Microalgae Cultivation Technologies As an Opportunity for Bioenergetic System Development—Advantages and Limitations
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Probing the Changing Redfield Ratio of Phytoplankton
Probing the Changing Redfield Ratio of phytoplankton Supervisory Team Rosalind Rickaby www.earth.ox.ac.uk/people/rosalind-rickaby Katsumi Matsumoto www.esci.umn.edu/people/katsumi-matsumoto Key Research Question What controls the Redfield Ratio amongst algae? Overview under different conditions of Fe and C availability In 1934, Alfred Redfield made the notable to test the hypothesis that it is the nutrient observation that the relative ratios of C:N:P of efficiency of photosynthesis that dictates the C:N organic matter appeared to be constant throughout ratio of organic matter. the surface oceans, and also matched the Applicants would ideally have a background in dissolved ratios of those nutrients (C106N16P1). Biology/Chemistry/Earth Sciences or The Redfield ratio is fundamental in dictating the Environmental Sciences. strength of the biological sequestration of carbon, and the amount of oxygen that is used for respiration hence is an intimate control on the biotic feedback of phytoplankton on future climate. Despite efforts to understand the co-evolution of Methodology these ratios between the phytoplankton and the Methods to be used will include: Phytoplankton seawater from experimental, field observations Culture and sterile techniques, EA IRMS, and modelling efforts, there is still no mechanistic Spectrophotometry, and Microscopy. understanding of what drives the enormous variability seen across different phytoplankton lineages with various environmental conditions (Garcia et al., 2018). References & Further Reading Nature Geoscience -
Coral Feeding on Microalgae Assessed with Molecular Trophic Markers
Molecular Ecology (2013) doi: 10.1111/mec.12486 Coral feeding on microalgae assessed with molecular trophic markers MIGUEL C. LEAL,*† CHRISTINE FERRIER-PAGES,‡ RICARDO CALADO,* MEGAN E. THOMPSON,† MARC E. FRISCHER† and JENS C. NEJSTGAARD† *Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, †Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, 10 Ocean Science Circle, 31411 Savannah, GA, USA, ‡Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Avenue St-Martin, 98000 Monaco, Monaco Abstract Herbivory in corals, especially for symbiotic species, remains controversial. To investi- gate the capacity of scleractinian and soft corals to capture microalgae, we conducted controlled laboratory experiments offering five algal species: the cryptophyte Rhodo- monas marina, the haptophytes Isochrysis galbana and Phaeocystis globosa, and the diatoms Conticribra weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Coral species included the symbiotic soft corals Heteroxenia fuscescens and Sinularia flexibilis, the asymbiotic scleractinian coral Tubastrea coccinea, and the symbiotic scleractinian corals Stylophora pistillata, Pavona cactus and Oculina arbuscula. Herbivory was assessed by end-point PCR amplification of algae-specific 18S rRNA gene fragments purified from coral tissue genomic DNA extracts. The ability to capture microalgae varied with coral and algal species and could not be explained by prey size or taxonomy. Herbivory was not detected in S. flexibilis and S. pistillata. P. globosa was the only algal prey that was never captured by any coral. Although predation defence mechanisms have been shown for Phaeocystis spp. against many potential predators, this study is the first to suggest this for corals. This study provides new insights into herbivory in symbiotic corals and suggests that corals may be selective herbivorous feeders. -
Light and Growth Medium Effect on Chlorella Vulgaris Biomass Production
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2 (2014) 665–674 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jece Light and growth medium effect on Chlorella vulgaris biomass production Matthew Forrest Blair, Bahareh Kokabian, Veera Gnaneswar Gude * Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Algae can serve as feedstock for many high value bioproducts and biofuels production. The key to Received 27 June 2013 economic algal biomass production is to optimize the growth conditions. This study presents the effect of Received in revised form 6 November 2013 light wavelengths and growth medium composition on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. Different light Accepted 6 November 2013 wavelengths [blue, clear (white), green, and red] were used to test their effect on algal growth. Growth media formulations were varied to optimize the growth media composition for maximized algal biomass Keywords: production. Experimental study was conducted in three phases to evaluate: (1) the effect of different Nutrient optimization light wavelengths; (2) the effect of the recommended growth medium at 25%, 50%, and 100% of Growth rates suggested composition; and (3) the effect of nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and phosphorous). The Chlorella vulgaris Light effect effect of these factors was evaluated through specific algal growth rates and volumetric biomass Volumetric biomass productivity productivities during the entire growth period. In this study, blue light performed better (higher growth rate and biomass productivity) at longer growth periods (10–14 days) compared to clear, red and green light wavelengths. The growth media and nutrient effect results indicate that the growth of C. -
Alternate Algae Fuel Spencer Meredith Columbus State
RUNNING HEAD: ALTERNATE ALGAE FUEL 1 Alternate Algae Fuel Spencer Meredith Columbus State Community College ALTERNATE ALGAE FUEL 2 Abstract Hold your nose as we dive into the aquatic world of microalgae. Conducting research seeking a renewable energy source, I found algae has the potential to change the world for the better. The oil from algae species can be turned into a biofuel, fuel produced from agricultural processes that can be used in transportation engines. This fuel and overall process of algae production has been found to be a safer and more environmental friendly process than fossil fuels. Also, algae grows in water, making it farmable in many different ways, each system holding their own unique advantages. What stands in the way of commercial viability is the amount of money needed to build enough mechanisms that make algae a cheaper and more available fuel than the current fossil fuel, but scientist remain determined and believe it can work. Keywords: Biofuel, Algae Oil, Alternate Energy ALTERNATE ALGAE FUEL 3 Alternate Algae Fuel "We are going to exit the fossil fuel era. It is inevitable.” says Elon Musk, CEO and lead designer of multiple prodigious projects (Felix, 2015). Musk is the head developer of Space-X, a multi-billion dollar private spacecraft company with goals of colonizing Mars. He also invented the hyperloop, a machine that will carry passengers from Los Angeles to San Francisco in thirty- five minutes, normally a seven hour drive. The superstar inventor also works closely to refine Tesla, Inc., an automotive electric car company. Needless to say, Musk is in touch with the current environmental needs of the world and his thoughts on drastically reducing the use of fossil fuels is a commonly shared opinion among a greater part of the science community. -
PROTISTS Shore and the Waves Are Large, Often the Largest of a Storm Event, and with a Long Period
(seas), and these waves can mobilize boulders. During this phase of the storm the rapid changes in current direction caused by these large, short-period waves generate high accelerative forces, and it is these forces that ultimately can move even large boulders. Traditionally, most rocky-intertidal ecological stud- ies have been conducted on rocky platforms where the substrate is composed of stable basement rock. Projec- tiles tend to be uncommon in these types of habitats, and damage from projectiles is usually light. Perhaps for this reason the role of projectiles in intertidal ecology has received little attention. Boulder-fi eld intertidal zones are as common as, if not more common than, rock plat- forms. In boulder fi elds, projectiles are abundant, and the evidence of damage due to projectiles is obvious. Here projectiles may be one of the most important defi ning physical forces in the habitat. SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Geology, Coastal / Habitat Alteration / Hydrodynamic Forces / Wave Exposure FURTHER READING Carstens. T. 1968. Wave forces on boundaries and submerged bodies. Sarsia FIGURE 6 The intertidal zone on the north side of Cape Blanco, 34: 37–60. Oregon. The large, smooth boulders are made of serpentine, while Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organi- the surrounding rock from which the intertidal platform is formed zation: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky is sandstone. The smooth boulders are from a source outside the intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 45: 137–159. intertidal zone and were carried into the intertidal zone by waves. Levin, S. A., and R. -
Microalgae Strain Catalogue
Microalgae strain catalogue A strain selection guide for microalgae users: cultivation and chemical characteristics for high added-value products CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 4 2. Strain catalogue ......................................................................................... 5 Anabaena cylindrica ........................................................................................... 6 Arthrospira platensis .......................................................................................... 8 Botryococcus braunii ........................................................................................ 10 Chlorella luteoviridis ......................................................................................... 12 Chlorella sorokiniana ........................................................................................ 14 Chlorella vulgaris .............................................................................................. 16 Dunaliella salina ............................................................................................... 18 Dunaliella tertiolecta ......................................................................................... 20 Haematococcus pluvialis .................................................................................. 22 Microcystis aeruginosa ..................................................................................... 24 Nannochloropsis occulata ............................................................................... -
21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae
21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae RS. Salomon and I. Imai 2L1 Introduction Pathogens are any organisms that cause disease to other living organisms. Parasitism is an interspecific interaction where one species (the parasite) spends the whole or part of its life on or inside cells and tissues of another living organism (the host), from where it derives most of its food. Parasites that cause disease to their hosts are, by definition, pathogens. Although infection of metazoans by other metazoans and protists are the more fre quently studied, there are interactions where both host and parasite are sin gle-celled organisms. Here we describe such interactions involving microal gae as hosts. The aim of this chapter is to review the current status of research on pathogens of harmful microalgae and present future perspec tives within the field. Pathogens with the ability to impair and kill micro algae include viruses, bacteria, fungi and a number of protists (see reviews by Elbrachter and Schnepf 1998; Brussaard 2004; Park et al. 2004; Mayali and Azam 2004; Ibelings et al. 2004). Valuable information exists from non-harm ful microalgal hosts, and these studies will be referred to throughout the text. Nevertheless, emphasis is given to cases where hosts are recognizable harmful microalgae. 21.2 Viruses Viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) have been found in more than 50 species of eukaryotic microalgae, and several of them have been isolated in laboratory cultures (Brussaard 2004; Nagasaki et al. 2005). These viruses are diverse both in size and genome type, and some of them infect harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causing species (Table 21.1). -
Non-Axenic Microalgae Cultivation in Space – Challenges for the Membrane Μgpbr of the ISS Experiment PBR@LSR
48th International Conference on Environmental Systems ICES-2018-186 8-12 July 2018, Albuquerque, New Mexico Non-axenic microalgae cultivation in space – Challenges for the membrane µgPBR of the ISS experiment PBR@LSR Harald Helisch1, Stefan Belz2, Jochen Keppler3, Gisela Detrell4, Norbert Henn5, Stefanos Fasoulas6, Reinhold Ewald7 Institute of Space Systems, University of Stuttgart, Germany and Oliver Angerer8 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bonn, Germany Keywords: PBR@LSR, ISS experiment, microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, long-term cultivation, biofilm The spaceflight experiment PBR@LSR (Photobioreactor at the Life Support Rack) shall demonstrate for the first time the technology and performance of a hybrid life support system – a combination of physico-chemical and biotechnological components – under real space conditions during an operation period of 180 days. To be launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2018, PBR@LSR combines the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrator of ESA’s Life Support Rack (LSR) with an advanced microalgae photobioreactor (PBR). Accommodated in the Destiny module, LSR will concentrate CO2 from the cabin atmosphere. A dedicated interface allows the utilization of the highly concentrated surplus CO2 for the cultivation of the green microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris. Current research at the University of Stuttgart focuses on the fundamental investigation and optimization of non-axenic cultivation processes in µg capable membrane PBRs. This includes the characterization of influences of accompanying bacteria on the non-axenic microalgae culture stability within the PBR suspension loop, photosynthetic capacity as well as overall biomass composition. This paper discusses in general possible influences of emerging bacteria- or algae induced biofilm formation and cell clustering due to non-axenic processing on the long term functionality of µg adapted PBR systems, e.g. -
Genetic Diversity of Symbiotic Green Algae of Paramecium Bursaria Syngens Originating from Distant Geographical Locations
plants Article Genetic Diversity of Symbiotic Green Algae of Paramecium bursaria Syngens Originating from Distant Geographical Locations Magdalena Greczek-Stachura 1, Patrycja Zagata Le´snicka 1, Sebastian Tarcz 2 , Maria Rautian 3 and Katarzyna Mozd˙ ze˙ ´n 1,* 1 Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor ˛azych˙ 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (M.G.-S.); [email protected] (P.Z.L.) 2 Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Protistology and Experimental Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Paramecium bursaria (Ehrenberg 1831) is a ciliate species living in a symbiotic relationship with green algae. The aim of the study was to identify green algal symbionts of P. bursaria originating from distant geographical locations and to answer the question of whether the occurrence of en- dosymbiont taxa was correlated with a specific ciliate syngen (sexually separated sibling group). In a comparative analysis, we investigated 43 P. bursaria symbiont strains based on molecular features. Three DNA fragments were sequenced: two from the nuclear genomes—a fragment of the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region and a fragment of the gene encoding large subunit ribosomal RNA (28S rDNA), Citation: Greczek-Stachura, M.; as well as a fragment of the plastid genome comprising the 30rpl36-50infA genes. The analysis of two Le´snicka,P.Z.; Tarcz, S.; Rautian, M.; Mozd˙ ze´n,K.˙ Genetic Diversity of ribosomal sequences showed the presence of 29 haplotypes (haplotype diversity Hd = 0.98736 for Symbiotic Green Algae of Paramecium ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 and Hd = 0.908 for 28S rDNA) in the former two regions, and 36 haplotypes 0 0 bursaria Syngens Originating from in the 3 rpl36-5 infA gene fragment (Hd = 0.984). -
New Observations on Green Hydra Symbiosis
Folia biologica (Kraków), vol. 55 (2007), No 1-2 Short Note New Observations on Green Hydra Symbiosis Goran KOVAÈEVIÆ, Mirjana KALAFATIÆ and Nikola LJUBEŠIÆ Accepted September 20, 2006 KOVAÈEVIÆ G., KALAFATIÆ M., LJUBEŠIÆ N. 2007. New observations on green hydra symbiosis. Folia biol. (Kraków) 55: 77-79. New observations on green hydra symbiosis are described. Herbicide norflurazon was chosen as a «trigger» for analysis of these observations. Green hydra (Hydra viridissima Pallas, 1766) is a typical example of endosymbiosis. In its gastrodermal myoeptihelial cells it contains individuals of Chlorella vulgaris Beij. (KESSLER &HUSS 1992). Ultrastructural changes were observed by means of TEM. The newly described morphological features of green hydra symbiosis included a widening of the perialgal space, missing symbiosomes and joining of the existing perialgal spaces. Also, on the basis of the newly described mechanisms, the recovery of green hydra after a period of intoxication was explained. The final result of the disturbed symbiosis between hydra and algae was the reassembly of the endosymbiosis in surviving individuals. Key words: Green hydra, Chlorella, perialgal space, symbiosome, symbiosis reassembly. Goran KOVAÈEVIÆ, Mirjana KALAFATIÆ, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Depart- ment of Zoology, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, E-mail: [email protected] Nikola LJUBEŠIÆ, Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, Bijenièka cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Symbiosis is one of the most important and most CATINE 1973; RAHAT 1991; SHIMIZU &FUJI- interesting subjects in evolutionary biology. In re- SAWA 2003). Green hydra is a typical example of cent years this area of research was much revived, endosymbiosis. -
Food, Fertilizer, Fuel – the Versatility of Algae Program Areas: Healthcare, Business, Marketing, and Agriculture
Class Starters and Enders help utilize the last minutes of class when a lesson ends but there is not enough time to start another, or for an interest approach at the beginning of class. Mini‐lessons correlate to GPS in the programs areas below. Food, Fertilizer, Fuel – The Versatility of Algae Program Areas: Healthcare, Business, Marketing, and Agriculture Instructions: Read the material and make notes of important points, answer questions, and be ready to discuss this topic. You’ve probably seen algae in your pond, goldfish’s bowl, or birdbath. If you like sushi, you’ve probably eaten algae too – in the form of seaweed. But algae are more than just pond scum or a key snack food ingredient. Algae are a large, diverse group of autotrophic organisms that are photosynthetic and eukaryotic. The most complex forms of algae are the seaweeds. Algae are found all over the Earth, both on the ground and in the water. Some algae form symbiotic relationships with fungi, marine invertebrates, and sea sponges. There are all sorts of uses for algae. Red algae are used to produce a gelatinous substance called agar, which is used in biology and biotechnology labs for different kinds of research. Seaweeds are often used as fertilizers, soil conditioners, and livestock feeds. Sewage can be treated with algae, reducing the need for toxic Commercially cultivated algae can be chemicals which perform that job. Algal pigments are also useful alternatives to grown in tubes like these in a variety of chemical dyes and coloring agents. environments, including those where more common biofuel crops cannot grow. -
Prospects for Domestic Biofuels for Transport in Sweden 2030 Based on Current Production and Future Plans
Chalmers Publication Library Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans This document has been downloaded from Chalmers Publication Library (CPL). It is the author´s version of a work that was accepted for publication in: WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews, Energy and Environment (ISSN: 2041-840X) Citation for the published paper: Grahn, M. ; Hansson, J. (2015) "Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans". WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews, Energy and Environment, vol. 4(3), pp. 290â306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.138 Downloaded from: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/210761 Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source. Please note that access to the published version might require a subscription. Chalmers Publication Library (CPL) offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at Chalmers University of Technology. It covers all types of publications: articles, dissertations, licentiate theses, masters theses, conference papers, reports etc. Since 2006 it is the official tool for Chalmers official publication statistics. To ensure that Chalmers research results are disseminated as widely as possible, an Open Access Policy has been adopted. The CPL service is administrated and maintained by Chalmers Library. (article starts on next page) Advanced Review Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans Maria Grahn1∗ and Julia Hansson2 Currently, Sweden has the largest share of renewable fuels for transport in the EU.