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I Temperamenti L'incontro Fra Suoni Ed Esigenze Compositive

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I Temperamenti L'incontro Fra Suoni Ed Esigenze Compositive I Temperamenti L'incontro fra suoni ed esigenze compositive PDF generato attraverso il toolkit opensource ''mwlib''. Per maggiori informazioni, vedi [[http://code.pediapress.com/ http://code.pediapress.com/]]. PDF generated at: Thu, 01 Mar 2012 14:54:56 UTC Indice Voci Premessa 1 Prerequisiti 3 Intervallo 3 Semitono 6 Tono 7 Cent 8 Scala musicale 9 Scala diatonica 11 Scala cromatica 14 Circolo delle quinte 15 Dalla fisica alla musica 18 Rapporto tra musica e matematica 18 Battimenti 25 Consonanza e dissonanza 28 Temperamenti 33 Temperamento 33 Armonici naturali 39 Armonici artificiali 41 Comma 42 Scala pitagorica 43 Temperamento equabile 46 Temperamento mesotonico 50 Temperamento naturale 52 Esempi di musica di diversi temperamenti 53 Musica nell'antica Grecia 53 Il clavicembalo ben temperato 59 Musica microtonale 63 Appendice 72 Onda sonora 72 Altezza dei suoni 74 Accordatura 79 Intonazione 81 Principio di indeterminazione tonale 83 Andreas Werckmeister 84 Note Fonti e autori delle voci 86 Fonti, licenze e autori delle immagini 87 Licenze della voce Licenza 88 Premessa 1 Premessa Cos'è questo libro Questo è un libro di Wikipedia. È una raccolta di voci tratte dall'edizione italiana dell'enciclopedia online Wikipedia [1]. Le voci di Wikipedia sono scritte collettivamente e i lettori sono anche gli autori. Nessuno è stato pagato per scrivere questo libro. Come usare questo libro Quest'opera può essere liberamente utilizzata, riprodotta, modificata, distribuita per qualsiasi scopo (anche commerciale), a patto di attribuire correttamente la provenienza dei contenuti e citare gli autori, nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo (CC-BY-SA) 3.0 [2] per quanto riguarda i testi. Le opere derivate devono mantenere la stessa licenza o una compatibile. In fondo al libro sono riportati l'elenco degli autori dei testi e delle immagini. Prima di distribuire il libro, verifica in particolare che le licenze delle immagini siano riportate correttamente.[3] Proprio per la natura del contributo libero e gratuito di tutti gli autori, compresi gli utenti anonimi, Wikipedia non può fornire garanzie sulla validità e l'accuratezza dei contenuti. Benché la comunità degli utenti cerchi di essere nel complesso vigile e accurata, in ogni istante è sempre possibile che una pagina venga vandalizzata o modificata in modo improprio, seppure in buona fede, con informazioni errate, illegali o non conformi alle consuetudini della comunità o dell'area in cui vivi. Per favore, leggi attentamente le avvertenze [4] e tieni presente che le informazioni qui riportate hanno un valore puramente illustrativo e divulgativo. Wikipedia non fornisce alcun consiglio medico, legale o professionale. Dove trovare altri libri come questo Se desideri scaricare gratuitamente altri libri di Wikipedia, oppure la versione più aggiornata di questo stesso libro, vai alla pagina http:/ / it. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Wikipedia:Libri Ce ne sono molti altri, tutti gratuiti, sui più vari argomenti. Se non trovi quello che fa per te, lo puoi costruire tu facilmente, raccogliendo assieme le voci dell'enciclopedia. Come correggere questo libro Se leggendo questo libro incontri degli errori o ritieni di poter migliorare i suoi contenuti per le future edizioni, ti invitiamo a raggiungere il sito web http:/ / it. wikipedia. org , cercare la voce sull'argomento relativo e fare clic su "modifica". In pochi secondi puoi eliminare l'errore. Ricordati che la tua collaborazione è preziosa. Una volta effettuate le correzioni, puoi aggiornare la tua versione del libro e ristampare le pagine interessate dalle modifiche. Buona lettura. Wikipedia, 1/03/2012 Premessa 2 Note [1] http:/ / it. wikipedia. org [2] http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/ [3] A causa di un problema tecnico, la licenza di alcune immagini potrebbe risultare sconosciuta ("unknown"). Alcune di queste immagini potrebbero non essere utilizzabili al di fuori del sito di Wikipedia. Si consiglia di scaricare il libro in formato ODT per rimuovere i contenuti non liberi e correggere tali licenze. [4] http:/ / it. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ WP:General_disclaimer 3 Prerequisiti Intervallo In musica si dice intervallo la distanza tra due note o suoni. A causa della fisiologia della percezione del suono, l'intervallo musicale non è proporzionale alla differenza tra le frequenze dei suoni, ma alla differenza tra i loro logaritmi, cioè al rapporto tra le frequenze. Tale distanza si può verificare tra due suoni prodotti consecutivamente, e in tal caso si parlerà di intervallo melodico o diacronico o salto, oppure tra due suoni prodotti simultaneamente, e si dirà intervallo armonico o sincronico o bicordo. • Un intervallo melodico si distingue anche per la direzione, ascendente o discendente, a seconda che il secondo suono sia rispettivamente più acuto o più grave rispetto al primo. • Un intervallo armonico è caratterizzato anche da consonanza e dissonanza, fenomeni legati all'interferenza generata dai due suoni in questione. Si noti che l'intervallo musicale è una classificazione teorica delle distanze musicali e non delle distanze acustiche che separano un suono dall'altro. Per tale motivo, non rientra nel campo dell'accordatura e del temperamento. Classificazione Chiamando per necessità di chiarezza il suono più grave 1º termine e il suono più acuto 2º termine, per calcolare senza possibilità di confusione un intervallo è necessario stabilire la "distanza" e la "specie". Distanza La distanza identifica quanti gradi intercorrono tra i due termini contando anche i due in questione, attraverso un aggettivo numerale ordinale al genere femminile (ad es.: Do3-Re3 = intervallo di seconda o di 2ª; Do4-Mi4 = intervallo di terza o di 3ª ); gli intervalli che vanno da quello di prima a quello di ottava vengono detti primari o semplici; quelli superiori all'ottava vengono detti multipli o composti dei precedenti, vale a dire che essi sono considerati trasposizioni degli intervalli primari alle ottave superiori (ad es.: l'intervallo di 10ª è il multiplo di quello di 3ª). Solitamente nella classificazione gli intervalli multipli vengono ricondotti ai loro corrispettivi primari, tranne casi particolari riguardanti lo studio dell'armonia Specie La specie è la distanza effettiva tra i termini. Essa viene calcolata sulla base della scala maggiore avente per tonica il 1º termine; 1. se il 2º termine appartiene a quella scala, l'intervallo si dirà Giusto (abbr. in G) nel caso dell'unisono, 4ª, 5ª e 8ª (ad es.: Do-Sol = intervallo di 5ªG), Maggiore (abbr. in M) nel caso dalla 2ª, 3ª, 6ª e 7ª; ad esempio l'intervallo Do-Mi equivale ad un intervallo di 3ªM (terza maggiore) in quanto il Mi costituisce il terzo grado della scala di Do maggiore. L'intervallo di 1ª Giusta è detto anche unisono. 2. se il 2º termine non appartiene alla scala maggiore del 1º termine, la specie viene modificata a seconda che i due termini si siano tra loro allontanati o ravvicinati rispetto allo stesso intervallo G o M: • se essi si sono allontanati, l'intervallo diventa progressivamente aumentato (A), più che aumentato (pA), eccedente (E), più che eccedente (pE), ultra eccedente (uE); ad esempio l'intervallo Do-Fa# è un intervallo di 4ªA (quarta aumentata) perché è più ampio di un semitono rispetto a Do-Fa che è il corrispettivo intervallo Intervallo 4 giusto; • se essi si sono ravvicinati, l'intervallo passerà a diminuito (D), più che diminuito (pD), deficiente (DF), più che deficiente (pDF), ultra deficiente (uDF); gli intervalli maggiori, prima di passare allo stadio di diminuiti, diventano minori (m); ad esempio l'intervallo Do-Fab è un intervallo di 4ªD (quarta diminuita) in quanto più piccolo di un semitono rispetto a Do-Fa che è l'intervallo giusto; invece Do-Mib è un intervallo di 3ªm (terza minore) perché più piccolo di un semitono rispetto a Do-Mi che è l'intervallo maggiore. Tavola degli intervalli Segue una tavola degli intervalli maggiormente usati. Per scelta e per limitare l'esempio, il primo termine non viene mai modificato. Questo comporta che si possono ottenere solo intervalli da più che diminuito a più che eccedente. intervalli musicali ottenibili senza modificare il 1° termine Nel caso il primo termine venisse modificato si potrebbero ottenere tutti i tipi di intervalli da ultra deficiente a ultra eccedente. Intervallo 5 Tavola figurata degli intervalli tra due note sul pentagramma Tavola degli intervalli tra due note sul pentagramma Voci correlate • Intervalli musicali • Quantità di intervallo • Gaspard de Prony Altri progetti • Wikimedia Commons contiene file multimediali: http:/ / commons. wikimedia. org/ wiki/ Category:Musical intervals Collegamenti esterni [1] • (EN) Anatomia di un'ottava di Kyle Gann bg:Музикален интервал ca:Interval musical cs:Interval (hudba) da:Toneinterval de:Intervall (Musik) en:Interval fi:Intervalli fr:Intervalle (ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ) ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ:music) eo:Intervalo (muziko) es:Intervalo (música) et:Intervall (muusika) fa) (hr:Interval (glazbena teorija) hu:Hangköz id:Interval (musik (מרווח (מוזיקה:musique) fy:Ynterval gl:Intervalo he) is:Tónbil ja:音 程 ka:ინტერვალი (მუსიკა) ko:음정 la:Intervallum (musica) lt:Intervalas (muzika) lv:Intervāls (mūzika) nl:Interval (muziek) no:Intervall (musikk) pl:Interwał pt:Intervalo (música) ro:Interval (muzică) ru:Интервал (музыка) simple:Interval (music) sk:Interval (hudba) sl:Interval (glasba) sr:Интервал (музика) sv:Intervall (musik) uk:Музичний інтервал zh:音 程 Intervallo 6 Note [1] http:/ / www. kylegann. com/ Octave. html Semitono Il semitono (ovvero seconda minore)
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