City of Melbourne knowledge sector study Final Report Prepared for the City of Melbourne February 2013 Reliance and Disclaimer The professional analysis and advice in this report has been prepared by ACIL Tasman for the exclusive use of the party or parties to whom it is addressed (the addressee) and for the purposes specified in it. This report is supplied in good faith and reflects the knowledge, expertise and experience of the consultants involved. The report must not be published, quoted or disseminated to any other party without ACIL Tasman’s prior written consent. ACIL Tasman accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any loss occasioned by any person acting or refraining from action as a result of reliance on the report, other than the addressee. In conducting the analysis in this report ACIL Tasman has endeavoured to use what it considers is the best information available at the date of publication, including information supplied by the addressee. 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ACIL Tasman Pty Ltd ABN 68 102 652 148 Internet www.aciltasman.com.au Melbourne (Head Office) Canberra Sydney Level 4, 114 William Street Level 2, 33 Ainslie Place Level 20, Tower 2 Darling Park Melbourne VIC 3000 Canberra City ACT 2600 201 Sussex Street Telephone (+61 3) 9604 4400 GPO Box 1322 Sydney NSW 2000 Facsimile (+61 3) 9604 4455 Canberra ACT 2601 GPO Box 4670 Email [email protected] Telephone (+61 2) 6103 8200 Sydney NSW 2001 Facsimile (+61 2) 6103 8233 Telephone (+61 2) 9389 7842 Email [email protected] Facsimile (+61 2) 8080 8142 Brisbane Email [email protected] Level 15, 127 Creek Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Perth GPO Box 32 Centa Building C2, 118 Railway Street Brisbane QLD 4001 West Perth WA 6005 Telephone (+61 7) 3009 8700 Telephone (+61 8) 9449 9600 Facsimile (+61 7) 3009 8799 Facsimile (+61 8) 9322 3955 Email [email protected] Email [email protected] For information on this report Contributing team members Please contact: Dr Yuan Chou Denise Ironfield Telephone (03) 9604 4408 Tammy Read Mobile 0402 128 354 Dale Higgins Email [email protected] City of Melbourne knowledge sector study Contents Executive summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and context 1 1.2 Study objectives 2 1.3 Study approach 3 1.3.1 Desktop research 3 1.3.2 Knowledge sector survey 3 1.3.3 Stakeholder consultation 4 1.4 Report structure 5 2 Knowledge cities and the knowledge sector 6 2.1 What is knowledge? 6 2.2 What is a knowledge city? 6 2.3 Melbourne as a knowledge city 8 2.4 What is the knowledge sector? 11 2.5 Defining the City of Melbourne’s knowledge sector 12 2.5.1 Existing definitions 12 2.5.2 Definition used in this study 14 3 Sectoral composition, knowledge activities and outputs 18 3.1 Composition of the knowledge sector 18 3.2 Knowledge activities 20 3.3 Knowledge outputs 21 3.4 The users of knowledge outputs 23 4 Economic contribution of the knowledge sector 26 4.1 Direct economic contribution to Gross Regional Product 26 4.1.1 Industry contributions 27 4.2 Indirect contribution 30 4.2.1 Indirect contribution to gross product 30 4.2.2 Indirect contribution to Victorian employment 31 5 Knowledge sector assets and events 33 5.1 Knowledge sector assets 33 5.1.1 Types of knowledge sector assets 34 5.1.2 Accessibility of knowledge sector assets 37 5.1.3 Role of the City of Melbourne in enhancing knowledge assets? 38 5.2 Knowledge sector events 41 ii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study 5.2.1 Knowledge sector organisation’s level of involvement in events 42 5.2.2 Significant knowledge sector events to showcase the City 43 5.2.3 Other 'new' knowledge events 44 5.2.4 Role of the City of Melbourne in supporting knowledge events 46 6 Knowledge sources and collaboration 51 6.1 Key sources of knowledge 51 6.2 Collaboration 52 6.2.1 Collaboration partners 52 6.2.2 Role of City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration 54 7 Opportunities and challenges for knowledge sector activities 57 7.1 Opportunities 57 7.2 Challenges 58 8 Learnings from the literature and other knowledge cities 61 8.1 Frameworks from the knowledge cities literature 61 8.1.1 Knowledge-Based Urban Development 61 8.1.2 Role of local government in the Triple Helix Model 63 8.2 Policy-making in other knowledge cities – a recent historical perspective 65 8.2.1 Common policy themes 65 8.2.2 Specific examples from other knowledge cities 67 9 Role of the City of Melbourne 71 9.1 Application of the knowledge city development frameworks 71 9.2 Defining an economic vision and blueprint for the City of Melbourne in the digital knowledge age 71 9.3 Engaging the knowledge sector through a Reference Network 74 9.4 Enhancing the stock of knowledge sector assets 76 9.5 Supporting knowledge sector events 77 9.6 Facilitating collaboration and networking 79 9.7 Educating stakeholders and engaging with them in creative ways 81 9.8 Encouraging the creation of spaces that enable serendipitous encounters and innovation 83 9.9 Attracting talent 85 9.10 Monitoring development of the knowledge sector 87 References 88 Appendix A Knowledge sector survey questionnaire A-1 Appendix B Knowledge sector industry contributions B-1 iii City of Melbourne knowledge sector study Appendix C Knowledge sector survey - background information C-1 Appendix D City of Melbourne’s significant knowledge assets D-1 Appendix E City of Melbourne knowledge events E-1 List of figures Figure ES 1 City of Melbourne workforce 2010 ix Figure ES 2 Knowledge sector contribution to the City of Melbourne’s GRP ($A2008-09) x Figure ES 3 Knowledge activities by the knowledge sector’s university trained workforce xii Figure ES 4 City of Melbourne knowledge sector assets (per cent of respondents) xiii Figure ES 5 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in enhancing the city’s knowledge assets? (per cent of respondents) xiii Figure ES 6 Businesses/organisations involved in knowledge-related events (per cent of respondents by knowledge category) xiv Figure ES 7 Respondents views on knowledge related events and future support for events xvi Figure ES 8 Collaboration partners (per cent of respondents) xvii Figure ES 9 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration (per cent of respondents) xviii Figure ES 10 Are there opportunities or impediments to future growth? xix Figure 1 Components of the knowledge sector 15 Figure 2 Composition of City of Melbourne knowledge sector by number of locations 18 Figure 3 Employment in City of Melbourne knowledge sector by component 19 Figure 4 Composition of City of Melbourne knowledge sector workforce 20 Figure 5 Knowledge activities undertaken by the knowledge sector’s university educated employees 21 Figure 6 Types of knowledge outputs produced by City of Melbourne businesses/organisations 22 Figure 7 Key users of the knowledge outputs of City of Melbourne businesses/organisations (per cent of respondents) 24 Figure 8 Key users of the knowledge outputs of the city of Melbourne’s core and intermediate businesses/organisations (per cent of respondents) 25 Figure 9 Knowledge sector contribution to the City of Melbourne’s GRP 27 Figure 10 Explaining input-output multipliers – Scientific research, technical and computer services industry 32 Figure 11 Asset categories held by Knowledge sector survey respondents (per cent of respondents) 37 Figure 12 City of Melbourne knowledge sector assets held by survey respondents 38 Figure 13 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in enhancing the city’s knowledge assets? (per cent of respondents) 38 Figure 14 Level of participation in knowledge events 42 iv City of Melbourne knowledge sector study Figure 15 Proportion of businesses/organisations involved in knowledge- related events (per cent of respondents by knowledge category) 43 Figure 16 Respondent views on knowledge related events and future support for events 44 Figure 17 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating events? (per cent of respondents) 47 Figure 18 Key sources of knowledge (per cent of respondents) 52 Figure 19 Knowledge sector collaboration (per cent of respondents) 53 Figure 20 Collaboration in knowledge-related activities (per cent of collaborating respondents) 53 Figure 21 Core and intermediate respondents’ collaborators (per cent of collaborating respondents) 54 Figure 22 Is there a role for the City of Melbourne in facilitating collaboration and networking? (per cent of respondents) 55 Figure 23 Potential for future growth in your organisation's knowledge related activities? (per cent of respondents) 58 Figure 24 Impediments to future growth in knowledge related activities? (per cent of respondents) 59 Figure 25 Knowledge-based urban development 62 Figure 26 Roles of local government in a knowledge city 64 Figure 27 Knowledge-related roles of the City of Melbourne 65 List of tables Table ES 1 Melbourne’s knowledge sector direct and indirect contribution to gross product ($2008-09) xi Table 1 International knowledge industry definitions 13 Table 2 Knowledge sector