Gender-Based Use of Negative Concord in Non- Standard American English

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gender-Based Use of Negative Concord in Non- Standard American English UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Gender-Based Use of Negative Concord in Non- Standard American English Henriikka Malkamäki Pro Gradu Thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki October 2013 2 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Nykykielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Henriikka Malkamäki Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Kaksoisnegaatio miesten ja naisten puhumassa amerikanenglannissa Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro Gradu -tutkielma Lokakuu 2013 68 + 4 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tämä työ tarkastelee kaksoisnegaatiota miesten ja naisten puhumassa amerikanenglannissa. Tutkimus toteutettiin vertaamalla kolmea eri negaatiomuotoparia. Tutkittuihin negaatiomuotoihin lukeutuivat standardikieliopista poikkeavat tuplanegaatiomuodot n’t nothing, not nothing ja never nothing, ja niiden vastaavat standardikieliopin mukaiset negaatiomuodot n’t anything, not anything ja never anything. Kyseisiä negaatiomuotoja haettiin Corpus of Contemporary American English -nimisessä korpuksessa olevasta puhutun kielen osiosta, ’spoken section’, joka koostuu litteroiduista TV- ja radio-ohjelmista. Tutkimuksen aineisto muodostui litteroitujen ohjelmien tekstiotteista, joissa negaatiomuodot ilmenivät. Sekä standardikieliopista poikkeavien muotojen käyttöaste että kieliopin mukaisesti rakennettujen muotojen käyttöaste (%) laskettiin kunkin sukupuolen sisällä ja käyttöasteita verrattiin keskenään. Työn teoriaosuus koostuu aikaisemmista sosiolingvistisistä tutkimuksista englannin kielen kaksoisnegaation käytön ja siihen liittyvän sukupuolentutkimuksen saralla (mm. Labov 1978; Feagin 1979). Aikaisemmat kenttätutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että miehet käyttävät puheessaan enemmän puhekielen ilmiöitä kuin naiset ja siten käyttävät kaksoisnegaatiotakin enemmän. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on testata tuon väittämän todenmukaisuus amerikanenglannin puhekorpusta tutkimusaineistona käyttäen. Löydöksien myötä ilmi tulleita mahdollisia samanlaisuuksia ja eriäväisyyksiä kaksoisnegaation sukupuolikohtaisessa käytössä kyseisessä korpuksessa arvioidaan ja niiden syitä pohditaan. Lisäksi tuloksia verrataan aikaisempiin tutkimustuloksiin kaksoisnegaation sukupuolikohtaisesta käytöstä. Lopuksi arvioidaan, missä määrin työn tulokset tukevat näkemystä, jonka mukaan naiset puhuvat huolitellumpaa kieltä kuin miehet. Naisten osoitettiin käyttävän kaksoisnegaatiota enemmän korpuksessa. Kaksoisnegaation kokonaiskäyttöaste oli miehille yhdeksän prosenttia, naisille 12 prosenttia. Kaksoisnegaation kokonaiskäyttöaste oli kahdeksan prosenttia. Löydösten luonne johtui korpuksen aineiston laadusta. Korpus koostuu litteroiduista TV- ja radio-ohjelmista, jotka eivät suoranaisesti edusta puhekieltä, koska ohjelmat ovat ennalta suunniteltuja ja koska henkilöt esiintyvät julkisessa mediassa ja siten puhuvat huolitellummin. Vaikuttavin tekijä oli se, että naiset esiintyivät eniten epämuodollisissa konteksteissa ja formaateissa, joissa kaksoisnegaatiota ilmeni suhteellisesti enemmän, ts. ns. ’tabloid talk showt’. Miehet puolestaan esiintyivät enemmän virallisissa konteksteissa ja formaateissa, joissa kaksoisnegaatiota ei ilmennyt suhteellisesti yhtä paljon. Alhaiset käyttöasteet viittaavat siihen, että kaksoisnegaation käyttö on hyvin stigmatisoitua puhutussa mediakielessä ja että julkisella esiintymisellä on vaikutusta kielenkäyttöön. Koska jotkin standardinegaatiomuodot tuottivat todella suuren määrän tuloksia, tuloksista piti ottaa satunnaisotos. Aineiston koko oli siten monin paikoin liian pieni pitävien johtopäätösten tekemiselle. Tutkimustulokset eivät olleet suoranaisesti rinnastettavissa aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin, sillä aikaisemmat tutkimukset ovat olleet kenttätutkimuksia ja tuottaneet siksi erittäin korkeita käyttöasteita. Parhaiten tutkimustulokset vertautuivat aikaisempien korpustutkimusten kanssa. Tutkimustulokset eivät tue näkemystä, jonka mukaan naiset puhuvat huolitellumpi kuin miehet. Täsmällisemmät tutkimustulokset kyseisessä korpuksessa saataisiin sisällyttämällä tutkimukseen korpuksen puhuttu aineisto kokonaisuudessaan. Perehtyneempi jatkotutkimus, joka huomioisi sukupuolen lisäksi puhujan sosiaaliluokan, asuinalueen, etnisyyden ja iän, havainnollistaisi parhaiten kaksoisnegaation käyttöä. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords kaksoisnegaatio, sukupuolentutkimus, sosiolingvistiikka, korpuslingvistiikka, amerikanenglanti, puhekieli, yleiskieli, kielioppi 3 Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Research Questions and Hypothesis ..................................................................... 10 2 Language and Gender .................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Social Stratification ............................................................................................... 11 2.2 Socialisation .......................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Social Networks .................................................................................................... 15 3 Negative Concord in English ....................................................................................... 17 3.1 Negative Concord in the British National Corpus ................................................ 17 3.2 Negative Concord in American English ............................................................... 21 3.2.1 Type 1 ............................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Type 2 ............................................................................................................ 24 3.2.3 Type 3 ............................................................................................................ 25 3.2.4 Type 4 ............................................................................................................ 26 3.2.5 Distribution Summary .................................................................................... 26 4 Data and Methods ........................................................................................................ 28 4.1 Corpus Linguistics ................................................................................................ 28 4.2 Corpus of Contemporary American English ......................................................... 29 4.3 (Neg) Variable ....................................................................................................... 31 4.4 Data Collection and Selection ............................................................................... 32 4.5 Methods of Analysis ............................................................................................. 38 4 5 Results .......................................................................................................................... 39 5.1 N’t nothing vs. n’t anything .................................................................................. 39 5.2 Not nothing vs. not anything ................................................................................. 43 5.3 Never nothing vs. never anything.......................................................................... 47 5.4 Distribution of Data, Contexts and Roles According to Gender ........................... 50 6 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 53 6.1 Research Questions 1 and 2 .................................................................................. 53 6.2 Research Questions 3 and 4 .................................................................................. 57 7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 61 References ....................................................................................................................... 65 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 69 5 List of Tables Table 1: Co-occurring monoclausal morphological negative concord elements in the BNC-Sps (Anderwald 2002: 108) ................................................................................... 18 Table 2: The number of hits and percentages in brackets of non-standard forms in relation to standard forms for each gender within a given dialect where responses are sixteen or more (Stone 2009: 12) .................................................................................... 20 Table 3: Percentages of realized multiple negation by social class and sex (Wolfram & Fasold 1974: 93) .............................................................................................................. 22 Table 4: Comparison of multiple negation as indicated in various social dialects of American English (Wolfram & Christian 1976: 115) ..................................................... 23 Table 5: Negative concord within the same clause: Anniston, upper and working classes (Feagin 1979: 232) .............................................................................................. 24 Table 6: Comparison of various dialects of American English with respect to different types
Recommended publications
  • Aprogrom Listings (BMY TV U.S
    US007 174126B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,174,126 B2 McElhatten et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 6, 2007 (54) TECHNIQUE FOR EFFECTIVELY (58) Field of Classification Search .................. 725/38, ACCESSING PROGRAMMING LISTING 725/44, 22, 58; 455/3.01, 3.04 INFORMATION IN AN ENTERTAINMENT See application file for complete search history. DELIVERY SYSTEM (56) References Cited (75) Inventors: David McElhatten, Marina Del Rey, U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS CA (US); Steven Johnson, Pasadena, CA (US); Robert Benya, Breezy Point, 5,850,218 A * 12/1998 LaJoie et al. ................. 725/45 6.792,616 B1* 9/2004 Jerding et al. ................ 725/38 NY (US); Robert B. Golden, Riverside, 2003/0149988 A1* 8, 2003 Ellis et al. .................... 725/87 CT (US); James W. Kasanin, 2004/0250279 A1* 12/2004 Billmaier et al. ............. 7.25/52 Brooklyn, NY (US) 2004/0261.098 A1* 12/2004 Macrae et al. ................ 725/31 (73) Assignee: Time Warner Interactive Video * cited by examiner Group Inc., Stamford, CT (US) Primary Examiner Quochien B. Vuong (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Assistant Examiner—Angelica Perez patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm Michael P. Straub; Straub U.S.C. 154(b) by 291 days. and Pokotylo (21) Appl. No.: 10/430,161 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: May 5, 2003 In a broadband communications system, e.g., a cable sys tem, programming content can be readily reserved and (65) Prior Publication Data accessed for viewing using an interactive program guide, a US 2003/0220100 A1 Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • In Between Spectacle and Political Correctness: Vamos Con Todo – an Ambivalent News/Talk Show1
    Pragmatics 23:1.117-145 (2013) International Pragmatics Association DOI: 10.1075/prag.23.1.06pla IN BETWEEN SPECTACLE AND POLITICAL CORRECTNESS: VAMOS CON TODO – AN AMBIVALENT NEWS/TALK SHOW1 María Elena Placencia and Catalina Fuentes Rodríguez Abstract Vamos con todo is a mixed-genre entertainment programme transmitted in Ecuador on a national television channel. The segment of the programme that we examine in this paper focuses on gossip and events surrounding local/national celebrities. Talk as entertainment is central to this segment which is structured around a series of ‘news’ stories announced by the presenters and mostly conveyed through (pre-recorded) interviews. Extracts of these interviews are ingeniously presented to create a sense of confrontation between the celebrities concerned. Each news story is then followed-up by informal ‘discussions’ among the show’s 5-6 presenters who take on the role of panellists. While Vamos con todo incorporates various genres, the running thread throughout the programme is the creation of scandal and the instigation of confrontation. What is of particular interest, however, is that no sooner the scandalous stories are presented, the programme presenters attempt to defuse the scandal and controversy that they contributed to creating. The programme thus results in what viewers familiar with the genre of confrontational talk shows in Spain, for example, may regard as an emasculated equivalent. In this paper we explore linguistic and other mechanisms through which confrontation and scandal are first created and then defused in Vamos con todo. We consider the situational, cultural and socio-political context of the programme as possibly playing a part in this disjointedness.
    [Show full text]
  • Cnn Presents the Eighties
    Cnn Presents The Eighties Unfashioned Haley mortgage some tocher and sulphonates his Camelopardus so roundly! Unstressed Ezekiel pistol apace while Barth always decompresses his unobtrusiveness books geotactically, he respites so revivingly. If scrap or juglandaceous Tyrone usually drop-forging his ureters commiserated unvirtuously or intromits simultaneously and jocularly, how sundry is Tuckie? The new york and also the cnn teamed up with supporting reports to The eighties became a forum held a documentary approach to absorb such as to carry all there is planned to claim he brilliantly traces pragmatism and. York to republish our journalism. The Lost 45s with Barry ScottAmerica's Largest Classic Hits. A history History of Neural Nets and Deep Learning Skynet. Nation had never grew concerned with one of technologyon teaching us overcome it was present. Eighties cnn again lead to stop for maintaining a million dollars. Time Life Presents the '60s the Definitive '60s Music Collection. Here of the schedule 77 The Eighties The episode explores the crowd-pleasing titles of the 0s such as her Empire Strikes Back ET and. CNN-IBN presents Makers of India on the couple of Republic Day envelope Via Media News New Delhi January 23 2010 As India completes. An Atlanta geriatrician describes a tag in his 0s whom she treated in. Historical Timeline Death Penalty ProConorg. The present experiments, recorded while you talk has begun fabrication of? Rosanne has been studying waves can apply net neutrality or more in its kind of a muslim extremist, of all levels of engineering. Drag race to be ashamed of deep feedforward technology could be a fusion devices around the chair of turner broadcasting without advertising sales of the fbi is the cnn eighties? The reporting in history American Spectator told the Times presents a challenge of just to.
    [Show full text]
  • THE KWAJALEIN HOURGLASS Volume 42, Number 65 Friday, August 16, 2002 U.S
    Friday August 16, 2002 Kwajalein Hourglass THE KWAJALEIN HOURGLASS Volume 42, Number 65 Friday, August 16, 2002 U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands TRADEX upgrade final piece in KMAR By Jim Bennett and it was becoming difficult to main- by-50-foot room filled with rows of avo- Editor tain it,” said Henry Thomas, TRADEX cado-green racks of computers and TRADEX is celebrating its big 4-0 Kwajalein Modernization and Remoting equipment from the early days of the this year and receiving a state-of-the- integration lead. radar. Before, a single rack held the art upgrade. “For some of the legacy equipment computer processor for each sensor The radar shut down this month for being replaced, commercial suppliers signal going out. Two boards in a com- a six-month scheduled refit that in- hadn’t made replacement boards for 10 puter, mounted in what looks like a cludes hardware and software. years or more,” said Mark Schlueter high school locker from the back, now “We had reached a point where some TRADEX sensor leader. process all signals. Some components of the equipment had become outdated The project involves replacing a 50- (See UPGRADE, page 4) West Nile Virus in U.S. in 2002 West Nile Virus unlikely to hit Marshall Islands By Peter Rejcek Associate Editor The West Nile Virus that’s claimed at least seven lives in Louisiana and is spreading throughout the United States is not likely a concern here, according to local officials. Thanks largely to Kwajalein’s isolation and the virus’ mode of transmission, no one here is likely to get sick, said Mike Nicholson, Pest Management manager.
    [Show full text]
  • Silence and Face-Work in Two Chinese TV Talk Shows
    Discourse, Context & Media 2 (2013) 52–74 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Discourse, Context & Media journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dcm Silence and face-work in two chinese TV talk shows Lee Cher Lengn, Chen Yao, Tan Gek Leng National University of Singapore, Singapore article info abstract Article history: This study examines the phenomenon of silence and face-work in Chinese TV talk shows. In general, TV Received 31 October 2011 talk shows aim at entertaining the audience by interviewing celebrities either about their work or their Received in revised form personal life, subjects that will interest the audience. Since air time is limited, silence in such TV talk 14 January 2013 shows is not preferred. However, our study shows that there are many instances of silences in these Accepted 25 January 2013 talk shows. Silences are seen as meaningful turns in the conversations. The data is taken from two Available online 11 February 2013 Chinese TV talk shows: Lu Yu You Yue (A Date with Lu Yu, henceforth LY) which is a popular information Keywords: talk show in China and Kang Xi Lai Le (Here Comes Kang Xi, henceforth KX) from Taiwan. This study Silence explores how the frame or expectations of the type of a talk show will determine how the silences are Face-work used in relation to face-work given the media specificity and cultural expectations. Politeness & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Chinese Talk shows Frame 1. Introduction Since the nineties, there have been more and more studies on English media talk (Fairclough, 1995; Hutchby, 2006; Scannell, 1991) including radio talk (Hutchby, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996a, 1996b), TV talk shows (Carbaugh, 1988; Gregori-Signes, 2000; Ilie, 2001; Livingstone and Lunt, 1994; Martinez, 2003; Tolson, 1991, 2001), and quiz shows (Culpeper, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • I'm Not a Judge but I Play One on TV : American Reality-Based Courtroom Television
    I'M NOT A JUDGE BUT I PLAY ONE ON TV: AMERICAN REALITY-BASED COURTROOM TELEVISION Steven Arthur Kohm B.A. (Honours) University of Winnipeg, 1997 M.A. University of Toronto, 1998 DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the School of Criminology O Steven Kohm 2004 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2004 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Steven Arthur Kohm Degree: Ph.D. Title of Dissertation: I'm Not a Judge, but I Play One on TV: American Reality-based Courtroom Television Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Dorothy Chunn Professor of Criminology Dr. John Lowman Senior Supervisor Professor of Criminology Dr. Robert Menzies Supervisor Professor of Criminology Dr. Margaret Jackson Supervisor Professor of Criminology Dr. Rick Gruneau Internal Examiner Professor of Communication Dr. Aaron Doyle External Examiner Assistant Professor of Sociology and Anthropology, Carlton University Date DefendedApproved: SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, afid to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection.
    [Show full text]
  • American Monsters: Tabloid Media and the Satanic Panic, 1970-2000
    AMERICAN MONSTERS: TABLOID MEDIA AND THE SATANIC PANIC, 1970-2000 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Sarah A. Hughes May 2015 Examining Committee Members: Kenneth L. Kusmer, Advisory Chair, History Carolyn Kitch, Journalism Susan E. Klepp, History Elaine Tyler May, External Member, University of Minnesota, American Studies © Copyright 2015 by Sarah A. Hughes All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT “American Monsters: Tabloid Media and the Satanic Panic, 1970-2000,” analyzes an episode of national hysteria that dominated the media throughout most of the 1980s. Its origins, however, go back much farther and its consequences for the media would extend into subsequent decades. Rooted in the decade’s increasingly influential conservative political ideology, the satanic panic involved hundreds of accusations that devil-worshipping pedophiles were operating America’s white middle-class suburban daycare centers. Communities around the country became embroiled in criminal trials against center owners, the most publicized of which was the McMartin Preschool trial in Manhattan Beach, California. The longest and most expensive trial in the nation’s history, the McMartin case is an important focal point of this project. In the 1990s, judges overturned the life sentences of defendants in most major cases, and several prominent journalists and lawyers condemned the phenomenon as a witch-hunt. They accurately understood it to be a powerful delusion, or what contemporary cultural theorist Jean Baudrillard termed a “hyperreality,” in which audiences confuse the media universe for real life. Presented mainly through tabloid television, or “infotainment,” and integral to its development, influence, and success, the panic was a manifestation of the hyperreal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the American Tabloid Talkshow
    INTERVENTIONS IN MEDIA TALK 187 The Use of Interventions in Media Talk: The Case of the American Tabloid Talkshow. Studies in English Language and Linguistics, vol. 0, 187-200. 1. Introduction In this paper I focus on the recipient design of turn-construction of the different categories (i.e. host, guest, expert and audience) taking part in American Tabloid Talkshows. I argue that the use of interventions (see section 3 below) by the participants in opening sequences of Tabloid Talkshows displays the participants' sensitivity to the construction of the discourse unit first opening phase of a particular Tabloid Talkshow. In building this unit, the fact that the participants use some types of interventions but refrain from using others, in comparison with other phases of the Tabloid Talkshow, indicates their orientation towards the completion of the opening phase and towards their internal status and role. I want to show that the use of different types of interventions is related to the internal status and role assigned to each participant by the Tabloid Talkshow juggernaut. In doing this type of analysis, I am doing comparative analysis, which implies realising an empirical analysis of Tabloid Talkshows as institutional talk. That is, a) analysing the conduct of the participants including their orientations to specific local identities and the underlying organisation of their activities; b) normally showing that the participants' conduct and its organisation embody orientations which are specifically institutional or which are, at least responsive to constraints which are institutional in character or origin (Drew and Heritage 1992: 20). 2. Tabloid Talkshow In analysing talk in Tabloid Talkshows, one cannot forget that we are dealing with a television genre.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery in 2016: New Rules, Cases and Technology
    DISCOVERY IN 2016: NEW RULES, CASES AND TECHNOLOGY Written & Presented by: HON. REBECCA SIMMONS, San Antonio Acelity Presented by: MONICA LERMA, San Antonio IHeart Media STEVE S. MCNEW, Houston Navigant State Bar of Texas 32nd ANNUAL LITIGATION UPDATE INSTITUTE January 21-22, 2016 Austin CHAPTER 6 Honorable Rebecca Simmons Associate General Counsel Acelity 12930 IH 10 West San Antonio, Texas 78249 Education Austin College B. A. 1978 Baylor University School of Law J.D. l980 Durham University, England post-graduate study 1981 Current Professional Activities Associate General Counsel, Litigation, Acelity L.P. Inc. 2013 – present Visiting Judge sitting by special assignment to appellate and trial courts 2013 – present Adjunct Professor, St. Mary’s University School of Law 1994 – present Former Employment Justice, Fourth Court of Appeals 2005 – 2012 Judge, 408th District Court of Bexar County Texas 2003 –2005 Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP 1992 –2003 Cox & Smith Incorporated 1983 – 1992 Briefing Attorney, Texas Supreme Court l980 – 1981 Specially Commissioned as Texas Supreme Court Justice to hear a designated case in 2005 Awards and Recognition Notes & Comments Editor, Baylor Law Journal Recipient of Rotary International Fellowship Pro-Bono Lawyer of the Year 1987 State Bar of Texas Presidential Citation 2004 Austin College Alumni of the Year 2006 Honorary San Antonio Young Lawyer of the Year 2008 Interfaith Dialogue Community Justice Award 2010 Lumen Gentium Award, Archdiocese of San Antonio 2013 Winning Women of Texas 2014, Texas Lawyer
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Analysis of the Most Discussed Television Programs On
    Palabra Clave ISSN: 0122-8285 [email protected] Universidad de La Sabana Colombia Gallardo-Camacho, Jorge; Lavín, Eva; Fernández-García, Paula Analysis of the Most Discussed Television Programs on Twitter and their Relationship with the Traditional Audience in Spain Palabra Clave, vol. 19, núm. 1, marzo, 2016, pp. 185-210 Universidad de La Sabana Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=64943974008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Analysis of the Most Discussed Television Programs on Twitter and their Relationship with the Traditional Audience in Spain Jorge Gallardo-Camacho1 Eva Lavín2 Paula Fernández-García3 Recibido: 2015-10-15 Aprobado por pares: 2015-11-23 Enviado a pares: 2015-10-15 Aceptado: 2015-12-09 DOI: 10.5294/pacla.2016.19.1.8 Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo Gallardo-Camacho J., Lavín E. & Fernández-García P. (Marzo de 2016). Analysis of the most discussed television programs on Twitter and their relationship with the traditional audience in Spain. Palabra Clave, 19(1), 185-210. DOI: 10.5294/pacla.2016.19.1.8 Abstract In this paper we analyze the most discussed television programs broadcast in Spain based on the number of users in Twitter (not comments). There were two objectives: to know which television programs are the most twee- ted based on their genre and their time slots, and to observe if the most wat- ched television programs are also the most tweeted.
    [Show full text]
  • History Early History
    Cable News Network, almost always referred to by its initialism CNN, is a U.S. cable newsnetwork founded in 1980 by Ted Turner.[1][2] Upon its launch, CNN was the first network to provide 24-hour television news coverage,[3] and the first all-news television network in the United States.[4]While the news network has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner, and the U.S. news network is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System.[5] CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the North American channel from its international counterpart, CNN International. As of June 2008, CNN is available in over 93 million U.S. households.[6] Broadcast coverage extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms,[6] and the U.S broadcast is also shown in Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.[7] In terms of regular viewers (Nielsen ratings), CNN rates as the United States' number two cable news network and has the most unique viewers (Nielsen Cume Ratings).[8] History Early history CNN's first broadcast with David Walkerand Lois Hart on June 1, 1980. Main article: History of CNN: 1980-2003 The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. EST on Sunday June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the first newscast.[9] Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television networks, several web sites, specialized closed-circuit networks (such as CNN Airport Network), and a radio network.
    [Show full text]
  • CA - FACTIVA - SP Content
    CA - FACTIVA - SP Content Company & Financial Congressional Transcripts (GROUP FILE Food and Drug Administration Espicom Company Reports (SELECTED ONLY) Veterinarian Newsletter MATERIAL) (GROUP FILE ONLY) Election Weekly (GROUP FILE ONLY) Health and Human Services Department Legal FDCH Transcripts of Political Events Military Review American Bar Association Publications (GROUP FILE ONLY) National Endowment for the Humanities ABA All Journals (GROUP FILE ONLY) General Accounting Office Reports "Humanities" Magazine ABA Antitrust Law Journal (GROUP FILE (GROUP FILE ONLY) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and ONLY) Government Publications (GROUP FILE Alcoholism's Alcohol Research & ABA Banking Journal (GROUP FILE ONLY): Health ONLY) Agriculture Department's Economic National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA ABA Business Lawyer (GROUP FILE Research Service Agricultural Outlook Notes ONLY) Air and Space Power Journal National Institutes of Health ABA Journal (GROUP FILE ONLY) Centers for Disease Control and Naval War College Review ABA Legal Economics from 1/82 & Law Prevention Public Health and the Environment Practice from 1/90 (GROUP FILE ONLY) CIA World Factbook SEC News Digest ABA Quarterly Tax Lawyer (GROUP FILE Customs and Border Protection Today State Department ONLY) Department of Energy Documents The Third Branch ABA The International Lawyer (GROUP Department of Energy's Alternative Fuel U.S. Department of Agricultural FILE ONLY) News Research ABA Tort and Insurance Law Journal Department of Homeland Security U.S. Department of Justice's
    [Show full text]