaborate with others (see Figure ES 8). Collaboration with others located in the City of Melbourne is important for many respondents. Figure ES 8 Collaboration partners (per cent of respondents)

Periphery (7) 29%

Intermediate (47) 70%

Core (105) 86%

All Knowledge sector respondents 79% (159)

0% 50% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

Facilitating collaboration –A Just over 50 per cent of knowledge sector survey respondents considered that role for City of Melbourne? the City of Melbourne could play a role in facilitating collaboration and networking (see Figure ES 9). This proportion was greater for respondents who identified as being in the core of the sector, compared with those identifying as being in the intermediate component of the sector. However, a significant number of survey respondents did not respond to this question and were perhaps unsure if the City of Melbourne could be of assistance. On the other hand, it is of interest to note that 70 per cent of survey respondents indicated that they would be happy for the City of Melbourne to contact their organisation to become a member of any future knowledge sector network. This response suggests that a majority of survey respondents are in favour of greater networking and that the City of Melbourne has a role to play. Stakeholders had a range of views on the role Council could play in facilitating or enhancing the sector’s collaboration and networking. Potential roles suggested by survey respondents covered the Council being a: • facilitator • sponsor • promoter • provider of information.

Executive summary xvii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure ES 9 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration (per cent of respondents)

Core

Yes

Intermediate No

No answer

All

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

Our consultations with a number of key knowledge stakeholders also supported the view that Council has a role to play in supporting and enhancing collaboration and networking. For example it was suggested that the City of Melbourne could be an enabler of (and catalyst for) increased collaboration between organisations in the knowledge sector, including that of convening groups comprising universities, galleries, schools, the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, and other partners, to create roundtables that identify opportunities for collaboration. Such collaboration proposals (involving the City of Melbourne in the key role of facilitator) could form part of the considerations of the proposed Knowledge Melbourne reference network (see recommendation 1).

Key Finding Promoting collaboration

Many knowledge sector stakeholders see a need for collaboration and networking and the City of Melbourne could potentially play an important role in facilitating and promoting knowledge sector collaboration and networking.

Future economic growth and development

Many survey respondents Survey respondents were invited to indicate their views on the knowledge are positive about the sector’s potential for future growth. Over 70 per cent of respondents were of sector’s potential for growth, the view that there were significant opportunities for growth in the City of though some identified Melbourne’s knowledge sector. However, a significant number of respondents growth impediments

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(around 35 per cent) also identified impediments to the future growth of their knowledge related activities. Many of impediments identified by survey respondents were largely outside of the control of the City of Melbourne. For example, resource constraints, including the lack of funding and/or current or future funding cuts by the Victorian Government, were raised by a number of respondents as impediments to their organisations’ future growth. However, some other respondents identified impediments that may feasibly fall within the City of Melbourne’s mandate including: the high cost of parking in the City; high rents; congestion in and across Melbourne, poor public transport; land availability and planning restrictions.

Figure ES 10 Are there opportunities or impediments to future growth?

Opportunities for future growth?

Yes No No answer Impediments to future growth?

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

Opportunities and While only about a third of survey respondents identified impediments to the impediments - a role for the future growth of the knowledge sector in the City of Melbourne, ACIL City of Melbourne? Tasman’s consultation with some of the city’s strategic thinkers also identified a few major challenges that they believe that the City of Melbourne could assist the sector in addressing now and into the future.

A number of survey respondents considered there could be a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating growth and/or addressing the identified impediments. For example, of the 107 respondents who identified opportunities for future growth, 54 per cent considered there could be a role for Council. These survey respondents had a range of views on the role Council could play. The roles considered appropriate for Council action included:

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• advocacy, brokering or lobbying the Victorian and/or Federal Government • running, sponsoring, promoting knowledge events, projects and/or activities • providing financial assistance. Of the 56 respondents who identified an impediment to future growth, 43 suggested there could be a role for Council. These roles again varied with a number focusing on removing/reducing taxes or introducing subsidies and/or providing a new funding source for projects. Other respondents saw Council’s role as being to lobby other arms of government or raise awareness or facilitate activities.

Key Finding Expanding opportunities and overcoming impediments

There is a potential role for the City of Melbourne in advocacy, brokering and/or lobbying the Victorian and/or Federal Governments to improve knowledge sector outcomes by expanding opportunities and reducing impediments to growth.

Our consultations with a number of key knowledge stakeholders put forward a range of roles for the Council to enhance Melbourne’s knowledge sector’s future growth and development. For example, one stakeholder suggested that, in his view, the city needs to have a much more strategic and focused approach to ensure that it is not bypassed in the digital future. Another suggested that, if the city aspired to be a world-class knowledge city and economy, this aspiration needs to be an explicitly stated objective and all stakeholders need to know what part they can play in it.

Key Finding Economic vision of the City of Melbourne as an innovation hub and knowledge capital in the digital age

Some stakeholders in the knowledge sector believe that Melbourne needs to articulate a different approach to creating jobs, prosperity and wealth in the digital age.

The City of Melbourne should consider acting as a convener and facilitator that brings together key stakeholders, such as the chief executives of all major knowledge sector organisations (private, public and non-profit, such as the NGV, State Library, the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA), high-end firms in design, consulting and financial services) and top Victorian Government officials, to develop an economic vision for the city as a

Executive summary xx City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

dynamic innovation hub and knowledge capital, and to identify the practical roles that each must assume to realise that vision. The City of Melbourne is already in the process of formulating a broad-based Smart City Strategy. Council should ensure that the bottom-up, community- driven approach adopted in its Smart City Strategy complements and melds with the top-down approach, where the city’s ‘movers and shakers’ are tasked with the gestation of the overarching economic vision for the city in the digital age. It was also suggested by some stakeholders that the City of Melbourne should consider investigating ways in which it can raise awareness of Melbourne’s scientific and other knowledge sector capabilities, help the community to perceive and value knowledge as a form of wealth, and assist the public in understanding the nature and role of knowledge. It was suggested that Council should endeavour to do this in creative and innovative ways that more deeply engage stakeholders.

Key Finding Educating stakeholders

To help facilitate future growth there is a potential role for the City of Melbourne in educating stakeholders about crucial aspects of knowledge and its ramifications for the city’s economic and social development

ACIL Tasman also sees merit in a number of stakeholder proposals for encouraging the creation of spaces that draw creative people together and enable serendipitous encounters and innovation. For example, the City of Melbourne could explore what changes in its planning guidelines (if any) would facilitate the development of such spaces. In recognition that creatively designed spaces facilitate serendipitous encounters that result in knowledge creation and dissemination, the City of Melbourne should consider encouraging developers and universities to provide more communal spaces that engender trust, social interactions and informal knowledge exchange.

Key Finding Creating spaces for interaction

Encouraging the creation of spaces that bring creative people together and enable serendipitous encounters and knowledge dissemination (and through this produce innovation) could potentially be a role for the City of Melbourne.

Executive summary xxi City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Attracting talented individuals and businesses to Melbourne can work to increase the city’s vibrancy and sustainability. The Victorian Government has a number of talent attraction schemes including the proposed New Economy Postgraduate Scholarships Scheme and the Early Career Researchers Talent Attraction Scheme. The City of Melbourne could consider encouraging and, where feasible, assisting the Victorian Government in adopting and implementing well- designed talent attraction schemes. Council could also consider investigating ways of making the city even more liveable and attractive as a tourist destination, and work with the Victorian Government to attract high performing Australian and international corporations to establish operations in the city and to encourage those already here to expand their operations.

Key Finding Talent attraction

Attracting talent and businesses to the City of Melbourne could increase the vibrancy and sustainability of Melbourne as a knowledge city.

Recommended roles for the City of Melbourne

To ensure the city’s sustainable economic, socio-cultural and institutional development, ACIL Tasman considers, based on the evidence gathered for this study (including from desktop research, the knowledge sector survey and stakeholder consultations), that the City of Melbourne could play key roles in: • facilitating the defining of an economic vision and blueprint for the city in the digital age • engaging the knowledge sector through a Reference Network • enhancing the stock of knowledge assets • supporting knowledge sector events • facilitating networking and collaboration • educating stakeholders and engaging with them in creative ways • encouraging the creation of spaces that enable serendipitous encounters and innovation • attracting talent to the knowledge sector • monitoring the ongoing development of the knowledge sector.

Recommendation 1: Formation of Knowledge Melbourne reference network

The City of Melbourne should consider forming a Knowledge Melbourne reference network in 2013.

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The City of Melbourne should consider inviting those respondents of the knowledge sector survey who indicated their willingness to be contacted subsequently by Council to a workshop in the first half of 2013. At this workshop their views will be sought on how a reference network of knowledge sector organisations could engage with the Council to further the sector’s development. The organisations that choose to attend the workshop, along with key individuals who delivered talks and presentations during Knowledge Week 2012 and those whom ACIL Tasman interviewed as part of this study, could then be invited to become inaugural members of the City of Melbourne knowledge sector reference network. While the activities of the reference network will be decided by the City of Melbourne and the network itself, some suggested activities for the network include: • build on the goal of Melbourne becoming a world-class knowledge city in the digital age • organise knowledge forums and roundtables featuring reference network members • convene forums where employer groups could articulate the specific skills they require from graduating university students • organise networking events that coincide with talks by eminent knowledge sector speakers from overseas • attend or organise other social events with the opportunity of meeting key decision- and policy-makers in the Council • host a blog on knowledge-related topics hosted on the City of Melbourne Knowledge Melbourne webpage with contributions by reference network members.

Recommendation 2: Facilitating access to a knowledge assets directory

The City of Melbourne should consider making the initial knowledge assets directory developed by ACIL Tasman (and reproduced in Appendix A) available on its website, if possible as an open access database that is searchable by asset category and asset name.

The assets directory could be refreshed periodically. This could coincide with the (triennial) survey conducted by the City of Melbourne for the purpose of updating its CLUE database. Businesses and organisations located in the municipality would be asked to review the existing assets directory (made available to them in PDF form) and to provide an update or request for

Executive summary xxiii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

inclusion if appropriate. The Council would then review these updates and requests for inclusion before releasing a new version of the directory. As an alternative to this ‘periodic update’ approach, the City of Melbourne could allow user updates at any time (with moderation for accuracy and to guard against misrepresentation). These updates could be monitored by a committee formed by the members of the proposed Knowledge Melbourne reference network.

Recommendation 3: Continuing support for Melbourne Knowledge Week

Given the success of Knowledge Week 2012 in showcasing the city’s knowledge sector, the City of Melbourne should continue its strong support for Knowledge Week going into the future as a promoter, facilitator, sponsor and facility provider.

Recommendation 4: Inclusion of a ‘knowledge-related events’ category in the City of Melbourne’s ‘what’s on’ web pages

The City of Melbourne should consider including an additional ‘Knowledge- related’ category to the events page of the ‘what’s on’ section of its website (www.thatsmelbourne.com.au/whatson/Pages/Whatson.aspx). Some of the events in this new category are expected to be cross-listed in existing event categories. (It is noted that there are already overlaps between existing categories.) The existing protocols for soliciting information on upcoming events from event organisers should be used for knowledge-related events. Clear guidelines should be provided to the administrator of the ‘what’s on’ webpage as to what constitutes a knowledge-related event. If necessary, a member of the Council’s Knowledge Melbourne team might have to assist the administrator in deciding whether an event is knowledge-related or not.

Recommendation 5: Monitor the development of the city’s knowledge sector

The City of Melbourne should consider tracking changes and developments in the city’s knowledge sector, including the success of its knowledge sector strategy, by commissioning appropriate longitudinal research and surveys.

The City of Melbourne should also consider conducting or commissioning more in-depth research on particular knowledge-related activities in specific key industries or groups within the knowledge sector.

Executive summary xxiv City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

1 Introduction ACIL Tasman was commissioned by the City of Melbourne to undertake a study to identify the composition of the city’s knowledge sector in terms of its organisations and infrastructure, and determine the value of this sector to the city’s economy. This report presents the outcomes and findings of the study.

1.1 Background and context Melbourne is generally recognised as a sporting city and a cultural city, but the City of Melbourne is concerned that it is not as widely known for its reputation as a knowledge city. Nevertheless, in 2010 the annual Most Admired Knowledge City Award was bestowed upon Melbourne during the Knowledge Cities World Summit, an annual event organised by the World Capital Institute and Teleos.

Melbourne possesses much of the key infrastructure and organisations that characterise a knowledge city, with recognised strengths in fields such as advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, creative industries (particularly design), event management, financial services, healthcare, higher education, information communication and technology, and sustainability.

The City of Melbourne believes that the city’s economy and society will benefit specifically from both promoting and strengthening the shared interests of its knowledge sector. These benefits are expected to flow directly from the attraction a knowledge city has for students, teachers, researchers, professionals and specialists to live, work, and network in the city, and also through the creation of knowledge that this interaction produces. Entrepreneurs and businesses will also develop and be attracted to Melbourne to capitalise on the knowledge created, leading to the growth of existing businesses and the creation of new ones.

However, the realisation of these benefits is dependent on Melbourne being recognised locally, nationally and internationally as a knowledge city. While Melbourne’s reputation is known within the various components of the knowledge sector itself, locally and internationally, it is not as well known outside this sector, nor are the reasons why this reputation and the knowledge sector are vital to Melbourne’s economy and should therefore be enthusiastically supported. The City of Melbourne is concerned that Melbourne’s local community, in particular, are not aware of the city’s knowledge credentials.

The City of Melbourne has therefore made the promotion of the city’s knowledge sector as one of 10 Key Strategic Activity (KSAs) for 2012-13. It has committed to supporting the growth of its knowledge sector by

2BIntroduction 1 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

undertaking a multifaceted project that will provide research, consult and identify the opportunities for the sector, determine the Council’s role in the sector’s future and promote its knowledge sector locally, naturally and internationally. This study forms a key component of the project by being the foundation for the Council’s development of a knowledge strategy.

1.2 Study objectives The study is to identify the composition of the City of Melbourne’s Knowledge sector in terms of its organisations and infrastructure, and to determine the value this sector adds to the City of Melbourne’s economy. To this end, its primary objectives are to complete the first two deliverables associated with the Knowledge Melbourne KSA, namely: 1. To create an inventory of organisations, assets and events within the municipality that contribute to the City of Melbourne’s Knowledge sector; and 2. To produce a report showing the composition of the municipality’s knowledge sector and the contribution this sector makes to the municipality’s economy. As it progresses, the study will also inform work being undertaken concurrently by the City of Melbourne on the other KSA ‘Knowledge Melbourne’ deliverables, specifically: • Informing the development of the Knowledge Melbourne community engagement and communications plan and online presence to promote the municipality’s knowledge sector locally, nationally and internationally. • Informing the future development of Melbourne Knowledge Week (post 2012). • Identifying individuals who might be considered appropriate to: − join a reference network to provide advice on Council’s service to the municipality regarding the knowledge sector − work with the City of Melbourne on research projects or partnerships. As the first major piece of research on the knowledge sector commissioned by the City of Melbourne, the overall aim of the study is to provide Council with an informative high-level overview of the city’s knowledge sector.

It is expected that further research will be commissioned that will delve more deeply into specific aspects of the city’s knowledge sector, such as what the Council itself does in terms of generating knowledge and its contribution to the knowledge sector as an organisation. Topics for future research will be guided by the findings of this study.

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1.3 Study approach The approach used in this study combines desktop research, a survey of knowledge sector businesses and organisations, and consultation with a number of contributors to the City of Melbourne’s Knowledge Week 2012.

1.3.1 Desktop research Desktop research involved a literature review and Internet searching to assist in the development of a registry of key assets and events. The 2010 Census of Land Use and Employment (CLUE) undertaken by the City of Melbourne also provided a valuable source of information on businesses and organisations operating in Melbourne. This census data provided an opportunity to better understand the nature of knowledge sector activity in Melbourne in 2010. The 2010 CLUE employment data was also used in conjunction with ACIL Tasman’s in-house input-output tables for Victoria to estimate the contribution the knowledge sector makes to the City of Melbourne’s Gross Regional Product (GRP).

1.3.2 Knowledge sector survey In addition to desktop research and consultation, ACIL Tasman conducted a knowledge sector survey of businesses and organisations operating in the City of Melbourne. The survey opened on 8 October 2012 and closed on 1 December 2012, which coincided with the end of the city’s Knowledge Week.

As electronic contact details were not available, invitations to participate in the knowledge sector survey were sent out by the City of Melbourne’s Chief Executive Officer, Dr Kathy Alexander, by mail. The Council’s CLUE database was the source used to identify the businesses and organisations most likely to be operating in the core and intermediate components of the Melbourne’s knowledge sector. In addition to these businesses and organisations, invitations were also sent to a randomly selected pool of businesses and organisations ACIL Tasman considered as potentially operating in the ‘periphery’ of the City’s knowledge sector. By the time the survey closed on 1 December 2012, ACIL Tasman had received 171 responses. Of these responses, 159 considered that their organisation was part of the knowledge sector, with the majority of these responses identifying as operating in the core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector

Appendix A presents a copy of the survey questions and Appendix C provides some additional background information on the conduct of the survey and its respondents.

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ACIL Tasman was also provided with the findings of a short survey the City of Melbourne conducted with 30 Knowledge Week 2012 event organisers.

1.3.3 Stakeholder consultation As Knowledge Week 2012 took place during the course of the study, our consultants were able to attend a number of key events. After these events ACIL Tasman consulted with the following contributors at Knowledge Week events and/or attendees at the launch of the Knowledge Melbourne initiative in August 2012: • Professor Ian Gust, Chairman of Bio21 • Andrew Jaspan, Founder of The Conversation • Professor Bruce Wilson, Director of the RMIT European Union Centre • Sue Roberts, CEO of the State Library of Victoria and State Librarian • Associate Professor Rufus Black, Master of Ormond College at the University of Melbourne • Ms Marigo Raftopoulos, CEO of Strategic Games Lab These Knowledge Week contributors were selected for one-on-one consultation because of their diverse experience and the breadth of sectoral coverage. Interviews focused on the following topics: • How could the City of Melbourne best assist organisations in the knowledge sector to enhance the sector’s assets, facilitate knowledge events and increase collaboration between knowledge sector organisations? • How could the City of Melbourne help knowledge sector organisations realise future growth opportunities in the sector and overcome impediments to growth? • Are there missing assets or events in the draft of the city’s knowledge sector registries? • What lessons and insights can we draw from the experiences of other knowledge cities around the world? In addition to this face-to-face consultation, as part of the survey questionnaire ACIL Tasman asked survey respondents if they would be happy to be contacted in the future about a potential knowledge sector network. By 8 November 2012, 96 respondents had indicated that they could be contacted and provided contact email addresses. Around the beginning of Knowledge Week these survey respondents were emailed a draft registry of the sector’s assets and a summary of the study’s preliminary findings for feedback. This preliminary summary of findings, amongst other things, summarised respondents’ views on the potential role for Council in supporting the Knowledge sector.

2BIntroduction 4 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

These respondents were asked for: • feedback on the asset registry, including advice on whether they believed there were major assets that were not listed on the asset registry; • feedback on the study’s preliminary findings; and • elaboration on the ideas put forward by survey respondents for the Council that would be within the City of Melbourne’s capabilities. At the time of writing this report 14 respondents had provided some feedback on the asset registry and the study’s preliminary findings. These responses have been taken into account in this final report.

1.4 Report structure This report is organised as follows: • Chapter 2 explores the concept of the knowledge city and presents a definition of the knowledge sector • Chapter 3 examines the composition of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector and analyses the knowledge activities undertaken in the sector, the knowledge outputs generated by the sector, as well as the users of those outputs • Chapter 4 estimates of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector’s economic contribution to the economy in terms of employment and value added • Chapter 5 draws on desktop research, consultation and survey responses to highlight the knowledge sector’s assets and events • Chapter 6 analyses the sources of knowledge and collaboration activities undertaken by organisations in the knowledge sector • Chapter 7 presents stakeholder views on the opportunities and challenges to the growth prospects of the knowledge sector • Chapter 8 discusses learnings from the knowledge city literature and the types of policies and actions adopted by local and regional governments in various knowledge cities around the world • Chapter 9 explores the ways in which the City of Melbourne could facilitate the future growth and development of the knowledge sector, including potential roles it could play and the policies it could implement.

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2 Knowledge cities and the knowledge sector This chapter explains the concepts of a knowledge city and the knowledge sector. It then sets down a specific definition of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector that will be used in the rest of the study.

2.1 What is knowledge? Knowledge is often confused with information, with ‘information economy’ and ‘knowledge economy’ used interchangeably. According to a 2008 report by the Work Foundation, what distinguishes knowledge from information is the way in which knowledge empowers actors with the capacity for intellectual or physical activity. Knowledge is a matter of cognitive capability. Information, by contrast, is passive and meaningless to those without suitable knowledge. Knowledge provides the means by which information is interpreted and brought to life.2 A further distinction is between ‘tacit’ and ‘codified’ knowledge. Codified knowledge is written down in manuals, guides, instructions or statements, and is easily reproduced. Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, resides with the individual in the form of expertise and experience that often cannot be written down and is costly to transfer to others. As codified knowledge and information are in many ways indistinguishable, the significant difference is between tacit knowledge and information.

2.2 What is a knowledge city? A society which develops in parallel with knowledge development is termed a ‘knowledge society’. The by-products of the various stages of knowledge development (from knowledge creation, through knowledge dissemination to knowledge utilisation) form the core of a ‘knowledge economy’. A knowledge city is a geographical area with an expanding knowledge society, and with knowledge as a strong pillar of its economy.3 Put another way, the term ‘knowledge city’ describes an evolving urban economic structure where the production and use of information is paramount. These cities typically facilitate innovation and efficiency through

2 The Work Foundation, The Knowledge Economy: How Knowledge is Reshaping the Economic Life of Nations, March 2008 3 International School of Information Management http://www.isim.ac.in/mkc/knowledgeCity.htm

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smart decision-making. Knowledge cities depend on key components (universities, business, and local government) and crucially on their interactions and shared interests.

Knowledge cities play a fundamental role in knowledge creation, economic growth and development. They are not just about the generation of knowledge, but also about its use, its application and the ways in which knowledge is able to be mobilised in the interests of both production and economic value, such as problem-solving and decision-making.4

Knowledge cities are incubators of knowledge and culture, forming a rich and dynamic blend of theory and practice within their boundaries, and are being driven by knowledge workers through a strong knowledge production process.

As societies become increasingly knowledge-based, the nature of city development changes because activities in the knowledge sector are becoming more important and they require conditions and environments which are very different from those required by commodity-based manufacturing activities in the production sector.

There are a number of broad components that form a knowledge city. While every knowledge city is different and requires different knowledge qualities to grow, common characteristics of knowledge cities include accessibility, cutting edge technology, innovation, cultural facilities and services, and quality education as well as world-class economic opportunities. The city embraces diversity and culture to provide civic spaces for activities of the community collectiveness and associations which foster face-to-face relations.

More specifically, the layers that comprise a knowledge city include:5 • Knowledge base: including educational institutions and R&D activities • Industrial structure: affects progress and initial development of a knowledge city • Quality of life and urban amenities: ensures a knowledge city has necessary elements that attracts knowledge workers to build a strong knowledge base • Urban diversity and cultural mix: as an instrument in encouraging creativity and movement of knowledge • Social equity and inclusion: minimises social disparity and negative tensions • Scale of a city: larger knowledge cities may tend to offer a greater knowledge pool, greater diversity and choice for knowledge workers and businesses.

4 Professor Bruce Wilson, Director of the European Union Centre at RMIT University, interviewed on 6 December 2012/ 5 Van Winden, W, Berg, W, van Den, L and Peter, P (2007) European cities in the knowledge economy. Urban Studies 44(3), 525–549

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Basic ingredients of effective knowledge cities include:6 • Innovation and investment in research and development as the drivers of economic growth • Effective competition policies to stimulate the demand for innovation • An infrastructure of world-class universities with strong linkages to the business community • Access to a ready supply of venture capital to ensure that research can be transformed into real products services and processes • A highly skilled workforce that delivers real improvements in productivity and performance • Efficient transport infrastructure to facilitate access to markets • Efficient ICT infrastructure • Promotion of highly effective collaboration across industries, through business clusters and formal and informal business networks • High levels of social capital. A knowledge city recognises that its ability to grow and capture knowledge is the basis for its global competitive advantage and its quality of life, and seeks to direct its resources in pursuit of a compelling vision for its future.7 A knowledge city instils a sense of ownership and attachment in the minds of residents as it actively involves them in the developmental activities and allows for public articulation of thoughts and criticisms. In other words, the residents of the city become active stakeholders in its development.

However, there is no stark line that cleanly separates traditional cities from knowledge cities. Most present day cities have some elements of knowledge city components, however basic, making it difficult to discern modern cities from knowledge cities.

2.3 Melbourne as a knowledge city Over the past decade, Melbourne has been lauded as a world leading knowledge city by various experts and organisations, receiving the top award in 2010 at the Most Admired Knowledge City Awards (MAKCi) sponsored by the World Capital Institute and Teleos. The awards, which also saw Singapore, Manchester and Ottawa acknowledged, were presented in Melbourne as part of the 2010 Knowledge Cities World Summit. Melbourne’s reputation as an

6 Coats David, What is the Knowledge Economy, The Work Foundation, 2005 7 Ergazakis, Metxiotis and Psarras, National Technical University, Athens Greece in Knowledge Cities Francisco Javier Carrillo (ed) 2006

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innovative city is increasing with the 2thinknow group ranking Melbourne 17th in the World as an innovative city (up from its 2008-09 ranking of 25).8 The Economic Intelligence Unit has frequently ranked Melbourne amongst the world’s most liveable cities. In 2012 Melbourne, for the second year in a row, topped the ranking with a score of 97.5 out of 100. The world ranking is based on individual rankings out of 100 for education, infrastructure, healthcare, crime, climate and culture. Importantly, in terms of knowledge, Melbourne achieved scores of 100 for education, infrastructure and healthcare, and a score of 95.1 for culture.9 Melbourne has also been ranked highly as a liveable city by the Monocle index. In 2012, Melbourne was ranked 6th out of the indexes 25 most liveable cities.10 The criteria that underpin this index are safety/crime, international connectivity, climate/sunshine, quality of architecture, public transportation, tolerance, environmental issues and access to nature, urban design, business conditions, pro-active policy developments and medical care.

Creativity and knowledge are often considered as complementary. Reflecting Melbourne’s creative and knowledge city credentials, it should also be remembered that Melbourne was the second city in the world to receive designation as a City of Literature within UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network, following Edinburgh. It is a permanent designation recognising Melbourne’s literary strengths across diverse criteria.11 Melbourne possesses the key elements of a knowledge and creative city. They include: • a largely harmonious and multicultural social climate • a dynamic and diversified labour market with well remunerated jobs • a salubrious built commercial, living and residential environment • a wide range of amenities, including publicly provided goods (such as education, public transport, public security and parks), sporting facilities, cultural festivals, a lively music scene, an extensive network of bicycle trails, research libraries and institutes • incubator spaces and clusters (particularly the Parkville bioscience precinct) • sound policy, government and governance.

8 See 2thinknow Innovative Cities Index See http://www.innovation-cities.com/. 9 TheAge.com.au, August 15 2012, http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/melbourne-again- most-liveable-city-20120814-246vm.html 10 See http://www.scribd.com/doc/59403895/Monocle-2011-05-Liveable-Cities-Index 11 http://www.arts.vic.gov.au/Projects_Initiatives/Melbourne_- _City_of_Literature/City_of_Literature_Status

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Melbourne has many of the attributes that Richard Florida (the leading international theorist on what attracts creative people to certain locations) believes what he terms ‘the creative class’ attaches much importance to, such as a vibrant and diverse street life; compact, distinctive and authentic neighbourhoods with a diversity of buildings; a finely meshed street pattern; and pedestrian-friendly public spaces.12 Melbourne’s historic growth and development is a key factor in its cultural and creative vitality. It has evolved into a cultural hotspot of Australia because of its famous art and music scenes, and architecture.13 While Melbourne has a strong sporting culture, it is also the home of a large number of art and cultural institutions including the Australian Ballet, Opera Australia, Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and the National Gallery of Victoria.

The City of Melbourne is the repository of a large number and variety of physical knowledge assets, including some which could be considered to be world-class assets such as the University of Melbourne, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Museum, the State Library of Victoria, the Victorian Arts Centre, and the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre. (Chapter 5 and Appendix D discuss and list the City of Melbourne’s significant assets in more detail.)

The City of Melbourne plays host to a very large number of knowledge-related events of great diversity throughout the year, ranging from academic and industry conferences such as the Australian Biotechnology Conference 2012, to arts and lifestyle-oriented events such as the Melbourne Festival and the Melbourne Writers Festival. (Chapter 5 and Appendix E discuss and list the City of Melbourne’s significant events in more detail.) In addition, the city now has a burgeoning ‘maker and hacker’ movement and a thriving meet-up scene, with many regular meetings that have a strong theme of knowledge exchange. Melbourne’s progression as a knowledge city has been assisted by long standing support from the state and local governments. As early as 1996, the Victorian Government adopted an information technology and multimedia strategy ‘Victoria 21’. The strategy was developed to position the state to attract investment and create jobs in the knowledge sector

12 Florida, Richard, ‘The rise of the creative class: and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life,’ New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002 13 Yigitcanlar, Tan, Kevin O’Connor and Cara Westerman, ‘The Making of Knowledge Cities: Melbourne’s Knowledge-Based Urban Development Experience’, Journal of Cities, 2008.

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With a focus on international development, the ‘Victoria 21’ vision was revised in 1999 and ‘Global Victoria’ strategy was developed and later renamed as ‘Connecting Victoria’. This strategy focused primarily on: building a learning society; growing the industries of the future; boosting e-commerce; connecting communities; improving infrastructure and access; and promoting new politics. At the same time, the 2030 Metropolitan Strategy Plan and 2010 Melbourne City Plan aimed to shape the future of the city as a prosperous, innovative, culturally vital, attractive, people-focused and sustainable city. As part of the State Government’s commitment to building knowledge and innovation, a number of initiatives and policies were developed, mostly in the form of infrastructure grants, to facilitate knowledge growth. For example, the ‘Science Technology and Innovation Initiative’ provided grants for the development of new infrastructure. These strategies demonstrated the commitment of the Government in guiding Melbourne into a knowledge and innovation driven economy. In 2007, the city government, along with the Melbourne’s Vice-Chancellors’ Forum, commissioned a study entitled Melbourne: Australia’s Knowledge Capital.i By demonstrating the contribution Melbourne’s universities have made to the city’s economic, cultural, and community growth, this study led to the formation of the Office of Knowledge Capital (funded by both the City of Melbourne and Melbourne’s eight universities), a pilot program aimed at forging and fostering relationships between core actors as well as promoting the knowledge sector in general.

While the pilot program concluded in mid-2011, the City of Melbourne continues to support the growth of its knowledge sector through the Knowledge Melbourne program located in the City Research Branch. The most recent City of Melbourne Council Plan (four year goals drafted by the city councillors) included being known as ‘knowledge city’ as one of its top objectives.

2.4 What is the knowledge sector? Knowledge cities have vibrant and dynamic knowledge economies. But what constitutes a knowledge economy? According to one study: The knowledge economy is a story of how new general purpose technologies have combined with intellectual and knowledge assets – the ‘intangibles’ of research,

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design, development, creativity, education, science, brand equity and human capital – to transform our economy.14

According to the UK Government: The knowledge economy is one in which the generation and exploitation of knowledge has come to play the predominant part in the creation of wealth. Rather than simply being about pushing the frontiers of knowledge, it is also about the most effective use and exploitation of all types of knowledge in all manner of economy activity.15

However, there is a lack of definition and consistency regarding the knowledge economy. References to the knowledge economy range from a highly specific focus on innovation and science to investment in basic education systems to improve literacy and numeracy. Knowledge work similarly ranges from small groups of specialised IT and research jobs to almost the entire workforce with some form of recognisable skill or qualification.

A further distinction is between ‘tacit’ and ‘codified’ knowledge. Codified knowledge is written down in manuals, guides, instructions or statements, and is easily reproduced. Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, resides with the individual in the form of expertise and experience that often cannot be written down and is costly to transfer to others. As codified knowledge and information are in many ways indistinguishable, the significant difference is between tacit knowledge and information.

The term ‘knowledge industry’ can confuse by implying that all the people who work in such sectors are knowledge workers. Knowledge based industries are graduate intensive. However, 'knowledge workers', as conventionally defined, still on average constitute less than half the workforce in knowledge industries, even among the more innovation intensive firms. Knowledge industries also employ many non-graduates and people in other occupational groups. The expansion of the knowledge industries is creating jobs throughout the skills chain and not just for those classified as knowledge workers.

2.5 Defining the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector

2.5.1 Existing definitions Both the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Eurostat have developed definitions of knowledge based industries. The

14 The Work Foundation, The Knowledge Economy: How Knowledge is Reshaping the Economic Life of Nations, March 2008 15 United Kingdom, DTI Competitiveness White Paper, 1998

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current definitions include high to medium technology manufacturing industries, high tech services, business services, telecommunications, financial services, and health and education (see Table 1).

However, the two definitions are not entirely consistent and measure different things. In addition to the sectors listed above, Eurostat also includes some international transport services (specifically air and sea transport) and the recreational and cultural industries. Eurostat publishes only employment estimates; the OECD publishes only output estimates.

These international industrial level definitions are the only published source of official statistics on output and employment in the knowledge economy.

Table 1 International knowledge industry definitions

OECD (output measure) NACE EU (employment measure) NACE

High tech manufacturing High tech manufacturing Pharmaceuticals 24.4 Pharmaceuticals 24.4 Aerospace 353 Aerospace 353 Computers, office machinery 30 Computers, office machinery 30 Electronic communications 32 Electronic communications 32 Scientific instruments 33 Scientific instruments 33

Medium-high tech manufacturing Medium-high tech manufacturing Chemicals (less pharmaceuticals) 29 Chemicals (less pharmaceuticals) 29 Non-electrical machinery 31 Non-electrical machinery 31 Motors 34 Motors 34 Other transport equipment 35 Other transport equipment 35

Knowledge services Knowledge services Post and telecommunications 64 Post and telecommunications 64 Business services (ex real estate) 71-74 Business services (ex real estate) 70-74 Finance and insurance 65-67 Finance and insurance 65-67 Education 80 Education 80 Health 85 Health 85 Water and air transport 61-62 Recreational and cultural (less sport) 92

Note: The Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community is commonly referred to as NACE. Source: OECD and Eurostat

The selection of these industries is strongly influenced by investment and use of new technologies, in that they include the R&D intensive manufacturing sectors and the ICT intensive using industries. However the primary drawback of an industry-based definition is that the shift in economic activity is taking place across all sectors of the economy. We can expect firms and organisations

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in all sectors to be investing more in intangibles and new technologies, including sectors such as retail and energy. In addition, as recognised in the consultancy brief, an industry classification system can only identify some of the knowledge activities in an economy. ‘Knowledge’ as an activity is a generic term which cannot be fully described in the industrial classification system. Knowledge activities often form a part of a business’s activity, not the main activity. In addition, knowledge is increasingly generated and disseminated in informal networks such as hacker spaces and meet-ups, which constitute what might be termed a ‘shadow knowledge’ community, where non-hierarchical peer-to-peer knowledge sharing predominates. For these reasons, amongst others, the City of Melbourne may in the future wish to conduct or commission more in-depth research on particular knowledge-related activities in specific key knowledge sector industries or groups.

2.5.2 Definition used in this study For the purposes of this study, the term ‘knowledge sector’ describes an evolving component of the city involving the production, circulation and use of information with actual or potential economic, social and environmental benefits. The sector comprises: • key assets and infrastructure, including knowledge repositories such as libraries, research hardware and software including communications facilities, capabilities and analytical tools • public and private organisations and networks (including events), involved in knowledge production, dissemination and application, including (but not limited to) the business, education, government and not-for-profit sectors. ACIL Tasman has defined the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector as consisting of three components: the core, the intermediate component and the periphery (as illustrated in Figure 1). This definition is novel and is therefore likely to be refined and evolve going forward. However, it provides some insights into how knowledge is generated, transferred and used by stakeholders in a knowledge economy.

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Figure 1 Components of the knowledge sector

Creator of knowledge Transferer of knowledge

Core

Intermediate

Periphery

Knowledge as key enabler

Source: ACIL Tasman

The core of the knowledge sector comprises businesses and organisations that: • generate or create knowledge (such as research organisations and firms in most of the creative industries) and/or • transfer knowledge by providing educational services (such as schools and universities) and/or • facilitate the transfer of knowledge by producing or providing goods and services that serve as a medium for knowledge transmission (such as publishers, telecommunication service providers, broadcasters and museums).

The intermediate component of the knowledge sector comprises businesses and organisations that use knowledge intensively as a key enabler in the production or provision of goods and services (such as professional services firms).

The periphery of the knowledge sector comprises businesses and organisations that use knowledge to some extent in the production or provision of goods and services. It is likely that a significant proportion of the businesses operating in the city which do not fall within the core or the intermediate categories fall within the periphery. The Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) industries covered by the core and intermediate component of the knowledge sector definition used in this study are set out in Table 2.

3BKnowledge cities and the knowledge sector 15 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

The ANZSIC provides a basis for the standardised collection, analysis and dissemination of economic data on an industry basis for Australia and New Zealand.16 The ANZSIC is a hierarchical classification with four levels, namely Divisions (the broadest level), Subdivisions, Groups and industry Classes (the finest level). The hierarchical structure of the ANZSIC is illustrated below.

Level Example Division K - Financial and Insurance Services Subdivision 62 Finance Group 622 Depository Financial Intermediation Industry class 6221 Banking

The industries included in ACIL Tasman’s definition of the knowledge sector are equivalent to those included under the OECD definition, but adds the following: • air and space transport • transport support services • public administration (government). In our view, the majority of employees in government agencies (at the local, state and federal levels) use knowledge as a key enabler of their work on a daily basis and should therefore be included in the intermediate component of the knowledge sector.

16 ANZSIC provides a standard framework under which business units carrying out similar productive activities can be grouped together, with each resultant group referred to as an industry. An individual business entity is assigned to an industry class based on its predominant activity. The term ‘business entity’ is used in its widest sense to include any organisation undertaking productive activities, including companies, non-profit organisations, government departments and enterprises.

3BKnowledge cities and the knowledge sector 16 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Table 2 Knowledge sector core and intermediate industry categories by ANZSIC Core category industries Medium-high tech manufacturing ANZSIC (cont’d) Knowledge services 239 Other Transport Equipment Manufacturing (* except Aircraft ANZSIC Manufacturing and Repair Services) 54 Publishing (except Internet and Music Publishing) 243 Electrical Equipment Manufacturing 55 Motion Picture and Sound Recording Activities 244 Domestic Appliance Manufacturing 56 Broadcasting (except Internet) 244 Pump. Compressor, Heating and Ventilation Equipment Manufacturing 57 Internet Publishing and Broadcasting 245 Specialised Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 58 Telecommunications Services 59 Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals and Data 249 Other Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Processing Services 60 Library and Other Information Services Transport 691 Scientific Research Services ANZSIC 80 Preschool and School Education 490 Air and Space Transport 81 Tertiary Education 52 Transport Support Services 82 Adult, Community and Other Education 89 Heritage Activities Knowledge services 90 Creative and Performing Arts Activities ANZSIC 62 Finance Intermediate category industries 63 Insurance and Superannuation Funds High tech manufacturing 64 Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services ANZSIC 692 Architectural, Engineering and Technical Services 184 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Product Manufacturing 693 Legal and Accounting Services 2394 Aircraft Manufacturing and Repair Services 694 Advertising Services 241 Professional and Scientific Equipment Manufacturing 695 Market Research and Statistical Services 242 Computer and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing 696 Management and Related Consulting Services 697 Veterinary Services Medium-high tech manufacturing 699 Other Professional, Scientific and Technical Services ANZSIC 70 Computer System Design and Related Services 181 Basic Chemical Manufacturing 75 Public Administration 182 Basic Polymer Manufacturing 76 Defence 183 Fertiliser and Pesticide Manufacturing 77 Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services 185 Cleaning Compound and Toiletry Preparation Manufacturing 84 Hospitals 189 Other Basic Chemical Product Manufacturing 85 Medical and Other Health Care Services 191 Polymer Product Manufacturing 9551 Business and Professional Association Services 231 Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Part Manufacturing 9559 Civic, Professional and Other Interest Group Services Data source: ACIL Tasman

3BKnowledge cities and the knowledge sector 17 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

3 Sectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs This chapter examines the composition of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector according to ACIL Tasman’s definition of the sector (core, intermediate and periphery). It also analyses the knowledge activities undertaken in the sector, the knowledge outputs generated by the sector as well as the users of those outputs.

3.1 Composition of the knowledge sector The 2010 Census of Land Use and Employment (CLUE) undertaken by the City of Melbourne is a valuable source of information on businesses and organisations operating in Melbourne. This census data provides an opportunity to better understand the nature of knowledge sector activity in Melbourne in 2010.

Number of knowledge The CLUE data indicates there were 15,947 locations where businesses and businesses locations organisations operated in the City of Melbourne in 2010. Using ACIL Tasman’s definition of the knowledge sector 1,115 (or 7.0 per cent) of these locations are undertaking activities in the ‘core’ of the sector while 4,861 (or 30.5 per cent) of the 15,947 locations are working in the ‘intermediate’ part of the knowledge sector (see Figure 2). Together, the core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector constitute nearly two-fifths of the locations where businesses and organisations are operating in the City of Melbourne.

Figure 2 Composition of City of Melbourne knowledge sector by number of locations Number of locations Proportion

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates using CLUE data

Employment in the The CLUE data also indicates that the majority of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector workforce is employed in the knowledge sector. Of the 428,588 persons

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 18 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

working in businesses/organisations located in the City of Melbourne in 2010, 284,138 (approximately 66 per cent) worked as employees or contractors of businesses or organisations in ANZSIC industries falling within the core or intermediate components of the knowledge sector. (These employment figures include full-time, part-time, casual and contracted workers.) Of these workers: • 62,287 (just under 15 per cent) are employees or contractors of businesses or organisations operating in the core of the knowledge sector • 221,851 (just under 52 per cent) are employees or contractors of businesses or organisations operating in the intermediate component of part of the sector (see Figure 3).

Figure 3 Employment in City of Melbourne knowledge sector by component Number of workers Proportion

Note: Workers cover full-time, part-time casual and contractors. Source: ACIL Tasman estimates using CLUE data

Composition of knowledge Figure 4 shows the composition of the workforce in each part of the sector workforce knowledge sector by employee status. Intermediate category knowledge sector businesses and organisations are the largest employers of full-time employees. However, the proportion of contractors is particularly high in the knowledge sector core (17.6 per cent), which also has the lowest proportion of part-time employees (10.4 per cent).

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 19 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 4 Composition of City of Melbourne knowledge sector workforce Number of workers Proportion

250,000 100% 7% 4% 18% 5% 24% 200,000 80% 13% 13%

10% 16% 150,000 Contractor 60% Casual Part-time 100,000 40% 75% Full-time 59% 56% 50,000 20%

- 0% Core Intermediate Periphery or other Core Intermediate Periphery or other

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates using CLUE data

3.2 Knowledge activities The responses to the knowledge sector survey provide some insights into the creation, use and dissemination of knowledge by the knowledge sector workforce. The responses indicate that a high proportion of employees working in the core and intermediate components of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector have academic qualifications of a university Bachelor’s degree or higher. For example, of the 105 survey respondents identifying as operating in the core, more than three-quarters indicated that 60 per cent or more of their employees had a university qualification. In addition, 80 per cent of the 47 respondents identifying themselves as being part of the intermediate component of the knowledge sector estimated that that 60 per cent or more of their employees had a university qualification (see Table 3).

Table 3 Proportion of knowledge sector respondent’s employees with a degree or higher qualification (number of respondents)

<100% but <80% but <60% but <40% but 100% =or>80% =or >60% +=or >40% =>20% <20% Total Core 23 33 25 9 11 4 105 Intermediate 10 12 16 4 2 2 47 Periphery 2 0 2 2 0 1 7 Total responses 154

Data source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

These university-educated employees engage in a multiplicity of knowledge- related activities. According to the responses from the knowledge sector

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 20 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

survey, 26 per cent of knowledge sector employees with university degrees in the City of Melbourne create or generate knowledge, 21 per cent transfer knowledge to others through teaching, while around 48 per cent use knowledge as a key enabler in their work (see Figure 5). Respondents operating in the core of the knowledge sector were more likely to report that a larger proportion of their university trained employees either created/generated knowledge or transferred knowledge (for example through teaching) to others. This outcome is not surprising when it is considered that universities, schools and research institutions are by definition included in the core of the knowledge sector.

Figure 5 Knowledge activities undertaken by the knowledge sector’s university educated employees All Knowledge sector respondents Core and Intermediate respondents

100% 100%

90% 90% Using to minor extent/or not using 80% 80%

70% 70%

Using as a key enabler 60% 60%

50% 50%

40% Transferring to others 40%

30% 30%

20% 20% Creating or generating

10% 10%

0% 0% All responses Core Intermediate

Note: Data are averages Source: ACIL Tasman estimates based on Knowledge sector survey responses

3.3 Knowledge outputs The output of the knowledge sector can take myriad forms, including academic publications, working papers, reports, books, manuals, software programs and apps, videos, sound recordings, patents and trademarks.

Based on the Knowledge sector survey findings, reports are the most common form of knowledge outputs. Of the 145 survey respondents who considered

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 21 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

that their business or organisation produced a knowledge output, 85 indicated that reports were one of their organisations outputs. It can be seen from Figure 6 that respondents operating in the core of the knowledge sector were the most likely to indicate that reports were one of their knowledge outputs. Working papers, followed by academic publications, were the second and third most commonly reported outputs of survey respondents.

Figure 6 Types of knowledge outputs produced by City of Melbourne businesses/organisations Number of respondents reporting output Per cent of respondents reporting output

Other outputs Other knowledge outputs Trademarks Trademarks Patents Core Patents Sound recordings Sound recordings Videos Intermediate Videos Software programs / apps Software programs / apps Periphery Manuals Manuals Books Books Reports Reports Working papers Working papers Academic publications Academic publications

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Note: 145 respondents reported producing one or more of the listed output types. Source: ACIL Tasman estimates based on Knowledge sector survey responses.

Survey respondents were also asked to provide an indicator of the quantum of the knowledge outputs produced in 2011-12. Many respondents found it difficult to answer this question, particularly in respect of the number of manuals, reports, working papers and academic publications. Some typical responses were as follows: • ‘Thousands’ • ‘100s’ • ‘>100s’ • ‘800+’. For this reason it was not feasible to estimate the number of videos, sound recordings, manuals, reports, working papers and academic publications produced by survey respondents in 2011-12. However, the number of patents, trademarks and other outputs could be quantified and are summarised in Table 4.

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 22 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Table 4 Number of selected knowledge product outputs produced by survey respondents in 2011-12

No. No. Patents No. No. No. No. Other respondents respondents Trademarks respondents outputs producing producing producing patents trademarks other outputs Core 9 294 8 529 27 8374 Intermediate 1 2 3 4 8 123 Periphery 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 10 296 11 533 35 8,497

Data source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

These survey findings indicate that businesses and organisations operating in the core component of the knowledge sector are the most productive in terms of the number of patents and trademarks produced in 2011-12. These core category survey respondents also produced a significant number of additional outputs other than those listed in the survey questionnaire. (One core category respondent accounted for the majority of these other outputs.) These other knowledge sector outputs arise from activities such as: • producing website content • preparing and developing training material and undertaking training and education activities such as presentations, seminars, workshops and conferences • preparing and publishing journals, newsletters, fact sheets, guides and magazines • providing legal services • media analysis and commentary articles and research summaries • policy symposiums and round tables of academic, industry and government experts • producing 3D Computer Assisted Design (CAD) models.

3.4 The users of knowledge outputs The benefits arising from the knowledge activities occurring in the City of Melbourne are enjoyed within the municipality but also extend far and wide beyond the boundaries of the municipality. According to the survey responses, over 60 per cent of City of Melbourne businesses/organisations believe that other members of their industry within the city were users of their knowledge outputs.

However, around 50 per cent of respondents also nominated members of their industry operating in the rest of Victoria and the rest of Australia as users of their knowledge outputs. Government, particularly local and/or the state

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 23 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

government agencies located in the city were also considered by around 60 per cent of respondents to be users of their knowledge outputs. Just under 50 per cent of respondents indicated that the general public and businesses in other industries located in the municipality were users of their outputs (see Figure 7). Only a minority of respondents considered that users of their knowledge products extend beyond Australia’s shores. For example, only 18 per cent of respondents considered that their knowledge outputs were used by foreign universities (see Figure 7). From the survey responses it is not possible to assess whether this result is due to a bias in the survey sample or if this result is a true representation of the users of the city’s knowledge sector outputs. Further research would be necessary to clarify this finding.

Figure 7 Key users of the knowledge outputs of City of Melbourne businesses/organisations (per cent of respondents)

Other users

The general public

Businesses in other industries

Other members of your industry

Government

Other research organisations

Universities

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

International Interstate In the rest of Victoria City of Melbourne

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates based on responses from the ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

Based on the survey responses, there were some similarities between the users of the outputs of core and intermediate category knowledge business and organisations. However, those respondents operating in the core of the knowledge sector were more likely than those in the intermediate category to supply their knowledge outputs to the general public, other research organisations and universities (see Figure 8).

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 24 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 8 Key users of the knowledge outputs of the city of Melbourne’s core and intermediate businesses/organisations (per cent of respondents) Core Intermediate

Other users Other users

The general public The general public

Businesses in other industries Businesses in other industries

Other members of your industry Other members of your industry

Government Government

Other research organisations Other research organisations

Universities Universities

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

International Interstate In the rest of Victoria City of Melbourne International Interstate In the rest of Victoria City of Melbourne

Note: 145 respondents reported producing one or more of the listed output types. Source: ACIL Tasman estimates based on Knowledge sector survey responses.

4BSectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 25 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

4 Economic contribution of the knowledge sector The 2010 Census of Land Use and Employment (CLUE) undertaken by the City of Melbourne has been used in conjunction with ACIL Tasman’s input- output model of the Victorian economy and National Institute of Economic and Industry Research (NIER)17 estimates of the city’s Gross Regional Product (GRP) to provide estimates of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector’s economic contribution to the economy.

4.1 Direct economic contribution to Gross Regional Product

As discussed in Chapter 3, the majority of the City of Melbourne’s workforce is employed in the core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector. Of the 428,588 persons working in businesses/organisations located in the City of Melbourne in 2010, 284,138 (approximately 66 per cent) worked as employees or contractors of businesses or organisations in ANZSIC industries falling within the core or intermediate components of the knowledge sector.

Given the high proportion of knowledge sector workers in the City, it is not surprising that the knowledge sector is a major contributor to its GRP. In 2011 the City of Melbourne commissioned the NIEIR to estimate the city’s GRP. Using constant 2008-09 dollars, NIEIR estimated that the city’s GRP in 2010 was in the order of $53,298 million, rising to $56,825 million in 2011.

Full-time equivalent (FTE) employment is another means of quantifying a sector’s contribution to employment. The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates that in 2010, part-time workers on average worked 16 hours per week, while full-time workers worked an average 39.7 hours per week.18 These estimates have been used to calculate the direct contribution of FTE employees (contractors are excluded to prevent double counting). ACIL Tasman estimates that the knowledge sector created approximately 217,600 FTE jobs. Of these jobs, the core created around 39,280 FTE jobs and the intermediate component of the sector created 178,330 FTE jobs.

17 The NIEIR GRP estimates are reported on the City of Melbourne’s website at http://economy.id.com.au/default.aspx?id=128&pg=12210 18 See ABS Measures of Australia’s Progress, 2010, Cat. No 1370.0, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/1370.0~2010~Chapter ~Hours%20worked%20(4.3.5.5)).

5BEconomic contribution of the knowledge sector 26 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

ACIL Tasman has used the 2010 CLUE employment data and its in-house input-out table for Victoria to estimate the contribution the knowledge sector made to NIEIR’s estimated 2010 GRP. These estimates indicate that the businesses identified as belonging to the core and intermediate components of the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector accounted for just over $28 billion ($2008-09) or 52 per cent of the city’s GRP in 2010. These results are summarised in Figure 9.

The intermediate component of the knowledge sector makes the largest contribution to the municipality’s GRP. In 2010 the intermediate component of the knowledge sector accounted for just under 85 per cent of the knowledge sector’s total contribution to GRP and around 80 per cent of the sector's contribution to employment.

Figure 9 Knowledge sector contribution to the City of Melbourne’s GRP Sectoral contribution to GRP $A2008-09 Proportion of GRP generated by sector

60,000 8% Core

50,000 Periphery or 26,964 other 40,000 25,290 47% Other

30,000 Intermediate 44% 20,000 Intermediate 23,577 25,137

10,000 Core 4,431 4,724 - 2010 2011

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

Assuming employment by industry remains in similar proportions in 2011, it can be estimated that the knowledge sector contributed approximately $29,860 million ($2008-09) of the $56,825 million of GRP ($2008-09) estimated to have been generated by the city in 2011.

4.1.1 Industry contributions In terms of full-time equivalent employment, the Professional, Scientific and Technical Services two digit ANZSIC subdivision is the largest employer in the knowledge sector. ACIL Tasman estimates that in 2010 the Professional, Scientific and Technical Services industry subdivision employed 49,575 full- time equivalent (FTE) employees. Of these, 47,300 FTE employees worked in activities identified as belonging to the intermediate components of the knowledge sector, including the Architectural, Engineering and Technical

5BEconomic contribution of the knowledge sector 27 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Services industry, the Legal and Accounting industry, the Advertising Services industry, the Management and Related Consulting Services industry and the Veterinary Services industry. The remaining 2,275 FTE workers who were employed in the Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 2 digit ANZSIC industry subdivision were engaged by the Scientific Research Services industry. This 4 digit ANZIC industry has been defined as falling within the core component of the knowledge sector.

In 2010, the Public Administration ANZSIC industry subdivision (comprising federal, state and local governments, Justice and foreign government representation) was the second largest employer in the knowledge sector. ACIL Tasman estimates that in 2010 the Public Administration industry subdivision employed in FTE terms around 26,300 employees.

In 2010 the Finance ANZSIC industry subdivision was the third largest knowledge sector employer, with around 25,340 FTE employees. The Finance industry subdivision was also the largest single contributor to GRP in 2010. ACIL Tasman estimates that the Finance industry subdivision contributed $5,275 million ($2008-09) of the city’s GRP in 2010.

Of those industries defined as operating in the core of the knowledge sector the Telecommunications industry subdivision was the largest FTE employer. ACIL Tasman estimates that in 2010 the Telecommunications Services ANZSIC industry subdivision employed approximately 12,800 FTE employees. The Tertiary Education industry subdivision (comprising the Technical and Vocational Education industry, and Training and Higher education industry), with approximately 12,640 FTE employees, was the second largest employer in the core component of the knowledge sector in 2010.

Table 5 and Table 6 detail the top five employing ANZSIC industry subdivisions for the intermediate and core components of the knowledge sector in 2010. Table 7 and Table 8 present details of the top five core and intermediate component contributors to GRP. Appendix B lists FTE employment and contributions to GRP for all knowledge sector industry subdivisions, broken down by core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector.

5BEconomic contribution of the knowledge sector 28 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Table 5 2010 FTE employment by the top five intermediate component knowledge sector employing subdivisions 2 Digit ANZSIC FTE employment Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 69 47,300 (excluding Scientific Research Services) 75 Public Administration 26,312 62 Finance 25,341 84 Hospitals 13,861

Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

Table 6 2010 FTE employment by top five core component knowledge sector subdivisions 2 Digit ANZSIC FTE employment 58 Telecommunications Services 12,822 81 Tertiary Education 12,641 54 Publishing (except Internet and Music Publishing) 3,204 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (covering 69 2,275 ANZSIC 6910 Scientific Research Services) 82 Adult, Community and Other Education 1,921

Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

Table 7 Top five intermediate component contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008-09 million) 2 Digit ANZSIC GRP contribution 62 Finance 5,435 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 69 4,901 (excluding Scientific Research Services) 64 Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services 3,041 75 Public Administration 2,271 63 Insurance and Superannuation Funds 2,183

Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

Table 8 Top five core component contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008-09 million) 2 digit ANZSIC GRP contribution 58 Telecommunications Services 2,094 81 Tertiary Education 1,011 54 Publishing (except Internet and Music Publishing) 345 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services - ANZSIC 69 237 6910 Scientific research services 82 Adult, Community and Other Education 154 Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

5BEconomic contribution of the knowledge sector 29 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

4.2 Indirect contribution The knowledge sector’s contribution to GRP reported above is sometimes characterised by economists as the sector’s ‘direct’ contribution. However, all industries (including those in the knowledge sector) also ‘indirectly’ contribute to the city’s, Victoria’s and even Australia’s gross product.19

4.2.1 Indirect contribution to gross product An industry or sector’s indirect contributions can be estimated with reference to input-output multipliers that have been calculated using ACIL Tasman’s in- house input-output table for the Victorian economy. An input-output table is an accounting framework in which the relationships between industries, households, governments and the traded sector are described. Input-output tables provide detailed information about the inputs used by an industry and the relative importance of industry relationships. Input-output tables are an established method to calculate the contribution an industry identified in the table makes to the rest of the economy. For example, input-output tables can be used to analyse the effect of a change in the purchasing or sales pattern of an industry and the direct and indirect flow-on effects this has on the rest of the economy.20 Figure 10 explains these linkages with reference to the so-called ‘Simple’ input-output multipliers for the ‘Scientific research, technical and computer services industry. Typically, input-output multipliers are used to reflect the impact on an economy of a relatively small change in the demand from a single industry in the economy. However, as demonstrated above, the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector is just over half of the entire annual gross product generated in the city. Furthermore, the organisations and businesses located in municipal Melbourne are likely to source some of their supplies from within the greater Metropolitan Melbourne and the rest of Victoria. Thus, when considering the indirect contribution of the city’s knowledge sector, it is better to consider its indirect contribution to Victoria as a whole.

19 These gross product measures are respectively known as Gross Regional Product, Gross State Product and Gross Domestic Product. 20 Input-output multipliers predict the total impact on all industries of a change in demand for the output of a single industry. When undertaking input-output analysis, it should be borne in mind that there are a number of simplifying assumptions. For example, it is necessary to assume that there are no constraints on obtaining capital or labour. It is also assumed that all industries exhibit constant returns to scale. The assumptions underlying the analysis means that multipliers should be considered as upper limits, particularly if the change in demand is large relative to the economy as whole and/or there is full employment.

5BEconomic contribution of the knowledge sector 30 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

As shown in Table 9, this indirect contribution to the state of Victoria’s Gross State Product is considerable and in 2010 was in the order of $16,000 million ($2008-09).

Table 9 Melbourne’s knowledge sector direct and indirect contribution to gross product ($2008-09) City of Melbourne Victoria as a whole

Production induced Direct First round Industrial support total indirect effect Core 4,431 1,130 915 2,046 Intermediate 23,577 7,686 6,333 14,019 Totals 28,008 8,817 7,249 16,065 Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

4.2.2 Indirect contribution to Victorian employment The knowledge sector’s activity also indirectly generates considerable employment. For example, ACIL Tasman estimates that in 2010 the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector indirectly generated an additional 122,902 full- time equivalent (FTE) jobs across the state (see Table 10). Table 10 Full-time equivalent jobs generated by City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector in 2010

City of Melbourne Victoria as a whole

FTE Direct jobs Production induced (excluding contractors) First round Industrial support total indirect effect Core 39,279 10,351 7,425 17,776 Intermediate 178,330 57,543 47,583 105,126 Subtotal 217,609 67,894 55,008 122,902

Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates.

5BEconomic contribution of the knowledge sector 31

-time 2 1 8 5 (full Employment equivalent jobs)

P 9 4

1. 1. 8.5 5.2 GS industry

($ million) to Victorian Contribution

0 9 1

3. 3. 17. 10.0 industry ($ million) production Melbourne Knowledge This cycle technical and computer services computer and technical , Demand forDemand the goods

-

increase in demand,

s ’ Into order supply the -

To increaseTo output million by $10 produced by the subcontractor

Scientific research Scientific –

- effect Initial requires extra labour and supplies and business increases its orders withAustralian its subcontractors First round effect subcontractors also increase demandlabour for and inputs Industrial support effect and services suppliers will in turn result in furthera increase infor demand labourinputs. and Total multiplier effect knowledge industry continues untilincreases in all demand are satisfied

output multipliers

-

Explaining input Explaining

10

increase in demand for Knowledge industry services $10 million Figure

5BEconomic contribution of the knowledge sector 32 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

5 Knowledge sector assets and events Knowledge cities possess both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ infrastructure. Landry described ‘hard infrastructure’ as ‘the nexus of buildings and institutions such as facilities and other meeting spaces as well as supportive services such as transport, health and amenities’ (Landry 2000, p.133).

Soft infrastructure, according to Landry, is more about ‘the system of associative structures and social networks, connections and human interactions that underpins and encourages the flow of ideas between individuals and institutions’. This concept of soft infrastructure indicates that clusters should not simply be conceived of in terms of economic benefits, but also contextualised as nodes of interaction in communities, linked to interpersonal as well as virtual teams. (van Geenhuizen and Nijkamp, 2012).

Knowledge sector assets and events can both be considered as knowledge infrastructure. They are a means of generating, sustaining and transmitting knowledge for the wellbeing of the city, the state of Victoria and the nation. This chapter draws on desktop research, consultation and survey responses to highlight the knowledge sector’s assets and events.

5.1 Knowledge sector assets The City of Melbourne is the repository of a large number and variety of physical, as well as virtual, knowledge assets. World-class and other significant knowledge-related assets located in the City of Melbourne can be broadly classified into the following classes: • advanced manufacturing • scientific research facilities • educational facilities • information and communications technology (ICT) • libraries and other collections • hospitals • conference and exhibition facilities • motion picture and sound recording • performance venues • art galleries and museums • studios and other creative spaces.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 33 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

These physical and virtual knowledge sector assets complement the human capital that is embodied in the knowledge sector workforce and the social capital that is generated by interactions within the sector.

5.1.1 Types of knowledge sector assets The city of Melbourne can boast that it has ready access to a number of assets which could be considered as world-class. These world-class assets include the: • Melbourne Museum • Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre • Royal Melbourne Hospital • State Library of Victoria • University of Melbourne • Arts Centre Melbourne • Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative • Walter and Eliza Hall Institute. Table 11 provides some background information on these and other world- class assets that are located in the city of Melbourne.

Table 11 The City of Melbourne’s 'world-class' assets

Description Facility highlights Arts Centre Melbourne Originally known as The Victorian Arts Centre, Arts Facilities at Arts Centre Melbourne include the newly Centre Melbourne is a performing arts centre refurbished 2,601-seat Hamer Hall (for orchestral consisting of a complex of theatres and concert halls performances), the 2,077-seat State Theatre (for in the Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank. Major opera and ballet performances), the 622-seat companies regularly performing in the theatres Playhouse and the 376-seat Fairfax Studio, as well as include Opera Australia and The Australian Ballet, the dedicated gallery spaces. The Sidney Myer Music Melbourne Theatre Company and Melbourne Bowl, situated in nearby Kings Domain, is an outdoor Symphony Orchestra. The Arts Centre also hosts a arena also managed by the Arts Centre. It seats large number of Australian and international 12,000 on the lawn area and 2,150 in reserved performances and production companies. seating, and is used for music concerts. CSL Headquartered in Parkville, Melbourne, CSL is a The CSL Group develops highly-specialised medical global specialty biopharmaceutical company that aims products that save lives by preventing or treating to identify, develop and commercialise new, serious medical conditions. biotherapeutic products. The CSL Group has approximately 10,000 employees working in 27 countries. Melbourne Exhibition The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre is Completed in 2009 the Melbourne Convention Centre and Convention the name given to two adjacent buildings next to the was the first convention centre in the world to achieve Centre Yarra River in South Wharf. Designed by Denton a 6 Star energy efficiency rating. The centre has a Corker Marshall, the Melbourne Exhibition Centre was pillarless floor space of 30,000 square metres, making opened in February 1996 and has hosted thousands it the largest pillarless floor space in the southern of large exhibitions including major annual events. hemisphere. The Melbourne Convention Centre consists of a 5,541 seat Plenary Hall that can be divided into three separate theatres, 32 meeting rooms of various sizes, a grand banquet room as well as a Hilton hotel, office, residential and retail space.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 34 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Description Facility highlights

Melbourne Museum Melbourne Museum explores life in Victoria, from its The museum houses a permanent collection in 8 natural environment to its culture and history. galleries, including one specifically for children. Providing a unique learning environment, the museum Highlights include a complete skeleton of a blue offers activities, programs, exhibitions and excursion whale, the Bunjilaka Aboriginal Cultural Centre, a packages for students and teachers at all levels, from living rainforest, the racehorse Phar Lap and an IMAX preschool to adult education. theatre on site. Facilities such as the Treetops event space and the Touring Hall are available for hire. Royal Children’s Established in 1870, the RCH is the major specialist The new RCH hospital campus brings together six Hospital paediatric hospital in Victoria. It treated 33,580 levels of clinical, research and education facilities over inpatients in 2010-11. In that year, there were 210,958 200,000 square metres within a 4.1hectare site. outpatient clinic appointments and 10,741 children underwent surgery. The hospital is also home of the Murdoch Children’s Research institute, the largest child health research organisation in Australia. Royal Exhibition The World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building The venue features 11,000sqm of interior floor space Building was completed in 1880 and hosted the 1888 split over two levels. It has the versatility of hosting Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition. A indoor/outdoor events and exhibitions. major conservation and restoration project was completed in 1994. Royal Melbourne Established in 1848, the RMH is the oldest hospital in The RMH is one of Victoria’s preeminent hospitals. A Hospital Victoria. The hospital has two campuses in the new a $2.5 million state of the art Cardiac Catheter Parkville Precinct, which is north of the CBD. RMH is Laboratory opened at the hospital in December 2012. a tertiary, teaching referral hospital providing The RMH has strong relationships with many of the specialist and general medical and surgical services, city’s major universities and research institutes. including cardiac, neuroscience and oncology, as well providing a major trauma service and Victorian Infectious Diseases Service. The hospital is also an important centre for health research. State Library of Opened in 1856, the State Library of Victoria is the The Library’s collections include over 2 million books, Victoria central library for Victoria. The library underwent 16,000 serials, hundreds of thousands of pictures, major refurbishments between 1990 and 2004 costing newspapers, maps and manuscripts, and masses of over $200 million. It can be considered as one of the audio, video and digital material that reflect the culture largest exhibiting libraries in the world. of Victoria over the past 150 years. Highlights of the library building include the domed La Trobe Reading Room, the Arts Library and the Chess Room. The National Gallery Founded in 1861, the NGV is the oldest and largest The NGV’s Australian art collection encompasses of Victoria (NGV) public art museum in Australia. The NGV operates Indigenous (Australian Aboriginal) art, Australian across two sites: NGV International, located on St colonial painting, Australian Impressionist painting, Kilda Road in the heart of the Melbourne Arts Precinct 20th century, modern and contemporary Australian of Southbank, and The Ian Potter Centre: NGV art. International collection areas include European Australia, located nearby at Federation Square. The painting (historical and modern), fashion and textiles, St Kilda Road building, designed by Sir Roy Grounds, photography, prints and drawings, Asian art, opened in 1968, and was renovated by Mario Bellini decorative arts, Mesoamerican art, Pacific art, and reopened in 2003. The Ian Potter Centre: NGV sculpture, antiquities, and contemporary art. It has Australia was designed by LAB Architecture Studio strong collections in areas as diverse as old masters, and opened in 2002. Greek vases, Egyptian artefacts and historical European ceramics, and contains the largest and most comprehensive range of artworks in Australia. University of Established in 1853, the University of Melbourne The Times Higher Education World University Melbourne makes distinctive contributions to society in research, Rankings has ranked the University of Melbourne the teaching and engagement. In 2011, it had a total of highest ranked Australian university in 2012-13 36,843 students (EFTSL), 3,417 academic staff and (ranked 28th in the world university ranking). This is 4,210 professional staff, and a research expenditure an improvement on 2011-12 when the university top of $844 million. the Australian universities with a world university ranking of 37th. With this latest ranking the University of Melbourne has widened its lead to the next highest ranking Australian university, the Australian National University.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 35 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Description Facility highlights

Victorian Life Sciences The Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative The VLSCI Peak Computing Facility (PCF) provides Computation Initiative (VLSCI) is an initiative of the government of Victoria in high-performance compute infrastructure and partnership with the University of Melbourne and the computational expertise to Life Sciences researchers IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, across Victoria. The PCF has tightly-coupled clusters Melbourne. The VLSCI Life Sciences Computation with very fast disk subsystems, currently operating at Centre is physically housed at the University of a peak capacity of 46 teraflops and building to Melbourne (Parkville), Monash University (Clayton) petascale computing by 2013. The systems include and La Trobe University (Bundoora). Co-located at ‘Bruce’, an SGI Altix x86, ‘Merri’, an IBM iDataplex VLSCI is the IBM Research Collaboratory for Life x86 and ‘Tambo’, the largest IBM Blue Gene/P Sciences - Melbourne, which enables collaboration supercomputer installation devoted to the Life between the 10,000 world-class life sciences and Sciences in the Southern Hemisphere. medical researchers in the Melbourne area, and IBM’s computational biology experts. Walter and Eliza Hall The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical In 2011 the National University of Taiwan’s Institute (WEHI) Research is Australia’s oldest medical research performance ranking of scientific papers for the top institute. It is home to more than 650 researchers 500 world universities and research institutions working to understand, prevent and treat diseases ranked WEHI at 203 in the World and 26th in the Asia including blood, breast and ovarian cancers; Pacific. The recent $130 million redevelopment of inflammatory diseases (autoimmunity) such as WEHI’s Parkville campus has nearly doubled its size. rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and coeliac Key facilities include the Flow Cytometry Facility, the disease; and infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV High-throughput Chemical Screening Facility, the and hepatitis B and C. Centre for Dynamic Imaging, the Monoclonal Antibody Facility and the WEHI Proteomics Laboratory.

The city of Melbourne has numerous other significant assets. These assets are too many and varied to list in this chapter. However, Appendix D presents a registry of the significant assets identified through desktop research as well as feedback from a number of knowledge sector stakeholders. It is expected that the City of Melbourne, through public input, will be able to build up this registry over time.

When reviewing the listing of significant knowledge sector assets presented in Table 11, what stands out is that many of the assets are collaborative and they are often virtual. For example, the City of Melbourne is the headquarters of a number of Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs). CRCs, as their name implies, bring together diverse stakeholders (such as universities, government and business) to collaborate in research with the aim of solving major problems and/or achieving technical breakthroughs to benefit industry and society.

In regards to virtual assets in the City of Melbourne, access to information and communications technologies (ICT), such as the Internet and cloud computing, is facilitating the development of assets such as virtual laboratories and new eResearch tools. The National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR) project and the Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN) are two examples of these virtual assets. The development of such virtual assets is useful in highlighting an important point about modern knowledge cities - that is, knowledge cities are connected through the Internet to the rest of the World.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 36 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Businesses and organisations in the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector own, or have access to, a variety of knowledge assets, which are generally in addition to the world-class and significant assets identified above. Survey respondents were requested to identify the types of knowledge assets located in the City of Melbourne that were held by their business/organisation.

Software assets were the most frequently nominated asset category held by knowledge sector respondents, with over 70 per cent of survey respondents nominating this asset category. Other commonly held assets included: • conference spaces • training facilities • libraries and other collections • workshops and studios (Figure 11).

Figure 11 Asset categories held by Knowledge sector survey respondents (per cent of respondents)

Software (e.g. specialist programs)

Research hardware or equipment

Other collections

Libraries

Conference spaces

Training facilities

Workshops or studios

Laboratories

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates based on responses from the ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

5.1.2 Accessibility of knowledge sector assets The responses from the knowledge sector survey indicate that majority of the assets owned or accessible by respondents are held for own or member use. For example, of the 104 survey respondents with conference spaces, only 27 indicated they were available to others in the industry and only 20 indicated the spaces would be open to the public.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 37 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 12 City of Melbourne knowledge sector assets held by survey respondents Number of respondents holding asset type Per cent of respondents with at least one asset type

Other Specialised software

Specialised software Research hardware or equipment Research hardware or equipment Other collections Other collections Libraries Libraries Conference spaces Conference spaces Training facilities Training facilities Workshops or studios Workshops or studios Laboratories Laboratories

0 50 100 150 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% For private or member use Open to others in the industry Open to public For private or member use Open to others in the industry Open to public

Note: 157 respondents reported holding one or more of the listed assets. Source: ACIL Tasman estimates based on Knowledge sector survey responses

5.1.3 Role of the City of Melbourne in enhancing knowledge assets

The majority (67 per cent) of survey respondents considered that the City of Melbourne could play a role in enhancing the knowledge sector’s assets. While there were some differences in views across the three components of the sector, they were not significantly different. Across the three components of the sector the proportion having a positive view on the Council’s role in asset enhancement ranged from 71 per cent among the seven respondents identifying as being in the periphery, to 62 per cent for those respondents identifying their organisation’s activity as falling into the intermediate component.

Figure 13 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in enhancing the city’s knowledge assets? (per cent of respondents)

Periphery (7)

Intermediate (47)

Core (105)

All Knowledge sector respondents (159)

0% 50% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 38 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Those respondents who considered the Council could play a role in enhancing the city’s knowledge sector assets were requested to suggest roles that the City of Melbourne could play in enhancing the stock of knowledge sector assets. The roles that were nominated most frequently by businesses and organisations in the knowledge sector were: promoter/facilitator/broker, sponsor/supporter, as well as the provider of an assets directory.

Promoter Just over 20 of the survey respondents who considered that the City of Melbourne had a role to play in enhancing the city’s knowledge assets suggested that the Council should actively take on a promotion or facilitation role. Representative responses included: The knowledge sector is a major sector in the City and the Council needs to promote it actively. It would doubtless be an asset should the Council initiate yet wider participation and availability in these key areas, and if possible allot a member or members to undertake responsibility to promote. Promote Melbourne as the hub of pharmaceutical training and professional development. Establish promotion policies, coordinate events, create facilities, establish grants / prizes. As enabler and facilitator - e.g. freely available data. Facilitating information exchange. The Council is/should be aware of other 'like' or complementary businesses/facilities - at the very least the Council can act as an enabler between groups. Through promotion of the city’s knowledge assets and through collaborative programming, for example the city Library and the State Library working together. The City of Melbourne is uniquely situated to function as a key knowledge partnership broker and knowledge transfer facilitator for Melbourne and the Knowledge Melbourne initiative has the potential to instantiate this. The Council could also facilitate communication between businesses, which could then conceivably move on to joint ventures and thus widen the scope of knowledge. Facilitating partnerships for co-investment. Developing collaborative partnerships for organisations and workers in the Knowledge sector could be a key role for the City of Melbourne. This would provide a forum for cross-sectoral partnerships which are critical to influencing outcomes across many sectors. Perhaps provide an Internet hub where knowledge businesses could come together. Facilitating fast Internet connections. ….facilitating access for all citizens to relevant information and knowledge assets.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 39 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Sponsor/supporter A few survey respondents (12) suggested that the City of Melbourne should provide financial or other in-kind forms of support to enhance the city’s knowledge assets. The following are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: Awareness and helping facilitate events by giving businesses access to affordable venues The City could support knowledge hubs, forums to exchange ideas, an overall plan about building or connecting knowledge precincts etc. Supporting knowledge hubs - both virtual and real City of Melbourne can facilitate provision of an environment which makes the ‘knowledge’ business easier to maintain, promote, develop. Can provide support facilities - including parking, transport, clear use of city environs. Establish promotion policies, coordinate events, create facilities, establish grants / prizes Raising awareness about what is ‘out there’ - the results of this survey? Funding to support the knowledge assets that exist within the City of Melbourne.

Provider of assets directory Nine survey respondents suggested that the City of Melbourne should undertake a stocktake of its knowledge assets and compile a knowledge assets directory/register. The following are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: The city should know the full extent of the assets in order to develop the area and market it to the world Having a resource that lists all of the knowledge assets would be a great start. Register of ‘knowledge assets’ Database creation Specifically supporting/using the services local knowledge businesses. Actively promoting local businesses (both locally, nationally, and internationally) through some form of directory - this latter in effect is helping with the marketing of local knowledge businesses. A stocktake in itself would be useful. Then consider investing in knowledge assets, possibly through partnering with knowledge makers/ providers. Sharing information on what exists; supporting creation and distribution of knowledge in areas where gaps are identified.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 40 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Key Finding Knowledge assets directory By mainting a knowledge assets directory the Council could play a role supporting and promoting the city’s knowledge sector assets.

5.2 Knowledge sector events The City of Melbourne plays host to a very large number of knowledge-related events of great diversity throughout the year, ranging from academic, professional and industry conferences, to arts and lifestyle-oriented events. Examples of events which highlight the spread and diversity include: • The annual AusBiotech national conference attracts business professionals, policy makers, investors and scientists. The 2012 event is reported to have attracted 1,234 participants across the events, with 150 international visitors from 25 countries. The Business Matching Program was the biggest drawcard with 2,609 meeting requests.21 • The Geospatial science research conference held in December 2012, which brought together colleagues from the academic, research and professional sectors of the geospatial sciences to focus on and advance research in this discipline • National Science Week, an annual forum for all levels of interest and scientific knowledge, which offers a wide range of opportunities to learn more about the everyday impacts of science on our lives. • Melbourne Knowledge Week, held in late November 2012 and organised by the City of Melbourne, which showcased Melbourne’s strengths in the knowledge sector through more than 40 diverse events. • Melbourne Music Week, held in November 2012 and hosted by the City of Melbourne, provided a program of events dedicated to celebrating and supporting the city’s music scene. • World Chinese Economic Forum 2012, held in November to discuss China’s increasing importance to Asia and to the global economy. ACIL Tasman has prepared a directory of the City of Melbourne’s recent knowledge sector events along with some events scheduled for 2013. This listing has been based on desktop research, consultation and responses from the knowledge sector survey, and is summarised in Appendix D.

21 AusBiotech 2012 website, http://www.ausbiotechnc.org/

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 41 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

5.2.1 Knowledge sector organisation’s level of involvement in events

Knowledge sector organisations and their employees have a high level of involvement with knowledge events. For example, over 90 per cent of respondents to the knowledge sector survey indicated that their team participated in and/or attended knowledge events. Two-thirds of respondents indicated that their business/organisation played a sponsor/partner or promotion role in knowledge events. Nearly three-quarters of respondents reported that their business/organisation played a role in event organisation, management and or delivery (Figure 14).

Figure 14 Level of participation in knowledge events

Participate in / attend knowledge- 91% related events

Sponsor / partner / promote 66% knowledge-related events

Organise / manage / deliver / run 72% knowledge-related events

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

The knowledge sector survey results indicate that the businesses and organisations that identified as operating in the core of the knowledge sector have a much higher propensity to organise, manage or run knowledge-related events (see Figure 15). On the other hand, respondents who identified as operating in the core category and those that identified as operating in the intermediate category were more likely to indicate their people participated in, or attended, knowledge-related events than respondents who identified as operating in the periphery (though the small number of responses from businesses and organisations who identified as operating in the periphery could distort this finding).

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 42 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 15 Proportion of businesses/organisations involved in knowledge- related events (per cent of respondents by knowledge category)

Participate in / attend knowledge-related Periphery events

Sponsor / partner / Intermediate promote knowledge- related events

Organise / manage / Core deliver / run knowledge-related events

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

5.2.2 Significant knowledge sector events to showcase the City Many knowledge sector survey respondents nominated important knowledge sector events that they consider help showcase the city’s knowledge sector and these events have been included in the events directory.

It is of interest to note that the majority (70 per cent) of survey respondents considered that there are currently no existing knowledge-related events that adequately showcased the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector (see Figure 16). This result is somewhat surprising given that the City of Melbourne has recently hosted its third Knowledge Week. Knowledge Week 2012 was much larger in scale than Knowledge Week 2010 and 2011. All three iterations of Knowledge Week did not have a specific theme but featured a wide variety of diverse events. Melbourne Knowledge Week aims to provide an umbrella for the delivery of self-managed events showcasing the strengths and diversity of Melbourne’s knowledge sector. The 2012 Knowledge Week featured more than 40 events that represented a wide spectrum of the knowledge sector. Unfortunately, the vast majority of survey responses were received before Knowledge Week 2012 commenced. Thus respondents may have answered this question with the 2011 Knowledge Week in mind. It is possible that survey respondents would have been more positive about the city having a showcase knowledge event had the survey been conducted after Knowledge Week 2012.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 43 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

The City of Melbourne has provided ACIL Tasman with the results of a survey Knowledge Week 2012 a key of 30 Knowledge Week 2012 event organisers, conducted after the event. Most showcase event of these 30 event organisers (86 per cent) reported that they were either satisfied (53 per cent) or very satisfied (33 per cent) with the Knowledge Week experience. The results of this survey also indicate that all 30 of the organisers surveyed considered that Knowledge Week had been either ‘moderately effective’ (40 per cent) or ‘very effective’ (60 per cent) in showcasing the strengths and diversity of Melbourne’s knowledge sector.22 Interestingly, 43 per cent of the organisers surveyed believed that having a specific theme for future Knowledge Weeks would be beneficial, while 57 per cent believed the contrary.

5.2.3 Other 'new' knowledge events It is also of interest to note that despite a majority of survey respondent views on the lack of a knowledge showcase event in the city, less than half (43 per cent) of the survey respondents considered that a new knowledge sector event should take place in the city.

Figure 16 Respondent views on knowledge related events and future support for events

Is there an existing event which showcases Melbourne's knowledge sector

Yes Are there any new events that should take place in Melbourne No

Is there are role for the CoM in supporting knowledge events

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

Those respondents who believed that a new knowledge sector event should take place in the city were asked to suggest a suitable type of event. Not all

22 The event organiser survey did not give respondents the option of nominating the event as ‘effective’ the only options provided in the survey were ‘not effective’, ‘moderately effective’ and ‘very effective.’

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 44 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

respondents offered suggestions. However, those who volunteered a suggestion for a new knowledge sector event came up with a broad spectrum of ideas. These can be summarised as follows: • Inter-disciplinary knowledge-sharing events such as − events to encourage cross sector partnerships − multi-disciplinary events to encourage interactions between Science, the Humanities and Social science for a general (not university) audience − inter-disciplinary knowledge-sharing events with themes that bring different sectors together, e.g. property and planning • Events to showcase all of some of Melbourne’s attributes, such as − events to showcase the University of Melbourne (including the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music and the Victorian College of the Arts) − exhibitions to showcase what is available in the City • New media and technology events, such as − social media trends and practices (aimed at older people) − new media and technology with an international focus − events to promote IT, smart phones and social media in ‘fun ways’ • Sustainability and design events, such as − sustainability seminars to share and build knowledge − events to promote design and its benefits • Expos, such as − business expos − healthcare trade expos • Health and education events, such as − events that bring together all aspects of health and medicine including those involved in teaching and research − oriental medicine conferences − knowledge and health clusters and their role in the Victorian economy − events to showcase the entire education sector • Cultural events, such as − White Night 24 hour opening of the city’s cultural organisations − a cross-cultural organisation children’s festival • Events to help solve big problems/issues such as − a Festival of Dangerous Ideas to be run at the same time as the Sydney Festival with video cross-overs, and other forms of digital collaboration between the two events

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 45 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

− a Melbourne Challenge to leverage Melbourne’s knowledge sector assets to help solve big problems − Future Cities − futurist conferences. ACIL Tasman has reviewed the Knowledge Week 2012 program, this review highlighted that many of the types of events suggested by respondents as new showcase knowledge events, were similar to those covered by the program. For example, the 2012 program included a wide range of events, forums and workshops covering topics such as: • knowledge creation through co-working • interactive multimedia • a design-based map of the city • urban landscape and sustainability • hubs and networks – physical, digital and social • knowledge cities in the digital age • Melbourne by bike • the design challenge for over the 60s • culture along the Yarra River • future manufacturing – design, simulation and modelling.

5.2.4 Role of the City of Melbourne in supporting knowledge events

The survey of Knowledge Week 2012 event organisers indicates they are very supportive of Council’s support for Knowledge Week. For example, a majority (87 per cent) of Knowledge Week 2012 event organisers indicated that they would most likely participate in Knowledge Week 2013. Many of these event organisers expressed positive views on the Council’s Knowledge Week initiative. Typical examples of these positive comments include: Well done for organising such a wonderful line up of events. Appreciate the support provided throughout the whole process The event went really well. Looking forward to 2013! A huge thank you for all your work and the opportunity with Knowledge Week.

In addition the majority (77 per cent) of the ACIL Tasman knowledge sector survey respondents considered that there was a role for the City of Melbourne in supporting knowledge sector events. The respondents who identified their organisation as operating in the core of the knowledge sector were more likely to indicate there was a role for the Council, with 82 per cent of core respondents considering there was a role for the Council in facilitating events. This compares to 68 per cent of respondents who identified as operating in the

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 46 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

intermediate component and 57 per cent of respondents who identified as operating in the periphery, seeing a role for the Council in event facilitation.

Figure 17 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating events? (per cent of respondents)

Periphery (7)

Intermediate (47)

Core (105)

All Knowledge sector respondents (159)

0% 50% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

Those survey respondents who consider there was a role for the Council in facilitating events were requested to suggest roles that the City of Melbourne could play in supporting knowledge sector events. The roles that were nominated most frequently by businesses and organisations in the knowledge sector were: promoter, facilitator, sponsor, facility provider as well as the provider of information, such as through an events directory.

Promoter Event promotion was the most frequently nominated role for the Council, with 33 respondents indicating that the City of Melbourne should be a promoter of knowledge-related events. The following are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: It is important for the city of Melbourne to promote local events As a major employment sector and generator of income the Council needs to take a lead in promoting the sector Through promotion and through provision of venues and through contribution of relevant expertise Advertisement, overt support. We have long called Melbourne the financial, sporting and restaurant capital of Australia, so why not Knowledge & Arts? Be an initiator, facilitator, promoter Provide publicity

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 47 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

As a conduit, promoter of cross-linking activities It would be most useful for small non-government services to have free access to a communications/ media team that could promote the good work of these organisations and alert those who might need our services, of our existence. Melbourne is the largest biotech cluster in Australia - we need to promote the fact that we are the gateways to Australia’s biotech and medical research sector. Most of the sector is based in the CBD thus it is important that the City recognises this $21.4b industry and partners with the state government and the industry advocates to continue to promote activities in the CBD that support the learning and growth of this industry.

Facilitator While the distinction between promotion and facilitation of events may be a little vague, at least 12 survey respondents suggested a type of facilitation role for the Council. The following are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: Be an enabler and marketer Facilitate events to encourage participation Use international relationships to bring knowledge/experts from overseas Coordination, communication The City is in a good position to take a leadership and facilitation role and to fund events Develop partnerships with the current and emerging groups in the knowledge sector expands the networking opportunities and opportunities for all to learn more about what is happening in the community especially with this focus Possibly play a coordinating and/or funding role - depending on what the survey reveals As an umbrella organisation to bring together people from various industries and sectors.

Sponsor and financial support A significant number of survey respondents (24) would like the City of Melbourne to provide some financial support or other form of sponsorship of knowledge-related events. The following quotes are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: Should sponsor or assist in logistically supporting events to promote Melbourne Funding, funding, funding and assistance Possibly assist in the form of sponsorship Seek national events in leading industries and offer incentives (financial or otherwise) to run these events in Melbourne

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 48 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Sponsor, fund, provide venues/ coordinate a range of events in the name of knowledge@MCC Host cross-promotional business expos Host and sponsor knowledge events The City of Melbourne is ideally suited to sponsor a Melbourne based Festival of Dangerous Ideas.

Provider of facilities Several survey respondents (11) suggested that the City of Melbourne should make facilities available for knowledge-related events. The following are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: Partnering to deliver events, use of facilities to conduct events Provide spaces e.g. Town Hall and other non-monetary support where possible e.g. event management Provide the facilities to hold a successful conference Helping with venues as well as subsidising so the public can attend at affordable costs.

Information provider Another six survey respondents suggested that it would be useful for the City of Melbourne to be a knowledge-related events information resource. The following quotes set out the views expressed by these respondents: A central website would be good, with links to specialised sites Maintaining online databases and venues and support for the Knowledge sector and partnering with universities and Schools to share resources and facilities Some logistics support. Brochures on what is great about Melbourne, who to contact re venues and the like Internet hub as mentioned before plus perhaps a ‘knowledge week’? A central repository of knowledge-based events (that can be sorted by date, duration, topics, costs) could be developed to facilitate the dissemination of information efficiently [Be] a central point of reference.

Key Finding Knowledge Week Knowledge Week 2012 was an important means of showcasing Melbourne’s knowledge sector. The City of Melbourne’s involvment in Knowledge Week as a promoter, facilitator, sponsor and facility provider enriches the city’s knowledge sector.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 49 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Key Finding Knowledge events directory Melbourne has many knowledge events in addition to Knowledge Week. In addition to continuing to organise and support Knowledge Week, there is merit in the City of Melbourne maintaing a directory of all knowledge events as a means of supporting and promoting these events as well as showcasing the breath of the city’s knowledge sector.

6BKnowledge sector assets and events 50 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

6 Knowledge sources and collaboration No firm is completely self-sufficient. It is now widely conceded that the most advanced knowledge activities of knowledge-intensive firms are deeply inscribed in wide external networks of suppliers, subcontractors and business clients, many of which are small- and medium-sized enterprises (Storper, 1992). These extra firm linkages are of increasing significance because firms have to rely not only on in-house knowledge but also on resources external to the firm (Howells, 2000). Even networks and strategic alliances between competitors open the opportunity for formal and informal information exchange within the same field of business (Porter, 1990).

Clearly, businesses and organisations in the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector do not engage in knowledge activities in isolation. Rather, they draw upon and build on knowledge created by others (both within and outside the City of Melbourne) and sometimes collaborate with them in creating new knowledge or in using knowledge as an enabler. The richness of and interdependencies evident in the City of Melbourne’s knowledge ecosystem should work to enhance its productivity and efficiency.

6.1 Key sources of knowledge Businesses and organisation in the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector access knowledge through a wide variety of channels. Knowledge sector survey responses indicate that other members of their own industry also located in the city were the most the most commonly reported source of knowledge for respondents. Of the 156 respondents that answered this question, 115 (74 per cent) indicated that industry members located in the city were a source of knowledge. However, universities located in the city were also frequently reported as a source of knowledge (113 respondents or 72 per cent). Overall, the survey results highlight that the city’s knowledge sector businesses and organisations tend to rely on each other for knowledge. For example, the survey questionnaire specifically identified four sources of knowledge categories. In all four categories, the city as a source of knowledge was the most frequently nominated by survey respondents. That said, sources of knowledge located in the rest of Victoria, the rest of Australia and overseas were also nominated by a significant number of survey respondents (see Figure 18). For example, over 60 per cent of respondents indicated that other members of their industry located interstate were a source of knowledge for their activities.

7BKnowledge sources and collaboration 51 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 18 Key sources of knowledge (per cent of respondents)

Other sources

Businesses in other industries

Other members of your industry

Government

Other research organisations

Universities

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

International Interstate In the rest of Victoria City of Melbourne

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

The dominance of the city as a source of knowledge was similar across those respondents identifying as operating in the core and those identifying as operating in the intermediate categories. Similarly, respondents in the core and in the intermediate categories were more likely to nominate industry members located in the city as a source of knowledge than any other source or location. However, government and other research organisations were more frequently nominated as a source of knowledge for businesses and organisations that identified as operating in the core, compared with those that identified as operating in the intermediate part of the knowledge sector.

6.2 Collaboration

6.2.1 Collaboration partners A substantial proportion of businesses/organisations in the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector engage in collaborations with a range of organisations. According to the findings from the ACIL Tasman Knowledge Sector Survey, just under 80 per cent of City of Melbourne knowledge sector businesses and organisations collaborate with others (see Figure 19). Businesses and organisations that identified as operating in the sector’s core were slightly more likely to collaborate than those respondents that identified as operating in the sector’s intermediate category. As only seven respondents identified as being in the periphery, it is not possible to be confident that less than 30 per cent of periphery businesses and organisations are involved in collaboration.

7BKnowledge sources and collaboration 52 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 19 Knowledge sector collaboration (per cent of respondents)

Periphery (7) 29%

Intermediate (47) 70%

Core (105) 86%

All Knowledge sector respondents 79% (159)

0% 50% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman estimates based on responses from the ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

Collaboration with others located in the City of Melbourne is important for many respondents. For example, over 60 per cent of survey respondents reported that their organisation collaborates with both universities and government agencies operating in the city. In addition, over 70 per cent of respondents indicated that they collaborate with other members of their industry that are also located in the city (see Figure 20).

Figure 20 Collaboration in knowledge-related activities (per cent of collaborating respondents)

Businesses in other industries International Other members of your industry or sector Interstate Government In the rest of Other research organisations Victoria City of Universities Melbourne

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey.

There were some differences in the characteristics of collaborators. For example, compared with their intermediate counterparts, a higher proportion of respondents operating in the core of the knowledge sector reported collaborating with government and businesses in other industries located either

7BKnowledge sources and collaboration 53 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

in the city or in the rest of Victoria (see Figure 21). On the other hand, respondents operating in the intermediate part of the knowledge sector were more likely to report that they collaborated with other members of their industry or sector operating in the city of Melbourne. In most other respects, the nature of collaboration of core and intermediate respondents appears to be similar.

Figure 21 Core and intermediate respondents’ collaborators (per cent of collaborating respondents) Core Intermediate

Other Other

Businesses in other industries Businesses in other industries Other members of your industry or Other members of your industry or sector sector Government Government

Other research organisations Other research organisations

Universities Universities

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

International Interstate In the rest of Victoria City of Melbourne International Interstate In the rest of Victoria City of Melbourne

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey responses

6.2.2 Role of City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration Just over 50 per cent of knowledge sector survey respondents considered that the City of Melbourne could play a role in facilitating collaboration in the sector. Those respondents who identified their organisation as operating in the core of the knowledge sector were more likely to indicate a role for the Council in collaborating, with 58 per cent indicating a role for the City of Melbourne. None of the seven respondents who identified as being in periphery of the knowledge sector considered that the Council had a role to play in facilitating collaboration.

7BKnowledge sources and collaboration 54 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 22 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration and networking? (per cent of respondents)

Periphery (7)

Intermediate (47) All respondents (159) Core (105) Intermediate (47) Core (105) Periphery (7)

All respondents (159)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey

The following sub-sections discusses some of the roles the City of Melbourne could play in facilitating collaboration and networking among organisations in the city’s knowledge sector, as suggested by survey respondents.

Facilitator/broker Acting as a facilitator or broker in fostering collaboration between organisations in the city’s knowledge sector was a role considered for the Council by 25 respondents to ACIL Tasman’s survey of the knowledge sector. The following quotes are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: City of Melbourne can bring the key players together. The City could play a facilitation and brokerage role. Be a central point of reference Facilitate events. Connecting/facilitating different industry groups that are like-minded to work with collaboratively on initiatives. Possibly - create opportunities for people to come together who do not usually come together. (Needs to be around a theme.) Facilitate meetings, workshops and brainstorming sessions. Getting groups from different backgrounds together to share ideas and achievements. Working with the peak bodies to enhance networking opportunities. Assist with making linkages, especially with international sectors. Act as an umbrella body to facilitate collaboration and networking.

7BKnowledge sources and collaboration 55 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Sponsor Approximately 10 survey respondents believe that the City of Melbourne could promote collaboration and networking in the knowledge sector by sponsoring knowledge-related events. The following quotes are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: Sponsorship, space, advertising, promotion - they all need contribution, financial or otherwise from City Hall! When knowledge creation researchers are visiting Melbourne, the City of Melbourne could sponsor an event.

Promoter Eight survey respondents suggested that an important role for the City of Melbourne was to facilitate collaboration in the knowledge sector, that is, by taking on the role of promoter. The following quotes are examples of the views expressed by these respondents: Supporting existing and new knowledge events and promoting these. Enabler and marketer. Facilitation of events and promotion of achievements and outcomes. Sponsor and promote events. Provision of spaces for events and publicity of knowledge -based initiatives within the City of Melbourne.

Provider of information According to six survey respondents, a directory of knowledge sector organisations would assist them in seeking suitable partners for collaboration. The following quotes set out the views expressed by these respondents: I am sure that there are businesses which if we knew about them, we could collaborate. Awareness of resource available to research to find suitable collaborators. [An] Information sharing [role] Perhaps provide some kind of public website where knowledge sector orgs could register/ promote themselves. [By] Having a central information site. [By] Making MCC an open data council - thus sharing it knowledge and promoting innovation.

7BKnowledge sources and collaboration 56 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

7 Opportunities and challenges for knowledge sector activities Every industry and sector in an economy such as Victoria’s (and the City of Melbourne’s, in particular) faces a range of factors which can produce opportunities and challenges for sustainability, profitability and growth. Sometimes these opportunities and challenges are beyond the control of individuals, businesses, organisations and government. In other cases there may be ways that one or more stakeholders working alone or in collaborative ways can take measures to enhance the opportunities and reduce the challenges, or indeed turn the challenges into opportunities. This chapter presents stakeholder views on the opportunities and challenges to the growth of the knowledge sector. The information was collected from the knowledge sector survey responses and from ACIL Tasman’s consultations with some of the key contributors to Knowledge Week 2012.

7.1 Opportunities Knowledge sector survey respondents were invited to indicate if their organisation’s knowledge-related activities in the City of Melbourne had potential for future growth. Overall, a majority (70 per cent) of respondents were of the view that there were significant opportunities for future growth (see Figure 23). Respondents who identified as being in the core of the knowledge sector were more likely to indicate that their organisation had potential for future growth.

Survey respondents were then asked to elaborate on their positive views about growth. It is not surprising to find that their views on future growth were many and varied. Some organisations see their growth potential being in line with the future growth in the economy or in the success of their clients. Others saw growth potential being linked to future collaborations. Other respondents saw growth potential being dependent on future actions or activities within the organisation itself.

8BOpportunities and challenges for knowledge sector activities 57 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 23 Potential for future growth in your organisation's knowledge related activities? (per cent of respondents)

Periphery (7)

Intermediate (47) All respondents (159) Core (105) Intermediate (47) Core (105) Periphery (7)

All respondents (159)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey responses

A number of respondents considered there could be a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating growth and/or addressing the identified impediments. For example, of the 107 respondents who identified opportunities for future growth, 54 per cent considered there could be a role for the Council. These survey respondents had a range of views on the role the Council could play in facilitating future growth. The roles considered appropriate for Council action included: • advocacy, brokering or lobbing the Victorian and/or Federal Government • running, sponsoring, promoting knowledge events, projects and/or activities • providing financial assistance.

7.2 Challenges A significant number of respondents (around 35 per cent) also identified impediments to the future growth of their knowledge related activities. In aggregate, 56 of the 159 knowledge sector respondents considered there were major impediments to growth (see Figure 24). The proportion was slightly higher (39 per cent) amongst those respondents self-identifying as operating in the core of the sector and much lower (14 per cent) amongst those respondents self-identifying as operating in the periphery.

8BOpportunities and challenges for knowledge sector activities 58 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Figure 24 Impediments to future growth in knowledge related activities? (per cent of respondents)

Periphery (7)

Intermediate (47) All respondents (159) Core (105) Intermediate (47) Core (105) Periphery (7)

All respondents (159)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Source: ACIL Tasman Knowledge sector survey responses

Of the 56 respondents who identified an impediment to future growth, 43 respondents considered that there could be a role for the Council. The perceived roles for council in reducing impediments to growth varied. The most common role for the City of Melbourne identified by respondents centred on the council reducing taxes and/or introducing subsidies, sponsorships or grants (a role of this type was suggested by 13 respondents). That the council should play an advocacy or lobbying role was the next most common role suggested by respondents (this role was suggested by six respondents).

Other suggested roles for the City of Melbourne included: • improving or enhancing infrastructure often with a particular emphasis on reducing congestion, increasing parking spaces and improving public transport (four respondents) • improving access to venues (three respondents) • using local businesses (three respondents) • collaboration with the knowledge sector (two respondents) • attracting top quality students and scientists to Melbourne (one respondent) • promoting open source data and software (one respondent) • producing a directory of local customers (one respondent). While only around a third of survey respondents identified impediments to the future growth of the knowledge sector in the City of Melbourne, it will be highlighted in Chapter 9 that some of the strategic thinkers that ACIL Tasman interviewed in the course of this study have identified a few major challenges

8BOpportunities and challenges for knowledge sector activities 59 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

that they believe that the City of Melbourne could assist the sector in addressing now and into the future.

Key Finding Expanding opportunities and overcoming impediments

There is a potential role for the City of Melbourne in advocacy, brokering and/or lobbying the Victorian and/or Federal Governments to improve knowledge sector outcomes by expanding opportunities and reducing impediments to growth.

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8 Learnings from the literature and other knowledge cities This chapter discusses learnings from the knowledge city literature and the types of policies and actions adopted by local and regional governments in various knowledge cities around the world. It begins with an exposition on two theoretical frameworks for understanding the development of knowledge cities: the Knowledge-Based Urban Development framework and the Triple Helix Model.

8.1 Frameworks from the knowledge cities literature

8.1.1 Knowledge-Based Urban Development According to Yigitcanlar (2008), one of the crucial tasks for cities in the era of the knowledge economy, which is characterised by globalisation, is that cities need to create environments where knowledge resources are valued, conditions are conducive to their development, and knowledge resources are actively anchored.

From this perspective, the key conditions outlined by Knight (1995) that contribute to the development of knowledge cities are relevant: • the community is able to define, perceive and value knowledge as a form of wealth • the city acknowledges the importance and contribution of knowledge workers • the city is able to make the public understand the nature and role of knowledge • knowledge resources are located considering regional contexts • priority is given to improving knowledge infrastructure • all members of society have access to careers in knowledge-based activities • the city is promoted as a centre of excellence • incentives and mechanisms are offered favouring investment in local knowledge resources • the city has a forward-looking vision, which emphasises knowledge and other immaterial factors • civic leadership is developed. According to Yigitcanlar (2009) and Yigitcanlar (2012), Knowledge-Based Urban Development (KBUD) is a new form of development in the era of

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knowledge that aims to bring economic prosperity and environmental sustainability with a just socio-spatial order to cities. As illustrated in Figure 25, KBUD has four major purposes: • Economic development, which involves the codification of technical knowledge for the innovation of products and services, market knowledge for comprehending changes in consumer choices, financial knowledge to measure the inputs and outputs of production and development processes, and human knowledge in the form of skills and creativity in the context of an economic model (Lever, 2002; Laszlo and Laszlo, 2007). • Socio-cultural development, which indicates the intention to increase the skills and knowledge of residents as a means for individual and community development (Gonzalez et al., 2005) and is associated with increases in social capital and human capital. • Enviro-urban development, which involves building a strong spatial network relationship between urban development clusters while driving an urban development that is ecologically friendly. • Institutional development, which is key to orchestrating the KBUD and bringing together all of the main actors and sources so that they are able to organise and facilitate necessary knowledge-intensive activities and plan strategically for knowledge city formation (Yigitcanlar, 2009).

Figure 25 Knowledge-based urban development

ECONOMIC ECONOMY SOCIO-CULTURAL Economic structure DEVELOPMENT Knowledge-economy performance DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABILITY CAPACITY

KNOWLEDGE-BASED MANAGEMENT SOCIETY Governance and planning URBAN Social and human capitals Leadership and community DEVELOPMENT Culture and dependency

ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY

INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ENVIRO-URBAN Sustainable development DEVELOPMENT Quality of place and life DEVELOPMENT

Source: Yigitcanlar (2012)

In the age of the knowledge economy, in order to achieve prosperity, spatial restructuring of cities require considering and responding to all four pillars of KBUD for a successful knowledge city formation.

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Yigitcanlar (2012) also believes that government policies at a local level have a critical role to play in fostering the conditions where intellectual vitality is made up of intensive collaboration networks that attract and retain knowledge carriers (agents, firms and workers). This emphasis on the ‘local’ responds to the view that local institutions, businesses, organisations and academia are partners in fostering local development and are part of the local innovation system where they are embedded.

Some researchers have argued that a new role for city governance is emerging, one which is about connecting and leveraging the city’s resources in new ways, deriving increased value through powerful visions and strategies that unlock the talent, imagination and strength of its institutions and people.23

8.1.2 Role of local government in the Triple Helix Model The Triple Helix Model provides a big picture view of the knowledge city by identifying three major spheres (Local Government, Universities and Businesses) and key components within those spheres (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 1995). The image is of three independent, but interacting, forces working together and spiralling upwards. Intermediaries that connect the strands of the Helix include entrepreneurs, venture capitalists/angels/investment bankers, and Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs), and incubators/science parks.

As illustrated in Figure 26, the local government has a wider variety of components than universities or the private sector in the context of the knowledge city. This arises from the larger and broader role the government must play in supporting and promoting the city’s knowledge sector, rather than simply generating knowledge content. The key components include public infrastructure, city design, knowledge sector funding and partnerships with the knowledge community.

23 Knowledge Melbourne working paper, downloaded from http://www.futuremelbourne.com.au/wiki/pub/FMPlan/S3Resources/KnowledgeMelbou rne.pdf

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Figure 26 Roles of local government in a knowledge city

a Source: Melbourne City Research

Creating an attractive and well-planned city is essential not only for attracting top quality workers, but also for ensuring efficient movement to, from and within the city. For example, poor transportation infrastructure may deter potential clients or collaborators from visiting an otherwise vibrant knowledge city. The local government also has a responsibility to provide knowledge to its constituents and therefore must maintain efficient access and funding for organised pockets of knowledge. Figure 27 shows the above framework overlaid with details specific to the City of Melbourne.

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Figure 27 Knowledge-related roles of the City of Melbourne

a Source: Melbourne City Research

8.2 Policy-making in other knowledge cities – a recent historical perspective

8.2.1 Common policy themes Since the 1980s, cities in developed countries have been experiencing a transition to knowledge-based economies, with significant consequences for the focus in urban planning. Geenhuizen and Nijkamp (2012) highlight four important recurring themes in policy-making in aspiring knowledge cities, notwithstanding differences in their historical roles (for example, university cities versus trade and manufacturing centres), innovation systems, physical shapes and structures, and social fabric.

Quality of place Firstly, the hypothesis that economic success flows from a city’s ability to attract the creative class and that ‘quality of place’ is a key determinant is widely accepted in local/regional policy-making. Many traditional industrial cities have embraced this idea and invested heavily in culture, amenities and landmark architecture to help attract and retain the ‘creative class’, a group consisting of artists, designers, writers, media people, scientists, innovators and

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entrepreneurs who earn their money by creative thinking, designing and producing that is highly critical, mobile and prefers an attractive, stimulating and vibrant environment in which to live and work.

In Melbourne, some of the landmark architecture projects that have been undertaken in the last decade or so include the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Recital Centre/Melbourne Theatre Company as well as the redevelopment/refurbishment of NGV International and Hamer Hall.

Building relationships and Secondly, city and regional governments regard higher education institutions, value particularly universities, as sources of growth and prosperity. Policymakers place increasing emphasis on providing incentives for, and building on, a stronger relationship between higher educational institutions and business firms, leading to the emergence of incubators, science parks and support schemes for knowledge transfer and for young technology-based firms. In Melbourne, the Bio21 cluster in Parkville brings together universities (the University of Melbourne and Monash University), research institutes and organisations (including CSIRO), established pharmaceutical companies and biotech start-ups.

More recently, policymakers have tried to incentivise universities to bring new knowledge to market (‘valorisation’), such as by selling patents, developing innovative applications in university spin-off firms, or via contract research commissioned by large firms (Hussler et al., 2010).

Enhancing social capital Thirdly, recent research has identified personal ties as an important factor in helping to shape knowledge flows (tacit knowledge) and influence the location decisions of firms and people (Musterd and Murie, 2010). Social capital in the city derives in part from personal ties, supporting young technology firms in accessing resources. However, the positivity of social capital thus generated is believed to be dependent on specific network characteristics such as openness and orientation outside the city/region.

Landmarks and grand Finally, some cities have invested in landmark architecture and other ‘grand projects projects’ to underline and signal their ambitions as a knowledge city. More and more cities are seeking to create or foster ‘knowledge/creative quarters’ as an integral part of the urban fabric or are attempting to re-integrate campuses at the edge of cities (contrasting sharply with the previous practice of creating new campuses and science parks in ‘greenfield’ suburban locations). Many city governments and universities are making concerted efforts to align their strategies in the hope of reaping the fruits of an improved spatial and functional integration.

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In addition, the identity or image of a city (recognised as a significant ‘soft’ location factor for companies and people) is increasingly deployed in marketing and branding exercises to shape the city’s image. In their public relation activities, cities typically seek to associate themselves with knowledge and creativity, often stressing the quality of local knowledge assets (number of students, skilled labour force, universities, design schools, etc.). Moreover, events are used to support and sustain the urban image as a ‘creative knowledge city’ (Geenhuizen and Nijkamp, 2012). The City of Melbourne is intent on promoting its image as a knowledge city through projects such as this consultancy, and the Council has just successfully hosted the city’s third annual Knowledge Week.

8.2.2 Specific examples from other knowledge cities There a numerous cities around the world which identify as knowledge cities. This section has selected a variety of cities representing, Europe, the Americas and Asia.

Toronto As noted in Romein and Trip (2012), Toronto, Canada has had an explicit creative city policy for a long time. It includes elements typical for many creative cities such as programs to stimulate art and cultural facilities, financial incentives for key sectors – including the movie and television industries, new media and tourism – and the gentrification of former industrial ideas (such as the Liberty Village and Distillery District neighbourhoods, which accommodate trendy apartments as well as a variety of cultural facilities and dining establishments). Culture also forms an integral part of Toronto’s city marketing strategy aiming at tourist and consumer markets.

Seville Romein and Trip also highlight the example of Seville in Spain. The city has formulated an ambitious and multidimensional policy agenda that fits into the creative city thesis. Its overall objectives are to put its qualities of life and of place on a higher level. Complementing the 'First Modernization' period that began with EXPO 92 and involved large-scale infrastructure projects, the current agenda (the 'Second Modernization') has a broader and more integrated agenda consisting of seven main programs of urban generation that are together labelled ‘renaissance of a city’ and combine cultural, social and economic objectives. To consolidate culture as a key engine of the 'Second Modernization', the Institute of Culture and Arts (ICAS) was founded in 2005 and Seville is a member of the Creative Cities Network of UNESCO, a

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platform where cities cooperate in the field of culture and cultural industries policy.

Amsterdam In Amsterdam, Holland, the municipality has invested in a breeding ground or incubator space policy. This policy has made former factories, warehouses, schools and other spaces available as ateliers and working places to small-scale start-ups in creative and cultural industries (Romein and Trip, 2012). There are currently 40 such incubators, with most situated around the inner city. This policy was put in place in response to the fear that Amsterdam was on the brink of losing its function as incubator of the creative economy due to growing scarcity of affordable spaces. However, a conflict between subsidising incubators and benefitting from the general trend of rising land prices in the city is emerging. In addition, other business-oriented programs in Amsterdam focus on the coaching of new entrepreneurs and the delineation of ‘special zones’ where business regulations (such as those pertaining to labour) are adjusted in favour of starting entrepreneurs. Finally, the Amsterdam Innovation Motor (AIM) is an initiative from the municipality with surrounding municipalities, regional authorities, universities and business, to support innovation business (particularly start-ups) in and around Amsterdam, including those in the creative industries.

Rotterdam In the Netherlands’ second city, Rotterdam, there has been a shift in the city government’s approach to policy-making towards greater collaboration. The very first chapter of its 2005-20 Economic Vision emphasises that local government is neither able nor willing to renew the city’s economy all by itself. Cooperation, coordination and co-financing by key actors in business, culture, education, real estate etc. are considered essential. In business-oriented policy- making, the Rotterdam local government plays several roles as initiator of area redevelopment, as owner of old buildings for new activities, and as broker and network initiator within the value chain of creative production (Romein and Trip, 2012). Like Amsterdam, Rotterdam also has a breeding ground policy that promotes the use of old buildings that are unfinished and cheap. However, these buildings are also in demand for more profitable uses in the short term, so some are simply demolished to make way for new luxurious apartment buildings, constructed amenities or offices. Romein and Trip point out that, as the stock of useful old buildings is finite, this should be a matter of priority for policymakers, who should be aware that even young creative talent that is

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embedded in the local urban society may, in the end, also be footloose and move to another city if affordable accommodation is scarce.

Helsinki Knowledge-based development has been widely embraced in Finland, with policy makers in many of the country’s regions believing universities and other institutions of higher education to be drivers of national and local development. Ironically, the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA) was one of the last areas in the country to consciously devise an innovation strategy. This was initiated in a so-called Helsinki Club II that was summoned by the Mayor of the City of Helsinki. A total of 115 stakeholders participated in the strategy-making. The 2006 HMA innovation strategy has 26 fairy concrete action proposals supporting the following four strategic pillars: i) improving the international appeal of research and expertise; ii) reinforcing knowledge-based clusters and creating common development platforms; iii) reform and innovations in public services; and iv) support for innovative activities. In addition to a strong belief in technology and innovation, Finnish policy makers have recognised the need to actively foster collaboration (Markku and Tonia, 2012). The City of Helsinki has considerable experience with city- university cooperation and a growing number of initiatives promoting city- enterprise cooperation. The economic development unit within the city Economic & Planning Centre Department offers services to handle city- enterprise collaboration on several levels: small enterprise aid, centralised permits etc. It also has a centralised business counselling and training services called Enterprise Helsinki. The Start-Up Sauna – a business accelerator run by young entrepreneurs but funded by government, business and academic institutions, occupies a dilapidated warehouse next to Aalto University and offers a wide range of services: working space, coaching for budding entrepreneurs, study trips to Silicon Valley and networking opportunities (including in the Sauna’s many saunas). In addition, Forum Virium Helsinki has been established as a neutral, independent cooperation cluster that brings together ideas and content creators with high-growth and established companies as well as public sector organisations. Other accelerators operate in every significant area of business and provide potential high-growth companies with advice and support from experienced business persons and angel investors.

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Nationally, the Finns created an innovation and technology agency, Tekes, with an annual budget of €600 million and a staff of 360, and established a venture- capital fund, Finnvera, to fund early-stage companies. Finland has produced an impressive number of start-ups, including 300 founded by former Nokia employees. It is the home of successful video-games companies such as Rovio Entertainment (the maker of Angry Birds) and has hosted a renowned festival for gamers since the early 1990s. Helsinki and the rest of Finland have also become much more culturally vibrant in recent years. In the country that produced the Linux open-source computer operating system, the largest national opera festival featured an open-source opera in 2012. Helsinki has an annual restaurant day when everyone is encouraged to serve up what they fancy – parks fill with pop-up restaurants and streets are converted into outdoor eateries. Restaurant day has in turn inspired other citizen-led 'days' such as spring-cleaning day (when Helsinki turns into a giant flea market) and teaching day (when gamers teach people how to design games and cobblers teach people how to cobble).

Shanghai In Shanghai, China, the key strategy through which the city’s creative policy is implemented is the development and support of creative clusters (Li and Hua, 2009). Four kinds of creative clusters can be distinguished: i) new urban spaces linked with Special Economic Zones; ii) former industrial estates/warehouses used by local art activity; iii) developments linked with universities and research institutes; and iv) developments linked with traditional creative industries.

The city started creating hard infrastructure by constructing large new cultural facilities and organising big events such as the World Expo 2010 (the first of its kind in a developing country). It did the latter to project the city’s cultural and artistic image onto the world stage. Since the 1990s, Shanghai has been actively upgrading the quality of its inner city and transforming its build environment, including the creation of an efficient road network and high-speed connections such as a metro and maglev rail connection. The transformation of urban space embodies both the preservation of the historic urban fabric and the creation of new urban landscape for consumerism (Wu, 2004).

However, Yigitcanlar (2012) and others have cautioned that, while learnings from other city experiences and exogenous assets are most valuable in strategising knowledge-based urban development, policy makers also need to build a niche and unique development path based on their endogenous assets.

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9 Role of the City of Melbourne This chapter explores the ways in which the City of Melbourne could facilitate the future growth and development of the city’s knowledge sector. The analysis contained in the chapter draws upon the results of ACIL Tasman’s knowledge sector survey as well as interviews with key persons in the sector (from academia, the private sector and the not-for-profit sector), in light of the findings from our review of the Australian and international literature on knowledge cities that were discussed previously.

9.1 Application of the knowledge city development frameworks

To ensure sustainable economic, socio-cultural, enviro-urban and institutional development (the key facets of KBUD, as discussed in Section 8.1.1), ACIL Tasman considers, based on the evidence gathered for this project, that the City of Melbourne should consider playing key roles in: • facilitating the defining of an economic vision and blueprint for the City in the digital age • engaging the knowledge sector through a Reference Network • enhancing the stock of knowledge assets • supporting knowledge sector events • facilitating networking and collaboration • educating stakeholders and engaging with them in creative ways • encouraging the creation of spaces that enable serendipitous encounters and innovation • attracting talent to the knowledge sector • monitoring the ongoing development of the knowledge sector. Many of these roles align with those identified within the Triple Helix Model discussed previously in Section 8.1.2.

9.2 Defining an economic vision and blueprint for the City of Melbourne in the digital knowledge age The City of Melbourne’s overarching vision as set out in its 2011-12 Annual Report is: Melbourne is a bold, inspirational and sustainable city

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The Council’s 2009-2013 plan identifies eight goals to guide it us towards this vision. Becoming a knowledge city is one of these goals. In today’s environment becoming a world-class knowledge city has to be implicitly linked to Melbourne being a digital city. This is recognised in the City of Melbourne’s knowledge city goals, which draw attention to the importance of information technology in the quest to becoming one of the World’s top knowledge cities: Enhancing our education, research and development, industry innovation, business and access to the world through information technology will ensure we remain at least a step ahead as a world-renowned knowledge city (emphasis added).24

ACIL Tasman’s consultation with some key stakeholders in the city suggests that more can be done to enhance Melbourne’s knowledge city credentials in the digital age.

For example, Mr Andrew Jaspan, Founder of The Conversation25 and a former editor of The Age newspaper, believes that Melbourne needs to articulate a different approach to creating jobs, prosperity and wealth in the digital age. He argues that while Melbourne is particularly well-endowed with knowledge assets and is regarded as the thinking capital of Australia (with great strengths in literature and the arts, for example), these are primarily a result of investments made in the 19th and 20th century.

According to Mr Jaspan, the key challenge for Melbourne today is in the digital space. He is unsure if there has been sufficient effort put into investing in infrastructure and human capital, in terms of the talent base for the digital sector. He is also unsure if the city has really worked out what its role is in knowledge creation and dissemination in the 21st century. In his view, the city needs to have a much more strategic and focused approach to ensure that it is not bypassed in the digital future.

Mr Jaspan points out that many of the jobs in the ICT sector tend to be in Sydney, where the Australian operations of global digital companies, such as Microsoft and Google, are located. While one of the inherent advantages that Melbourne has is that fundamentally people really like to live in Melbourne, the city does not always offer the jobs that they seek, particularly in the digital sector. He argues that the City of Melbourne and the Victorian Government need to ensure that the digital sector jobs are available for those who want to

24 City of Melbourne website, http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutCouncil/PlansandPublications/AnnualReport/20 10/Performance/OurGoals/Goal4/Pages/Goal4.aspx 25 The Conversation (www.theconversation.edu.au) is not-for-profit website that provides an independent source of analysis, commentary and news from the university and research sectors. Its team of professional editors work with more than 4,400 registered academics and researchers to make this knowledge and expertise accessible to the general public.

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live in Melbourne so that it can attract and retain talent in this important sector. Associate Professor Rufus Black, Master of Ormond College at the University of Melbourne, believes that the universities in the city do not currently prepare their students adequately for work in the knowledge sector. If the City of Melbourne wished to be more intentional about having a knowledge-driven economy, it should convene a forum where employer groups could articulate the specific skills they require from students graduating from the universities in the city. Professor Black also believes that if the city aspired to be a world-class knowledge city and economy, that needs to be an explicitly stated objective and all stakeholders need to know what part they can play in it. Towards this end, he suggests that the City of Melbourne should act as a convener and facilitator that brings together the chief executives of all major knowledge sector organisations (private, public and non-profit, such as the NGV, State Library, the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA), high-end firms in design, consulting and financial services) and top Victorian Government officials to work out a vision for the city as an innovation hub and knowledge capital and the practical roles that each must assume in realising that vision. Ms Sue Roberts, CEO of the State Library of Victoria and the State Librarian, suggests that there be multiple strands to the exercise. The State Library would be particularly interested in the human capital aspects of the blueprint and the strategies that flow from that.

Key Finding Economic vision of the City of Melbourne as an innovation hub and knowledge capital in the digital age

Some stakeholders in the knowledge sector believe that Melbourne needs to articulate a different approach to creating jobs, prosperity and wealth in the digital age.

The City of Melbourne should consider adopting Professor Black’s suggestion and act as a convener and facilitator that brings together key stakeholders to develop an economic vision for the city as a dynamic innovation hub and knowledge capital and identify the practical roles that each must assume to realise that vision.

However, it should be acknowledged that the City of Melbourne is already in the process of formulating a broad-based Smart City Strategy. In August 2012, it held a seminal three-day event, CoMConnect: Exploring Melbourne’s Digital Future,

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which engaged more than 200 participants and supported community co- creation of the city’s digital strategy. The event featured an 'open space' format where, instead of selected experts speaking down from a stage, participants share their local expertise through a marketplace of sessions that they conceive and host.

Three key themes (and associated sub-themes) emerged in this event: • The future of Melbourne and its community − Working better: a connected, enabled community − Living better: a connected, empowered community − Play more: integrated with living and working • The digital future more generally − Work: new business opportunities − Live: imagining new ways-of-living − Play: more integrated with living and working • New modes of community-government engagement − Consultation and engagement: open and transparent − Government as platform: enabling open innovation − Inclusion: deepening and broadening the base. The CoMConnect experience revealed a diverse, knowledgeable, engaged and highly motivated community who were interested in helping the Council understand how it could ensure Melbourne thrives in the digital future and in helping the Council deliver it. The Council therefore needs to ensure that the bottom-up, community-driven approach adopted in its Smart City Strategy complements and melds with the top-down approach suggested by Professor Black where the city’s 'movers and shakers' are tasked with the gestation of the overarching economic vision for the city in the digital age.

9.3 Engaging the knowledge sector through a Reference Network

The City of Melbourne is considering if it would be beneficial to create a reference network to assist the Council’s Knowledge Melbourne team in taking the knowledge city agenda further. The network could, for example, provide the Council with advice on the services it may provide to the knowledge sector and its interactions with organisations in the sector. Such a network could feasibly build on the notion of a congregation of knowledge sector movers and shakers proposed by Professor Black (discussed above); it would also assist the

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City of Melbourne to take on the facilitator and promoter role envisaged by many respondents to the knowledge sector survey. ACIL Tasman believes that there would be benefits in creating a Knowledge Melbourne reference network as a means of engaging in a sustained way with the city’s knowledge sector. This network should be a three-way communication tool for the City of Melbourne to consult with the sector and for the sector’s members to communicate with one another. The City of Melbourne’s role in the network would be to manage its membership, provide feedback on how the network members’ input would be used in the Council’s decision-making regarding the knowledge sector, and to facilitate a dialogue between members of the network.

The City of Melbourne’s promise to reference network members is that the Council would consider their suggestions and facilitate a platform for the sector to come together. The potential benefits to members include the opportunity to shape the growth of the sector as well as the opportunity to connect with other members

Recommendation 1 Formation of Knowledge Melbourne reference network

The City of Melbourne should consider forming a Knowledge Melbourne reference network in 2013.

The City of Melbourne should consider inviting the respondents to the knowledge sector survey who indicated their willingness to be contacted subsequently by the Council to a workshop in the first half of 2013. At this workshop their views will be sought on how a reference network of knowledge sector organisations could engage with the Council to further the sector’s development.

The organisations that choose to attend the workshop, along with key individuals who delivered talks and presentations during Knowledge Week 2012 and those whom ACIL Tasman interviewed as part of this study, could then be invited to become initial members of the City of Melbourne knowledge sector reference network.

While the activities of the reference network will be decided by the City of Melbourne and the network itself, some suggested activities for the network include: • build on the goal of Melbourne becoming a world-class knowledge city in the digital age • organise knowledge forums and roundtables featuring reference network members • convene forums where employer groups could articulate the specific skills they require from graduating university students • networking events that coincide with talks by eminent knowledge sector speakers from overseas • other social events with the opportunity of meeting key decision- and policy-makers in the Council • host a blog on knowledge-related topics hosted on the City of Melbourne Knowledge Melbourne webpage with contributions by reference network members.

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9.4 Enhancing the stock of knowledge sector assets As discussed previously, the majority (67 per cent) of survey respondents considered that the City of Melbourne could play a role in enhancing the knowledge sector’s assets. The roles that were nominated most frequently by survey respondents were: promoter/facilitator/broker, and sponsor/supporter as well as the provider of an assets directory. Consultations with key stakeholders also supported the view that the Council could play a role in enhancing the city’s knowledge sector assets.

For example, Associate Professor Rufus Black of Ormond College believes that many of our educational physical assets belong more to the 19th than the 21st century and are ill-suited for collaborative approaches to learning. With a dichotomy between formal lecture theatres and quiet spaces, they were conceived when transmission models of learning were dominant, whereas contemporary models of learning and co-creation require 'semi-noisy' spaces that facilitate collaborative enquiry and experiences. He argues that this is true of both university campuses and other institutions such as the State Library. However, it is not immediately obvious to ACIL Tasman as to how the City of Melbourne could assist in the re-configuration of such knowledge assets to better meet the demands of modern learning models. He suggested that perhaps the Council could share its planning expertise with the relevant institutions when their assets are being upgraded and/or redeveloped. In this context, the City of Melbourne could be a facilitator of the enhancement of the city’s knowledge assets. A knowledge assets directory has the potential to advertise to the city and the world the quality and breadth of the city’s knowledge assets. A directory could also increase their utilisation by improving the awareness of knowledge sector businesses and organisations about what assets are available in the municipality. As Ms Marigo Raftopoulos, the founder and CEO of Strategic Games Lab (a business advisory network that designs, develops and sources games-based learning tools to complement client organisations’ strategy development needs) argues, it is not the stock of knowledge or knowledge assets per se that matters, but rather the knowledge that can flow from them.

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Recommendation 2 Facilitating access to a knowledge assets directory

The City of Melbourne should consider making the initial knowledge assets directory developed by ACIL Tasman (and reproduced in Appendix A) available on its website, if possible as an open access database that is searchable by asset category and asset name.

The assets directory could be refreshed periodically. This could coincide with the (triennial) survey conducted by the City of Melbourne for the purpose of updating its CLUE database. Businesses and organisations located in the municipality would be asked to review the existing assets directory (made available to them in PDF form) and to provide an update or request for inclusion, if appropriate. The Council would then review these updates and requests for inclusion before releasing a new version of the directory.

As an alternative to this ‘periodic update’ approach, the City of Melbourne could allow user updates at any time (with moderation for accuracy and to guard against misrepresentation). These updates could be monitored by a committee formed by the members of the proposed Knowledge Melbourne reference network.

9.5 Supporting knowledge sector events In ACIL Tasman’s survey of the knowledge sector, respondents were also requested to suggest roles that the City of Melbourne could play in supporting knowledge sector events. As discussed previously in Section 5.2.3, the roles that were nominated most frequently by businesses and organisations in the knowledge sector were: promoter, facilitator, sponsor, facility provider as well as the provider of information such as through an events directory.

Professor Bruce Wilson, Director of the European Union Centre at RMIT University, suggests that the City of Melbourne develop and promote a knowledge-related theme every year where there is a series of linking events rather than a smattering of disjointed events. For example, there could be bi- monthly forums, an exhibition or display at the State Library of Victoria, and/or a competition run by an art museum. Knowledge Week could become the centrepiece in this series of events.

In relation to his proposal for a knowledge-related theme every year, Professor Wilson put forward the suggestion that the Council, for example, could designate 2014 as the ‘Year of Creative Design’ in Melbourne. He also suggested that the Council could also consider working with the city councils of Sydney, Brisbane and other capital cities to rotate the ‘Year of XXX’ moniker between Australia’s major capital cities so that it stays fresh and appealing.

Professor Wilson believes that the year-long series of events focused around a single knowledge-related theme could create an environment where people would be encouraged to be more thoughtful about their own learning and how it may be taken further. Ms Sue Roberts of the State Library of Victoria concurs, arguing that the city could think bigger and more strategically around events that would raise the profile of the knowledge sector as well as enrich the

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lives of individuals. She believes that the events need to reach a new and broader audience beyond those who already 'get it'. To coincide with this series of events, Associate Professor Rufus Black of Ormond College suggests the City of Melbourne could work with knowledge sector organisations and institutions to bring in world-class knowledge experts from around the world for short-term residency programs. In addition to raising the profile of the events, this interaction could lead to fruitful global collaborations in the future.

Ms Marigo Raftopoulos of Strategic Games Lab pointed out that in the San Francisco Bay Area there are a lot of events organised by venture capitalists, professional groups and associations that bring together entrepreneurs with innovative ideas and potential funders, compared with Melbourne and Sydney. A substantial proportion of these events are fairly informal, held on weekday evenings or weekends. She suggests that the City of Melbourne could facilitate such events in the municipality by offering a Council-owned venue and helping out in small but practical and positive ways, such as providing refreshments. As discussed previously, Knowledge Week 2012 was an important means of showcasing Melbourne’s knowledge sector. The City of Melbourne’s involvment in Knowledge Week as a promoter, facilitator, sponsor and facility provider enriches the city’s knowledge sector.

Recommendation 3 Continuing support for Knowledge Week

Given the success of Knowledge Week 2012 in showcasing the city’s knowledge sector, the City of Melbourne should continue its strong support for Knowledge Week going into the future as a promoter, facilitator, sponsor and facility provider.

As noted previously in Section 5.2.3, a number of survey respondents believe that it would be useful for the City of Melbourne to be a resource when seeking out knowledge-related events. ACIL Tasman has developed an initial list of knowledge events for the City of Melbourne (see Appendix D), and we believe that it should leverage (piggy-back on) the Council’s existing directory of events on its ‘what’s on’ section of its website to alert the public to upcoming knowledge-related events on an ongoing basis.

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Recommendation 4 Inclusion of a ‘knowledge-related events’ category in the City of Melbourne’s ‘what’s on’ web pages

The City of Melbourne should consider including an additional ‘Knowledge-related’ category to the events page of the ‘what’s on’ section of its website (www.thatsmelbourne.com.au/whatson/Pages/Whatson.aspx). Some of the events in this new category are expected to be cross-listed in existing event categories. (It is noted that there are already overlaps between existing categories.)

The existing protocols for soliciting information on upcoming events from event organisers should be used for knowledge- related events. Clear guidelines should be provided to the administrator of the ‘what’s on’ webpage as to what constitutes a knowledge-related event. If necessary, a member of the Council’s Knowledge Melbourne team might have to assist the administrator in deciding whether an event is knowledge-related or not.

9.6 Facilitating collaboration and networking The creation and application of knowledge often requires networks and collaborations across institutional boundaries. Its success depends on how well knowledge workers connect across institutional boundaries, and whether they are accorded spaces and opportunities to articulate issues, explore the different dimensions of those issues and become cognisant of better ways of doing things.

As Romein and Trip (2012) point out, collaboration is particularly vital for the creative industries. The impact of creative industries can be strengthened if they are also integrated in larger networks with sectors not considered creative or cultural as such, including ‘ordinary’ high-tech industries, business services, care and local government, as form, design and exposure of products is increasing in importance for these industries. Creative entrepreneurs thus need to be integrated in networks (rather than simply being co-located in old buildings, as is fashionable) in order to facilitate knowledge exchange, training (if necessary) and ultimately become partners in value chains.

As discussed previously in Section 6.2.2, some of the roles that respondents to ACIL Tasman’s survey of the knowledge sector believe the City of Melbourne could play in facilitating collaboration and networking among organisations in the city’s knowledge sector include being a facilitator/broker, a sponsor, a promoter and a directory provider.

Professor Wilson of the EU Centre at RMIT also believes that a key role for the City of Melbourne is to connect people who have mutual interests. In his words, the Council should be ‘a broker, networker and visionary’ that brings together people and opportunities. For example, if a staff member of the Council knew that there were various graphic designers in the same part of town and knew enough about them to bring them together to increase

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capacity, then he/she could go and see them and make an introduction to create active connections. This may subsequently lead to further collaboration and networking.

Associate Professor Rufus Black of Ormond College contends that the city’s knowledge institutions tend to be siloed and do not work together often enough, a viewed echoed by Ms Sue Roberts of the State Library of Victoria. Professor Black proposes a number of options for addressing this problem. For example, he conceives of open learning history courses being taught by universities in the city museums and galleries after their public opening hours. In addition, there could be opportunities to change institutions’ attitudes to collaboration. For example, he suggests that schools tend to view the National Gallery of Victoria and Melbourne Museum and their like as venues for school visits rather than as collaborative partners in finding creative ways of making learning more fun and stimulating for students. By becoming collaborative partners he suggests that these institutions move from being seen as static repositories of knowledge to being seen as fantastic learning spaces. His view is shared wholeheartedly by Ms Roberts, whose organisation is working on initiatives that embed and integrate the library more closely with the needs and wants of schools, students and their parents to enable mutual learnings.

Professor Black also suggests that the City of Melbourne could convene groups comprising universities, galleries, schools, the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development and other partners to create roundtables so that participants could start to gain a sense of the opportunities for collaboration that are available. He argues that this will sustain the conversation, build trust and deepen connections so that the whole of the city’s knowledge assets could become more than the sum of its parts.

Key Finding Collaboration and networking

Many knowledge sector stakeholders see a need for collaboration and networking and the Council could potentially play an important role in facilitating and promoting knowledge sector collaboration and networking.

The City of Melbourne should consider if there are ways in which it could be an enabler of (and catalyst for) increased collaboration between organisations in the knowledge sector, including that of convening groups comprising universities, galleries, schools, the Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development and other partners to create roundtables that

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identify opportunities for collaboration. Their collaboration proposals (involving the City of Melbourne in the key role of facilitator) could form part of the considerations of the proposed Knowledge Melbourne reference network.

9.7 Educating stakeholders and engaging with them in creative ways

In Section 8.1.1, it was argued that Knowledge-Based Urban Development required the following: • the community is able to define, perceive and value knowledge as a form of wealth • the city acknowledges the importance and contribution of knowledge workers • the city is able to make the public understand the nature and role of knowledge (Knight 1995). Based on ACIL Tasman’s research and consultation it is obvious that, in each case, there exists a potential role for the City of Melbourne in educating stakeholders about crucial aspects of knowledge and its ramifications for the city’s economic and social development. For example, Professor Ian Gust, the Chairman of the Bio21 bioscience precinct in Parkville, suggest that the City of Melbourne could assist research and scientific organisations, which are an integral part of the core component of the knowledge sector. According to Professor Gust, the knowledge society and its major endeavours are hugely dependent upon public financial support. The City of Melbourne is a critical component in explaining the importance of science and making the excitement and mystery of science accessible to people, including to the young. This may be done through forums and other platforms.

Professor Gust indicated that, in essence, the knowledge sector requires three practical things: financial support, leadership and championship. Assuming that the City of Melbourne does not have the means to provide financial support and that the knowledge sector identifies its own leaders, an appropriate role for the City of Melbourne is that of public relations in championing the importance of science as well as the current and past scientific achievements of the city. This role for the Council as a promoter and informer is consistent with many respondents to the knowledge sector survey In Professor Gust’s view, some knowledge cities are better at the commercialisation of knowledge than Melbourne, where there is a lack of access to risk capital, particularly after the onset of the global financial crisis. He suggested that the City of Melbourne might potentially have a role in

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getting conversations started with Superannuation funds and individuals to encourage investment in knowledge, to raise awareness of Melbourne’s scientific capabilities, and also to educate tax and rate payers to maintain commitment to funding the knowledge sector. Associate Professor Rufus Black of Ormond College agrees that it is difficult to monetise knowledge creation in Melbourne. He believes that obtaining venture capital is challenging. It is for this reason that he believes the City of Melbourne should continue to work assiduously on raising the profile of the knowledge sector. In his words, If we are going to turn knowledge creation into serious value, we need more money chasing more ideas.

Ms Sue Roberts of the State Library of Victoria believes the City of Melbourne should consider developing initiatives that encourage a culture of piloting things among stakeholders. In the eight months since her move to Melbourne from Wellington, New Zealand (and the UK prior to that), she has developed a sense that Melbournians tend to be risk-averse, afraid to do something unless they know that it will succeed. In her words, The City of Melbourne can encourage a sense of trying things, piloting things, going out on a limb.

To put this into practice, the State Library wants to 'change the game' and is trying to move to a culture of greater innovation and risk-taking.

In addition, Ms Marigo Raftopoulos of Strategic Games Lab believes that the City of Melbourne needs to engage stakeholders and the public in more creative ways. She believes that the Council can use a lot more collaborative problem solving methods and simple digital technologies to make sure it is accessible to as many people as possible. She suggests for example, that in the future the Council could consider seeking public comment through digital techniques, such as setting up digital hotspots in the city where passers-by could provide hands-on design input and ideas for future development of city streets and precincts.

According to Ms Raftopoulos, this sort of collaboration takes away from the verbal and engages people in a different and tactile way, igniting different parts of their brains and bringing to the fore their inner creativity. She suggests that this process is game-like, very inexpensive and deeply engaging. The Council could also consider creating an online version of planning and redevelopment exercises along the lines of the popular SimCity computer games. ACIL Tasman is aware that the City of Melbourne is already engaging the community in non-traditional ways in formulating its Smart City Strategy. As discussed previously in Section 9.2, the CoMConnect event which attracted some

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200 participants featured an 'open space' format where, instead of selected experts speaking down from a stage, participants share their local expertise through a marketplace of sessions that they conceive and host.

Key Finding Educating key stakeholders

To help facilitate future growth there is a potential role for the City of Melbourne in educating stakeholders about crucial aspects of knowledge and its ramifications for the city’s economic and social development

The City of Melbourne should consider investigating ways in which it can raise awareness of Melbourne’s scientific and other knowledge sector capabilities, help the community to perceive and value knowledge as a form of wealth, and assist the public in understanding the nature and role of knowledge. It should endeavour to do the above in creative and innovative ways that better engage stakeholders. These investigations could form part of the considerations of the proposed Knowledge Melbourne reference network.

9.8 Encouraging the creation of spaces that enable serendipitous encounters and innovation Professor Wilson of RMIT’s EU Centre believes that an important part of the knowledge creation and acquisition process is serendipity. It is not just about formally planned programs, but often it is about accidental encounters between people. If you have places to sit down and have a conversation, people don’t need to stand in the corridor or go out of the building. This is a relatively new idea, but it signals towards the informal and the serendipitous in learning as much as the more formal and traditional ways of doing things.

The City of Melbourne could conceivably encourage the development of cleverly designed spaces that enable such serendipitous encounters through appropriate planning guidelines. In the academic sphere, Professor Rufus Black of Ormond College believes that some of the best learning takes place in informal gathering spaces such as the dining halls in the residential colleges of universities. Unfortunately, there are many new private residential developments on the boundary of the University of Melbourne (catering largely to international students) that do not have such spaces for the social interactions that could lead to knowledge sharing and creation beyond the classroom.

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Professor Black believes that the communal element is important, as intellectual capital is formed where strong social capital is found. (More broadly, in knowledge cities, social capital forms the basis of knowledge capital, so local governments should invest heavily in social capital.) He argues that the City of Melbourne should be much more demanding on developers and universities regarding the provision of communal spaces that engender trust, social interactions and informal knowledge exchange. This could take the form of revised planning guidelines and regulations. In the 'new economy' industries, Ms Marigo Raftopoulos of Strategic Games Lab believes that the City of Melbourne needs to develop the right neighbourhoods and put the right culture in place to attract the right people in the innovation space, as New York City did in its largely successful attempt to foster a digital start-up culture. She suggests that it is about fostering community and having the right built environment (including disused spaces that have been rehabilitated), as creative people are attracted to ambience and like-minded persons.

Ms Raftopoulos points out that innovation often takes place at the edges, in communities that have sprung up organically with little involvement and investment from government. She suggests that where the City of Melbourne could assist, is in ensuring that affordable and possible quirky spaces which appeal to creative people with innovative ideas are available in the municipality.

Ms Raftopoulos suggests that the next step could be for the Council to work with the Victorian Government (particularly the Department of Business and Innovation) to provide a small amount of seed funding to ease the financial pressure so that they can focus on proof of concept related activities. The City of Melbourne could then facilitate a forum where venture capitalists can assess the concepts on a commercial basis. That is, market mechanisms should take over in deciding the fate of these ideas and concepts.

Key Finding Creating spaces for interaction

Encouraging the creation of spaces that bring creative people together and enable serendipitous encounters and knowledge dissemination (and through this, produce innovation) could potentially be a role for the City of Melbourne.

ACIL Tasman sees merit in the proposals for encouraging the creation of spaces that enable serendipitous encounters and innovation. For example, the City of Melbourne could explore what changes in its planning guidelines (if any) would facilitate the development of such spaces. In recognition that creatively designed spaces facilitate serendipitous encounters that result in

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knowledge creation and dissemination, the City of Melbourne should consider encouraging developers and universities to provide more communal spaces that engender trust, social interactions and informal knowledge exchange.

9.9 Attracting talent As discussed previously in this report, in addition to physical (and virtual) infrastructure, human capital is a key component of a city’s knowledge assets and is of paramount importance to the performance and viability of the knowledge sector. Renowned knowledge cities such as San Francisco, California and Boston, Massachusetts are magnets for a vast quantum of human capital from far and wide, due in part to the abundance of world-class universities and research institutes located in their vicinity.

ACIL Tasman has previously suggested ways for the Victorian and Commonwealth Governments to enlarge the talent base in Melbourne and Victoria (ACIL Tasman, 2011). In a wide-ranging report on Victoria’s competitiveness, productivity and participation for the Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission (VCEC) as part of its inquiry into state-based reforms, we proposed: • A 'New Economy’ Postgraduate Scholarship scheme, where each year a significant number (say, 2,000-3,000) of Masters and PhD scholarships in courses related to ICT, biotechnology and clean energy technology etc. are awarded by the Australian Government for study at research-oriented Australian universities. The scholarships, open to applicants from Australia and from around the world, would include tuition fee waivers and a stipend to cover living expenses. Successful applicants would be offered permanent residence in Australia upon completion of their courses. • An Early Career Professionals Talent Attraction scheme, where the Victorian Government would establish a sub-committee within the Skilled and Business Migration Advisory Committee focusing specifically on attracting exceptionally talented and high-achieving foreign professionals. − This sub-committee would invite businesses and industry to identify and nominate specific individuals that they would like to recruit. − After vetting the individual’s credentials and achievements, the sub- committee would direct the relevant overseas Victorian Government Business Office (VGBO) to establish communications with these individuals, who may then be invited to visit Victoria and meet with prospective employers. − In concert with the relevant Federal authorities, the Victorian Government would ensure that their applications for a work visa or permanent residence are expedited and the process be made as smooth and effortless as possible.

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The City of Melbourne should consider opportunities to lobby the Victorian Government to encourage them to implement these schemes. If the recommendations were implemented by the Victorian Government, the City of Melbourne would have an important complementary role to play under both of these schemes. As part of the 'New Economy’ Postgraduate Scholarship scheme, the Council could ensure that international students feel warmly welcomed and valued as part of the city community, so that they would decide to stay on to work in the city upon graduation. In the case of the Early Career Professionals Talent Attraction scheme, the Council could ensure that the city makes a highly positive first impression on the foreign professionals who choose to take up the Victorian Government’s offer to reconnoitre their career prospects and potential future lifestyle in Melbourne, in person.

Key Finding Talent attraction

Attracting talent and businesses to the City of Melbourne could increase the vibrancy and sustainability of Melbourne as a knowledge city.

More generally, Melbourne’s ability to draw in all kinds of creative talent from other parts of Australia and overseas to settle in the city would increase considerably if it could enhance its appeal as a tourist destination, in recognition that a delighted visitor is much more likely to contemplate a move to Melbourne. This means that the Council should work with other levels of government and relevant private service providers to ensure the provision of excellent public transport, public safety and security, and telecommunications services (such as free wi-fi) to complement the high quality shopping, dining and entertainment experiences already on offer.

In parallel, the City of Melbourne should also consider working with the Victorian Government to attract high performing Australian and international corporations to establish operations in the city and to encourage those already here to expand their operations, as the availability of jobs is as important as ‘place’ in pulling creative talent into a city. Towards this end, the Council needs to ensure that business costs within their control are kept competitive and that businesses are not burdened with, or stymied by, excessive and unnecessary local government regulations. The City of Melbourne should encourage and, where feasible, assist the Victorian Government in adopting and implementing well designed talent attraction schemes such as the proposed New Economy Postgraduate Scholarships Scheme and the Early Career Researchers Talent Attraction Scheme. It should also consider investigating ways of making the city even more liveable and attractive

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as a tourist destination, and work with the Victorian Government to attract high performing Australian and international corporations to establish operations in the city and to encourage those already here to expand their operations.

9.10 Monitoring development of the knowledge sector

The current study could only provide a high level snapshot of the city’s knowledge sector, there could be considerable benefit in monitoring development of the evolving knowledge sector including the success of the Council’s strategy and also in undertaking more indepth research. The City of Melbourne should consider monitoring the ongoing development of the city’s knowledge sector. It could do so by commissioning longitudinal research that tracks changes in the sector’s composition and activities over time, such as conducting periodic surveys similar to that undertaken by ACIL Tasman for this study. This would be in addition to updating the CLUE based analysis reported in Chapters 3 and 4 as new CLUE data becomes available. Building on the findings of this broad-based initial study, the City of Melbourne could also undertake and/or commission more in-depth research on particular knowledge-related activities (e.g. collaboration and networking) occurring in specific key industries within the knowledge sector (such as the creative industries, the digital sector, the life sciences sector or the export sector). The Council could also potentially conduct internal research into the ways in which it generates/uses/disseminates knowledge and its contribution to the knowledge sector as an organisation.

Recommendation 5 Monitor the development of the city’s knowledge sector

The City of Melbourne should consider tracking changes and developments in the city’s knowledge sector, including the success of its knowledge sector strategy, by commissioning appropriate longitudinal research and surveys.

The City of Melbourne should also consider conducting or commissioning more in-depth research on particular knowledge-related activities in specific key industries within the knowledge sector.

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References ACIL Tasman (2011). Victoria’s Productivity, Competitiveness and Participation, a report for the Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission.

Chen, Y. (2012), ‘Making Shanghai a creative city: exploring the creative cluster strategy from a Chinese perspective’ in M.S. van Geenhuizen. and P. Nijkamp (eds), Creative Knowledge Cities, Myths, Visions and Realities, Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar.

City of Melbourne, Melbourne City Research (2012), Knowledge Cities: The Future of Melbourne.

Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. (1995), ‘The Triple Helix---University- Industry-Government Relations: A Laboratory for Knowledge Based Economic Development’, EASST Review, 14, p.14-19.

Gonzalez, M. Alvardo, J. and Martinez, S. (2005), ‘A compilation of resources on knowledge cities and knowledge based development’, Journal of Knowledge Management.

M.S. van Geenhuizen. and P. Nijkamp (2012), ‘Creative cities in a knowledge society: introduction’ in M.S. van Geenhuizen. and P. Nijkamp (eds), Creative Knowledge Cities, Myths, Visions and Realities, Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar. Howells, JU. (2000), ‘Knowledge, innovation and location’, in J.R. Bryson et al. (eds), Knowledge, Space, Economy, London and New York: Routledge.

Hussler, C., F. Picard and M.F. Tang (2010), ‘Taking the ivory from the tower to coat the economic world: regional strategies to make science useful’, Technovation, 30(9-10), 508-18.

Knight, R. (1995), ‘Knowledge-based development: policy and planning implications for cities’, Journal of Urban Studies, 32(2). Landry, C. (2000), The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London: Earthscan.

Laszlo, K. and Laszlo, A (2007), Fostering a sustainable learning society through knowledge-based development, Systems Research and Behavioural Science, 24(1), p. 493-503.

Lever, W. (2002), Correlating the knowledge-based of cities with economic growth, Urban Studies, 39(5-6), p.859-870.

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Li, W.W. and J. Hua (2009), ‘Shanghai’s emergence into the global creative economy’, in L. Kong and J. O’Connor (eds), Creative Economies, Creative Cities: Asian-European Perspectives, Heidelberg: Springer, pp.167-73.

Markku, S. And S. Toni (2012), ‘Strategy development in knowledge cities revisited – the roles of innovation strategy in Helsinki Metropolitan Area explored’ in G. J. Hans Christian and E. Richard (eds), Creating Collaborative Advantace: Innovation and Knowledge Creation in Regional Economies, Gower. Musterd, S. and A. Murie (eds) (2010), Making Competitive Cities, Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell.

Porter, M.E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, London and Basingstroke: Macmillan Press. Romein, A. And J.J. Trip (2012), ‘Theory and practice of the creative city thesis: experiences from Amsterdam and Rotterdam’ in M.S. van Geenhuizen. and P. Nijkamp (eds), Creative Knowledge Cities, Myths, Visions and Realities, Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar.

Storper, M. (1992), ‘The limits to globalization: technology districts and international trade’, Economic Geography, 68(1), 60-93. The Work Foundation, The Knowledge Economy: How Knowledge is Reshaping the Economic Life of Nations, March 2008.

Wu, W. (2004), ‘Cultural strategies in Shanghai: regenerating cosmopolitanism in an era of globalization’, Progress in Planning, 61(3), 159-80. Yigitcanlar, T. Metaxiotis, K. Carrillo, F.J., (2012) Building Prosperous Knowledge Cities: Policies, Plans and Metrics, Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, March. Yigitcanlar, T. (2012), ‘Comparing knowledge-based urban development of Vancouver, Melbourne, Manchester and Boston’ in T. Yigitcanlar et al. (eds) Building Prosperous Knowledge Cities: Policies, Plans and Metrics, Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, March.

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Appendix A Knowledge sector survey questionnaire

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-1 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-2 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-3 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-4 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-5 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-6 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-7 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-8 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-9 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-10 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-11 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-12 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-13 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-14 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-15 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

103BKnowledge sector survey questionnaire A-16 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Appendix B Knowledge sector industry contributions This appendix reports estimated contributions of industries operating in the knowledge sector. The estimates are presented at the 2 Digit ANZSIC industry subdivision level. However, it should be borne in mind that some industry subdivisions are only partly covered by the knowledge sector. For example, the Personal and Other Services subdivision is only represented in the knowledge sector by the Civic, Professional and Other Interest Group Services industry, with the other industries within the subdivision falling outside of the knowledge sector. On the other hand, another industry subdivision, Professional, Scientific and Technical Services, has industries falling within the core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector. (Hence this industry subdivision is reported for the core and intermediate components.) Table B1 shows the employment in industry subdivisions within the intermediate component of the knowledge sector in 2010.

Table B1 2010 FTE employment by Intermediate component knowledge sector industry subdivisions

FTE employment (excluding 2 Digit ANZSIC contractors)

Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 69 47,300 (excluding Scientific Research Services) 75 Public Administration 26,312 62 Finance 25,341 84 Hospitals 13,861 64 Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services 13,209 Computer System Design and Related 70 10,227 Services 63 Insurance and Superannuation Funds 9,307 77 Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services 6,329 85 Medical and Other Health Care Services 5,452 95 Personal and Other Services 4,610 52 Transport Support Services 4,330 24 Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 3,502 23 Transport Equipment Manufacturing 3,232 76 Defence 2,966 Basic Chemical and Chemical Product 18 2,189 Manufacturing 49 Air and Space Transport 133 Polymer Product and Rubber Product 19 32 Manufacturing Total 178,330 Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates

104BKnowledge sector industry contributions B-1 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Table B2 shows the employment in industry subdivisions within the core component of the knowledge sector in 2010.

Table B2 2010 FTE employment by core component knowledge sector industry subdivisions FTE employment 2 Digit ANZSIC (excluding contractors) 58 Telecommunications Services 12,822 81 Tertiary Education 12,641 54 Publishing 3,204 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services - 69 2,275 ANZSIC 6910 Scientific research services only 82 Adult, Community and Other Education 1,921 80 Preschool and School Education 1,338 90 Creative and Performing Arts Activities 1,211 56 Broadcasting (except Internet) 1,027 Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals 59 981 and Data Processing Services 89 Heritage Activities 795 60 Library and Other Information Services 525 55 Motion Picture and Sound Recording Activities 322 57 Internet Publishing and Broadcasting 219 Total 39,279

Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates

Table B3 shows the contribution of industry subdivisions within the intermediate component of the knowledge sector to the City of Melbourne’s Gross Regional Product in 2010.

Table B3 Intermediate component knowledge sector industry subdivisions contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008-09 million)

2 Digit ANZSIC 62 Finance 5,435 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 69 4,901 (excluding Scientific Research Services) 64 Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services 3,041 75 Public Administration 2,271 63 Insurance and Superannuation Funds 2,183 84 Hospitals 1,274 70 Computer System Design and Related Services 1,063 52 Transport Support Services 639 77 Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services 546 85 Medical and Other Health Care Services 501 Basic Chemical and Chemical Product 18 433 Manufacturing

104BKnowledge sector industry contributions B-2 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

2 Digit ANZSIC

Personal and Other Services (covering Business 95 397 and Professional Association Services only) 23 Transport Equipment Manufacturing 377 76 Defence 260 24 Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing 236 49 Air and Space Transport 18 Polymer Product and Rubber Product 19 3 Manufacturing Total 23,577

Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates

Table B4 shows the contribution of industry subdivisions within the core component of the knowledge sector to the City of Melbourne’s Gross Regional Product in 2010.

Table B4 Core component contributors to 2010 GRP ($2008-09 million)

GRP contribution 2 digit ANZSIC (Value added) 58 Telecommunications Services 2,094 81 Tertiary Education 1,011 54 Publishing (except Internet and Music Publishing) 345 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services - 69 237 ANZSIC 6910 Scientific research services 82 Adult, Community and Other Education 154 Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals and 59 137 Data Processing Services 80 Adult, Community and Other Education 107 56 Broadcasting (except Internet) 93 90 Creative and Performing Arts Activities 91 89 Heritage Activities 59 60 Library and Other Information Services 39 57 Internet Publishing and Broadcasting 36 55 Motion Picture and Sound Recording Activities 29 Total 4,431

Data source: ACIL Tasman estimates

104BKnowledge sector industry contributions B-3 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Appendix C Knowledge sector survey - background information

ACIL Tasman undertook a knowledge sector survey of businesses and organisations operating in the City of Melbourne. The survey was conducted online using the Cvent survey tool. The survey opened on 8 October 2012 and closed on 1 December 2012, which coincided with the end of the city’s Knowledge Week 2012.

As electronic contact details were not available, invitations to participate in the knowledge sector survey were sent out by the City of Melbourne’s Chief Executive Officer, Dr Kathy Alexander by mail. The Council’s CLUE database was the source used to identify the businesses and organisations most likely to be operating in the core and intermediate components of the Melbourne’s knowledge sector.

Population, responses and confidence levels

Based on the CLUE data it was assessed that the population of businesses and organisations operating in the core and intermediate components of the knowledge sector numbered around 4,000. In addition to these businesses and organisations, invitations were also sent to a randomly selected pool of 1,000 businesses and organisations considered as potentially operating in the ‘periphery’ of the City’s knowledge sector. Overall some 5,000 plus letters inviting businesses and organisations to participate in the survey were sent out. By survey closure on 1 December 2012 ACIL Tasman had received 171 responses to the knowledge sector survey. Of these responses, 159 considered that their organisation was part of the knowledge sector. Of these, seven respondents self-identified as being in the Periphery and 152 were from businesses and organisations who self-identified as operating in the core or intermediate components of the sector. While the level of response to the survey appears low on first consideration, the number of responses is nevertheless adequate to provide an overarching indication of the issues pertaining to the sector, with a confidence level of plus or minus 10 per cent. Assuming a population size of 4,000 and a confidence interval26 of 10 per cent we require only 96 responses to allow us to be 95 per

26 The confidence interval is a plus-or-minus figure. For example, if you use a confidence interval of 10 per cent and 50 per cent of respondents selected a particular answer you can be ‘sure’ that if you had asked the question of the entire relevant population between 40 per cent (50-10) and 60 per cent (50+10) would have picked that answer.

105BKnowledge sector survey - background information C-1 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

cent confident27 that the responses reflect those of the wider population. To achieve a smaller confidence interval of say five per cent, the number of responses from the same population would need to have been around 350.

Respondents’ assessment of their role in the knowledge sector As explained in chapter 2, the survey questionnaire asked respondents to nominate the part of the knowledge sector (core, intermediate and periphery) that they considered their business/organisation’s activities in the City of Melbourne belonged to. Of the 159 respondents who considered that their organisation was part of the knowledge sector, the majority self-identified themselves as operating in the sector’s core. The breakdown of responses was as follows: • 105 respondents (61 per cent) operate in the knowledge sector core • 47 respondents (28 per cent) operate in the knowledge sector intermediate category • 7 respondents (4 per cent) considered their organisation operated in the periphery • 12 respondents (7 per cent) reported that their organisation did not belong to any category of the knowledge sector and therefore did not complete the remainder of the survey questions. After comparing responses to this question with the industry classification of core and intermediate used in Chapter 2, it is clear that many respondents who perceived their organisation as being in the core would have, under the industry classification breakdown proposed in Chapter 2, been classified by ACIL Tasman’s consultants as operating in the intermediate component of the sector. For example, a number of respondents from legal and architect firms self-identified their organisation as working in the core. Similarly, a number of government departments/agencies nominated themselves as operating in the core.

Only one of the seven respondents who self-identified as operating in the periphery would have fallen into the periphery based on ACIL Tasman’s proposed industry classification of the knowledge sector. All six respondents would have fallen into the intermediate component of the sector.

27 The confidence level tells you how sure you can be that the survey responses reflect the views of the wider population. It is expressed as a percentage and represents how often the true percentage of the population who would pick a particular answer lies within the selected confidence interval. The 95 per cent confidence level means you can be 95 per cent certain.

105BKnowledge sector survey - background information C-2 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Further, of the 12 respondents who considered that their operations were not in the knowledge sector, four operate in industries that ACIL Tasman has classified as being in the intermediate category of the sector. It is not clear if these four respondents truly considered that their operations were not in the sector, or if they chose this option to avoid the burden of completing the survey questionnaire. However, in comparison, the likely industry ANZSIC of the responding organisations against the respondents’ self-identification of their organisations’ role in the knowledge sector suggests that the ANZSIC industry definitions do not fully capture the nature of knowledge generated, transferred or utilised by some individual organisations. What is clear from our analysis of each response is that all organisations that completed the survey do operate in the knowledge sector as defined by the ANZSIC coverage of the sector. However, the level of knowledge use and activity may vary between organisations within any ANZSIC industry. The distinction been the three components of the knowledge sector has been kept in the reporting of the survey results because respondents have the best information about and understanding of their role in the sector.

105BKnowledge sector survey - background information C-3 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study , ACCA, in ’ The . s nine global ’ exhibition hall

significant assets displaycontemporary of art. ACCA It is expected that this this that expected is It such as the Holden Commodore and assets assets

. use of composite carbon fibre technology. It

s Global V6 Engine plant in Fishermans Bend manufactures a range ’ e home to numerous other ngines for local and international customers including export customers

Boeing Aerostructures Australia has production facilities for aircraft the including components designs and manufacturesthe moveabletrailing edges on theBoeing 787 Dreamliner. Boeing Research & Technology (BR&T) has R&D facilities that enables collaboration with Australian R&D organisations, including universities and private sector R&D providers, CSIRO and the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). Current areas of BR&T research includes unmanned systems research, the manufacture of advanced composite components, and biofuels. Facility highlights Facility Holden of e in South Korea, Thailand and China. Holden is a centre of expertise in design and engineering for GM globally. Holden is one of GM Based on the European model of the Kunsthalle or ‘ design centres responsible for vehicles Chevrolet Camaro. its simplest form, is a large shell for the for shell large a is form, simplest its has four gallery spaces of varying sizes, which open out from the distinctive foyer space. assets Melbourne is also th

, s major public

. s largest footprint outside the

Australian exhibitions and events. Itthe is

knowledge knowledge significant Other s ouncil from time to to time time from ouncil

Boeing Australia has Boeing’ US and overseesseven wholly ownedsubsidiaries, including Boeing Aerostructures Australia, which is located in Fishermans Bend.

Description GM Holden, headquartered in Fishermans Bend, Port Melbourne, designs and produces vehiclessuch the as Cruze andthe Commodore as welldistributes as otherGM models in Australia. Opened in 2002, ACCA is Melbourne ’ only major public art galleryinAustralia focused on commissioning rather than collecting. contemporary art space, presenting changing seasons of international and knowledge of MelbourneCity ’s significant class assets identified in Chapter 5 -

’ of Melbourne City The

1 D

Art galleries and museums and galleries Art Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA) GM Holden Advanced manufacturing Boeing Australia

following table attempts to list these significant assets and provide some background information on them on information background some provide and assets significant these list to attempts table following Table Appendix D In additionthe to world

listing will be updatedbythe C

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-1 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

s. The ’ on - with a rich

s permanent ’ purpose spaces. The The spaces. purpose - ular floor talks, lectures, iding equipment,horse a

s spacess areavailable for hire. lifestories coming of to Australia ’ functionspace inChinatown where people - ngs rooms may be hired forfunctions or

-creates the real

s five floors include Chinatown a Visitor Centre, Drago a n ’

ACMI hasACMI two maincinemas that are equipped to play the everyin film, video facilities and projection extensive most the with format, video digital southern hemisphere. THX certified sound systems allow high quality attention to acoustics. ACMI also has two galleries for exhibitions, a production and educational amphitheatre, digital a studio for hands workshops and production programs, and anoutdoor Gallery called the Video Garden. RMIT Gallery is housed in the architecturally innovative Storey Hall. RMIT Gallery has responsibility for the care of RMIT University collection. The collection comprises mainly Australian art, including Indigenous work.Itcontains paintings, prints, drawing andsculpture. In addition to exhibitions, RMIT Gallery presents reg discussion, public events andpublications tocoincide with exhibitions. The museum re Buildi Treasury Old the of Many can sit down to Chinesa meal and various other multi Temporary ExhibitionGallery capacity has a of 80people seated at 8tables andthe Bridge of MemoriesGallery capacity has a 110 of seated at 11 tables. mix of movingimages, personal andcommunity voices, memories and memorabilia. Some of the facility television andfilm location hire. Facility highlights Facility drawnjockey ambulance and ephemera. The Australian Racing Museum houses a collection of fine and decorative arts, paintings, trophies, photographs, colours, r The Museum Gallerydisplaying three generationsChinese of dragons, 200 years of ChineseAustralian history told through artefacts well as the as story of recent arrivals from all parts of the Asia Pacific region since the 1950 private largest the has Museum The City Gallery features a compact and intimate space for diverse art exhibitions.

art - ts of -the of s broadest and

s Chinatown, the Chinese in 1862 and is considered

s turn of the century building is ’ s mosts vibrant public art and

s finest Renaissance Revival buildings. It built for the preservation, exhibition and -

promotion of Victorian, Australian and International screen content. facility purpose facility Located in Federation Square, ACMI isdedicated to the moving image in all its forms. ACMI is a state- Description visual culture. It presents changing exhibitions of Australian and international design, including fashion, architecture, fine art, craft, new media and technology. Located in the Old Customs House ion Flinders Street, the Immigration Museum explores the stories of real people from all overthe world whohave migratedtoVictoria. Situated at the top end of Collins Street, the Old Treasury Museum building wascompleted was constructed in Palazzo form from wealth generated during the Victorian Gold rush and its purpose was to house thestate gold vaults. RMIT Gallery is Melbourne’ design gallery. It aims to present Melbourne’ most unique exhibitionprogram, exploring all aspec Set in the Swanston Street facade of Melbourne Town Hall, the City Gallery presents free, quarterly exhibitions on city life, past and present. one of Australia’ Located at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), the Australian Racing MuseumHall and Fame of horse is a racing museum dedicated to Thoroughbred horses, jockeys and trainers. Located in the heart of Melbourne’ Museum is a national museum that researcher, conserves and promotes the business, social and economic contribution the Chinese community has made to Australia. Theheritage of the Museum an idealsetting for meeting, a seminar, exhibition,launch or community function.

RMIT Gallery City Gallery Immigration Museum Old Treasury Museum Australian Racing Museum and Hall of Fame Chinese Museum Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI)

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-2 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

echnical support is

-function rooms orthe withmaximum a of 5

s ballroom, multi s Cathedral. Advanced t ’ ’

-service business centre with spaces for up to 250 guests. officers with all necessary equipment overfive floors facilities of that ns offers conference rooms, computer room, mediation rooms and

Melbourne Mariott Hotel offers 6 meeting rooms, breakout meetingrooms, with highspeed internet, start the of art amenities and a full With meeting rooms catering for 10 to 1000, a dedicated events team attends each event. Conference and banquetfacilities consist rooms, of 16 including ballsrooms, small meetingrooms and private a floor. Audio visual equipment and services are provided.

Facility highlights Facility Hilton SouthWarf worksincollaboration with the neighbouring MCECto provide overnight eventmeeting or needs, whilstHilton the on Park creates bespoke events on the contemporary conferencing and events floor. Karste serviced provide privacy and advanced conferencing technology. Guests can choose from the hotel boardroomfor everythingfrom technological a advancedcorporate meeting to a moreintimate gathering.There are 7 meetingrooms on offer. The Langham offers 10 different function rooms, with capacity ranging from 20 through to 260 and a full suite of business services. Thehotel has a dedicatedfloor meeting of facilities providing a sophisticatedsetting with all meetingrooms boasting viewsthe of city, including City Square and St Paul

Crowne Plaza Melbourne offers 7 meeting rooms catering for groups of 12 up to 150, with audio visual equipment available. offered including audiovisual services and equipment, high speedinternet access and wireless accessthroughout allthe meetingrooms.

on facilities.

s vibrant

’

cial history ofpolicing andcrime.

ated in Queen Street, Karstens Centres close the gap -star Melbourne accommodation.

With a prime city position at the top end of Collins Street, Sofitel Melbourne on Collins offers 363 rooms. Located in the heart of the city, yet boutique in size. Description A5 star luxury hotel in Melbourne, located moments from St PatricksCathedral and the MCG. Located on the Southbank Promenade, the Langham offers 5 Situated in Collins Street, theWestin Hotel Melbourne offers 262 guest rooms Loc between internal event spaces and hotelconference centres. businesses serving to dedicated fully are Services Located at theWorld Trade Centre in Docklands, the Victoria Police Museum presents visitors withintriguing an insight into the so Crowne Plaza Melbourne is in the heart of the city The Grand Hyatt is in Collins Street and provides 544 rooms andsuites with extensive meetingrooms and event Hilton offerstwo hotels inMelbourne, SouthWharf at and the Park. docklands on the banks of the Yarra, close to Crown Casino and MelbourneConvention and ExhibitionCentre.

bourne on Collins elbourne

Westin Hotel Park Hyatt Hotel Melbourne Sofitel Mel The Langham Melbourne Karstens Conference Centre M Melbourne Mariott Hotel Grand Hyatt Melbourne Hilton Melbourne Victoria Police Museum Conference Facilities Crowne Plaza Hotel

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-3 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

s major public art ’

s Virtual Reality with over 300computers, library a relevant galleries, including the the including galleries, -relevant

s its variouscampuses, of which thelargest own discipline own

Swanston Library. RMIT schools also maintain their own

’

s field Gallery, Architecture and Design’ ’ s main and Project Space galleries, Media and ’ s Melbourne training facilities have been located in St Kilda. Kilda. St in located been have facilities training Melbourne s

RMIT has multiple libraries acros libraries multiple has RMIT is the City campus specialised collections, including the AFI Research Collection, RMIT Design Archives and National Aerospace Resource. The university gallery is RMIT Gallery, located at the City campus, which focuses on contemporary art, design and visualculture. RMIT Gallery publishes widely on art and design research, in partnership with RMIT Publishing. RMIT schools alsomanage their School of Art Communication Centre and Design Hub galleries. The Institute’ This facility has meeting rooms and function spaces that cater for small groups up to220 people.Each room fullyis equipped with high quality audio visual equipment and an on-site technical support team. The Institute is opening a new training venue in Collins Street Melbourne in 2013. CAE has been in operation for over 60 years and has adapted to meet the continuallychanging needs of adultlearners in Melbourne. TheInstitute offers a number of venuesthat are opentothe publicincluding the Angliss Restaurant, Angliss Bistro, and Occasions Restaurant. The Diploma ofEvents students are abletohelp plan and organisecorporate events. The Melbourne Campus has fully equipped science laboratories, specialist music rooms, specialista computer centre andtwofully equipped seminar rooms, wireless access internet and access. Facility highlights Facility ive isation year -

s largest tertiary

Institute is a dedicated

vancement of education and

Australian Institute of Management is a not for profit

training provider for the foods, tourism and hospitality industries, delivering a range of courses from four degrees, Accredited Apprenticeships and short courses. The Institute works withindustry leaders to develop innovat training solutions. and sustainability and is currently Australia’ Founded in 1867, RMIT has recently focused on research across the areasdesign, of technology, health, global University World QS to the According provider. education Rankings, it is ranked the 10th best university in Australia Victoria. in best third the and As an Adult Education Institution, CAE exists to provide learningthe Victorian community through a wide range of programs and services. CAE delivers accredited courses designed to help adults complete their secondary education and begin or change their career direction. Description The entity which invests its annualsurpluses in thecreation of educationproducts, alternative education distribution channels and learning support materials. The sole purpose of AIM is to promote and ad learningin the field of management and leadership for commerce, industry and government. This is done through a rangeservices of in business and managementtraining, events and seminars, coaching, research and publications, supportedspecialist by a managementbookshop andlibrary services geared to graduate school education. Established in 1940, William Angliss William 1940, in Established Taylors College providesspecialised programs in university preparation and secondary school education that are targeted primarily at international students.

Taylors College Institute Angliss William RMIT Centre for Adult Education (CAE) Educational facilities Australian Institute of Management (Victoria and Tasmania branch)

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-4 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study be

aims to

es sixes operating suites, two -designed research laboratory clusters e

located in the same building is the Frances Perry Private s Hospital is housed in a new $250 million facility opened -

ed private hospital for women.

s new home in Parkville, due for completion in 2016, is under under is 2016, in completion for due Parkville, in home s new ’ s first da Vinci robotic system, day surgery facilities and four

will enable space for up to 600 laboratory researchers. There are 47 seminar and meetingplaces as well250 as a seat lecture theatre andtwo 60 seat lecture theatres. located on The Royal Melbourne Hospital site. Eight radiation therapy bunkers are includedfive with linear acceleratorsin operation initially.The building includes space for four CT machines, four PET/CT machines and three MRIs.Ten dedicated purpos Hospital,69 a b Peter Mac construction. The new facility includes 110 chemotherapy, medical and surgical same day beds and chairs. It featur procedure rooms, 27 treatment rooms and 97 consult rooms. There will be a 32 bed medical inpatientunit, 32bed a haematology inpatient unit, and a 32 bed surgical inpatient unit, while a 32 bed haematology inpatient unit is to

Facility highlights Facility Epworth Richmond is equipped with quality facilities and the latest latest the and facilities quality with equipped is Richmond Epworth -bed 15 Intensive a Careincluding Unit, 18 operatingtechnology, theatres, Australia’ cardiovascular laboratories. Telstra was the first telco to offer a 4G network in Melbourne. Optus launched its 4G network in Melbourne in September 2012, and cl have the largestfootprint 4G inthe Melbourne metro area,coverage with a of around 10km from the CBD. Vodafone plans to launch its 4G network in early 2013. The Royal Women’ in 2008. The hospital has over 200 beds and has the capacity for 6,000 births per year. Co Premises within the FTTP footprint are connected using Ethernet over a gigabit passive optical network(GPON) giving a peakspeed of onegigabit per second.

definition mobile - s hospital, offeringfull a only, open access,high - - amended mobile web s largest private hospital hospital private largest s ’ Hospital, located in Parkville, is s -generation broadbandnetwork that will be s health. It also offers complementary services

’

s first national wholesale national first s s largest specialist women ’ of theCity Melbourne of commenced in September

specialising in cardiovascular services, orthopaedics, orthopaedics, services, cardiovascular in specialising neurosciences, oncology andgeneral medicine.A 24/7 emergency departmenttreats over28,000 patients a year. Description Victoria is Richmond Epworth TV,conferencing video andtelevision. 3D access, IP telephony, gaming services, high services, gaming telephony, IP access, TheNBN next is a Australia’ 4G (Fourth Generation) mobile networksprovide mobile ultra-broadbandInternet access,for example tolaptops with USB wireless modems,tosmartphones, andto other mobile devicesspeeds at of up to 40 megabits persecond. Conceivable applications include Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre is a world leader in cancer treatment,research and education.Peter Mac treats more cancer patients each yearthan any other hospital in Australia andits highly skilled medical, nursing and allied health team is backed by the largest cancer research group inAustralia. The Royal Women’ Australia’ speed broadband network. Construction of the network in parts range of services in maternity, gynaecology, neonatal care care neonatal gynaecology, maternity, in services of range and women pastoral and care. physiotherapy work, social as such 2012.

s Hospital ’

MacCallum Cancer Centre

4G mobile networks ICT National Broadband Network (NBN) Royal Women Peter Hospitals Hospital Epworth

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-5 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

ndly layout similar to that of of that to similar layout ndly visitors. The library offers an

-frie

Chinese, Vietnamese and others; extensive Chinese, Vietnamese and others; extensive

-basedsystem with booksclustered by popular sbusiest public lendinglibrary andis a meeting ons on CD andDVD; local history;reference, non-

ides literary organisations, publishers,universities andthe es (withes capacities 2,323 of m2, 1,394m2, 929 m2, 929m2

n and fiction for diverse tastes.

The library offers spaces and meeting rooms for community groups to hire; gallery and projections;free Internet and word processing.Its collections include community languages - tastes. diverse for fiction and fiction The Centre prov media with accesstoshared meetingrooms and workshopspaces, aswell as a new 200 seat performance space. The Centre is housed within a newly renovated wing of theState LibraryVictoria. of The main theatre has a seating capacity of 1,000. music and film collecti The library offers spaces and meeting rooms for community groups to hire; gallery and projections;free Internet and word processing.Its collections include community languages - music andfilm collections on CD andDVD; local history;reference, non- fictio

Facility highlights Facility place for CBD residents, workers, students and amazing range of collections, resources, programs and facilities City. that the in cater for communities diverse the The City library is Victoria’ The Southbank Library at Boyd has a reader 5 Sound Stag and 743 m2, plusWorkshop a (6,170 m2) and Production Offices (1,618 m2) a book shop. Rather than being organised by Dewey, the non-fiction is arranged by a unique subject topicssuch Home as and Lifestyle, Food andDrink, Arts andCulture and Travel.

Festival.

’

s UNESCO City Literature of s redeveloped docklands

the Melbourne Opera since 2003 and

ofMelbourne operateslibraries, 5 withtheCity

The East Melbourne Library is housed in a modern facility completedin 2006, which includesnumber a of ground- breaking Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) strategies to minimise its environmental impact during construction and overthe life of the building. TheNorth Melbourne Librarylocated is in historic a building inErrol Street, North Melbourne.

Description The City Library and the Library Access Point @ Docklands Hub being within theCBD area. The Southbank Library is located at the former JH Boyd Girls HighSchool which has beentransformed into a vibrant new community hubfor Southbank. Thecentrepiece of Melbourne’ initiative, theWheeler Centre for Books, Writing and Ideas is huba andhomefor writers andkey literary organisations including the Melbourne Writers DocklandsStudios Melbourneis major a movie andfilm complex locatedin Melbourne’ precinct.It has hosted international productionssuch The as Pacific (Stephen Spielberg, Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman production of HBO,Where theWild Things Are (Warner Bros) and Ghost Rider (Columbia/Sony Pictures). Completed in 1842, the building on Collins Street has been theprincipal home of has been used a venue as for the MelbourneInternational Comedy Festival.

Athenaeum Theatre Dockland Studios Melbourne Studios Dockland Performance venues TheWheeler Centre Motion picturesound and recording Southbank Library at Boyd East Melbourne Library North Melbourne Library Libraries and othercollections City branch of City of Melbourne libraries

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-6 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study d pneumatic orchestral

ses. CSBC provides provides CSBC ses.

198 people on two levels. The

lyn Theatre is the largest of the three and can seat up to -box studio theatre.

-sizedmusical andtheatrical performances,seminars, public forums, The larger theatre, Forum 1, seats 826 while the smaller theatre, Forum 2, seatsup to 594. Melba Hall houses two of the finest Concert Steinways in Melbourne as well as an organ. The concert hall seats 340. With flexible staging configurations, the BMW Edge is suited for small to medium corporatefunctions, product launches andpresentations. It has 269fixed seatsbut can accommodate up to 450 persons. The Comedy Theatre seats 1,000 patrons. The theatre has seatinga capacity of 1,700. Facility highlights Facility percussion riser. The auditoriumseats approximately 400 patrons, with thespace main measuring600m2, withfull orchestral lighting an La Mamatwo has venues, theLa MamaTheatre andthe La Mama Courthouse. The Malthouse houses three theatres, rehearsal studios, meetings, a bar and a café. The Mer 512patrons onthree levels with an orchestrapit andflexible seating. is It used forboth productions and for conferences, product launches and private functions. The Beckett Theatre seats up to The building is wheelchair accessible, with seatinga capacity for 450, with both an organ andgrand pianoforrecital purpo meeting/seminar space for up to 50 people. Tower Theatre was developed in 2005, seats up to 99 patrons and is a flexible black

s s dio for the

s Theatres onExhibition Street is ’

a brewerya and malting works and wasdonated by

for more than 168 years. The Church hires venues for nce, whilstmaintaining lot a ofits original in 1886,Her Majesty

BMW Edge is a glass theatre located in Federation Square. Built classified by the National Trust of Australia and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. Description largest cinema in 1929. in cinema largest Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (MSO) who also use it for the Chamber Music concerts. IT is part of the ABC complex at Southbank. The Forum Theatre on Flinders Street was designed by American architectJohn Eberson and openedAustralia as ’ The Iwaki Auditorium is the rehearsal stu The La Mama theatre building was constructed in 1883 for a localprinter since and thenhasserved an as electrical engineering workshop as wellclothing as a factory. The building is now recognised by the National Trust for its significance. Dating from 1909 and classified by the National Trust of Victoria, Melba Hall underwent major restoration and refurbishment in 1986. Collins Street BaptistChurch (CSBC) stood has Collins on Street a variety ofevents including music, dance, booklaunches and public lectures. Built in 1928,The Comedy Theatre is vital to Melbourne’ The Malthouse, located in Southbank, was originally built in 1892 as the for home a provide to vision the with 1986 in CUB creation andpresentation contemporary of Australian theatre. live entertainmentscene. The exteriorreplica is a of a Spanish strong a has interior the and palace Florentine influe characteristics including balcony seating, a generous foyer and an elegantstaircase.

s Theatre ’

Melba Hall, University of Melbourne Iwaki Auditorium La Mama Theatre Forum Theatre Her Majesty Federation Square BMW Edge Square Federation CUB Malthouse Collins Street BaptistChurch Comedy Theatre

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-7 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

s meeting and ’ pes.

level Elisabeth Murdoch Hall and The

style facilities, convenience and and convenience facilities, -style -seat two- the liturgical needs of the cathedral, but it also

fer corporate -200 over three levelsspace of withdisabled accessto

er er Studio for small scale works. The theatre has seatinga capacity of 2,162. The auditoriumseats 400 in theatre a style, has a largestage, simple a lightingsystem, balcony a dress circle and large a auditorium with polished floor throughout. The building is used for multiple purposes such as theatrical plays, exhibitions well as concerts. as The MainAuditorium includes a magnificent concert organ comprising 147 ranks and 9,568 pi Seating 400, the Main Hall is 345.24sqm, the Supper Room seats 120 and is 200sqm, whilst the Meeting Room seats 70 and is 81 sqm. A small rehearsal room is also available.All rooms offer accessto heating, cooling, tables, chairs, PA, lectern andlighting equipment. The theatre has seatinga capacity of 1,488. Situatedthetop at endCollins of Street, St Michael conference rooms of affordability. Meetings can be accommodated for as few four,as or functions for as many as 150 each level. Thecathedral seven has chapels and has a pipe organ with 81speaking stops which notserves only used for recitals and recordings. The Cathedral has nine bells which are controlled by an electronic chiming mechanism. The facility includes the 1000 the includes facility The The MTC Theatre includes the 500-seat SumnerTheatre and theflexible Lawl Salon, a flexible venue intended for contemporary performances, which can seat 132 people. Facility highlights Facility

s style in

ed glass in the Southern s second largest auditorium for classical al is known internationally as a leading leading a as internationally known is al all is theall iscentral municipal buildingthe of

-religious stain

s architectural landmarks with the largest display s Cathedr ’

-located with the MTC Theatre, the Melbourne Recital ouncil office and community centre. The South Melbourne Town Hall was built between 187980- and is currently the home to the Australian National Academy of Musicsuch, and as is a venue for many concerts. The building was restored in 2004 and is considered onethe of grandest examplesit of Australia. During its 130 years, the grand building has served as a courthouse, firehouse, post office, police station, library, C St Michaels Uniting Church on Collins Street is one of Melbourne’ of existential has and 1839 in built was chapel first The Hemisphere. since been totallyrebuilt and extended.The church garden was built by Akira Takizawa. Co Centre is Melbourne’ music. First opened in 1928, Regent Theatre on Collins Street is listed by the National Trust of Australia and is on the Victorian Heritage Register. Description St Patrick example of theGothic Revival style of architecture andis both the tallest and largest church building in Australia. The Town Hall was built in 1876 and is classified by the National Trust. Arts House, North Melbourne Town Hall, features flexible performancespaces, rehearsal rooms, meetingrooms and office and administrative infrastructures. Melbourne Town H City of Melbourne. Opened in 2009, the MTC Theatre in Southbank is the home of the Melbourne Theatre Company, the oldest professional theatre company in Australia (founded in 1953). Completed in1886, thePrincess Theatre Spring on Street is listed by the National Trust of Australia and is on the Victorian Heritage Register.

s Church ’ s Cathedral ’ gent Theatre

St Michael St Patrick South Melbourne Town Hall Princess Theatre Re MTC Theatre North Melbourne Town Hall Melbourne Recital Centre Melbourne Town Hall

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-8 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study s ’ being vital to URIN will have over have over will URIN aterials and manufacturing;

. ’ ’ was rebuilt in 1929 and restored in 1989- ch in the following programs: (i) with a clear objective to commercialise those new

– king to deliver smarter, safer, cleaner manufacturing and

09, the Bionics Institutes boasts state of the art research

s headquarters are in Lygon StreetMelbourne, with branchesin s 9thNewsletter reports that in addition to 17current projects there ’

Understanding the risk; (ii) Communicating the risk; and (iii) Managing the threat. The CRC is undertaking resear The CRC is undertaking research covering: (i) M (ii) Simulation and systems development; and (iii) Operations and sustainment. Thecathedral hostschoral concerts and has an organ originallybuilt in 1890 T.C.by Lewis, Brixton, London. It 1990. the organisation of the fledgling spatial information industry, and as creating -sectoral cross a collaborative framework that will lead to economic and social term longer the in nation the to benefits CRCSI Western Australia, Queensland, the Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand. The CRC has many achievements. It is considered as ‘

Facility highlights Facility ’ AURIN are manyothers currently underdevelopment that commencing will be over the next few months. It is expected that early in 2013 A 30 projects underway working withthe openup accessto datasets around the country. Relocated to newly refurbished premises in the DalyWing of St Vincent Hospital in 2008- facilities. The AutoCRC is wor technologies vehicle technologies in Australia, and to grow the skill base of the Australian industry. year

Government drivenresearch in emerging

- s headquartersPort at 18. built environment andurban

11 which its headquarters in East 06 , with it 11 withits headquarters at Fishermans

- - - s Super Science scheme. The University of ’

160m over 2010- particularly on neural prostheses such theas bionic blished in 2010 in blished

sdescribed as Gothic Transitional and this beautiful, historic Melbourne the Bushfire CRC is undertaking a three- program ofresearch tasks arisingfrom the 2009Victorian Black Saturday bushfires. Established in 2010 in Established areasspatial of information that addressissues national of importance and partnersfederal with andstate government cumulatively companies, 60 and universities agencies, providing $ Description AURIN is a $20m research initiative funded by the Australian Government Established in 2005 in Established Melbourne the CRC research programs cover: (i) Materials and sustainable manufacturing; (ii) Powertrains, fuels and emissions;(iii) Safety and intelligent vehicle systems; and (iv) Virtual design and engineering. Esta Bend the CRC is working to address the major challenge of embedding Australian composites industry small and medium enterprises into global supply chains The Bionics Institute is an independent medical research institute undertaking world-class medical bionics research, focused ear and thebionic eye. CRCSI is an international R&D centre set up in 2003 under the national CRC Program, an Australian initiative. CRCSI conducts user Consecrated in 1891,the architecturalstyle of theCathedral i building, situated in the centre of the City is a place of worship and prayer. Melbourne is the lead agent for the project. Key objectives include enhancing the understanding of urban resource use and management through thedevelopment of multifaceted researchinfrastructure and offering open accessto data arisingfrom AURIN to the research communities.

Cooperative Research

sCathedral ’

CRC for Advanced Automotive Technology CRC for Advanced Composite Structures CRC RC for Spatial Information (CRCSI) Bionics Institute Bushfire Centre (CRC) Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network (AURIN) St Paul facilities research Scientific

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-9 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

s ’

New Virtual Laboratories, Laboratories, Virtual New - screening of drug candidates

’ building building

in silico ‘ -user andICTindustries, developed a H) and the Cooperative Research Centre for

sDisease) and; (ii) Psychoses (Schizophrenia and -thinkers working towards the common goal of

rward sresearch programs cover: (i) Neurodegeneration (Alzheimer

’ IBM Research comprises of 12 Labs over 6 Continents and is globala community of fo The CRC progress. a Research Cloud, new eResearch Tools and a secure and robust hosting service.The University of Melbournethe islead agent. NeCTAR has partnered with Australian research institutions to create, for the first time, a national research cloud for Australian researchers. It is available to be used now. The University of Melbourne commissioned the first node on January 31, 2012. and lead identification. The facilities for cell culture, protein purification and robotic crystallisation enable protein structure determination. Comprising of the Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal AndTorres StraitIslander Health (CRCATSIH), virtual a organisation that bringstogether the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health sector, government agencies and research institutions, the Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health (CRCAT Aboriginal Health (CRCAH). Disease and Parkinson’ design drug rational of spectrum the for provide Parkville at facilities The techniques from gene identification to mood disorders). Australian researchers and their technical partners will drive the design of NeCTAR what look NeCTAR will like. is Facility highlights Facility Since foundation NICTA has created six new companies, collaborated on joint projects withrange a of end substantial technology and intellectual property portfolio, and supplied an ongoing stream of new talent to the ICT industry through its PhD program. -

s ’

s

crystallisation.

s top ten ICT research era of digital connectivity,

ing for large scale system control s Victoria Research Laboratory ’ 11 with its headquarters located in like molecules for diagnostic diagnostic for molecules -like - s ICT Research Centre for Excellence, biomarkersfor the early detection andtreatment

Lab network. Research conducted at this site will is a $47 million dollar, Australian Government

s Parkville laboratory is undertaking research on and

’ getherAboriginal organisations, academicinstitutions and nd aimstobecome one of the world’ National Institute for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Islander Strait Torres and Aboriginal for Institute National Health Research, an innovative research body that brings to government agencies to facilitate collaborative, evidence- based research into Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. Established in 2010 in Established South Carlton the CRC is undertaking research to identify and validate of neurodegenerative disorders and psychoses. Locatedthe at University of Melbourne,IBM the and Australian and VictorianGovernments established a research and development laboratory as part of the Global IBM R&D focus on areas including smarter natural resource management, natural disaster management and computational life sciences. Located in Carlton, the Lowitja Institute is Australia’ financed by the Education Investment Fund. NeCTAR is o o is NeCTAR Fund. Investment Education the by financed building new infrastructure specifically for the needs of Australian Researchers. In this NeCTARusingis existing and new information and communications technologies to create new digital efficiencies. NeCTAR and initiative Science Super the of part as conducted project, Description NICTA is Australia’ a CSIRO applications, protein characterisation, structural biology, cell culture, protein purification and robotic developing antibody developing centres by 2020. NICTA main research activities arein optimisation andconstraint programming, bioinformatics and computational genomics, control andsignal process text anddatabase mining, opticalnetworks, micro and nano electronics. and control and signal processing for imaging.

NICTA Victoria Research Laboratory National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR) Lowitja Institute IBM Research Labs CRCfor Mental Health CSIRO MolecularHealth and Technologies

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-10 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study - -the of - tre in Parkville, d across eight priority research

-practice environment wherestu dents are

s first virtual

’ h mental health training packages which have been developed for sresearch programs cover: (i) Oral and systemic diseases; (ii) ’

econstruction and regeneration. The Centre possesses advanced research hardware systems that support andfacilitate research programs in atmosphere andland observation and assessment; ocean observation, assessment and prediction; earthsystem modelling; weather and environmental prediction; andclimate variability and change. which has a 250-seat lecturetheatre well as laboratory, as imaging and data processingspaces withthe latest technologies. The CRC Prevention and earlydiagnosis; (iii) Intervention and management; and(iv) R The Knowledge hub currently showcases a wide range of investments in innovationsupported by the SmartWater Fun themes; and it provides access to case studies, reports, tools, image links. related project and galleries New state of the art facilities include the Melbourne Brain Cen A recentA $75 millionfacility upgrade resulted has in learningspaces which feature the world art equipment for chemical synthesis and characterisation,biological evaluation and medical imaging.The equipment enablesthe synthesis of complex novel molecules, evaluation of the molecular interaction of drug candidates withcellreceptors and mapping of the biological effects after administering a drug. Facility highlights Facility immersed in industry settings and online tableting labs. There is state Orygen YouthHealth has amongst otherthings developedcomprehensive a set of yout a widerange settings of and audiences to promotethe understanding of mental health and mentalillness, andtohighlight the importance of early detection and treatment.Packages havebeen developed for schools, sporting groups, vocational services, corporate organisations, primary health care andtertiary healthcare providers ted in s future,

social factors that r cancer, malaria,

mate related health hazards,

an Government, and invests in water 10 with its headquarters loca headquarters its with 10 - s FacultyPharmacy of and ’ s leading brain research centres, and has Sciences is located in Parkville. The Monash The Monash Parkville. in located is Sciences ’ he Centrefor Australian Weather and Climate

s diseases and other major health threats. ’

he world TheFlorey InstituteNeuroscience of and MentalHealth is one of t the largest neuroscience research team in Australia. It is a leader in imaging technology, stroke rehabilitation and epidemiological studies. Research delivers critical research mass to underpin national benefit in areas judged to be central to Australia’ such weather as prediction, hazard prediction and warnings, responses to weather and cli Carlton the CRC is undertaking research to address the economic andsocial burden of oral disease. partnershipA betweenCSIRO and theBureau of Meteorology, t watersupply and management, and adaptationtoclimate impacts. Established in 2009 in Established Monash University Pharmaceutical Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is home to more than 200 research staff and postgraduate students who apply advancesin drug discovery biology, medicinalchemistry and pharmaceutics to improve treatments fo Description Parkinson Successes include the Relenza flu treatment. industry led research and innovation in urban water management. To date ten funding roundshave been conductedin which$30million has been investedin 197 projects. The Knowledge Hub is a key strategic component Smart the Water of Funds knowledge transfer strategy, creating a central information repository for the Victorian Water Industry and their customers. The SmartWater fund is an initiative of the VictorianWater Industry and the Victori ORYGEN Research Centre is the leading research organisationin youth mental health in Australia.Its basic neuroscience and clinical research program aims to understand biological,psychological and influencemental illnesses that emerge in adolescence and early adulthood, andfind to better waysto preventreduce or theimpact of mental disorders.

TheFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and MentalHealth The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research Hub Knowledge Water Smart Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical University Monash Sciences, Oral Health CRC Orygen Research Centre

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-11 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study -

sresearch programs cover: (i) Biomolecular, genetic and ’

Space availableforrental to artists Space availableforrental to architects,designers and artists specialised physical containment laboratories and support spaces; integrated teaching spaces to support the next generation of scientists; and capacity to host conferences, regional meetings and information sessions. Once operating in early2014, theDoherty willcontain: complex and highly Facility highlights Facility Space availableforrental to persons in thecreative industries The CRC physiologicalsolutions; (ii) Intelligent sound processing; (iii) Integrated bioengineering; and (iv) Clinical tools, services and techniques.

s Department ’

08. ass facility being being facility ass

th Organisation

. nd clinical services. Named after the the after Named services. clinical nd

CRC is focused on the twin challenges of

ublic Health Laboratory, UoM; Victorian Nosocomial

Located on Latrobe Streetinthe CBD constructedthe at gateway tothe internationallyrenowned Parkville Biomedical Precinct. The seven organisations bought together to form the Doherty are: UoM . Description The Doherty is a partnership between the University of Melbourne (UoM) and Melbourne Health (MH) focused on combiningresearch intoinfectious disease and immunity with teaching excellence, reference laboratory diagnostic services, epidemiology a esteemed Nobel Laureate (1996) and Laureate Professor at the University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty, the institute will see around 700 experts, staff and students share resources, equipment andknowledge in an world-cl of Microbiology and Immunology; MicrobiologicalDiagnostic Unit P Infection Surveillance System, MH; Victorian Infectious DiseasesReference Laboratory, MH;Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, MH; Victorian LifeSciences Computation Initiative, UoM; and the World Heal Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza MH Located on Swanston Street in the CBD Located in Southbank The HEARing of hearing loss. The CRC is located at the University of Melbourne and was establishedin 2007- moreeffective prevention and improvedremediation

ACIL Tasman desktop research and stakeholder feedback

Studio 4B Curtin House Studios and othercreative spaces Boyd School Studios Studios Brolly The HEARingCRC The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity (in the formation stage expected to be operational 2014) in early

Data source:

106BCity of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-12 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

e

. of their

lives ion

Australian The listing has been . the theme of Baltic States,

to unite students and academics ed

ed

s graduatingstudents and an exhibit ’ Science Week is a chance to learn more about

er Multiculturalism and Diversity through the lenses of history and politics, language and linguistics, diaspora studies and religion. A celebrationA theculmination of of 5+ yearsstudy of for th semest final semester Major Projects (Thesis by Design) Description 15 Presenters address The conference aim focusing on research related to notions of place and displacement and otherstakeholders. National Aforum for accounting educators to share their research findings in addressingkeyissues and developments in accounting education Celebrating a yeardesign of excellence the everyday impacts of science on on science of impacts everyday the

http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=4mboc96052nq Web Address http://depts.washington.edu /aabs/conferences.html http://communityidentity.co m.au/?page_id=655 http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=nxtux0kq6tip http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=nzsmyvtc14h41 www.scienceweek.net.au nowledge events events nowledge

16/11/2012 16/11/2013 23/11/2012 ourne k ourne 07- 12- 29th September 21- Dates 2013 19/11/2012

RMIT Design Design RMIT Hub, Swanston St Design RMIT Hub, Swanston St Victoria University, Flinders St Location

Various University of Melbourne RMIT Building Building RMIT 80, 445 Swanston Street h and from responses to the knowledge sector survey. sector knowledge the to responses from and h

City of Melb City

’

work Architecture & Landscape student exhibition Architecture MPX Graduate Exhibition Accounting Educators Community Community Identity Displacement Research Net Conference Event

Conference 2012 16th Conference of the Australasian Chapter National ScienceWeek

City of Melbourne knowledge events list events knowledge Melbourne of City

1 E

RMIT University RMIT University Federal Government RMIT University Community Community Identity Displacement Research Network Organisation scientific or Academic the for Association advancement of Baltic Studies

developed from desktop researc desktop from developed Table Appendix E The following table lists knowledge events that havetaken place 2012 or in aretake to place the in near future

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-1 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

ed debate

one for primary, primary, for nterprise ecosystem ecosystem nterprise e

The conference attracts oung designers concepts that that concepts designers oung

.

y

.

. were provided focus on and advance research in this the exhibition. interior design. interior

workshops, 17 panel sessions, AusBiotech national conference brings

Registrationsfor the 2013 nationalconference

keynote sessions forum for early career researchers and postgraduate stretch the limits of imagination. of limits the stretch through nine Aweek long exhibition andpublic program that highlight and promoted together more than 1,200 global and Australian stakeholders biotechnology A students to presenttheir work,meet otherresearchers and interact with otherresearch groups inAustralia. Brings together colleagues from the academic, research and professional sectors of the geospatial sciences in its broadest context to discipline. social the of aspects Discussed Guided education tours This exhibition showcased Description The annual business professionals, policy makers, investors and . scientists en in op Februarywill 2013 secondary and tertiary students to engage in the artworks and themes of and five

http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=7iew831vsdu31 http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=ms67sc7j7wb http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=g1s1jrpqxf7q http://www.rmit.edu.au/glob alshifts http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=z9njvj9qk28i http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=d65nn2sqmy4t http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=w1ure6oc915s1. Web Address http://www.ausbiotechnc.or g/

-16/11/2012 -2/11/2012 13/11/2012 14/11/2012 14/12/2012 16/12/2012 12/12/2012 19/11/2012 08- 09- 12- 15- 10- 09- 15/09 Dates 30/10

23Wills St,

17- Melbourne 440 Elizabeth Street RMIT RMIT Gallery RMIT Design Design RMIT Hub, Swanston St Building RMIT 80, 445 Swanston Street Location 430 Albert Street, East Melbourne Melbourne Convention& Centre Exhibition

n

Gold -

Graduate Exhibition Industrial Design Graduate Exhibition Interior Desig Global Shifts Shifts Global 2012: Social Enterprise Conference Graduate exhibition, RMIT based Object practice and Silversmithing and Ceramics Guided tours of Experimenta Speak To Me Australian Nanotechnology Network Early Career Symposium Geospatial Science Research_2 Event AusBiotech national conference 2012

RMIT University RMIT University RMIT University RMIT University RMIT University RMIT University RMIT University Organisation Austbiotech,

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-2 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study The s ’

. . ‘

. The ‘

. s Public Engagement al conference included: tocapture and express hree days of panels,

l Debates in the World the in l Debates

.

omelessness, tax, trade and

involving t .

offers intensiveteaching in all aspects s and practitioners with the annual conference was

rd

the school researcher

d athering of writers, teachersstudents and nonfiction of Argumentative Indian: Critica screenings and events industrypolicy and innovation. theunique ability of the higher educationsector to contributeto our national and globalconversations 2013 Festival will encompass the broad themes of science, health and society Part of theUniversity Melbourne of ’ Program, of practical film production. A g from aroundthe world An end of yearcelebration of all exhibitions,screenings, performances, panel discussions and events Issues explored in the twoday conference included ageing,population, economicgrowth, health reform, education, the Asian economy, Europe and financial stability, fiscal choices, h Themescovered atthe 2012 annu The 6th Oral Health CRC symposium focused on how Oral health meets e-health. Thetopic of the 3 The Festival of Ideas is designed Description Provide Tactics and strategies for change; Challenging power and communities Querying and knowledge; opportunityto learnshare and ideas on becoming more effective intheir work. Largest Democracy & Perspectives from Australia

- -

- -

-

health- equity - the -bridging - - -

melb.edu.a in

- indian- 2012 honoring- oral the -democracy

-future and-social - honoring health health -the -school - -conference- -largest e -debates -

-child- http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2648-filmmaking summer http://www.rmit.edu.au/nfn2 012 http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=d1k8zvm47tscz http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2307- economic outlook securing http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2118- the 12-troubling-truths http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2502- meets http://events.uni u/events/2619- argumentative- critical world-s www.ideas.unimelb.edu.au Web Address http://www.rmit.edu.au/brow se;ID=83pxjgd3q0sj

-

r 2012 - -01/02/2013

-02/11/2012

24/11/2012 02/11/2012 17/11/2012 2013 13/11/2012 14/11/2012 October Decembe Dates 31/10 21- 01- 9/11/2012 07/01 16-

Various Sidney Myer Building, Asia Swanston Street Location Melbourne Dental School University of Melbourne Trinity College, Royal Parade RMIT University RMT University Faculty of & Business Economics Building, Carlton Melbourne Graduate School of Education

hool

rd close 3 -

Economic

stralia India

Melbourne Crime Mapping and Analysis Conference 2012 NonfictioNow Conference 2012 RMIT Creative Festival to 50 events annual Conference Event Festival of Ideas Filmmaking Summer Sc 6th Oral Health CRC symposium Au Institute 2012 and Social Outlook Conference 2012 Honoring Child, the Equity Honoring 12

University of Melbourne University of Melbourne University of Melbourne University of Melbourne University of Melbourne RMIT University University of Melbourne Organisation RMIT University RMIT University

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-3 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

tunity to present cultural, social

. together key ed

. s designations a as brought on the development andchip - It consider

. . s increasing importance to Asia es

. how the challenge of grounding law

ocuss onference invitedfrom acrosssectors all and c economy

. were

nternational -reviewed design research paper orum to discuss China’ and economic values from the East and the West. could offercritical a and political engagement with and responsibility for law UNESCO City of Literature. and to the global This annual eventf The forum explored of Society Statistical the by hosted event biennial a is This Australia Inc TheWheeler Centre is a Victorian Government initiative and the centrepiece of Melbourne’ A f Participants This event willprovide design and businessresearchers, educators and practitioners withthe oppor Description This i contributors to the field of scholarly research into the student learning experience in business Australiansociety and are establishedleaders their of organisations emerging or leaders senior in leadership/executive roles peer based payment channels in terms of the successes, and lack of, of current deployments and the future roadmap of new ways to pay.

- - and-

higher business business

- in -learning

- -research- event/research-

-student - www.wheelercentre.com www.apsca.org www.adcforum.org education the experience http://mdflt.law.unimelb.edu. au/ http://www.agideas.net/com ing conference Web Address http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2333- http://www.wceforum.org www.ysc2013.com/

/12/2012 11 15/05/12 -8/12/2012 -8/02/2012 ongoing 30/04/2013 Annual 10- 6 12/11/12-13/11/12 14- Dates 7

TheWheeler Centre, Lonsdale Street Location Australian Centre for the Moving Image, Federation Square Melbourne University of Melbourne Grand Hyatt Melbourne Business & & Business Economics Building MCEC University of Melbourne

off off

book ian

deas 2013

Numerous 1- events, readings, etc. discussions Event AGI Research Conference ADC Future Summit Payment Asian Card Forum Higher Higher Education Research and the Student Learning Experience in Business Conference Melbourne Doctoral Forum Young Statistic Conference 2013 World Chinese Economic Forum 2012

AGIdeas Smart Pacific Asia Card Association Professional or industry or Professional ADC Forum Wheeler Centre for Books Ideas and Writing World Chinese Economic Forum University of Melbourne University of Melbourne Organisation University of Melbourne

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-4 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

. opulation change, past, past, change, opulation

. education and information ffective healthscreening, sleep difficulties, beyond exuality,

together delegates in the specialised .

.

field of the managementpersons of spinal with cord impairment disorders and menopause,cognition/parkinsons disease/gynaecological issues Issues covered included s definitions and diversity. The conference focus was on dissemination for health professionals working in the HIV, viral hepatitis and related diseases sector Issuescovered included e The event broughttogether those interested in thehistory of education, libraries, mechanicsinstitutes and other learninginstitutions The event brought Issuescovered typically include p present and future . Description The AACB conference is the premier event for the association

www.ams2012.com.au www.assertnatconf.org.au www.hivaidsconference.co m.au http://buildingsbooksandbla ckboards.blogspot.com.au/ www.dcconferences.com.a u/anzscos2012/ http://www.accsr.com.au/ht ml/annualconf2013.html http://www.apaconference.c om.au/ Web Address www.aacb.asn.au

19/11/12

- 01/12/2012

-

-5pm -12 14/10/2012 14/10/12 19/10/12 -7/12/2012 Biennial conference 5 13- 12- 28/11 Oct Dates 17- 15/11/12 13/02/2012 23/11/12 Friday 9am

Bourke Sofitel Melbourne on Collins MCEC Location JasperHotel, Elizabeth St Crown Promenade RMIT MCEC MCEC MCEC 800 Street, Melbourne

The

-

ings, books uth Intersecting Conference 16th Biennial Conference Event 2012 National ASSERT Conference Australasian HIV/AIDS Conference 2012 Australian Research Alliance for Children & Yo November summit Conference 2012 In CSR of State Australia 50th Annual Scientific Conference 2012 16th Australasian Menopause Society Congress Build and blackboards - Narratives

Australasian Society for HIV Medicine Australian Society of Sexuality Educators, Researchers and Therapist Australian Population Association Australian Research Alliance for Children & Youth Australian & New Zealand Spinal Cord Society Australian Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility Australian & New Zealand History of Education Society Organisation Australasian of Association Clinical Biochemists Australasian Menopause Society

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-5 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

thriving space space thriving s urban population Hub Melbourne ’

.

the challenges and a rangea of industry

the intricately linked pressures

ed ed attract explored

ngagement conference e

on the applicationCFD of inthe oiland gas,

working, meetings and events ed conference conference. ommunity ommunity on riverson and waterwaysthe as world continuesto grow and expand. professionals and peers who attend leading presentations, workshopssocial and activities. for co- hosts learning and collaboration experiences. The The flagship event for the procurement profession in the region. Focus metalproduction, mineral processing, power generation, chemicals, food and other process industries. The Hub Melbourne professional is a membercommunity that drives innovation throughcollaboration by providing diverseindividuals and organisation with a The conference discuss opportunities facing businesses now and into the future. A c Description The BioMelbourne Network is the peak industry forum industry. for biotechnology Victorian the of leaders the

-

australasia

www.fireaustralia.com.au www.cips.org www.cmic.com.au www.riversymposium.com leadership-forum www.cfd.com.au/cfdconf www.hubmelbourne.eventbr ite.com www.iap2.org.au/conferenc e/2012- Web Address www.biomelbourne.org

16/11/12 12/12/12 - -

12/10/12 -

17/10/13 22/09/12 -11 October 2012 14/11/12 8 Annual 15- 10/12/12 19- Dates ongoing ongoing 11/10

MCEC Crown MCEC Location Sofitel Melbourne on Collins Various MCEC MCEC Melbourne

rocess rocess

15th International River Symposium Fire Australia CIPSA Annual Conference Event 2012 Australasia Leadership Forum Various ongoing events Ongoing forums, dinners and networking nitiesopportu Ninth International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics inthe Minerals and P Industries CMIC12 Conference

International River Symposium International Association for Public Participation Australasia Institute of Quarrying Australia and Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia Fire Protection Association Hub Melbourne CSIRO Organisation BioMelbourne Network Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply Australasia

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-6 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study 5 regions current best s and their ’

ealth programs and h

esearchers, policymakers, eminentcongress and exhibition eproductive r

s pre- ’ aims to examine how the funds share information onthe medical,scientific, exual and

acists across all sectors of the profession and and profession the of sectors all across acists to

care settings control. (Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America and North America) social and epidemiological aspectsSTI of role investment important its fulfil will sector management in the coming years within the conte changing xt of investment opportunitieschallenges and andregulatory constraints. practitioners andcommunity & organisational leaders working in thehealth, education andhuman services sectors. PAC is pharmacy Theplenary sessions included discussion a practice in s Thecongress brought together delegatesfrom An annual discussion about architecture,thecity and sustainable communities. The symposium The 2013 conference will cover a wide range of complementary medicineresearch, emerging trends, practices and treatments and provideimportant information and developments to the complementary medicine community at large The conference program was relevant to nurses and others with aninterest in palliativecare, The conference attracts r for pharm it. to challenges the are what Description The conference covered dvanceda care planning for all health industry.

www.architectureau.com www.psa.org.au http://www.phaa.net.au/NS RHConference.php www.melbournefinancialser vicessymposium.com.au http://nhaa.org.au/index.php ?option=com_content&view =article&id=510&Itemid=32 0 http://pcna.org.au/conferenc e http://www.ausimplementati onconference.net.au/progra m.php Web Address http://www.acpelsociety.co m/conference/ www.iusti2012.com

14 April 2013 11/12/2012 26/10/2012 21/11/2012 17/10/12 -11/05/2013 Annual Held everytwo or three years 12- 10- Biennial 25- Annual 9 7/03/2013 Dates 20- 15-

Melbourne Park Hyatt Location MCEC The Sebel Albert Park The Sebel Albert Park Hilton on the Park, MCEC MCEC

MA/A Conference 2012 Melbourne Financial Services Symposium Event Biennial Australian Implementation Conference Pharmacy Australia Congress First National Sexual & Reproductive Health Conference World Congress 2012 International 8th Conference on Herbal Medicine 4thConference

Pharmaceutical Society of Australia Public Health Association Australia Palliative Care Nurses Association Parenting Research Centre & ARACY Melbourne Financial Services Symposium Herbalists National of Association Australia Melbourne Architecture Annual Organisation International Society of Advance Care Planning& End of Life Care International Union against sexually transmitted infections

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-7 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

.

leading

Bridging Bridging ‘ case ed

present and demonstrated

which world leaders in

, debated tormwater for potable use, for congress willfocus on

ed th designed to build an innovative was

.

disciplinary pathology scientific meeting for for meeting scientific pathology -disciplinary workshop

TheConference offered a diversescientific program witha range of accreditedprofessional seminars and workshops transfer strategy to retain essential knowledge in businesses ways in whichpushing the boundaries of existingbusiness models is contributing to positive social and environmental change. pathologists, scientists, healthcare workers and administration. threeA day gathering of experts and a source for the latest information concerning corrosion and it mitigation. The conference discuss The program for the 27 the Gaps in Child & Adolescent Health’ Amulti The conference attracted 551 participants, 18 sponsors, 47 exhibitors and 81 speakers from 20 countries. Issues covered included s micro climate management, for communities, world research and advancedpolicy. forum sector public national A Description Theforum brought together communication withnew methods,research and ideas in the field of professional communication, presentations and workshops. studies on the development of effective stakeholder relations throughout the process of policy design, implementation and evaluation. This -

- -

www.rmit.edu.au http://www.acaconference.c om.au/ http://www2.kenes.com/ipa/ congress/Pages/CongressI nformation.aspx http://www.smartutilities ausnz.com/ www.gemsevents.com.au/st ormwater2012/ Web Address www.rcpa.edu.au http://www.arkgroupaustrali a.com.au/Events E031Stakeholders.htm www.worldforum.com http://www.arkgroupaustrali a.com.au/Events E029KMCreative.htm

- 18/11/12 20/11/12 9/11/12 - -

10/10/12 -

-14/12/12 22/22/2012 14/11/12 29/08/2013 19/10/2012 12/12 16/11/12 20- 8/11/12 11- 24- 22/02/2013 24/02/13 15- Dates 9/10/12- 16/11/12

Crown Conference Centre RMIT Sofitel Melbourne on Collins MCEC Location MCEC Rydges Swanston Rydges Melbourne MCEC MCEC MCEC

erence Corrosion & 2012 Prevention Global Shifts Shifts Global 2012: Social Enterprise Conference National Conf General Practitioner Conference & 2012 Exhibition Event Creative Knowledge Retention Stakeholder relations for the Public Services 10th Annual Conference 27th Congress the of International Pediatric Association Pathology Update 2013 World Public Relations Forum 2012

Pty Ltd

The Australian Corrosion Association The Ark Group Australia The Ark Group Australia Smart Utilities Australia & New Zealand Stormwater Industry Association Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia RMIT Royal Australian College of Physicians Paediatrics and Child Health Division Organisation Public Relations Institute of Australia Exhibitions Reed Australia

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-8 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

. be ould

s new owners ’ s premier

.

the changing structure of this ed an opportunity to learn more about the

the Sydney Dance Company

, d

was

of thisof event wasto cover subjects that w sconference only and exhibition dedicated to the -focussed, environmentalsocial, or new or old, s networking series, providing a contemporary, ’

appealing across differentdisciplines, technical or business complex or simple . workforce and how to improve training outcomes. The festival allowed participants to experience the culture, tradition and food from all countries celebrating the Mooncake Festival 2 One Another Law week involves over 100 organisations who work with the Foundation to present seminars, exhibitions, lectures, Q&A sessions and court tours to provide legal information at little or no cost. VECCIWomen in Businessis one of Melbourne’ Australia’ This event provide This conference address The2nd annualconference discussed: Major areas of financial reporting reform; Best practice in financial report preparation; Budgeting and forecasting beyond annual budget periods; andStreamlining finance of andIT processes. Description The goal women radio and combined communications industry work latest practices, technologies and methods from internationalsoftware authors experts. and professional and social platform for prominent business women from corporate management to business As well as hearing from dynamic and successful guest speakers,this series provides the opportunityto make valuable businesscontacts further and develop existing relationshipsrelaxed in a environment

- -

-higher

-in retothehome.com

ing_Events/Women_in

www.alivegroup.com.au www.ca www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au www.victorialawfoundation. org.au http://www.vecci.org.au/Net work _Business/Pages/default.as px www.radiocommsconnect.c om.au http://www.informa.com.au/ conferences/education- conference/financial reporting education Web Address www.trampolineday.com www.yowconference.com

-

5/12/12

-

17/10/12 19/05/13 30/11/2012 31/10/12 30/09/2012 21/11/2012 01/12/2012 16- 7/10/2012 Annual 13- 04/12/12 Dates 29- 30- Regular series of events

Location Queen Street, Melbourne Rendezvous Hotel Melbourne Hardware Lane, Melbourne MCEC Queens Road Varies Queen Victoria Market Arts Centre Melbourne

and

2012

s ! Mooncake Festival Event Various events 2 One as such Another Home and Community Care Workforce The 2nd Annual Financial in Reporting Higher Education Conference Trampoline Law Week Women in Business Event RadioComms 2012 Connect YOW Australia Developer Conference Workshops

-Farrow

Arts Centre Melbourne Arts & Lifestyle Alive Group

Westwick YOW Victorian Employers Chamber of Commerce and Industry Organisation Trampoline VictoriaLaw Foundation

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-9 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

s art and

ed Wind in the Melbourne’ y of ed explor which

showcas

classic stor classic which

Blindside

Buddha the of birth

held at film festival film

s ’ dynamic events exhibitioncelebrating the work of the most

-bending, funny, surreal and surprisingly touching interactive multimedia experience presentedtheby s

’ y broughty to Australian by the National Theatre of hildren pla knowledge sector. knowledge Free weekly outdoor Chinese dance classes brought by the Sabrina Dance Troupe, routines areseparate in each session andsuitable for all ages. Afree Over 40 A mind art workcleve with a r interplay ofliveperformance and projection. video cabaret, circus, theatre mix of A andlive music with additionalprograms forchildren as wellfood as and wine events. A Great Britain and Global Creatures presentation. ACMI designers videogame influential and innovative A c playA which brings to life the TheEndWorld of the Party brings together artists who tease out notions of catastrophe, celebration and transformation against the backdrop of the last party on earth. Two exhibitions Commemorates the CityMelbourne of part as Melbourne of KnowledgeWeek. Description Blaze brings the raw energy of street and break dance togethersome with the of mostadvanced digital projection and hottest music in the world. agency. Willows

www.buddhaday.org.au www.chinesemuseum.com. au www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ knowledge www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ knowledge www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au www.warhorseaustralia.co m www.australianshakespear ecompany.com.au Web Address www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au www.littlebigshots.com.au www.blindside.org.au www.blindside.org.au www.visitmelbourne.com

- - - -

-

-30/11/2012

19/5/13 10/06/13 from 23/01/2013 28/12/12 26/01/14 18- 05/01/2013 30/03/2013 20/11/ Annual 15/01/13-27/01/13 05/02/2013 21/04/2013 23/12/12-10/02/13 28/06/12-28/1012 08- 19/12/2012 22/12/2012 28/11/2012 15/12/2012 Dates

Location Federation Square Chinese Museum Federation Square Various Hamer Hall Arts Centre Melbourne Arts Centre Melbourne 37 Swanston Street 37 Swanston Street Fairfax Studio ACMI ACMI Royal Botanic Gardens

Blaze s Day &

Buddha’ Multicultural Festival Event Free Outdoor Chinese Dance Classes Augmented Reality Knowledge Week Curtain Call: End of the World Party Valentina Palonen and Eric Demetriou Various events as such Leo The Famous Spiegeltent Warhorse Game Masters Little Big Shots Wind in the Willows

s Day and

City of Melbourne City of Melbourne Buddha’ Multicultural Festival Chinese Museum Blindside Blindside Australian Centre for the Moving Image Australian Shakespeare Company Arts Centre Melbourne Arts Centre Melbourne Australian Centre for the Moving Image Organisation Arts Centre Melbourne Arts Centre Melbourne

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-10 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study - , , s best s best Me

-time images Speak to to Speak

Critiquing and

-form of the21st . sworld -famous music ’ a groupa exhibition by

city desire andthe destructive was provide free summer salsa

ion, ion,

will foods in their cultures.

ties of the form sweet the first time they exhibited together.

was

2013 in

Over 90 events and more than 200 acts.

.

. 5th International Biennial of Media Art at RMIT RMIT at Art Media of Biennial International 5th

nineday long program of eventsdedicated to Sharon Billinge, Celeste Chandler, Erika Gofton and Ilona Ilona and Gofton Erika Chandler, Celeste Billinge, Sharon Nelson, the artists allcomefrom differentbackgrounds and this analysing the creative culture and bringing the world’ developers to Melbourne. and pathological loss of self that can come with loving another. the Leaving Dublin is a collection of over 30night depicting Irish emigrants in Dublin locations significant to them This exhibition exploresthe ways in whichVictorian communities use Explores passion, obsess An annual equine event including 200 educational presentationsfrom both Australian andInternational experts. Experimenta launched Experimenta instructors Professional And Then There Were Five Asgames emergedominant a as art century, Freeplay is committed to exploringthe creative and artistic opportuni IkonaPortraits photo is a exhibition markingthe 60th anniversary of Greek migration. A collection of portraits reflects on the contribution of the more than 54,000 Greek born people who call Australia home. Description A celebrating and supporting the classes scene Gallery in Melbourne on September 14 2012 14 September on Melbourne in Gallery

Whatson/Music/mm

www.equitana.com.au www.museumvictoria.com.a u www.museumvictoria.com.a u w/MMWHolding/Pages/MM W2012.aspx http://www.experimenta.org w www.fortyfivedownstairs.co m www.museumvictoria.com.a u Web Address http://www.thatsmelbourne. com.au/ www.fedsquare.com www.dainesinger.com www.freeplay.net.au

-

31/03 24/11/2012 21/12/2012 15/12/2012 - - - -

-23/09/2012

18 November until 12/05/13 until 07/04/13 Annual 15- 2012 26/10/12-25/08/13 01/01 2013 Biennial 16/11 29/11/ 04/12 19/09 Dates

RMIT

NGV, St

r the Moving Location Immigration Museum Immigration Museum Melbourne Showgrounds Immigration Museum Federation Square Numerous locations including Gallery on Swanston Street and Road Kilda 45 Flinders Lane Flinders 45 City 325 Flinders Lane Australian Centre fo Image (ACMI), Federation Square

rt

a A edi International Ikona Portraits Leaving Dublin Sweets Equitana Melbourne 2012 Summer Salsa Biennialof M Event And Then There Were Five Melbourne Music Week Freeplay Independent Games Festival I Heathcliffam

Experimenta Immigration Museum Immigration Museum Immigration Museum Fortyfivedownstair s Inc Freeplay Federation Square Federation Equitana Organisation City of Melbourne Singer Daine

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-11 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

which

learn every

o Hate’ ‘

Iranian identity.

tival held held tival the housing the largest styles of martial artsfrom

. The 2013 season covers ion

. different ’

exhibit ive days of cabaret, music, family a glimpse into 08/03/13’ ed

an -

to highlight Korean film to the local

and provided opportunitiest

ed

was howcas

20/02/13 arts and laughs ‘ runs from 13 productions. The Moomba Festival is an annual fes Labour Day long weekend in March, Moomba Festival brings Melburnianstogether share to in the vibrancy and spirit of our muchloved city The festival provided f involved festival The events, The festival aim community, give an insight into Korean culture and tradition, provide support to aspiring Korean Filmmakers and forge relations with Australian artists. Season 2013 opens with a productiontitled The festival s Seahorse Pier collection of seahorse and seadragon species in the world. Description The festival included Indonesian movies and non- screening events including a workshop andpublic talk all overthe world, martial arts, enjoycultural shows andperformances and taste different food.

www.iffmelbourne.com www.doclandsartsandlaugh sfestival.com.au www.malthousetheatre.com .au www.melbourneaquarium.c om.au www.moomba.com.au Web Address www.martialartsfestival.org www.koffia.com.au www.iffa.net.au

-2012 2012 -

13/10/2012 07/10

- -

-12/09/2012 -14/10/2012 07/10- 08/10 03/10 6/10- Annual 08/09 26/12/12 26/01/13 10/10 Dates

Location Capitol Theatre, Swanston Street Birrarung Marr Docklands, Harbour Town andWaterfront City precincts Malthouse Theatre Carlton Gardens Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI), Federation Square Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI), Federation Square Melbourne Aquarium

Indonesian Film Festival Moomba Festival Docklands Arts Arts Docklands and Laughs Festival Season Melbourne Martial Arts and Cultural Festival Event Korean Film Film Korean in Festival Australia 2012 Seahorse Pier Iranian Film Film Iranian Festival

in

.

-General

a on Sydney stival Inc association with with association Melbourne University Indonesian Students Association Melbourne Aquarium Melbourne City Council Malthouse Theatre at the CUB Malthouse Maria Edubas Events & Services Knockout Events Korean Cultural Office & Consulate of the Republic of Kore Iranian Film Film Iranian Festival Australia Organisation Indonesian Film Fe

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-12 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

. studios. studios.

. s landscape events,

access event. event. access

comedy capital, s rich culture s

Independent Arts Arts Independent

s ’ es produce,es talent, and art and culture from around the

es showcas

celebrat festival

s lifestyle.

. to develop and present their workpart as of the

s Canoe an event which closed in November 2012 are held for 17 day every October ’

Theatre,dance, music, visual arts,film and outdoor

ellthat as of renowned international design annual summer holiday music festival for children & families. Melbourne’ The festival includes workshops, children’s discussions,sessions&Q A with leading Melbourne designers Each year artists join the festival Program Festival, whichis held inSeptember/October.. An exhibition from the National Museum, Kabul includes’ Afghanistan reveal help that artefacts A The festival The annual festival which features Australia’ The TheMelbourne Fringe Festival is an open- An annual event, the MelbourneInternational Comedy Festival literally takes over Australia’ The Melbourne International Jazz Festival was first held in 1998, the 2013 festival will be held from 31 May to 9 June. Boorun Description The annual designfestival presents exhibitsthe work of thefinalists of the Australian International Design Award, as w events and floral talent is held in March. Melbourne, each autumn with an enormous program of stand-up comedy, cabaret, theatre, street performance, film, television,radio and visual arts world. celebrated the traditions of Victorian Aboriginal culture and promotes its continuation and strength

- love - -festival.html

www.museumvictoria.com.a u www.melbournerecital.com. au/musicplay design www.melbournefestival.com .au www.melbflowershow.com. au www.melbournefoodandwin e.com www.melbournefringe.com. au www.comedyfestival.com.a u www.melbournejazz.com www.museumvictoria.com.a u Web Address www.we melbourne.net/melbourne-

–

19/01/13 until 04/11/2012 Annual 22/03/13 Annual Annual 22/07/13 Annual 17- Annual Annual Annual Dates

Location Melbourne Museum Melbourne Museum Exhibition Exhibition Gardens Various various Melbourne Recital Centre Melbourne Town Hall & various others various Federation Square Arts House North Melbourne Town Hall and various locations across the city.

Booruns Canoe Afghanistan: Hidden Treasures Melbourne International Jazz Festival Melbourne Design Festival Melbourne Flower and Garden Show Melbourne Food &Wine Festival Event Musicplay Melbourne International Comedy Festival Melbourne Festival 2012 Melbourne Festival Fringe

Food &

Melbourne Recital Centre Melbourne Museum Melbourne Museum Melbourne International Comedy Festival Melbourne International Jazz Festival Melbourne Fringe Melbourne Festival Melbourne Flower and Garden Show Melbourne Wine Festival Organisation Melbourne Design Festival

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-13 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study the

ncludes a federation of art entertainment - The 2013 season

-the of

.

visitorsto discoverthe artists who

.

the history and evolutionstudio of Collection,s thefifteen works on ’

s 150th anniversary gift from the ’

es exhibition organised by the Art Gallery Gallery Art the by organised exhibition rac

s annualQueer celebration is a

Western Australia in association with the National the inNational Western association with Australia

he exhibition t morethan 120 arts andcultural eventsspread over 70 different venues throughout Melbourne. endedFebruary. on 3 Napoleon: Revolution to Empire was a panoramic exhibition examining French art,culture andlife from This is the first exhibition in Australia dedicated to Neo- allowing impressionism, contributed to the birth and development of the movement in France andBelgium Melbourne’ familyA event which offersstate a - and educational experiencethrough authenticcostumes, propsset and dressings. T ceramics. Introduces viewerstothe cultural diversity, vitality and spirit resonance of Oceanic art Anew wave of acrylic painting is the focus of LivingWater, comprising the NGV Aperformance to end the 2012 Melbourne festival. photographic A Drawn from the NGV display show how photographers have exploited the creative potentials of natural and artificial light in their artworks 1770s to the 1820s Description The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra performs in a range of venues around Melbourne. a The 2013series season music i Chamber a including events of range wide series. Monday on Classics FeltonBequest of 107 paintings of Galleryof Victoria.

www.midsumma.org.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.narniaexhibition.com.a u Web Address www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au

-

-

16/9/2012 Annual

Annual 2/06/2012- 07/10/2012 16/11/12-17/03/13 22/11/12-02/02/13 23/11/2012 21/07/2013 28/05/11-31/12/12 24/05/11-31/12/12 17/10/12-28/10/12 30/11/12 17/03/13 23/3- Dates

at and

Location Birrarung Marr NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road The Pavillion Docklands Federation Square Arts Centre Melbourne other locations

The

- Desert

- Midsumma Event LightWorks Napoleon: Revolution to Empire Radiance, The Neo Impressionists Destroyed Word JeffWall Photographs The Chronicles of Narnia Exhibiti8on Thrown: Studio Ceramics from the Kenneth Hood Bequest Art of the Pacific Contemporary Art ofthe Far Western 2013 Season

International NGV International NGV International NGV International NGV International NGV International NGV International NGV Exhibition Narnia NGV Australia, Ian Potter Centre Organisation Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Midsumma Festival

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-14 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

Partenope,

,

both the past and

s trams andtheir

Madame Butterfly venue for community arts s nationalopera company, ,

events.

presented images of death and .The 2012history week included ed Ball. 2012 performances includes: s buildings are opento public ’

The festival creates a Lucia di Lammermoor

, history history making’ the in Salome disaster in prints, illuminated manuscripts, illustrated books and paintings. colourful history mobile as artworks. Aida Tree-climbing demonstrations, gardening information and advice,bush tucker tours, plantnursery andHerbarium tours, look a the at MelbourneObservatory etc. HistoryWeek 2013 will run from Sunday 20 October to Sunday 27 October and exhibitions and discussions and tours walking ‘ The Four Horsemen The exhibition was organised with the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo TimeCatcher was an event which took visitors on a journey from ancient times to the modern day. Exploring how art has been used to interpret key moments in time. The 2013 Festival is scheduled for Sunday 20 October 2013. Celebrates the history of Melbourne’ Some of thecity Opera Australia is Australia’ resident at the Sydney Opera House and the Arts Centre, Melbourne. The 2013 Melbourne season commences in April with the Mask An exhibitioncontemporary of artworkssecond by - fuse who artists Aboriginal generation present into their works. Acelebration of Italian food and culture Description An exhibition of 19th Century Ceramics and glass North for engagement activity and participation access, andWest Melbourne

australia.org.au gv.vic.gov.au

ww.centre.org.au/springfli www.rbg.vic.gov.au au w ng/ www.oldtreasurybuilding.or g.au www.openhousemelbourne. org www.opera- www.reddesertdreamings.c om.au www.cartonitalianfesta.org. Web Address www.historyweek.org.au www.n www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au www.ngv.vic.gov.au

- -

- -

28/07/13 7/10/2012 21/11/2012 12/01/2013 17/12/2012 16/08/2013 From 04/2013 14/10/2012 03/12/10 21/10/12 31/08/12 28/01/13 30/11/12-17/03/13 26/01/12-11/11/12 Annual 27- Annual Dates

Beckett Street, Location South Wharf Royal Botanic Gardens Arts Centre Melbourne NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road Errol St, North Melbourne Spring Street Carlton A’ Melbourne NGV, St Kilda Road NGV, St Kilda Road across various city

e

Spring Open Day Country of Kings Event AMasked Ball Carltong Italian Fiesta History week The Dr Robert Wilson Collection The Four Horsemen Thomas Demand Time Catcher Fling Spring Street Festival Trams: Moving Pictures Open Hous Melbourne

Royal Historical Victoria of Society Rinaldo Entertainment and Production Royal Botanic Gardens Opera Australia Red Desert Dreamings Gallery Old Treasury Building Open House Melbourne International NGV International NGV Melbourne North Community Organisation International NGV International NGV

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-15 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

, a Sylphide a ), 17/06/13) -26/03/13),followed

-01/07/13 ctoria in this free

15/03 21/06

( (

s in a face? And how do faces ’

n Lake s 2013 Melbourne season What ’ together many leading directors, artsprogram with workshops, s Swa ’ ontemporary ballet (06/06.13- The program offers young people the

. 07/09/13) and Cinderella (17/09/13 -28/09/13)

-

tory ever told. (29/08/13 by Vangardby c a chanceto work alongside professional artists, opening pathways into the creative industries. Graeme Murphy mentoring opportunities,conversations, exhibitions and performances commences with Don Quixote This event examines communicate emotion? annual premiereshowcase of workthe by School ofFilm and Television graduating students A summer creative Savour the rich culinary history of Vi exhibition featuring gastronomic treasures from the collections of the State Library. Brings together individuals, communities, organisations and businesses that share a vision for a sustainable world. 50 years of the Australian Ballet The Australian Ballet This event brought curators and academicsto discussthe interpretation of colonial art. Description This is fresha and dynamic version of the greatest love s

- - art - -

- of victoria - - - and-

- -to

year - f -present o history

-

-2012 -past end- -medieval

-culinary

www.festival.slf.org.au http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2659-faces emotion postmodern http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2517-film television- screenings www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ Signal/WhatsHappening/Pa ges/Signal37.aspx www.slv.vic.gov.au/event/g usto www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au www.australianballet.com.a u www.artscentremelbourne.c om.au http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2646-colonial exhibitions future Web Address www.shakespeareaustralia. com.au

-

8/09/13

– -

-03/11/12 26/01/2013 23/09/12

- -

-28/04/2012 /12 24/11/2012 07/12/2012 03/08 20/12/12 09/03/13 15/02/2013 17/02/2013 Annual 23- 05- 14/01 until 16/09/12 09/06 31/10 15/03/13 Dates

Location Federation Square State Library of Victoria ACMI Cinemas ACMI Multiple Multiple University Venues Old Arts University of Melbourne Arts Centre Melbourne Arts Centre Melbourne Royal Botanic Gardens Northbank Walk Flinders Arts Centre Melbourne Arts Centre Melbourne

-

A

!

, present, t Sustainable Living Festival Gusto culinary history of Victoria Event Colonial Art Exhibitions pas future Faces of Emotion Medieval to Postmodern Film & Television end of year screenings 50th Anniversary Gala 2013 Season Romeo and Juliet at the Royal Botanic Gardens 37 Signal Celebrating Edna & Kylie Time in Motion

University of Melbourne University of Melbourne University of Melbourne The Australian Ballet The Arts Centre The Arts Centre The Australian Ballet State Library of Victoria Living Sustainable Festival Organisation Shakespeare Australia 37 Signal

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-16 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

s young fashion Grainger

es on behind the

. Strait Islander artists

ver 50 intricately crafted with o

work that go

the life workthree of generations of the

enjoy Malaysianculture, games and

-craftsmen

t presented works from Thomas Ahwang,

developing their practice at the Victorian College of the Arts. scenes in creative and backstage roles when Production graduates from the School of Performing Arts showcase their work in set and costume design and realization, workshop,sound, lighting andstage management performances. Presented the new collections of Australia’ designers and final year students An exhibition that investigated the many achievements of JohnHarry Grainger, the gifted architect and engineer son, his of that by overshadowed largely was life whose composer and performer, PercyAldridge A season of one act plays featuring Postgraduate Diploma inPerformance Creation (Directing) and (Production - Design) students, Undergraduate Production students (Design) and Acting Company 2013. This eventexplored TheWilin Centre celebrates 10 years as a unique cultural Torres and Aboriginal for space This even Lorraine Austin, Paola Balla, Ben McKeown, Brian McKinnon, Lin Onus, Aunty Dot Peters, Ngardarb Riches and Janawirri Yiparrka. An opportunity to This event presented Italian master Description Annual presentationby graduating third year dancers and production students and interactive exhibits on display.

- a - - - year 0f01- - - - vca - - -10 and- act -centre-

- - under civil and-civil - - arts life one- 2012 wilin graduate

- 2012 harry

-

architect - - -john -devlopment -season 9ee4- -season- -indigenous

au http://www.thatsmelbourne. com.au/Whatson/Exhibition s/Art/Pages/ca7abbd4 42ad- f11ae8e5bf90.aspx?display mode=map dance http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2139- shadow grainger http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2570- plays http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2520- production-graduate exhibition www.vca mcm.unimelb.edu.au/event s?id=479 http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2518- for cultural www.festivalmalaysia.com. au www.romanexhibition.com. Web Address http://events.unimelb.edu.a u/events/2515-

- 2012 - - -

21/12

- -09/12/2012

-07/10

30 October 22/11/2012 31/03 2012 02/02 14/10/2012 Annual 25- 2012 20- 28/11/2012 09/12/2012 28/11/ 28/11/2012 29/11/2012 Dates

Location Docklands Grainger Grainger Museum Royal Parade No Vacancy Gallery, Federation Square, Melbourne Queen Victoria Market 627 Bourke Street Victorian College theof Arts Victorian College theof Arts School of Performing Arts Federation Square

uate The Ancient Rome Exhibition Event Wilin Centre for Indigenous Arts and Cultural Development 10 Year Celebration Exhibition Malaysia Street Festival Grad and Exhibition Parade Graduate Dance Season John Harry Grainger architect and civil engineer one act play season VCA Production Graduate Exhibition Wilin 10 Exhibition

Vision Malaysia and Alive Group Waterfront City Pavillion Whitehouse Institute University of Melbourne University of Melbourne University of Melbourne University of Melbourne Organisation University of Melbourne University of Melbourne

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-17 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study anyone With

. – f literary activity. activity. f literary

Award winning designersfrom

. talks, master classes, conversations

selephant calf, Mali,designed and

s Japanese population with over30 daily high poweredseminars and to improvetheir opportunitiesfor professional

riters, journalists, songwriters, bloggers – . The 2013 festival will take place from 23/05 to

s part of the world of words. The festival host ’ event for the home buyer or property investor eventdedicated to educating investors andtraders of and a gala dinner over 30 daily high poweredseminars. Presentation of artworks and performancesby Melbourne’ Bringstogether case studies and expert advice making whathave you now work AMP share what they did to make their intranet one of the best there is. The event featured Thefestival aims to promotethe interests of emerging writers An An all levels, workshops. Each year, MWF invites novelists, playwrights, poets, screenw Description The event involved 50 life size fibreglass models of Melbourne Zoo ’ decorated by various artists who development as welltheir as engagement withthe broader public 02/06/2013. politicians and artists,policy wonks andpop culture icons, crime writers and high culture theorists. The festival programfeatures an enormousrange o The 2013 festival commences on 23 August and run to 1 Sept.

EO25Intranets.Htm -

www.mwf.com.au www.japancultureandartfest ival.blogspot.com www.arkgroupaustralia.com.a u/Events http://www.creativeinnovatio nglobal.com.au/ci2012/ www.emergingwritersfestival. org.au http://www.tradingandinvesti ngexpo.com.au/ Web Address www.homebuyershowcom.au www.zoo.org/mali

7/10/12 6/10/12 - -

- -21/09/2012 30/11/2012 23/08 01/09/201Annual Annual 5/10/12 Annual 10/08 11/09/12-12/09/12 28- 5/10/12 Dates

theCity

Location Melbourne Various Arts House North Melbourne Town Hall MCEC Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre (MCEC) Across Across Sofitel Melbourne on Collins

s &

Culture

Melbourne Writers Festival Emerging Writers Festival Leadership and courage for volatile times Japan and Art Festival Event Home Buyer and Property Investor Show 2012 Trading & Investing Seminar Expo 2012 Mali in the City The Everyday Intranet

tival

MelbourneWriters Festival Event Management International Pty Ltd Event Management International Pty Ltd EmergingWriters Fes Personal development Personal Ark Group Australia Creative Innovation Asia Pacific Organisation Zoos Victoria Japan Culture and Art Festival

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-18 City of Melbourne knowledge sector study

scheduled to be

s largests adultcareers andemployment event, . The 2013 event is tentatively seminars, workshops, career counselling etc. Melbourne’ Description Thecoordinators of this event invite visitorscome to along and get careers advice, discuss study options with leading Universities,TAFE and private education providers,source information on industries of interest andspeak directly with employers July. 27 and 26 on held

www.reinventyourcareer.com .au Web Address www.eocexpo.com.au

Annual 01/06/13-02/06/13 Dates

Location MCEC MCEC

Event National National Careers & Employment Expo your Reinvent Career 2012

Reinvent your your Reinvent Career Organisation National Careers & Employment Expo

107BCity of Melbourne knowledge events E-19

Melbourne (Head Office) Level 4, 114 William Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Telephone (+61 3) 9604 4400 Facsimile (+61 3) 9604 4455 Email [email protected]

Brisbane Level 15, 127 Creek Street Brisbane QLD 4000 GPO Box 32 Brisbane QLD 4001 Telephone (+61 7) 3009 8700 Facsimile (+61 7) 3009 8799 Email [email protected]

Canberra Level 2, 33 Ainslie Place Canberra City ACT 2600 GPO Box 1322 Canberra ACT 2601 Telephone (+61 2) 6103 8200 Facsimile (+61 2) 6103 8233 Email [email protected]

Perth Centa Building C2, 118 Railway Street West Perth WA 6005 Telephone (+61 8) 9449 9600 Facsimile (+61 8) 9322 3955 Email [email protected]

Sydney Level 20, Tower 2 Darling Park 201 Sussex Street Sydney NSW 2000 GPO Box 4670 Sydney NSW 2001 Telephone (+61 2) 9389 7842 Facsimile (+61 2) 8080 8142 Email [email protected]

www.aciltasman.com.au