Ritorno Ad Un Futuro Decentralizzato: La

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Ritorno Ad Un Futuro Decentralizzato: La UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA DIPARTIMENTI DI GIURISPRUDENZA, INGEGNERIA INDUSTRIALE E DELL'INFORMAZIONE, SCIENZE ECONOMICHE E AZIENDALI, SCIENZE POLITICHE E SOCIALI, STUDI UMANISTICI CORSO DI LAUREA INTERDIPARTIMENTALE IN COMUNICAZIONE, INNOVAZIONE, MULTIMEDIALITÀ RITORNO AD UN FUTURO DECENTRALIZZATO: LA RISPOSTA AL DILEMMA DELLE PIATTAFORME SOCIALI Relatore: Chiar.mo Dott./Prof. Paolo Costa Correlatore: Chiar.mo Dott./Prof. Guido Legnante Tesi di laurea di Stefania Giulia Tonelli Matricola 476393 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2019/2020 SOMMARIO INTRODUZIONE .................................................................................................. 5 CAPITOLO 1 - RITORNO AL FUTURO ............................................................. 9 1) Dal Web delle origini all’era dei social network ..................................... 9 2) Verso un Web di piattaforme centralizzate .......................................... 17 2.1) Reddit e Usenet: un confronto esemplificativo ...................................... 18 2.2) I vantaggi delle piattaforme centralizzate .............................................. 19 3) I problemi con le piattaforme centralizzate .......................................... 24 3.1) Privacy e data protection ........................................................................ 24 3.2) Moderazione del discorso online ........................................................... 26 3.3) Non-persistenza dei dati ......................................................................... 28 3.4) Monopolizzazione del mercato .............................................................. 29 3.5) Modello economico pubblicitario .......................................................... 31 3.6) I social network nel dibattito pubblico .................................................. 32 4) La proposta di un ritorno ad una logica dei protocolli ........................ 35 4.1) Il ritorno ad un futuro decentralizzato ................................................... 37 4.2) Gli elementi costitutivi di un web decentralizzato ................................. 38 5) Social network su protocollo decentralizzato ........................................ 43 5.1) L’architettura di un DOSN .................................................................... 44 5.2) I benefici della decentralizzazione per i servizi di social networking ... 46 1 CAPITOLO 2 - UN’INNOVAZIONE DISRUPTIVA ........................................ 53 1) Dalle criptovalute al social networking ................................................. 54 2) La tecnologia della blockchain ............................................................... 56 3) Le transazioni all’interno di una blockchain ........................................ 62 3.1) Crittografia e criptazione ....................................................................... 63 3.2) Firma digitale ......................................................................................... 64 3.3) Indirizzi e wallet .................................................................................... 65 3.4) Transazioni ............................................................................................. 65 4) Consenso e mining ................................................................................... 66 5) Immutabilità nella blockchain ................................................................ 69 CAPITOLO 3 - IL RISPETTO DELL’UTENTE ................................................. 71 1) Il business della sorveglianza .................................................................. 72 2) La tutela della privacy ............................................................................. 76 2.1) Il concetto di privacy ............................................................................. 76 2.2) La minaccia del business della sorveglianza ......................................... 78 2.3) Lo scandalo e la speranza ...................................................................... 81 2.4) Approccio decentralizzato alla tutela dei dati ........................................ 87 3) La moderazione del discorso online ....................................................... 92 3.1) Minaccia alla libertà di espressione ....................................................... 92 3.2) Le derive della libera espressione .......................................................... 98 3.3) La ricerca di un compromesso ............................................................. 102 3.4) Decentralizzazione della responsabilità ............................................... 105 4) Le piattaforme sociali nel dibattito pubblico ...................................... 110 4.1) Persuasione e manipolazione nella comunicazione politica ................ 111 4.2) The Social Dilemma ............................................................................ 118 4.3) Trasparenza e autodeterminazione dell’ambiente informativo ............ 124 2 PROSPETTIVE E CONCLUSIONI .................................................................. 129 a) Dalla teoria alla pratica ......................................................................... 129 b) Verso un futuro ibrido .......................................................................... 138 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................ 143 SITOGRAFIA .................................................................................................... 147 FILMOGRAFIA ................................................................................................. 153 3 4 INTRODUZIONE L’11 dicembre 2019 Jack Dorsey, fondatore e CEO di Twitter, ha annunciato l’isti- tuzione di Bluesky, un team di ricerca indipendente finalizzato allo studio di un protocollo aperto e decentralizzato per i social media. L’informatico ha rivelato che lo scopo di tale progetto è che Twitter possa in futuro diventare client di questo eventuale standard. Successivamente, con un tweetstorm Dorsey ha spiegato che l’investimento è motivato da alcune difficoltà che attualmente ostacolano le piat- taforme centralizzate e ha chiarito i benefici che il proprio social network trarrebbe da una simile prospettiva. Il fondatore di Twitter non è l’unica personalità nel mondo dell’hi-tech che ha manifestato interesse per il concetto di decentralizzazione, ma a cosa ci si sta riferendo? Cos’è un protocollo decentralizzato e cosa comporta per un social net- work esserne client? A quali difficoltà risponde tale frontiera dell’informatica e quali sono i vantaggi che potrebbe apportare ai servizi centralizzati? Partendo da questi interrogativi si ha sviluppato il presente elaborato, con l’obiettivo di presen- tare il Ritorno ad un futuro decentralizzato come la risposta al dilemma delle piat- taforme sociali. Innanzitutto, un servizio online si definisce decentralizzato quando insiste su una struttura distribuita e l’autorità del sistema è condivisa fra i vari nodi del network. Architettura distribuita, a sua volta, significa che in un network i nodi che lo compongono non sono distinti in client e server, ma ogni host ricopre entrambi i ruoli ed è gerarchicamente pari agli altri. Ciò si contrappone al funzionamento delle piattaforme centralizzate che monopolizzano il web. Queste, infatti, possono sì fare affidamento ad una struttura distribuita per migliorare la propria scalabilità, ma le funzionalità vengono espletate unicamente dai nodi server controllati dall’unica autorità che fornisce il servizio. Dopo quest’iniziale e necessaria preci- sazione, si procederà ora ad accennare la struttura dell’elaborato in questione. Il primo capitolo della tesi discussa spiega l’espressione “ritorno al futuro”, evidenziando come la prospettiva decentralizzata non rappresenti tanto una nuova 5 ipotesi, quanto la riproposta di un panorama che ha caratterizzato le origini della rete. Risalendo, infatti, al progetto originario di Tim Berners-Lee per il World Wide Web, si può riscontrare come l’applicazione che ad oggi garantisce la frui- zione dei contenuti di Internet a milioni di utenti sia nata come progetto pubblico e accessibile a tutti. Successivamente, una serie di fattori ha portato lo spazio aperto e universale della rete ad essere monopolizzato da poche, onnipresenti piat- taforme centralizzate. Dopo un iniziale ed immenso successo, tuttavia, queste ul- time devono oggi affrontare diverse difficoltà che minano il pieno giovamento da parte dei loro utenti di determinati diritti e principi fondamentali. Per questo mo- tivo da più parti si auspica un ritorno alla libertà e alla democraticità dell’Internet decentralizzato delle origini. L’invocazione di tale prospettiva è permessa dai recenti sviluppi tecnolo- gici, i quali permetterebbero di superare le problematiche che hanno caratterizzato il primo panorama decentralizzato. In particolare, si fa riferimento all’innovazione introdotta da Satoshi Nakamoto, l’ignoto inventore del Bitcoin, e illustrata nel se- condo capitolo di questo elaborato: la blockchain. Quest’ultima viene definita come tecnologia disruptiva, ovvero destinata a creare una rottura tra il presente e il futuro del mercato in cui si insedia. La blockchain garantisce, infatti, determinate proprietà che ne fanno la chiave per il destino della decentralizzazione. Il terzo capitolo del presente scritto affronta la questione centrale della tesi sostenuta, ovvero qual è il dilemma che affligge le grandi piattaforme e come la decentralizzazione di tali servizi possa apportare dei benefici per la sua
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