Data Portability and Platform Competition: Is User Data Exported from Facebook Actually Useful to Competitors?
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CCIA Submission to Rekabet Kurumu's Inquiry Into the Digital
CCIA Submission to Rekabet Kurumu’s Inquiry into the Digital Economy 27 April 2020 I. Introduction The Computer and Communications Industry Association,1 (“CCIA”) welcomes the opportunity to contribute to the market study into competition and the digital economy by Rekabet Kurumu (“Rekabet”), the Turkish Competition Authority. CCIA commends Rekabet for seeking a better understanding of the legal, economic and policy challenges that arise with the digitalization of the global economy and its significance in the competition analysis. CCIA looks forward to furthering the dialogue with Rekabet in this regard. The tech sector has had transformative effects on the entire economy. Tech has increased efficiency and lowered entry barriers in many markets and allowed the introduction of entirely new business models. Digital media distribution tools have created a space for individuals to broadcast their audio, photo and video content creations to the world. Online retail intermediaries like Hepsiburada and Trendyol allow small and medium sized enterprises to reach consumers and meet demand far beyond their geographic footprint, more quickly and cheaper than ever before. Social media services dramatically lower the cost for advertisers to reach their audience and avoid advertising wastage. Studies suggest that the consumer benefit of free online services is worth thousands of lira per person, per year.2 In order for innovation in the technology market to continue driving the global economy, both competition policy and sound antitrust enforcement must play a crucial role in ensuring that 1 The Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA) is a non-profit membership organisation that represents the interests of a wide range of companies in the Internet, technology and telecoms industries. -
Seamless Interoperability and Data Portability in the Social Web for Facilitating an Open and Heterogeneous Online Social Network Federation
Seamless Interoperability and Data Portability in the Social Web for Facilitating an Open and Heterogeneous Online Social Network Federation vorgelegt von Dipl.-Inform. Sebastian Jürg Göndör geb. in Duisburg von der Fakultät IV – Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr.-Ing. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Thomas Magedanz Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Axel Küpper Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrik Schroeder Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Maurizio Marchese Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 6. Juni 2018 Berlin 2018 iii A Bill of Rights for Users of the Social Web Authored by Joseph Smarr, Marc Canter, Robert Scoble, and Michael Arrington1 September 4, 2007 Preamble: There are already many who support the ideas laid out in this Bill of Rights, but we are actively seeking to grow the roster of those publicly backing the principles and approaches it outlines. That said, this Bill of Rights is not a document “carved in stone” (or written on paper). It is a blog post, and it is intended to spur conversation and debate, which will naturally lead to tweaks of the language. So, let’s get the dialogue going and get as many of the major stakeholders on board as we can! A Bill of Rights for Users of the Social Web We publicly assert that all users of the social web are entitled to certain fundamental rights, specifically: Ownership of their own personal information, including: • their own profile data • the list of people they are connected to • the activity stream of content they create; • Control of whether and how such personal information is shared with others; and • Freedom to grant persistent access to their personal information to trusted external sites. -
The Impact of Data Access Regimes on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Martens, Bertin Working Paper The impact of data access regimes on artificial intelligence and machine learning JRC Digital Economy Working Paper, No. 2018-09 Provided in Cooperation with: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission Suggested Citation: Martens, Bertin (2018) : The impact of data access regimes on artificial intelligence and machine learning, JRC Digital Economy Working Paper, No. 2018-09, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/202237 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu JRC Digital Economy Working Paper 2018-09 The impact of data access regimes on artificial intelligence and machine learning Bertin Martens December 2018 This publication is a Working Paper by the Joint Research Centre, the European Commission’s in-house science service. -
M&A @ Facebook: Strategy, Themes and Drivers
A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Master Degree in Finance from NOVA – School of Business and Economics M&A @ FACEBOOK: STRATEGY, THEMES AND DRIVERS TOMÁS BRANCO GONÇALVES STUDENT NUMBER 3200 A Project carried out on the Masters in Finance Program, under the supervision of: Professor Pedro Carvalho January 2018 Abstract Most deals are motivated by the recognition of a strategic threat or opportunity in the firm’s competitive arena. These deals seek to improve the firm’s competitive position or even obtain resources and new capabilities that are vital to future prosperity, and improve the firm’s agility. The purpose of this work project is to make an analysis on Facebook’s acquisitions’ strategy going through the key acquisitions in the company’s history. More than understanding the economics of its most relevant acquisitions, the main research is aimed at understanding the strategic view and key drivers behind them, and trying to set a pattern through hypotheses testing, always bearing in mind the following question: Why does Facebook acquire emerging companies instead of replicating their key success factors? Keywords Facebook; Acquisitions; Strategy; M&A Drivers “The biggest risk is not taking any risk... In a world that is changing really quickly, the only strategy that is guaranteed to fail is not taking risks.” Mark Zuckerberg, founder and CEO of Facebook 2 Literature Review M&A activity has had peaks throughout the course of history and different key industry-related drivers triggered that same activity (Sudarsanam, 2003). Historically, the appearance of the first mergers and acquisitions coincides with the existence of the first companies and, since then, in the US market, there have been five major waves of M&A activity (as summarized by T.J.A. -
Masters Thesis Stojko.Pdf
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATICS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH Master’s Thesis in Information Systems An Information Model as a Basis for Information Gathering to comply with Data Portability according to GDPR Art. 20 Laura Stojko DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATICS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH Master’s Thesis in Information Systems An Information Model as a Basis for Information Gathering to comply with Data Portability according to GDPR Art. 20 Ein Informationsmodell als Basis fur¨ die Informationserhebung zur Datenportabilitat¨ nach Art. 20 DSGVO Author: Laura Stojko Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Florian Matthes Advisor: Dipl. Math.oec. Dominik Huth Date: November 15, 2018 I hereby declare that this thesis is entirely the result of my own work except where other- wise indicated. I have only used the resources given in the list of references. Munich, 15. November 2018 Laura Stojko Abstract With the announcement of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by the Euro- pean Union, data privacy laws shall be harmonized in European countries. In the digital era, personal data is of high significance for companies, especially within customer data- driven industries (e.g. social media platforms). Due to the new importance of personal data and its usage, the awareness for data privacy is increasing among people. Thus, good data privacy management is of high relevance for companies and customers. This thesis focuses on article 20 of the GDPR, which describes data portability as one essential aspect for new rights of the data subject. Data portability enables customers to receive their per- sonal data from companies and transfer it to others. Thereby, a level playing field within the market is supported. -
Natural Language Processing 2018 Highlights
NLP 2018 Highlights By Elvis Saravia 1 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Research ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Reinforcement Learning ...................................................................................................................... 5 Sentiment Analysis and Related Topics ................................................................................................ 7 AI Ethics and Security .......................................................................................................................... 9 Clinical NLP and ML ........................................................................................................................... 12 Computer Vision ................................................................................................................................ 15 Deep Learning and Optimization ........................................................................................................ 17 Transfer Learning for NLP .................................................................................................................. 19 AI Generalization ............................................................................................................................... 20 Explainability and Interpretability -
Data Portability and Privacy
SEPTEMBER 2019 CHARTING A WAY FORWARD Data Portability and Privacy Erin Egan VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF PRIVACY OFFICER, POLICY CHARTING A WAY FORWARD 1 Table of Contents 03 I. Intro 06 II. The Challenge 09 III. Five Questions About Portability and Responsibility 09 QUESTION 1 What is “data portability”? 13 QUESTION 2 Which data should be portable? 14 QUESTION 3 Whose data should be portable? 15 QUESTION 4 How should we protect privacy while enabling portability? 20 QUESTION 5 After people’s data is transferred, who is responsible if the data is misused or otherwise improperly protected? 24 IV. What’s Next? 25 End Notes CHARTING A WAY FORWARD 2 Data Portability and Privacy 01 There’s growing agreement among policymakers around the world that data portability—the principle that you should be able to take the data you share with one service and move it to another—can help promote competition online and encourage the emergence of new services. Competition and data protection experts agree that, although there are complicated issues involved, portability helps people control their data and can make it easier for them to choose among online service providers. The benefits of data portability to people and markets are clear, which is why our CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, recently called for laws that guarantee portability.1 But to build portability tools people can trust and use effectively, we should develop clear rules about what kinds of data should be portable and who is responsible for protecting that data as it moves to different providers.2 The purpose of this paper is to advance the conversation about what those rules should be. -
Data Transfer Project
Data Transfer Project August 20, 2018 Federal Trade Commission 600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20580 To Whom It May Concern: Thank you for the opportunity to provide comment on the Federal Trade Commission’s Hearings on Competition and Consumer Protection in the 21st Century. As you may know, Google, Microsoft, Twitter, and Facebook recently announced the Data Transfer Project (datatransferproject.dev). We are excited to share our work on this project, including the thinking behind it, in response to your questions. Data portability is critical for user control and competition. Not only is this project relevant to the questions you raised in your request for comment on these topics, but we also encourage the Commission to consider the importance of portability throughout your process. The mission of the Data Transfer Project is to support direct, service-to-service portability. This will ultimately enable users to transfer data between two authenticated accounts behind the scenes, without having to download the data and relocate it themselves. This is an open-source project that will make it easier for people to switch services, or try new and innovative products, by improving the ease and speed of data portability. We have attached a detailed white paper that describes the technical foundations of the project and explains how our principles guided us toward this approach. The paper also includes detailed descriptions of the security and privacy considerations that are built into the project. Please let us know if you have any additional questions. Thanks, Keith Enright Julie Brill Damien Kieran Erin M. Egan Chief Privacy Officer Corporate Vice Data Protection Officer Vice President & Chief Google LLC President & Deputy Twitter, Inc Privacy Officer General Counsel Facebook, Inc. -
Facebook Timeline
Facebook Timeline 2003 October • Mark Zuckerberg releases Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook. It was described as a Harvard University version of Hot or Not. 2004 January • Zuckerberg begins writing Facebook. • Zuckerberg registers thefacebook.com domain. February • Zuckerberg launches Facebook on February 4. 650 Harvard students joined thefacebook.com in the first week of launch. March • Facebook expands to MIT, Boston University, Boston College, Northeastern University, Stanford University, Dartmouth College, Columbia University, and Yale University. April • Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, and Eduardo Saverin form Thefacebook.com LLC, a partnership. June • Facebook receives its first investment from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel for US$500,000. • Facebook incorporates into a new company, and Napster co-founder Sean Parker becomes its president. • Facebook moves its base of operations to Palo Alto, California. N. Lee, Facebook Nation, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5308-6, 211 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 212 Facebook Timeline August • To compete with growing campus-only service i2hub, Zuckerberg launches Wirehog. It is a precursor to Facebook Platform applications. September • ConnectU files a lawsuit against Zuckerberg and other Facebook founders, resulting in a $65 million settlement. October • Maurice Werdegar of WTI Partner provides Facebook a $300,000 three-year credit line. December • Facebook achieves its one millionth registered user. 2005 February • Maurice Werdegar of WTI Partner provides Facebook a second $300,000 credit line and a $25,000 equity investment. April • Venture capital firm Accel Partners invests $12.7 million into Facebook. Accel’s partner and President Jim Breyer also puts up $1 million of his own money. -
The Future of Data: Adjusting to an Opt-In Economy October 2018
The Future of Data: Adjusting to an opt-in economy October 2018 Prepared for 2 | Oxford Economics 2018 Contents Executive summary ...................................................................... 4 The dawn of the opt-in era ............................................................ 7 Who are these people and what do they want? ............................. 10 Not all consumers are the same .................................................... 15 The rise of the data economy ........................................................ 16 How industries use data ............................................................... 18 Meet the leaders ............................................................................ 21 Life in the data age ........................................................................ 29 The path forward: Calls to action ................................................... 30 Research methodology ................................................................. 31 Contact us .................................................................................... 32 Oxford Economics 2018 | 3 Executive summary 4 | Oxford Economics 2018 In a world increasingly driven by data, We found that consumers have individual consumers suddenly have a lot contradictory views of the information of power. How they exercise this power, economy. They will share sensitive data and the ways companies respond, will be yet do not trust the companies they share a major story for years to come. with, or fully understand how much is -
Written Testimony of Keith Enright Chief Privacy Officer, Google United
Written Testimony of Keith Enright Chief Privacy Officer, Google United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Hearing on “Examining Safeguards for Consumer Data Privacy” September 26, 2018 Chairman Thune, Ranking Member Nelson, and distinguished members of the Committee: thank you for the opportunity to appear before you this morning. I appreciate your leadership on the important issues of data privacy and security, and I welcome the opportunity to discuss Google’s work in these areas. My name is Keith Enright, and I am the Chief Privacy Officer for Google. I have worked at the intersection of technology, privacy, and the law for nearly 20 years, including as the functional privacy lead for two other companies prior to joining Google in 2011. In that time, I have been fortunate to engage with legislators, regulatory agencies, academics, and civil society to help inform and improve privacy protections for individuals around the world. I lead Google’s global privacy legal team and, together with product and engineering partners, direct our Office of Privacy and Data Protection, which is responsible for legal compliance, the application of our privacy principles, and generally meeting our users’ expectations of privacy. This work is the effort of a large cross-functional team of engineers, researchers, and other experts whose principal mission is protecting the privacy of our users. Across every single economic sector, government function, and organizational mission, data and technology are critical keys to success. With advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, data-based research and services will continue to drive economic development and social progress in the years to come. -
What If Cities Took a Central Role in Returning Citizens' Personal Data To
mesinfos.fing.org “WHAT IF CITIES TOOK A CENTRAL ROLE IN RETURNING CITIZENS’ PERSONAL DATA TO THEM?” 2020 THE “MESINFOS - SELF DATA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: CITIES” TEAM AT FING: Special thanks to Virginie Steiner (La Rochelle), Manon Molins, Chloé Friedlander, Guillaume Jacquart, Sylvie Turck (Nantes Métropole), and Maria-Inés Léal Fanny Maurel // Sarah Medjek for MyData France. (Grand Lyon), as well as to Guillaume Chanson, Cécile What if cities took a central role in returning > an analysis of the relevant governance models Christodoulou, Aurialie Jublin, and Mathilde Simon. citizens’ personal data to them, so their citizens can when considering how to share personal data with individuals; TRANSLATION: Jianne Whelton use personal data to make their lives easier, get to know each other better, contribute to territorial > a survey of cities efforts to share data, including decision making or participate in public interest some examples to draw inspiration from (and some CREATIVE COMMONS projects? to avoid); > illustrated methodologies you can use to This document is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (France): For the past year, Fing has been working with three https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.fr. implement a Self Data initiative in your region major French cities — Nantes Métropole, (the energy (plus examples drawn from our work with Nantes You are free to share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format — and adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for transition), La Rochelle (sustainable mobility), and Métropole, La Rochelle and Greater Lyon): identify any purpose, even commercially — under the following terms: attribution — you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate Greater Lyon (social welfare) — to enable them to the relevant personal data, imagine use cases if changes were made.