DOCSLIB.ORG
Recommended publications
  • Logic, Reasoning, and Revision
    Logic, Reasoning, and Revision Abstract The traditional connection between logic and reasoning has been under pressure ever since Gilbert Harman attacked the received view that logic yields norms for what we should believe. In this paper I first place Harman’s challenge in the broader context of the dialectic between logical revisionists like Bob Meyer and sceptics about the role of logic in reasoning like Harman. I then develop a formal model based on contemporary epistemic and doxastic logic in which the relation between logic and norms for belief can be captured. introduction The canons of classical deductive logic provide, at least according to a widespread but presumably naive view, general as well as infallible norms for reasoning. Obviously, few instances of actual reasoning have such prop- erties, and it is therefore not surprising that the naive view has been chal- lenged in many ways. Four kinds of challenges are relevant to the question of where the naive view goes wrong, but each of these challenges is also in- teresting because it allows us to focus on a particular aspect of the relation between deductive logic, reasoning, and logical revision. Challenges to the naive view that classical deductive logic directly yields norms for reason- ing come in two sorts. Two of them are straightforwardly revisionist; they claim that the consequence relation of classical logic is the culprit. The remaining two directly question the naive view about the normative role of logic for reasoning; they do not think that the philosophical notion of en- tailment (however conceived) is as relevant to reasoning as has traditionally been assumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Knowledge, Belief and Conditional Belief Guillaume Aucher
    Principles of Knowledge, Belief and Conditional Belief Guillaume Aucher To cite this version: Guillaume Aucher. Principles of Knowledge, Belief and Conditional Belief. Interdisciplinary Works in Logic, Epistemology, Psychology and Linguistics, pp.97 - 134, 2014, 10.1007/978-3-319-03044-9_5. hal-01098789 HAL Id: hal-01098789 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01098789 Submitted on 29 Dec 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Principles of knowledge, belief and conditional belief Guillaume Aucher 1 Introduction Elucidating the nature of the relationship between knowledge and belief is an old issue in epistemology dating back at least to Plato. Two approaches to addressing this problem stand out from the rest. The first consists in providing a definition of knowledge, in terms of belief, that would somehow pin down the essential ingredient binding knowledge to belief. The second consists in providing a complete characterization of this relationship in terms of logical principles relating these two notions. The accomplishement of either of these two objectives would certainly contribute to solving this problem. The success of the first approach is hindered by the so-called ‘Gettier problem’. Until recently, the view that knowledge could be defined in terms of belief as ‘justified true belief’ was endorsed by most philosophers.
    [Show full text]
  • Implicit Versus Explicit Knowledge in Dialogical Logic Manuel Rebuschi
    Implicit versus Explicit Knowledge in Dialogical Logic Manuel Rebuschi To cite this version: Manuel Rebuschi. Implicit versus Explicit Knowledge in Dialogical Logic. Ondrej Majer, Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen and Tero Tulenheimo. Games: Unifying Logic, Language, and Philosophy, Springer, pp.229-246, 2009, 10.1007/978-1-4020-9374-6_10. halshs-00556250 HAL Id: halshs-00556250 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00556250 Submitted on 16 Jan 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Implicit versus Explicit Knowledge in Dialogical Logic Manuel Rebuschi L.P.H.S. – Archives H. Poincar´e Universit´ede Nancy 2 [email protected] [The final version of this paper is published in: O. Majer et al. (eds.), Games: Unifying Logic, Language, and Philosophy, Dordrecht, Springer, 2009, 229-246.] Abstract A dialogical version of (modal) epistemic logic is outlined, with an intuitionistic variant. Another version of dialogical epistemic logic is then provided by means of the S4 mapping of intuitionistic logic. Both systems cast new light on the relationship between intuitionism, modal logic and dialogical games. Introduction Two main approaches to knowledge in logic can be distinguished [1]. The first one is an implicit way of encoding knowledge and consists in an epistemic interpretation of usual logic.
    [Show full text]
  • Inquisitive Conditional-Doxastic Logic
    Inquisitive Conditional-Doxastic Logic MSc Thesis (Afstudeerscriptie) written by Benjamin Sparkes (born 31/05/1989 in Bristol, United Kingdom) under the supervision of Dr. Ivano Ciardelli and Dr. Floris Roelofsen, and submitted to the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in Logic at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Date of the public defense: Members of the Thesis Committee: August 30 2016 Dr. Ivano Ciardelli Prof. Dr. Benedikt Löwe (chair) Dr. Soroush Rafiee Rad Dr. Floris Roelofsen Dr. Katrin Schulz Prof. Dr. Frank Veltman Abstract This thesis develops inquisitive conditional-doxastic logic, obtained by enriching classi- cal multi-agent plausibility models with issues for each agent. The aim of these models is to allow for a finer approach to modelling inquiry. Issues capture informative and interrogative content, and so by associating an issue to an agent we are able to capture both their information state and their inquisitive state, while a plausibility map on worlds captures their doxastic state. Moreover, inquisitive plausibility models allow for conditionalisation on both informative and interrogative content. Two conditional-doxastic modalities are introduced and axiomatised; a considers modality unique to inquisitive conditional-doxastic logic, which conditionalises on is- sues with respect to both an agent’s doxastic and inquisitive state, and a generalisation of (conditional) belief, which conditionalises solely on an agent’s doxastic state. We show that inquisitive conditional-doxastic logic encodes the same assumptions concerning conditionalisation and conditional-doxastic logic. And, just as conditional- doxastic logic may be taken as the static counterpart to a dynamic logic of belief revi- sion, inquisitive conditional-doxastic logic can be taken as the static counterpart to a dy- namic logic of belief revision within an enriched setting that includes formal resources to model interrogatives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paradox of Infallibility
    The Paradox of Infallibility Daniel Rönnedal Stockholm University Abstract This paper discusses a new paradox, the paradox of infallibility. Let us define in- fallibility in the following way: (Def I) t is infallible if and only if (iff) everything t believes is true, where t is any term. (Def I) entails the following proposition: (I) It is necessary that for every individual x, x is infallible iff every proposition x be- lieves is true. However, (I) seems to be inconsistent with the following proposi- tion (P): It is possible that there is some individual who believes exactly one proposition, namely that she is not infallible. So, it seems to be the case that either (I) or (P) must be false. Yet, (I) is simply a consequence of (Def I) and (P) clearly seems to be true. This is the puzzle. I discuss five possible solutions to the prob- lem and mention some arguments for and against these solutions. Keywords: Paradoxes, Infallibility, Epistemic paradoxes, Dialetheism, Proposi- tional quantifiers. 1. Introduction In this paper, I introduce a new paradox, the paradox of infallibility. Intuitively, this puzzle can be formulated in the following way. Assume that someone is in- fallible if and only if (iff) everything she believes is true and that there is an indi- vidual who believes exactly one proposition, namely the proposition that she is not infallible. Suppose that this individual is infallible. Then everything she be- lieves is true. Hence, she is not infallible, since she believes that she is not infal- lible. So, if she is infallible, she is not infallible.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Proposal Changing Beliefs in a Changing World
    May 2, 2018 DRAFT Thesis Proposal Changing Beliefs in a Changing World Joao˜ G. Martins April 2018 School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Thesis Committee: Andre´ Platzer, Chair, co-advisor (CMU) Joao˜ Leite, co-advisor (FCT) Frank Pfenning, Stephen Brookes, Wiebe van der Hoek, external chair Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Copyright c 2018 Joao˜ G. Martins May 2, 2018 DRAFT Keywords: dynamic epistemic logic, dynamic doxastic logic, cyber-physical systems, dif- ferential dynamic logic, modal logic, dynamic logic May 2, 2018 DRAFT Abstract We find ourselves on the cusp of a revolution in the transportation industry, with an expectation for the impending widespread adoption of self-driving capabilities, promising faster and more efficient deliveries, more comfort and better bottom lines. Critical to achieving this vision, however, is large scale deployment of vehicles with self-driving capabilities, or cyber-physical systems (CPSs), into roadways and airways already teeming with other human- and computer-controlled vehicles. This deployment cannot, and indeed should not be acceptable until the safety of the con- trollers in charge of new CPSs is credibly proven. Already several incidents, some fatal, cast a shadow of doubt onto the public’s belief about whether heterogeneously controlled systems can safely function within the same environments. While significant progress has been made in formally verifying the safety of CPS models, we argue that current models often do not accurately represent real systems because of an implicit assumption of perfect knowledge of the real-world. In reality, sensor noise and incomplete or even counterfactual beliefs create ample possibilities for controller decisions that lead to safety violations.
    [Show full text]
  • Simple Hyperintensional Belief Revision
    Erkenn https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-018-9971-1 Simple Hyperintensional Belief Revision F. Berto1 Received: 13 January 2017 / Accepted: 8 January 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication Abstract I present a possible worlds semantics for a hyperintensional belief revi- sion operator, which reduces the logical idealization of cognitive agents affecting similar operators in doxastic and epistemic logics, as well as in standard AGM belief revision theory. (Revised) belief states are not closed under classical logical consequence; revising by inconsistent information does not perforce lead to trivi- alization; and revision can be subject to ‘framing effects’: logically or necessarily equivalent contents can lead to different revisions. Such results are obtained without resorting to non-classical logics, or to non-normal or impossible worlds semantics. The framework combines, instead, a standard semantics for propositional S5 with a simple mereology of contents. Keywords Framing effects Á Hyperintensionality Á Belief revision Á Non- monotonicreasoning Á Doxastic logic Á Epistemic logic Á Inconsistent belief management 1 Introduction Standard AGM belief revision theory imposes a high amount of idealization on cognitive agents who revise their beliefs in the light of new information1. The first postulate for belief revision in Alchourro´n et al. (1985), (K Ã 1), has it that K Ã / 1 I have presented versions of the semantics used in this paper at the European Conference of Analytic Philosophy in Munich; at the workshop ‘Doxastic Agency and Epistemic Logic’ in Bochum; at the conference ‘Conceivability and Modality’ at the University of Rome-La Sapienza; at the workshop & F.
    [Show full text]
  • DOXASTIC LOGIC Michael Caie There Are at Least Three Natural
    DOXASTICLOGIC Michael Caie 10 There are at least three natural ways of interpreting the object of study of doxastic logic. On one construal, doxastic logic studies certain general features of the doxastic states of actual agents. On another construal, it studies certain general features of idealized doxastic states. While on yet another construal, doxastic logic provides a normative account of what features an agent’s doxastic state ought to have on pain of irrationality. The field of doxastic logic was initiated by Hintikka (1962), where tech- niques from modal logic were employed to model doxastic and epistemic states and to characterize certain valid principles governing such states. The theory presented by Hintikka provides an account of certain syn- chronic principles governing doxastic states. That theory, however, is silent on the question of how the doxastic states of an agent over time are or should be related. Later work, initiated by Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson (1985), sought to provide an account of how an agent will or should revise her doxastic state in the light of new evidence. According to the accounts developed out of Alchourrón et al., a characterization of an agent’s doxastic state should include, in addition to the set of beliefs the agent has, a characterization of the agent’s belief revision policy. One of the characteristic features of the models developed by Hintikka is that they provide a natural way of modeling the higher-order beliefs of an agent, i.e., the agent’s beliefs about her own beliefs. The models developed out of Alchourrón et al., however, don’t provide a natural way of characterizing an agent’s higher-order beliefs about her belief revision policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Classical Logics
    Non-Classical Logics Research Master in Cognitive Science and Humanities: Language, Communication and Organization Number of credits: 4 Optional Instructors: Marga V´azquezand Xabier Arrazola Skills/Competence Acquired by Students 1. Knowledge of First Order Logic (FOL), its semantics. Syntactical and semantical treatment of the alternative Logics to FOL. 2. Syntactical and Semantical treatment of alternative logics of FOL. 3. Use different Non-Classical Logics in application to Natural Language, communication and social action. 4. Use formal skills to analyze theoretical studies about meaning and to formalize arguments from different research contexts. Evaluation It will be expected of all students participation in classroom discussions, pre- sentations, and do the proposed exercises and comments on selected read- ings. Every student will do the proposed exercises (from a little book of exercises) and a short paper on one of the logics of the program. Contents 1. Introduction. Logic and Logics. First Order Logic. Second Order Logic. Classical Logic and Non-Classical Logics. What is Logic? 2. Propositional Logic. Syntax and Semantics. Decision procedures. 1 3. First Order Logics. Language types. Decision: sublanguages. 4. Many-valued Logics and probability. Manyvaluedness. 3-valued log- ics and the matrix method: Lukasiewicz, Kleene and Bochvar. Post: many-valued logic. 5. Modal Logic. Syntax and Semantics. Possible worlds semantics: frames and general frames. Canonical structures and canonical models. First Order Modal Logic. Applications to Semantics of Natural Language. 6. Epistemic and Doxastic Logic. Knowledge and Belief. Syntax and Possible Worlds Semantics. Syntactic treatment of belief. Systems of limited inference. Multi-agency. Knowledge Representation and Belief bases. 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Implicit and Explicit Stances in Logic
    1 IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT STANCES IN LOGIC Johan van Benthem, http://staff.fnwi.uva.nl/j.vanbenthem FEW Formal Epistemology Workshop, Seattle, 27 May 2017 Abstract We identify a pervasive contrast between `implicit’ and `explicit’ stances in logic design. To study new topics, implicit stances change meanings of logical constants and consequence, explicit stances extend classical logic with new vocabulary. We discuss the contrast in intuitionistic vs. epis- temic logic, default reasoning, information dynamics, and, tentatively, in hyperintensional logic, dis- cuss translations and merges between stances, and give concrete consequences of our perspective. 1 Explicit and implicit stances in logical analysis The agenda of logic keeps growing: from ontology to cognitive activity. New topics keep generating new logics. Explicit approach: add new (modal) operators to fixed base logic. Information about the new topics: new laws in a richer language on a classical base. Implicit approach: reinterpret logical constants and/or consequence, information about the new topics in deviations to or even absence of classical logical laws. Our plan: we explain the contrast by example, and discuss what it means, taking both sides seriously. 2 Information, knowledge, and epistemic logic ‘Semantic information’: range of candidates for the actual situation. Agent knows that ϕ: Kϕ true at a current world s if ϕ is true in all worlds in the current range of s, the ‘epistemically accessible’ worlds from s, given by a binary relation s ~ t. Base language: propositional logic, modalities Kϕ. Laws: S5 for each agent (or S4, S4.2), no substantial laws relating knowledge of different agents. Deeper axioms: group knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Extending Dynamic Doxastic Logic: Accommodating Iterated Beliefs and Ramsey Conditionals Within Ddl*
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PhilPapers In Lindahl L., Needham, P., and Sliwinski, R., Foor Good Measure, Uppsala Philosophy Studies 46, Uppsala University, Department of Philosophy, Uppsala, Sweden 1997. EXTENDING DYNAMIC DOXASTIC LOGIC: ACCOMMODATING ITERATED BELIEFS AND RAMSEY CONDITIONALS WITHIN DDL* Sten Lindström and Wlodek Rabinowicz In this paper we distinguish between various kinds of doxastic theories. One distinction is between informal and formal doxastic theories. AGM-type theories of belief change are of the former kind, while Hintikka’s logic of knowledge and belief is of the latter. Then we dis- tinguish between static theories that study the unchanging beliefs of a certain agent and dynamic theories that investigate not only the constraints that can reasonably be imposed on the doxastic states of a rational agent but also rationality constraints on the changes of doxas- tic state that may occur in such agents. An additional distinction is that between non-intro- spective theories and introspective ones. Non-introspective theories investigate agents that have opinions about the external world but no higher-order opinions about their own doxastic states. Standard AGM-type theories as well as the currently existing versions of Segerberg’s dynamic doxastic logic (DDL) are non-introspective. Hintikka-style doxastic logic is of course introspective but it is a static theory. Thus, the challenge remains to devise doxastic theories that are both dynamic and introspective. We outline the semantics for a truly intro- spective dynamic doxastic logic, i.e., a dynamic doxastic logic that allows us to describe agents who have both the ability to form higher-order beliefs and to reflect upon and change their minds about their own (higher-order) beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Impossible Worlds and the Logic of Imagination
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Impossible Worlds and the Logic of Imagination Berto, F. DOI 10.1007/s10670-017-9875-5 Publication date 2017 Document Version Final published version Published in Erkenntnis License CC BY Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Berto, F. (2017). Impossible Worlds and the Logic of Imagination. Erkenntnis, 82(6), 1277–1297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-017-9875-5 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 Erkenn (2017) 82:1277–1297 DOI 10.1007/s10670-017-9875-5 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Impossible Worlds and the Logic of Imagination Francesco Berto1 Received: 1 January 2017 / Accepted: 9 January 2017 / Published online: 31 January 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017.
    [Show full text]